Muslim world - Knowledge

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new architectural style. The forms and conventions of Classical architecture were better understood in Syria than in the lands further east, and as a result some of the vocabulary of Umayyad architecture—of column and capital, pointed arch and dome, rib and vault—is familiar to a Western observer. These traditions declined in importance, however, as Muslim builders began to adopt the architectural styles of the newly conquered lands to the east—in Mesopotamia, Iran, Central Asia and even India. (...) The Abbasid dynasty of caliphs, founded in 749, ruled most of the Islamic lands from capital cities in Iraq during a golden age that lasted at least until the end of the 9th century. New styles of architecture were characterized by forms, techniques and motifs of Iraqi and Iranian origin. Some features of these styles, such as brick vaults and stucco renderings, had already appeared in buildings erected late in the Umayyad period (661–c. 750; see §III above), but they became increasingly widespread as a result of the power and prestige of the Abbasid court. In the Islamic lands around the Mediterranean, Late Antique traditions of stone construction roofed with wood continued, although new techniques and styles were eventually introduced from Iraq.

2047: 3905: 5129: 7659: 4810: 1796: 1971: 7732: 4908: 1815: 13349:"Islamic Order." Today it is one of the recognized alternatives to "fundamentalist", along with "political Islam" in particular. Current terminology usually distinguishes between "Islam," and "Islamism", referring to the ideology of those who tend to signal openly, in politics, their Muslim religion. the term has often acquired a quasi-criminal connotation close to that of political extremism, religious sectarianism, or bigotry. In Western mainstream media, "Islamists" are those who want to establish, preferably through violent means, an "Islamic state" or impose sharīʿah (Islamic religious law)—goals that are often perceived merely as a series of violations of human rights or the rights of women. In the Muslim world, insiders use the term as a positive reference. In the academic sphere, although it is still debated, the term designates a more complex phenomenon. 4887: 3924: 3886: 2142: 1886: 4210: 1862: 4327: 1838: 4315: 4865: 2166: 4666: 4682: 6638: 4787: 6848: 4532: 4544: 4187: 7220: 6574: 5151: 6836: 6536: 7169: 6860: 2024: 4946: 6690: 6038: 5492: 7036: 6662: 7679: 6448: 3412: 4840: 7713: 4516: 4386: 3348: 6466: 7020: 6488: 256: 5835: 2242: 4303: 4291: 2096: 5855: 4924: 4269: 2063: 7236: 5877: 5805: 2958: 3677:, involving "support for identity, authenticity, broader regionalism, revivalism, revitalization of the community." Islamists themselves prefer terms such as "Islamic movement", or "Islamic activism" to "Islamism", objecting to the insinuation that Islamism is anything other than Islam renewed and revived. In public and academic contexts, the term "Islamism" has been criticized as having been given connotations of violence, extremism, and violations of human rights, by the Western mass media, leading to Islamophobia and stereotyping. 6555: 4650: 7200: 2126: 4706: 3013: 4630: 2190: 3396: 7782: 2213: 6618: 4592:

Muslim-majority Arab country, the youth female literacy rate exceeds that for males. Lower literacy rates are more prevalent in South Asian countries such as in Afghanistan and Pakistan, but are rapidly increasing. In the Eastern Middle East, Iran has a high level of youth literacy at 98%, but Iraq's youth literacy rate has sharply declined from 85% to 57% during the American-led war and subsequent occupation. Indonesia, the largest Muslim-majority country in the world, has a 99% youth literacy rate.

5171: 1351: 6593: 2228: 3428: 5783: 5757: 7698: 3078: 7643: 5048: 3247: 3195: 3026: 2675: 1997: 2763: 2597: 5190: 19127: 4232: 3260: 3221: 3130: 3104: 3000: 2750: 2636: 3052: 5893: 5736: 4251: 2893: 3457: 3091: 4615:(10.7). In addition, the average of years of schooling in countries in which Muslims are the majority is 6.0 years of schooling, which lag behind the global average (7.7 years of schooling). In the youngest age (25–34) group surveyed, Young Muslims have the lowest average levels of education of any major religious group, with an average of 6.7 years of schooling, which lag behind the global average (8.6 years of schooling). The study found that 3332: 2854: 3364: 2867: 2776: 2662: 7768: 3169: 2945: 2737: 3282: 3182: 2987: 2919: 2880: 2724: 1284: 79: 6511: 3234: 2828: 2815: 2610: 3724: 3117: 3065: 1675:, were among the influential and distinguished powers in the world. 19th-century colonialism and 20th-century decolonisation have resulted in several independent Muslim-majority states around the world, with vastly differing attitudes towards and political influences granted to, or restricted for, Islam from country to country. These have revolved around the question of Islam's compatibility with other ideological concepts such as 7005: 7185: 3208: 3156: 2932: 2906: 2841: 2789: 2688: 2649: 2415: 181: 38: 3143: 3039: 2802: 2623: 3380: 19116: 7754: 1184: 3950: 3316: 583: 9916:"Many people, including myself, are often guilty of using terms such as 'Muslim countries', or the 'Islamic world', as if Islam has always been there, and always will be. And that is completely unclear. (...) If the current trend continues, at some point a large section of the population may no longer be religious. How 'Islamic' would that still make the 'Islamic world'? 8258: 4752:, this diversity includes diversity in beliefs, interpretations and practices and communities and interests. Knight says perception of Muslim world among non-Muslims is usually supported through introductory literature about Islam, mostly present a version as per scriptural view which would include some 16483:: "As the Arabs did not have an architectural tradition suited to the needs of a great empire, they adopted the building methods of the defeated Sassanian and Byzantine empires. Because they ruled from Syria, Byzantine influence was stronger, although Sassanian elements became increasingly important." 6318:

to the present day. The Islamic world encompasses a wide geographic area historically ranging from western Africa and Europe to eastern Asia. Certain commonalities are shared by Islamic architectural styles across all these regions, but over time different regions developed their own styles according

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In 2015, the International Islamic News Agency reported that nearly 37% of the population of the Muslim world is unable to read or write, basing that figure on reports from the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. In Egypt, the largest

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as a movement with power, importance, and cohesion born in Paris, where Turks, Arabs and Persians congregated. The correspondent's focus was on India: it would take too long to consider the progress made in various parts of the Muslim world. The article considered the position of the Amir, the effect

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Although Syria remained the center of the Islamic empire for less than 90 years, its role in the development of Islamic architecture was crucial. The region's own ancient civilization, unified and transformed by Hellenization and overlaid with Roman and Christian elements, provided the basis for the

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lived in countries with Muslim majorities (excluding Nigeria). The Pew Forum study finds that Indonesia (21.1 million) has the largest Christian population in the Muslim world, followed by Egypt, Chad and Kazakhstan. While according to Adly A. Youssef and Martyn Thomas, in 2004, there were around 30

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The overwhelming majority of Muslims in the world, between 87 and 90%, are Sunni. Shias and other groups make up the rest, about 10–13% of overall Muslim population. The countries with the highest concentration of Shia populations are: Iran – 89%, Azerbaijan – 65%, Iraq – 60%, Bahrain – 60%, Yemen –

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Because the terms 'Muslim world' and 'Islamic world' are disputed, since no country is homogeneously Muslim, and there is no way to determine at what point a Muslim minority in a country is to be considered 'significant' enough, there is no consensus on how to define the Muslim world geographically.

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The constitution also states there shall be a "just and equitable balance" in the apportionment of cabinet and high-level civil service positions among the major religious groups, a provision amended by the Taif Agreement, which ended the country's civil war and mandated proportional representation

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while Muslim women's experiences differs a lot by location and personal situations such as family upbringing, class and education; the difference between culture and religions is often ignored by community and state leaders in many of the Muslim majority countries, the key issue in the Muslim world

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In the 20th century, the end of the European colonial domination has led to creation of a number of nation states with significant Muslim populations. These states drew on Islamic traditions to varying degree and in various ways in organizing their legal, educational and economic systems. The Times

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The term "Islamism/Islamist" has come into increasing use in recent years to denote the views of those Muslims who claim that Islam, or more specifically, the Islamic sharīʿah, provides guidance for all areas of human life, individual and social, and who therefore call for an "Islamic State" or an

16580:: "Thus, it is increasingly being recognized that the mutual Roman–Byzantine architectural heritage of the Mediterranean, which had played an important role in the formation of early Islamic art, continued to mediate the shared histories of European and Islamic art long after the medieval period." 3537:

In its original formulation, Islamism described an ideology seeking to revive Islam to its past assertiveness and glory, purifying it of foreign elements, reasserting its role into "social and political as well as personal life"; and in particular "reordering government and society in accordance

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Islamism is one of many sociopolitical concepts continuously contested in scholarly literature. It is a neologism debated in both Muslim and non-Muslim public and academic contexts. The term "Islamism" at the very least represents a form of social and political activism, grounded in an idea that

2393:. His understanding of the "Muslim world" and its "social order" was that, presented to the Western world as the result of practicing Islamic teachings, would impress "by the beauty and charm of true Islamic ideology". He argued that the values of the Enlightenment and its related precursor, the 16557:

At this stage of scholarly knowledge, however, it is probably fair to say that Islam's Arabian past, essential for understanding the faith and its practices, and the Arabic language and its literature, is not as important for the forms used by Islamic art as the immensely richer world, from the

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THE appalling and catastrophic pictures of the so-called new extremist Isis Jihadist group made me think about someone who can say I am a Muslim of a non-denominational standpoint, and to my surprise/ignorance, such people exist. Online, I found something called the people's mosque, which makes

7123:; chapters and excerpts from the Qur'an are a common and almost universal text upon which Islamic calligraphy is based. Although artistic depictions of people and animals are not explicitly forbidden by the Qur'an, pictures have traditionally been limited in Islamic books in order to avoid 9580: 6784:

which featured paintings of people and animals, and also depictions of Quranic stories and Islamic traditional narratives. Another reason why Islamic art is usually abstract is to symbolize the transcendence, indivisible and infinite nature of God, an objective achieved by arabesque.

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exist in the non-Arab countries of Iran (9,500) and Turkey (14,500); both, however, are much smaller than they historically have been. Among Arab countries, the largest Jewish community now exists in Morocco with about 2,000 Jews and in Tunisia with about 1,000. The number of

1270:'s citizens are c. 10% Christians), and in absolute numbers, there are sometimes fewer Muslims living in countries in which they make up the majority than in countries in which they form a minority. Hence, the term 'Muslim-majority countries' is often preferred in literature. 1266:, although there are no agreed criteria for inclusion. Some scholars and commentators have criticised the term 'Muslim/Islamic world' and its derivative terms 'Muslim/Islamic country' as "simplistic" and "binary", since no state has a religiously homogeneous population (e.g. 4786: 2107:

by European powers profoundly affected Muslim-majority societies in Africa, Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Colonialism was often advanced by conflict with mercantile initiatives by colonial powers and caused tremendous social upheavals in Muslim-dominated societies.

7143:, it encompasses a diverse array of works created in a wide variety of contexts. The prevalence of calligraphy in Islamic art is not directly related to its non-figural tradition; rather, it reflects the centrality of the notion of writing and written text in Islam. 558:

are roughly equal. China has the third largest Muslim population outside Muslim-majority countries, while Russia has the fifth largest Muslim population. Nigeria has the largest Muslim population in Africa, while Indonesia has the largest Muslim population in Asia.

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countries, which are shown in the Government and religion section above in the article. Apart from these, large Muslim populations exist in some countries where Muslims are a minority, and their Muslim communities are larger than many Muslim-majority nations:

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ideals, societies responded in different ways. Some Muslim-majority countries are secular. Azerbaijan became the first secular republic in the Muslim world, between 1918 and 1920, before it was incorporated into the Soviet Union. Turkey has been governed as a

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prohibition by using strands of tiny writing to construct lines and images. Calligraphy was a valued art form, even as a moral good. An ancient Arabic proverb illustrates this point by emphatically stating that "Purity of writing is purity of the soul."

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The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World (OEIW) deals with all aspects of Islam—the world's second largest and fastest-growing religion—and the societies in which it exists, including their religion, politics, economics, everyday life, culture, and

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in mills and water-raising machines, and pioneered the use of dams as a source of water power, used to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines. Such advances made it possible for industrial tasks that were previously driven by

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During much of the 20th century, the Islamic identity and the dominance of Islam on political issues have arguably increased during the early 21st century. The fast-growing interests of the Western world in Islamic regions, international conflicts and

1552:, a successive series of dynasties that synthesized Indian civilization with the wider commercial and cultural networks of Africa and Eurasia, greatly increased demographic and economic growth in India and deterred Mongol incursion into the prosperous 16558:

Atlantic Ocean to Central Asia, taken over by Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries. Even later, after centuries of independent growth, new conquests in Anatolia or India continued to bring new local themes and ideas into the mainstream of Islamic art.

1917:"Why do the Christian nations, which were so weak in the past compared with Muslim nations begin to dominate so many lands in modern times and even defeat the once victorious Ottoman armies?"..."Because they have laws and rules invented by reason." 2118:

The only Muslim-majority regions not to be colonized by the Europeans were Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey, and Afghanistan. Turkey was one of the first colonial powers of the world with the Ottoman empire ruling several states for over 6 centuries.

2046: 3904: 2389:, the faith is "a complete divorce from jahiliyyah". He complained that American churches served as centers of community social life that were "very hard distinguish from places of fun and amusement". For Qutb, Western society was the modern 371:

which consists of 57 member states had a combined GDP(PPP) of US$ 24 trillion which is equal to about 18% of world's GDP or US$ 30 trillion with 5 OIC observer states which is equal to about 22% of the world's GDP. Some OIC member countries

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public and political life should be guided by a set of Islamic principles. In other words, Islamists are those who believe that Islam has an important role to play in organizing a Muslim-majority society and who seek to implement this belief.

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The Pew Forum's estimate of the Shia population (10%) is in keeping with previous estimates, which generally have been in the range of 10%. Some previous estimates, however, have placed the number of Shias at nearly 15% of the world's Muslim

7658: 16336:. Bengal was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with. 1814: 3710:

More than 24.1% of the world's population is Muslim, with an estimated total of approximately 1.9 billion. Muslims are the majority in 49 countries, they speak hundreds of languages and come from diverse ethnic backgrounds. The city of

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and arches, organized and interwoven with alternating sequences of niches and colonnettes. The role of domes in Islamic architecture has been considerable. Its usage spans centuries, first appearing in 691 with the construction of the

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in 1258. The Abbasids were influenced by the Quranic injunctions and hadiths, such as "the ink of a scholar is more holy than the blood of a martyr," that stressed the value of knowledge. The major Islamic capital cities of Baghdad,

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are widespread among many conservative Muslims (men and women). Orthodox Muslims often believe that rights and responsibilities of women in Islam are different from that of men and sacrosanct since assigned by the God. According to

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within the context of the state or society. The majority of them are affiliated with Islamic institutions or social mobilization movements, often designated as "al-harakat al-Islamiyyah." Islamists emphasize the implementation of

1861: 8650: 4809: 486:, the largest Muslim-majority country; 31% of Muslims live in South Asia, the largest population of Muslims in the world; 20% in the Middle East–North Africa, where it is the dominant religion; and 15% in Sub-Saharan Africa and 5232:. It reached its final form by the 14th century; the number and type of tales have varied from one manuscript to another. This work has been very influential in the West since it was translated in the 18th century, first by 5004:

became the main intellectual centers for science, philosophy, medicine, and education. During this period, the Muslim world was a collection of cultures; they drew together and advanced the knowledge gained from the ancient

5926:'s invented the log base systems that are being used today, he also contributed theorems in trigonometry as well as limits. Recent studies show that it is very likely that the Medieval Muslim artists were aware of advanced 6217:

and windmills. By the 11th century, every province throughout the Islamic world had these industrial mills in operation, from al-Andalus and North Africa to the Middle East and Central Asia. Muslim engineers also invented

356:), enriched the Muslim world, achieving the economic preconditions for the emergence of this institution owing to the emphasis attached to Islamic teachings. In the modern era, most of the Muslim world came under European 13978: 4864: 3748:

is the world's largest Muslim-minority population in the world (11% of the world's Muslim population). Jones (2005) defines a "large minority" as being between 30% and 50%, which described nine countries in 2000, namely

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there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the

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Karachi is the largest city in Pakistan, the second-largest city in the world when "city" is defined by official municipal limits, the largest city in the Muslim world, and the world's seventh-largest metropolitan

11217: 9497: 10784:: Article 1 – "The official religion of Persia is Islám, according to the orthodox Já'farí doctrine of the Ithna 'Ashariyya (Church of the Twelve Imáms), which faith 1 the Sháh of Persia must profess and promote." 4756:

and abstracts of history as per authors own point of views, to which even many Muslims might agree, but that necessarily would not reflect Islam as lived on the ground, 'in the experience of real human bodies'.

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is in second place in the Index of Literacy of World Countries. Some members such as Iran, Kuwait, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan have over 97% literacy rates, whereas literacy rates are the lowest in

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Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above..

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The ancient Iranian Solar calendar is one of the oldest calendars in the world, as well as the most accurate solar calendar in use today. Since the calendar uses astronomical calculation for determining the

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Some countries have declared Islam as the official state religion. In those countries, the legal code is largely secular. Only personal status matters pertaining to inheritance and marriage are governed by

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to allay his fears: "Fight them, and God will chastise them at your hands/And degrade them, and He will help you/Against them, and bring healing to the breasts of a people who believe", referring to the

15374: 10172: 4907: 10274:. (Contributors: Alfred T, Chakabarty D, Dussel E, Eze E, Hsueh V, Kohn M, Bhanu Mehta P, Muthu S, Parekh B, Pitts J, Schutte O, Souza J, Young IM). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Group. 1885: 10828: 9733:

Islam is the youngest, the fastest growing, and in many ways the least complicated of the world's great monotheistic faiths. It is based on its own holy book, but it is also a direct descendant of

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In 2010, 73% of the world's Muslim population lived in countries where Muslims are in the majority, while 27% of the world's Muslim population lived in countries where Muslims are in the minority.

10248: 5986:("Book of Concessions"), a medical encyclopedia which was later translated to Latin and used in European and Muslim medical schools for centuries. Other medical advancements came in the fields of 4886: 2141: 1393:, is believed by Muslims to have received the first revelation of the Quran, and began to preach his message. In 622 CE, facing opposition in Mecca, he and his followers migrated to Yathrib (now 4987:, where scholars from various parts of the world sought to translate and gather all the known world's knowledge into Arabic, and to have ended with the collapse of the Abbasid caliphate due to 14964:

Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.

13229: 9529: 7731: 12134: 8410: 2165: 3885: 1370:. Al-Idrisi also wrote about the diverse Muslim communities found in various lands. Note: the map is here shown upside-down from the original to match current North/Up, South/Down map design 13400: 9886:

21 ambassadors from Muslim – so-called "Muslim states". How do they dare to call themselves "Muslim"? In what sense is Egypt a "Muslim" country? You can't denominate a country as religious.

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spans about 1,400 years and includes a variety of socio-political developments, as well as advances in the arts, science, medicine, philosophy, law, economics and technology during the

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and vertical-wheeled water mills were both in widespread use since at least the 9th century. A variety of industrial mills were being employed in the Islamic world, including early

5834: 11794: 15963: 12294: 3923: 13992: 1420:) continued to lead the Muslim community based on his teachings and guidelines of the Quran. The majority of Muslims consider the first four successors to be 'rightly guided' or 13335: 6661: 6278:" denotes the works of art and architecture produced from the 7th century onwards by people who lived within the territory that was inhabited by culturally Islamic populations. 14748: 13162: 12465: 6487: 5525:(Avicenna) (980–1037) had more than 450 books attributed to him. His writings were concerned with various subjects, most notably philosophy and medicine. His medical textbook 3790:

The two main denominations of Islam are the Sunni and Shia sects. They differ primarily upon of how the life of the ummah ("faithful") should be governed, and the role of the

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as a movement with power importance and cohesion born in Paris where Turks, Arabs and Persians congregated. The article considered The position of the Amir; the effect of the

11887: 3666:) for combining grassroots Islamization with armed revolution. The term has been applied to non-state reform movements, political parties, militias and revolutionary groups. 407:

As of 2020, 1.8 billion or more than 25% of the world population are Muslims. By the percentage of the total population in a region considering themselves Muslim, 91% in the

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Approximately 97 percent of Pakistanis are Muslim. The majority are Sunnis following the Hanafi school of Islamic law. Between 10 and 15 percent are Shias, mostly Twelvers.

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Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more

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Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims – those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites, but who accept Islam as a religion generally.

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The Islamic world is generally defined contemporaneously as consisting of nation-states whose population contains a majority of Muslims. in the contemporary era, the term

7168: 6110:, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. 4681: 4531: 4186: 13966:

On the other hand, in Pakistan, where 6% of the survey respondents identify as Shia, Sunni attitudes are more mixed: 50% say Shias are Muslims, while 41% say they are not.

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crossing Central Asia passed through Islamic states between China and Europe. The emergence of major economic empires with technological resources after the conquests of

4326: 13588: 8846:"Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90 percent) of that community." 7495:) and has years of 365 or 366 days. It is sometimes also called the Shamsi calendar and Khorshidi calendar. It is abbreviated as SH, HS or, sometimes as AHSh, while the 4543: 13193: 3542:), Islamist movements have "arguably altered the Middle East more than any trend since the modern states gained independence", redefining "politics and even borders". 9323: 8528: 8440: 7514:. The calendar is named the "Hijri calendar" because that was the year that Mohammed is believed to have left from Mecca to Medina, which event is referred to as the 4971:, economic development and cultural works in most of the Muslim-dominated world flourished. The age is traditionally understood to have begun during the reign of the 15823:: in qua ostenditur, quomodo ex inferiorum contemplatione ad superiorum notitiam ratio humana ascendere possit. E Theatro Sheldoniano, excudebat Joannes Owens, 1700. 6573: 4945: 13643:

Global Happiness: A Guide to the Most Contented (and Discontented) Places around the Globe: A Guide to the Most Contented (and Discontented) Places around the Globe

6965:, though there is no evidence that such a set was used in medieval times. Girih patterns have been used to decorate varied materials including stone screens, as at 6961:

explicitly shows girih patterns together with the tilings used to create them. A set of tiles consisting of a dart and a kite shape can be used to create aperiodic

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and small arms, to create their empires. They existed primarily between the fourteenth and the late seventeenth centuries. During the 17th–18th centuries, when the

18866: 12666: 12405: 8702: 7499:(commonly known in the West as the 'Islamic calendar', although both calendars are Islamic) is usually abbreviated as AH. The solar Hijri calendar predominates in 5804: 16748: 11685: 5876: 4314: 18748: 8672: 5692: 4665: 3806:, Muhammad's father-in-law, to be Muhammad's political but not his religious successor. Shia, on the other hand, believe that Muhammad designated his son-in-law 1996: 14186: 12496: 18116: 14153: 11552: 9611: 8619: 15366: 10180: 7019: 5150: 4515: 2189: 1409:. By the time of his death, Muhammad had become the political and spiritual leader of Medina, Mecca, the surrounding region, and numerous other tribes in the 16387:

Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe",

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Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe",

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in educational attainment, since Muslim women have an average of 4.9 years of schooling, compared to an average of 6.4 years of schooling among Muslim men.

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The majority of the world's Islamic population, which is Sunni, accounts for over 85 percent of the Islamic population; the other 10 to 15 percent is Shia.

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In 2010, the Pew Forum study finds that Bangladesh (13.5 million), Indonesia (4 million), Pakistan (3.3 million) and Malaysia (1.7 million) has a sizeable

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Christian contributions to art, culture, and literature in the Arab-Islamic world; Christian contributions education and social advancement in the region.

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is an omnipresent decoration in Islamic art, and is usually expressed in the form of Quranic verses. Two of the main scripts involved are the symbolic

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million Christians who lived in countries with Muslim majorities, with the largest Christian population number lived in Indonesia, followed by Egypt.

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now includes not only the traditional heartlands of Islam, but also Europe and North America, both of which have sizeable minority Muslim populations

17179: 13692: 12920:. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America: Oxford University Press. pp. 270–271, 276–278, 280, 283–285, 295, 310–311. 12437: 12126: 10982: 10927: 9249: 8406: 18832: 17258:. INU societal research. Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations : Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. 16024:

Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I. Conrad (1996),

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geometry (discovered half a millennium later in the 1970s and 1980s in the West) and used it in intricate decorative tilework in the architecture.

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patriarchal behaviour among Muslims is based in an ideology which jumbles sexual and biological differences with gender dualisms and inequality.

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was one of the earliest new technologies developed by the Islamic potters. The first Islamic opaque glazes can be found as blue-painted ware in

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Shi'a Islam is the second largest branch of the tradition, with up to 150 million followers who comprise around 10% of all Muslims worldwide...

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Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (96.3 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately 97 percent are Sunni and 3 percent Shia.

11343: 10048: 5517:." Islamic philosophy, in this definition is neither necessarily concerned with religious issues, nor is exclusively produced by Muslims. The 2115:; or affirmed more traditionalist and inclusive cultural ideals; and in rare cases adopted modernity that was ushered by the colonial powers. 16075: 15846: 14767:

Copts in Egypt: A Christian Minority Under Siege: Papers Presented at the First International Coptic Symposium, Zurich, September 23-25, 2004

11264: 10953: 7678: 7235: 7153:. There are several variations of each, as well as regionally specific styles. Arabic or Persian calligraphy has also been incorporated into 6243:

and driven by machinery instead in the medieval Islamic world. The transfer of these technologies to medieval Europe had an influence on the

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against the United States, scholars considered the ramifications of seeking to understand Muslim experience through the framework of secular

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There are some 30 million Christians who live in countries with Muslim majorities. The largest number live in Indonesia, some 15 million ...

8462: 8335: 6554: 11581: 11318: 10802: 9693: 9128:, and her parents belong to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. She has participated in multiple blood drives through the Indiana Blood Center. 7855: 16222: 14471: 9414: 6689: 18763: 17503:

The political algebra of global value change. General models and implications for the Muslim world. With Almas Heshmati and Hichem Karoui

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had exceeded 1.8 million. In Asia, an estimated 625,000 refugees from Rakhine, Myanmar, mostly Muslim, had crossed the border into

2372:, the community of Muslim believers, and invoking the imagery of the early warriors of Islam who lead the faithful from the darkness of 16945: 14096: 11768: 4629: 17428:

Mason, Robert (1995). "New Looks at Old Pots: Results of Recent Multidisciplinary Studies of Glazed Ceramics from the Islamic World".

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Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)

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law. In some places, Muslims implement Islamic law, called sharia in Arabic. The Islamic law exists in a number of variations, called

18837: 18753: 15173: 14741: 13629:... With a population of over 23 million Karachi is also the world's largest Muslim city, the world's seventh largest conurbation ... 13426: 13158: 9795: 8157: 7621: 6835: 5706: 4422: 4418: 3451: 2125: 1720: 17: 17078:[Measuring the year and month for a long time until now in a conversation with Dr. Iraj Malekpour] (in Persian). BBC Persian 13745: 13117:. Translated by Lotan, Yaer. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, United States: University of California Press. pp. 147–148. 6947:

with lines drawn on them: the lines form the pattern. Patterns may be elaborated by the use of two levels of design, as at the 1453

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of Islamic architecture have always been ordered repetition, radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns. In this respect,

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The only rule of thumb for inclusion which has some support, is that countries need to have a Muslim population of more than 50%.

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to local materials and techniques, local dynasties and patrons, different regional centers of artistic production, and sometimes

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in particular, a major global trading nation in the world, described by the Europeans to be the "richest country to trade with".

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Most Druze do not consider themselves Muslim. Historically they faced much persecution and keep their religious beliefs secrets.

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conquered in the seventh and eighth centuries. Later it developed distinct characteristics in the form of buildings and in the

5426: 1508:(746–750) also definitively destroyed the political unity of the Muslims, who have been inhabiting multiple states ever since. 16156: 13581: 8974: 8858: 6447: 4231: 367:

of 50 Muslim majority countries was US$ 5.7 trillion. As of 2016, they contributed 8% of the world's total. In 2020, the

18768: 18725: 17510: 17491: 17470: 17381: 17354: 17263: 16781: 16731: 16674: 16595: 16575: 16498: 16478: 16459: 16426:

Tabbaa, Yasser (2007). "Architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

16333: 16125: 15576: 15440: 15085: 14932: 14837: 14660: 14633: 14508: 13185: 13122: 13083: 12933: 12451: 12110: 11101: 10715: 10685: 10537: 10504: 10353: 9951: 8293: 6937: 5698: 5544:, Avicenna, also founded his own Avicennism school of philosophy, which was influential in both Islamic and Christian lands. 5422: 5042: 4968: 4478: 2360: 1473: 1469: 844: 15882: 15816: 15764: 14666: 11984: 9957: 9839: 9042: 8520: 8044: 16613: 11952: 8235: 3516:. The advocates of Islamism, also known as "al-Islamiyyun", are dedicated to realizing their ideological interpretation of 2148: 143: 11127: 5735: 5449:

appeared in Latin (1671), English (1708), German, and Dutch. These European-language translations may have later inspired

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currents became heavily involved in democratic politics, while others spawned "the most aggressive and ambitious Islamist

1936:

The Great Divergence was the reason why European colonial powers militarily defeated preexisting Oriental powers like the

474:). Muslims who do not belong to, do not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable 17075: 13907: 13070:. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America: Oxford University Press. pp. 280, 284–285, 295. 11938: 9873: 7860: 6628: 6560: 5337: 4470: 115: 17617:

Why Europe has to offer a better deal towards its Muslim communities. A quantitative analysis of open international data

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geometry has been a key utility, especially for mosques and palaces. Other features employed as motifs include columns,

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Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Omajjaden §1. De Spaanse tak". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.

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regarding gender issues is that religious texts constructed in highly patriarchal environments and based on biological

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that is the most similar to the Gregorian calendar, being based on the Earth's orbit around the Sun. It begins on the

6994: 6592: 18620: 18574: 18234: 18228: 17560: 17320: 16707: 16550: 16521: 16435: 16206: 16037: 16000: 15945: 15914: 15856: 15733: 15637: 15610: 15554: 15538: 15483: 15035: 15010: 14957: 14902: 14851: 14774: 14722: 14697: 14609: 14585: 14560: 14409: 14381: 14335: 14282: 14091: 14052: 13808: 13650: 13622: 13329: 13036: 12997: 12972: 10754: 10619: 10440: 10279: 10125: 10014: 9833: 9224: 9157: 9008: 8694: 8268: 8199: 8125: 8083: 7629: 4649: 3304: 2716:, and though they may guarantee freedom of religion for citizens, do not declare a separation of state and religion: 2706: 2458: 2288: 2281: 2053: 1323: 1022: 242: 224: 162: 65: 14149: 11548: 8871:

Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.

5513:

One of the common definitions for "Islamic philosophy" is "the style of philosophy produced within the framework of

3794:. Sunnis believe that the true political successor of Muhammad according to the Sunnah should be selected based on ٍ 2440: 206: 122: 18491: 18347: 17824: 17720: 15723: 13541: 12316: 12218: 8925: 8664: 7424:'In the year of the Hijrah'). In Muslim countries, it is also sometimes denoted as H from its Arabic form ( 6986: 5170: 4733: 3879:

Muslims, who are less known, have their own stronghold in the country of Oman holding about 75% of the population.

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Map of colonial powers throughout the world in the year 1914 (note colonial powers in the pre-modern Muslim world).

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Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "islam. §7. Sektevorming". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.

7127:. Although some scholars dispute this, Kufic script was supposedly developed around the end of the 7th century in 18985: 18791: 17053: 13511: 12528: 10647: 9996:

The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pp. 227–228

9475: 8611: 8498: 7820: 7642: 5659:, a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy; Ibn Tufail and Ibn al-Nafis, pioneers of the philosophical novel; 5476: 4710: 4402: 2352: 1214: 16306:

Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises In Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries

14865: 12188: 4141: 19050: 18598: 18496: 17533: 17221: 16826: 11868: 10529: 10209: 10158: 9179: 8887: 8836: 8785: 8313: 7571:, always falls on the March equinox. Nowruz is celebrated by communities in a wide range of countries from the 4988: 2425: 2324: 1305: 1159: 408: 191: 100: 14061: 13288: 10078: 9658: 9285: 8945:"Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population" 8809:"Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population" 4748:

Throughout history, Muslim cultures have been diverse ethnically, linguistically and regionally. According to

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A number of Muslim-majority societies reacted to Western powers with zealotry and thus initiating the rise of

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What 1.3 Billion Muslims Really Think: An Answer to a Recent Gallup Study, Based on the "World Values Survey"

16572:, p. 30, Frameworks of Islamic Art and Architectural History: Concepts, Approaches, and Historiographies 15676:

The Thousand and One Nights; Or, The Arabian Night's Entertainments - David Claypoole Johnston - Google Books

12376: 12240: 12156: 10648:"93 years pass since establishment of first democratic republic in the east – Azerbaijan Democratic Republic" 9620:

This growth has to do with the relatively young age of the Muslim population as well as high fertility rates.

4250: 1746: 1301: 893: 96: 51: 17100:[Iranian Studies & # 124; Preservation of the Iranian calendar]. Ghiasabadi.com. 3 November 2005 16804:

Blair, Sheila S. (Spring 2003). "The Mirage of Islamic Art: Reflections on the Study of an Unwieldy Field".

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Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population

14015: 13768:"Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan – Presidential Library – Religion" 12478:"Benazir Bhutto: Daughter of Tragedy" by Muhammad Najeeb, Hasan Zaidi, Saurabh Shulka and S. Prasannarajan, 11491: 8944: 8808: 5093:, originating from 9th-century Iraq. Other centers for innovative ceramic pottery in the Old world included 518:

are home to the world’s second, fourth, sixth and seventh largest Muslim populations respectively. Sizeable

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the names of the zodiacal signs were used for the months; elsewhere the month names are the same as in the

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is divided almost evenly between Muslims and Christians, with more than 80 million Christians and Muslims.

4430: 3944: 925: 475: 455: 329: 14272: 11743: 11646: 11516: 11007: 10744: 9716: 5236:. Imitations were written, especially in France. Various characters from this epic have themselves become 3602:

to politically unite the Muslim world. Riḍā was a strong exponent of Islamic vanguardism, the belief that

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Grabar, Oleg (2011). "Art and Culture in the Islamic World". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).

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The majority of Muslims in the country are Sunni, with a Shi'a minority ranging between 10 to 15 percent.

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itself clear that it's 100 per cent non-denominational and most importantly, 100 per cent non-judgmental.

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However, Islamic calligraphy is not limited to strictly religious subjects, objects, or spaces. Like all

6338: 5482: 5434: 5430: 5206: 5001: 4815: 1828: 1533: 1345: 972: 799: 111: 17519:(PDF) The political algebra of global value change: General models and implications for the Muslim world 15117: 11420: 11149: 10027: 8551: 6768:. Such designs are highly nonrepresentational, as Islam forbids representational depictions as found in 6764:

Islamic art frequently adopts the use of geometrical floral or vegetal designs in a repetition known as

19181: 18822: 18705: 18222: 17641: 17056:[The most accurate calendar in the world, Khayyam's gift to Iranians] (in Persian). BBC Persian 16369: 12602:

Burgat, François, "The Islamic Movement in North Africa", U of Texas Press, 1997, pp. 39–41, 67–71, 309

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Islamic geometric patterns : their historical development and traditional methods of construction

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and post-graduate degrees. The highest of years of schooling among Muslim-majority countries found in

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Ibn al-Haytham is also regarded as the father of optics, especially for his empirical proof of the

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35%, Turkey – 10%, Lebanon – 27%, Syria – 13%, Afghanistan – 10%, Pakistan – 10%, and India – 10%.

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Vartan Gregorian, "Islam: A Mosaic, Not a Monolith", Brookings Institution Press, 2003, pp. 26–38

13883: 13366: 11257: 10949: 8473: 7157:, beginning with the post-colonial period in the Middle East, as well as the more recent style of 6510: 5343: 3868:

has the largest number of non-denominational Muslims, who constitute about 74% of the population.

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The term has been documented as early as 1912 to encompass the influence of perceived pan-Islamic

18925: 17736: 17122:[Iranian Studies & # 124; Glory Calendar Timeline]. Ghiasabadi.com. 25 September 2007 15937: 15549:

Vartan Gregorian, "Islam: A Mosaic, Not a Monolith", Brookings Institution Press, 2003, pg 26–38

14742:"Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population" 14319: 14057: 13313: 12278:

between Christians and Muslims in parliament, the cabinet, and other senior government positions.

7950: 6765: 6695: 6248: 6049:), it is considered to be an important device that contributed greatly to the advancement of the 6006: 5973: 5922:

stated in 2009 that Ibn al-Haytham is 'often referred to as the "world's first true scientist".'

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states. Each of these three empires had considerable military exploits using the newly developed

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Sayyid Qutb and Islamic Activism: A Translation and Critical Analysis of Social Justice in Islam

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The very first day of the Solar Hijri calendar was the day of the spring equinox, March 18, 622

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reckoning, 1446 AH runs from 7 July 2024 to approximately 26 June 2025.

6122:, along which Muslim-majority countries traded with each other and with European powers such as 432: 19082: 19011: 18980: 18910: 17834: 17829: 17747: 16921: 16219: 15905: 12510: 11289: 9689: 9406: 9149: 8361: 7530:, it has no intrinsic error. It is older than the lunar Hijri calendar used by the majority of 7376: 7298: 6493: 6342: 6330: 5625: 5620:

Islamic philosophers continued making advances in philosophy through to the 17th century, when

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known in his time. Ibn al-Nafis' fiction explained Islamic religious teachings via science and

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and is calculated based on the "year of the Hijrah," and the lunar Hijri calendar is based on

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showed that at the time about 36% of all Muslims had no formal schooling, with only 8% having

19191: 19166: 19028: 19006: 17757: 17634: 17599: 16951: 16840: 15875:, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait ( 15757:, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait ( 14922: 12641: 12423: 12390: 11830: 11181: 10701: 10412: 10337: 10304: 8998: 8407:"Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center" 8189: 7608: 6772:. Despite this, there is a presence of depictional art in some Muslim societies, notably the 6731: 6244: 6083:

was also transmitted from China via predominantly Islamic countries, where formulas for pure

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Since then Muslim-majority countries have absorbed refugees from recent conflicts, including

4385: 3977: 3539: 2532:, which was endorsed in 2005 by prominent Islamic scholars around the world, recognized four 2394: 1083: 908: 692: 647: 523: 448: 420: 16955: 15566: 14086: 13670: 10705: 10522:

The Globalization of Martyrdom: Al Qaeda, Salafi Jihad, and the Diffusion of Suicide Attacks

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in the Muslim world have declared separation between civil/government affairs and religion.

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Tonna, Jo (1990). "The Poetics of Arab-Islamic Architecture", Muqarnas BRILL, 7, pp. 182–97

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https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol-12-no3/islamic-concept-knowledge-sayyid-wahid-akhtar

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In the early 21st century some 10–13 percent of the world's 1.6 billion Muslims were Shiʿi.

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are still valued highly in Islam; hence views emphasizing on men's superiority in unequal

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Trust and the Islamic Advantage: Religious-Based Movements in Turkey and the Muslim World

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Soage, Ana Belén. "Introduction to Political Islam." Religion Compass 3.5 (2009): 887–96.

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Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics

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further says that equality for Muslim women needs to be achieved through self-criticism.

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with laws prescribed by Islam" (i.e. Sharia). According to at least one observer (author

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Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering

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The Gülen Movement: A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam

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make up a majority of the Muslims in seven countries (and a plurality in three others):

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beyond the Arabian Peninsula, stretching from northwest India, across Central Asia, the

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Nanda, J. N (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005.

16301: 16274: 15718: 15516: 15407: 15143: 14879: 14818: 13988: 13093: 13046: 13007: 12943: 12771: 12629: 11240:"The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh | 2A. The state religion" 10707:

Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community

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synthesis and Islamist ideals greatly influenced his disciples like Hasan al-Banna, an

3554: 2898: 2501: 2300: 2002: 1983: 1505: 1429: 1367: 1117: 1074: 1044: 1027: 1002: 947: 903: 615: 543: 483: 328:, but disagreements on other matters have led to the appearance of different religious 310: 255: 18085: 15221: 15195: 14715:

Secular Nationalism and Citizenship in Muslim Countries: Arab Christians in the Levant

14500: 14208: 13979:"Religions: Muslim 95% (Sunni 75%, Shia 20%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 5%" 13262: 6375:

were invented. Common or important types of buildings in Islamic architecture include

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There are sizeable non-Muslim minorities in many Muslim-majority countries, includes,

2432: 198: 19062: 19057: 18962: 18952: 18942: 18615: 18501: 18453: 18296: 18207: 17910: 17900: 17895: 17885: 17880: 17713: 17566: 17556: 17539: 17529: 17506: 17487: 17466: 17387: 17377: 17360: 17350: 17326: 17316: 17299: 17289: 17269: 17259: 17097: 16927: 16856: 16822: 16787: 16777: 16727: 16703: 16680: 16670: 16546: 16517: 16431: 16329: 16202: 16131: 16121: 16033: 15996: 15941: 15910: 15852: 15729: 15633: 15606: 15572: 15550: 15534: 15520: 15479: 15436: 15318: 15031: 15006: 14953: 14928: 14898: 14822: 14810: 14770: 14718: 14693: 14656: 14629: 14605: 14581: 14556: 14504: 14405: 14377: 14331: 14278: 13899: 13814: 13804: 13646: 13618: 13325: 13118: 13079: 13032: 12993: 12968: 12929: 12763: 12724: 12633: 12493:"A Wake-Up Call: Milestones of Islamic History – IslamOnline.net – Art & Culture" 12106: 11710: 10750: 10711: 10681: 10615: 10585: 10533: 10500: 10489: 10458: 10446: 10436: 10359: 10349: 10275: 10154: 10121: 10010: 9947: 9829: 9220: 9153: 9004: 8831:

Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims.

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Muslim engineers in the Islamic world made a number of innovative industrial uses of

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worldwide is between 800,000 and one million, with the vast majority residing in the

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are meant to exist because it is believed that such artistic depictions may lead to

5964:; or in the work of the Egyptian physician Ibn al-Nafis, who proposed the theory of 5811: 5531:

was used as the standard text in European universities for centuries. He also wrote

4705: 19176: 19092: 19077: 18827: 18532: 18254: 18192: 18182: 18172: 18157: 17905: 17808: 17780: 17668: 17611: 17462: 17437: 17408: 16852: 16029: 15508: 14802: 14323: 14311: 13456: 13071: 12921: 12901: 12896: 12884: 12855: 12850: 12838: 12755: 12714: 12703:"The Totalitarianism of Jihadist Islamism and its Challenge to Europe and to Islam" 12621: 12574: 10673: 10578:

US Counter-Terrorism Strategy and al-Qaeda: Signalling and the Terrorist World-View

10428: 9558: 9407:"Middle East :: Azerbaijan — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency" 8978: 8850: 8113: 8071: 7978: 7941: 7835: 7825: 7815: 7625: 7535: 7496: 7380: 7309: 7281: 7175: 6890: 6822: 6624: 6453: 6412: 6346: 6315: 6151: 5945: 5763: 5557: 5321: 5273: 5180: 5018: 4951: 4793: 4766: 4173: 3735: 3670: 3603: 3570: 2505: 2472: 2176: 2010: 1910: 1724: 1716: 1684: 1664: 1620: 1517: 1449: 1406: 1375: 1355: 1337: 1263: 967: 962: 913: 898: 883: 792: 671: 551: 519: 491: 440: 306: 295: 17027: 16449: 16447: 15092: 11097: 7871:

List of largest cities in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries

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scripts, which can be found adorning the walls and domes of mosques, the sides of

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Muslim physicians contributed to the field of medicine, including the subjects of

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communities have survived. In addition, new schools of thought and movements like

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The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England

17158:"Approaches to the Research of Early Islam: The Hijrah in Western Historiography" 16376: 16312: 16285: 16226: 16079: 15967: 15934:

Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England

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Philosophus autodidactus, sive Epistola Abi Jaafar ebn Tophail de Hai ebn Yokdhan

15813: 15792: 15768: 15761: 15682: 15396: 14650: 14623: 14530: 13887: 11988: 11875: 11373: 10496: 10484: 10432: 10150: 9937: 9823: 9776:

FROM A CORRESPONDENT IN INDIA, Tuesday, 3 September 1912, The Times, Issue: 39994

9210: 9050: 8843: 8036: 7961: 7840: 7830: 7321: 7289: 7103: 7079: 6912: 6236: 5664: 5518: 5514: 5455: 5366: 5241: 5233: 4980: 4976: 4778: 4636: 4600: 4406: 4219: 4051: 3770: 3617: 3613: 3550: 3447: 2200: 2086: 1987: 1549: 1485: 1433: 1341: 1149: 1102: 918: 878: 867: 849: 752: 697: 610: 539: 527: 444: 412: 322: 16609: 15989:

A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam

15602:

A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam

15472:

A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam

13314:

William E. Shepard; FranÇois Burgat; James Piscatori; Armando Salvatore (2009).

11960: 10173:"Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort" 8227: 7781: 7436:). In English, years prior to the Hijra are denoted as BH ("Before the Hijra"). 5089:, dating to around the 8th century. Another contribution was the development of 3654:

social and political activism. Other Islamists (Al-Turabi) are proponents of a "

495: 19151: 19130: 18847: 18700: 18542: 18244: 16444: 15086:"Science-Matrix: 30 Years in Science – Secular Movements in Knowledge Creation" 14806: 11981: 11123: 10205: 10140: 7773: 7589: 7469: 7410: 7333: 7313: 7260: 7256: 7210: 7150: 6966: 6962: 6797: 6781: 6372: 6210: 6042: 6010: 5957: 5919: 5861: 5629: 5614: 5606: 5268: 5120: 5052: 5014: 5006: 4893: 4875: 4849: 4831: 4714: 4502: 4458: 4379: 4259: 4177: 4035: 3745: 3584: 3460: 2713: 2709: 2266: 2252: 2180: 2033: 1976: 1953: 1892: 1821: 1801: 1754: 1750: 1700: 1660: 1652: 1624: 1600: 1584: 1513: 1465: 1200: 1062: 1049: 1007: 952: 566: 535: 531: 515: 499: 333: 17570: 17303: 16684: 16486: 13029:

Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress: Volume 2 The Dismal Fate of New Nations

12990:

Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress: Volume 2 The Dismal Fate of New Nations

12759: 12719: 12702: 12625: 9865: 6932:

dates from around 1000 CE, and the artform flourished until the 15th century.

5401:

Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), deals with various science fiction elements such as

1350: 494:). Muslims are the overwhelming majority in Central Asia, the majority in the 19145: 19033: 18860: 18710: 18249: 18212: 18187: 18024: 17273: 16931: 16791: 16135: 15984: 15467: 15042:

Today Turkish Jewry remains the largest Jewish community in the Muslim world.

14909:

Today Turkish Jewry remains the largest Jewish community in the Muslim world.

14814: 12767: 12728: 12102:

Religion and Contemporary Politics: A Global Encyclopedia [2 volumes]

10345: 7904: 7527: 7477: 7158: 6668: 6644: 6479: 6424: 6251: 6240: 6232: 6223: 5972:

remained an authoritative medical textbook in Europe until the 18th century.

5385: 5373: 5260: 5237: 5074: 5026: 4450: 4031: 3758: 3692: 3684: 3655: 3532: 3473: 3083: 2976: 2586: 2529: 2493: 2356: 2204: 1937: 1774: 1758: 1712: 1632: 1557: 1252: 1127: 1032: 992: 511: 436: 17543: 17391: 17364: 17330: 15960: 14578:

The World's Christians: Who they are, Where they are, and How they got there

13818: 12743: 12579: 12562: 12098: 9468:"The Middle East and Muslim Southeast Asia: Implications of the Arab Spring" 4469:

since the rise of Islam. Today, Jews residing in Muslim countries have been

4062:

faith, although Druzes do not identify as Muslims. Twelver Shiism developed

2589:

have adopted Islam as the ideological foundation of state and constitution.

19120: 19045: 18695: 18547: 18425: 17990: 17975: 17689: 16084: 15929: 15832: 15118:"Nearly 40% of Muslim world's population unable read or write: IINA Report" 15055: 14793:

Ojo, Matthews A. (July 1995). "The Charismatic Movement in Nigeria Today".

14534: 10103: 9738: 8004: 7850: 7787: 7759: 7604: 6908: 6723: 6497: 6416: 5987: 5930: 5923: 5883: 5460: 5450: 5414: 5388:

plot and eventually becoming the first example of a science fiction novel.

5312: 5301: 5292: 5196: 5010: 4774: 4725:, Muslim-majority countries hosted 18 million refugees by the end of 2010. 4466: 4343: 4275: 3961: 3861: 3659: 3637: 3596: 3528: 3252: 3200: 3031: 2680: 2273: 2112: 2006: 1979: 1941: 1692: 1596: 1497: 1243: 1188: 1134: 603: 592: 16771: 16026:

The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān

14652:

Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East: The Challenge of the Future

14271:

McCloud, Aminah Beverly; Hibbard, Scott W.; Saud, Laith (2 January 2013).

11679:"United Arab Emirates's Constitution of 1971 with Amendments through 2009" 6114:

was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of

6045:

is believed to have been invented in the medieval era (of what is now the

3595:, advocated Sunni internationalism through revolutionary restoration of a 1378:

as a religion and social institution begins with its inception around 610

18672: 18162: 18070: 17970: 17857: 16702:(Reprinted with corrections ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. 15028:

Kinship and Consent: Jewish Political Tradition and Its Contemporary Uses

14895:

Kinship and Consent: Jewish Political Tradition and Its Contemporary Uses

14838:"Ahead of Rosh Hashanah, figures show 14.7 million Jews around the globe" 14441: 14432: 14353: 10394: 9490:"India invited as 'Guest of Honour' to OIC meet, Sushma Swaraj to attend" 8012: 7900: 7795: 7613: 7554: 7550: 7543: 7538:); though they both count from the Hijrah. The solar Hijri calendar uses 7504: 7320:

in a year of 354 or 355 days. It is used to determine the proper days of

7317: 7268: 7140: 7099: 7075: 6955:, and historic pattern books may have been intended for use in this way. 6948: 6941: 6925: 6271: 6255: 6190: 6174: 6162: 6147: 6115: 6076: 6026: 5676: 5621: 5594: 5574: 5410: 5402: 5395: 5369: 5352: 5142: 5138: 5082: 5047: 4640: 4569: 4462: 4429:, and they have had a significant impact contributing the culture of the 4363: 3953: 3896: 3762: 3680: 3663: 3592: 3558: 3546: 3433: 3401: 2602: 2533: 2525: 2382: 2104: 2090: 1961: 1945: 1844: 1688: 1680: 1592: 1501: 1493: 1477: 1259: 930: 888: 812: 467: 459: 373: 357: 291: 17119: 14977:"Zoroastrianism i. History to the Arab Conquest – Encyclopaedia Iranica" 14553:

The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East

14374:

The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives

12214: 8917: 8108:

Afsaruddin, Asma (2016). "Islamic World". In McNeill, William H. (ed.).

7932:

exact dates depend on which variant of the Islamic calendar is followed.

7438:

Since 7 July 2024 CE, the current Islamic year is 1446 AH. In the

6936:

patterns can be created in a variety of ways, including the traditional

18975: 18057: 18014: 17985: 17449: 17342: 17076:"پيمانه کردن سال و ماه از ديرباز تا کنون در گفتگو با دکتر ايرج ملک پور" 14494: 10976:"Brunei Darussalam's Constitution of 1959 with Amendments through 2006" 8977:. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from 8008: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7800: 7738: 7539: 7511: 7500: 7492: 7384: 7332:. In almost all countries where the predominant religion is Islam, the 7308:), or Arabic calendar also known in English as the Muslim calendar and 7154: 7071: 6747: 6311: 6219: 6206: 6202: 6186: 6166: 6158: 6107: 6091: 5941: 5819: 5767: 5582: 5552: 5506: 5406: 5332: 5308: 4878: 4737: 4612: 4604: 4560: 4438: 4121: 4090: 4004: 3973: 3876: 3865: 3849: 3845: 3825: 3651: 3265: 3226: 3135: 3109: 3057: 3005: 2755: 2641: 2553: 2545: 2488: 2374: 1636: 1573: 1569: 1509: 1481: 1476:. Meanwhile, the Muslim community tore itself apart into the rivalling 1453: 1379: 1308: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1233: 935: 463: 385: 263: 17420: 14866:"VI- November 30: Commemorating the expulsion of Jews from Arab lands" 10680:. The New York Philosophical Library. pp. 124, 222, 229, 269–70. 10651: 7579:. Currently the Solar Hijri calendar is officially used only in Iran. 4796: receiving a richly decorated robe of honor from the caliph 4576:

and other parts of Africa. Several Muslim-majority countries, such as

3456: 2331:

in 1924, have sometimes been seen as the result of Western influence.

18680: 18111: 18053: 18000: 17868: 17621: 13031:. Ithaca, New York 14850, USA: Cornell University Press. p. 91. 12992:. Ithaca, New York 14850, USA: Cornell University Press. p. 91. 12192: 10581: 10525: 10420: 9077:"Isis Jihadist group made me wonder about non-denominational Muslims" 8900:

Sunni Islam accounts for over 85% of the world's Muslim population...

7562: 7518:. This year is generally considered by Muslims as the first year of 7481: 7372: 7190: 7120: 6915: 6826: 6759: 6743: 6672: 6471: 6457: 6354: 6214: 6198: 6182: 6170: 6135: 6131: 6080: 6014: 6002: 5982: 5841: 5793: 5746: 5656: 5418: 5287: 5222:. The concept had been influenced by a pre-Islamic Persian prototype 5077:

was prevalent in Islamic art, usually assuming the form of elaborate

5030: 4929: 4899: 4823: 4672: 4375: 4371: 4256: 4149: 4129: 4067: 4055: 4027: 3833: 3777:. As of 2024, however, Nigeria has become a Muslim-majority country. 3727: 3647: 3625: 3599: 3096: 2561: 2509: 2339: 2304: 1896: 1868: 1848: 1789:, India became the world's largest economy, valued 25% of world GDP. 1778: 1577: 1437: 1359: 1238: 834: 546:

partially due to their high birth rate, according to the same study,

502:

has the largest Muslim population outside Muslim-majority countries.

341: 17441: 17157: 17134: 16655:

Grabar, Oleg (2006), "Islamic art and beyond". Ashgate. Vol 2, p. 87

15315:"OIC to hold conference on refugees in Muslim world in Turkmenistan" 9520:"Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population" 8755: 8309: 6173:

in the Islamic world date back to the 7th century, while horizontal-

5997:

Some most famous scientists from the medieval Islamic world include

2443:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 1283: 416: 209:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 78: 19023: 18519: 18377: 18329: 18123: 18029: 17980: 17708: 17412: 16512:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture".

16497:

sfn error: no target: CITEREFEttinghausenGrabarJenkins-Madina2001 (

15512: 15003:

Muslims in Global Politics: Identities, Interests, and Human Rights

14538: 14359: 13280: 12438:"Russia Will be One-Third Muslim in 15 Years, Chief Mufti Predicts" 7994:; also called in some English sources as the Iranian Solar calendar 7665: 7576: 7549:

Each of the twelve months of the Hijri calendar corresponds with a

7388: 7124: 6734:

that, according to Islam, he revealed to his creation. All but one

6727: 6676: 6652: 6579: 6564: 6545: 6408: 6367: 6303: 6095: 6018: 5991: 5956:) which contained comprehensive diagrams of the body's structural, 5522: 5502: 5495: 5398: 5282: 5253: 5215: 5211: 5098: 5090: 5066: 5057: 4819: 4797: 4498: 4390: 4367: 4355: 4351: 4241: 4200: 4075: 4043: 4015: 3969: 3803: 3774: 3754: 3723: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3369: 3337: 2872: 2859: 2781: 2667: 2348: 2342: 2320: 1805: 1762: 1656: 1640: 1604: 1565: 1561: 1560:. Notable major empires dominated by Muslims, such as those of the 1445: 1421: 1386: 1144: 1112: 826: 760: 550:

has no impact on Muslim population, since the number of people who

393: 325: 13115:

The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian Dynasty: The Husaynis 1700–1948

12127:"Sudan ends 30 years of Islamic law by separating religion, state" 10450: 10363: 10009:, First published 1973, Reprint 2006, Tulshi Prakashani, Kolkata, 7865: 7767: 6951:

shrine. Square repeating units of known patterns can be copied as

6940:; the construction of a grid of polygons; and the use of a set of 19038: 18634: 18322: 18202: 18080: 18075: 18062: 18046: 18039: 18034: 17766: 17622:

Indian Ocean in World History, A free online educational resource

17399:

Madden, Edward H. (1975). "Some Characteristics of Islamic Art".

14448: 14445: 14181: 12612:

Berman, Sheri (2003). "Islamism, Revolution, and Civil Society".

9734: 9612:"A Religious Forecast For 2050: Atheism Is Down, Islam Is Rising" 9180:"10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050" 8288:. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). pp. 829–834. 7689: 7649: 7593: 7572: 7531: 7361: 7325: 6982: 6974: 6952: 6813: 6739: 6680: 6501: 6400: 6380: 6362: 6194: 6178: 5937: 5927: 5636: 5610: 5581:. European scholars and writers influenced by this novel include 5380:, the story of Kamil extends beyond the desert island setting in 5278: 5245: 5078: 4984: 4827: 4692: 4688: 4616: 4443: 4347: 4279: 4196: 4169: 4161: 4125: 4098: 4083: 4071: 4023: 4019: 4008: 3982: 3857: 3821: 3799: 3766: 3750: 3712: 3688: 3621: 3588: 3574: 3467:

became the first woman elected to lead a Muslim-majority country.

3287: 3187: 3174: 2992: 2950: 2924: 2885: 2768: 2742: 2729: 2549: 2272:

first documented the term "Muslim world" in 1912 when describing

2156: 2037: 1668: 1644: 1628: 1612: 1417: 977: 654: 466:(10–13%). However, other denominations exist in pockets, such as 389: 314: 283: 259: 17280: 16492: 15835:. The Theologus autodidactus of Ibn al-Nafīs. Clarendon P., 1968 12605: 12241:"Uzbekistan's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2011" 12157:"Tajikistan's Constitution of 1994 with Amendments through 2003" 11034:"Mauritania's Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through 2012" 6911:

and handicraft objects, consisting of angled lines that form an

3949: 298:, although there are no agreed criteria for inclusion. The term 18552: 18526: 18485: 18446: 18363: 18276: 18197: 18099: 18009: 17940: 17935: 17702: 17626: 16736: 16150:

Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture

16049:

Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufail and Léon Gauthier (1981),

15833:

Ala-al-din abu Al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi

14454: 14428: 13833:"The population of Shia: How many Shia are there in the world?" 13177: 12801: 12799: 12797: 10555:"Special Reports – The Salafist Movement: Al Qaeda's New Front" 8147: 7722: 7568: 7515: 7406: 7396: 7357: 7242: 7206: 7119:

The development of Islamic calligraphy is strongly tied to the

7116:), which translates into Arabic line, design, or construction. 6970: 6802: 6699: 6520: 6420: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6376: 6123: 6103: 6099: 5499: 5102: 5094: 4933: 4914: 4896: 4608: 4577: 4537:

Bangladesh has the largest Hindu population in the Muslim world

4487: 4394: 4223: 4157: 4117: 4113: 4106: 4102: 4079: 4047: 4000: 3996: 3915: 3853: 3829: 3545:

Central and prominent figures in 20th-century Islamism include

3523: 3385: 3239: 3122: 3070: 2833: 2820: 2615: 2569: 2541: 2537: 2521: 2072: 1852: 1782: 1766: 1648: 1608: 1529: 1448:. The Arab Muslims were unable to conquer the entire Christian 1402: 1394: 1363: 997: 987: 776: 744: 736: 721: 715: 599: 401: 377: 353: 349: 17612:

Asabiyya: Re-Interpreting Value Change in Globalized Societies

16915:

Watt, W. Montgomery. "Hidjra". In P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis;

14524:

Alevi-Islam Religious Services – The message of İzzettin Doğan

13230:"How credible is the claim of the failure of political Islam?" 12967:. New York: Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group. p. 141. 6825:

mosque, and recurring even up until the 17th century with the

1401:

for the city under his leadership. This migration, called the

18801: 18626: 18580: 18568: 18370: 18356: 18315: 18092: 17930: 17787: 17773: 17694: 17657: 17020: 15337:"UN Calls Syrian Refugee Crisis Worst Since Rwandan Genocide" 13615:

Cityscapes of Violence in Karachi: Publics and Counterpublics

12830: 11607:"Provisional Constitution of the Federal Republic of Somalia" 11258:"Comoros's Constitution of 2001 with Amendments through 2009" 10100:

Islamic and European Expansion: The Forging of a Global Order

9633:"Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group" 9108:"Indiana Blood Center cancels 'Muslims for Life' blood drive" 8377:"Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group" 7669: 7519: 7401: 7392: 7353: 7146: 7041: 7026: 7010: 6990: 6885: 6877: 6791: 6602: 6307: 6139: 6127: 6111: 5486: 5277:, dating back to the Umayyad era in the 7th century. It is a 5219: 5086: 5062: 5022: 4997: 4937: 4871: 4722: 4656: 4585: 4522: 4494: 4483: 4426: 4237: 4215: 4165: 4153: 4145: 4137: 4094: 4059: 3965: 3930: 3795: 3608: 3580: 3577: 3517: 3509: 3353: 3321: 3213: 3161: 2937: 2911: 2846: 2794: 2693: 2565: 2386: 2364: 2299:

had an instrumental role in ending and replacing it with the

1824: 1588: 1541: 1537: 1390: 1267: 1262:

sense, the terms 'Muslim world' and 'Islamic world' refer to

1139: 1017: 708: 666: 659: 582: 574: 381: 318: 287: 16505: 16419: 15871:

Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher",

15753:

Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher",

13880: 12794: 11957:

Official site of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan

11856:"2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: The Gambia" 11729: 11290:

Djibouti's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2010

7546:, and dates from the presumed actual "day of the Hijrah". 5980:) contributed to the discipline of medical surgery with his 5844:'s astronomical works, explains the different phases of the 5547:

Yet another influential philosopher who had an influence on

5537:, an influential scientific and philosophical encyclopedia. 4549:

Turkey has the largest Jewish population in the Muslim world

18467: 18439: 18389: 18336: 18281: 17794: 14435: 12863: 12596: 11939:"2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Indonesia" 11421:"Libya's Constitution of 2011 with Amendments through 2012" 11150:"Yemen's Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through 2001" 8336:"Muslim countries make thin contribution to global economy" 7875: 7704: 7465: 7349: 7329: 7264: 7259:

that is most widely used among Muslims. The other one is a

7255:

Two calendars are used all over the Muslim world. One is a

7128: 6735: 6475: 6384: 6227: 5845: 4845: 4581: 4573: 4565: 4506: 4454: 4425:

to Arab and Islamic civilization since the introduction of

4193: 3988: 3911: 3837: 3791: 3673:) has argued for a broader notion of Islamism as a form of 3148: 3044: 2807: 2654: 2628: 2196: 768: 676: 471: 397: 345: 16691: 16534: 16352:, pp. 34–35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science, 16148:

S.R.W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge",

13208: 12556: 12554: 12181: 11880: 11066:"Oman's Constitution of 1996 with Amendments through 2011" 8112:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Berkshire Publishing Group. 5882:"Cubic equations and intersections of conic sections", of 5565:

in 1671, developed the themes of empiricism, tabula rasa,

4967:" has been attributed to a period in history during which 16466: 15876: 15758: 13136: 13134: 12681: 12273:"2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Lebanon" 8260:

Handbook of Empirical Research on Islam and Economic Life

7632:

in terms of respect for Muslim women's lives and rights.

7409:. In the West, dates in this era are usually denoted AH ( 7226: 6750:

can also be found in Jewish and some Christian theology.

5204:

The best known work of fiction from the Islamic world is

3512:

should influence political systems, and generally oppose

1616: 16716: 14402:

The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East

14177:"Suicide bombs kill 39 near Shi'ite mosques in Pakistan" 14087:"Pakistan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008" 13354: 13272: 12291:"What is each country's second-largest religious group?" 9663:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

9290:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

9184:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

8837:

Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide

8525:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

8011:), this calendar is no longer used by the government of 6928:

knotwork patterns from the second century. The earliest

16697: 16658: 12889:

Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (In Asia)

12843:

Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (In Asia)

12551: 11633:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Syria" 5693:

Timeline of science and engineering in the Muslim world

4800: in 1000. Miniature from the Rashid al-Din's 3986:) reflecting different methodologies of jurisprudence ( 3872:

also has a large number of non-denominational Muslims.

3730:

is currently the most populous Muslim-majority country.

17526:

Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction

17003:"Important dates in Islamic Calendar in the Year 2025" 16978:"Important dates in Islamic Calendar in the Year 2024" 16514:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

15685:. Books.google.com.pk. Retrieved on 23 September 2013. 14352:

Mezhepler Tarihi ve Terimleri Sözlüğü (The History of

13131: 11098:"The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan" 5901:'s rocket flight depicted in a 17th-century engraving. 4870:

Mir Sayyid Ali, a scholar writing a commentary on the

4437:

estimates indicate that in 2010, more than 64 million

3960:

The first centuries of Islam gave rise to three major

3810:

as his true political as well as religious successor.

3612:) who steered the efforts for religious education and 27:

Muslim-majority countries, states, districts, or towns

12885:"Commentary on "Islamic State": Thoughts of Islamism" 12839:"Commentary on "Islamic State": Thoughts of Islamism" 12377:"Muslim Population in India - Total Muslims in India" 12099:

Timothy J. Demy Ph.D., Jeffrey M. Shaw Ph.D. (2019).

10611:

Religion, the Enlightenment, and the New Global Order

10331: 10329: 10327: 10118:

Morality and Justice in Islamic Economics and Finance

8855:

Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs

7989: 7955: 7668:– West African religious leaders and teachers of the 7145:

Islamic calligraphy developed from two major styles:

4588:

have a high rate of citable scientific publications.

4401:

The Muslim world is home to some of the world's most

4332:

People move close to the Muslim food corner in China.

17180:"Taliban Changes Solar Year to Hijri Lunar Calendar" 16908: 16841:"Reading Mosques: Meaning and Architecture in Islam" 16574:

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15367:"Rohingya widows find safe haven in Bangladesh camp" 14252:'s Religion & Public Life Project. 9 August 2012 13066:

Matthiesen, Toby (2023). "10: The Muslim Response".

12654: 11232: 8726:"Number of Muslims ahead of Catholics, says Vatican" 7972: 7749: 7567:

The ancient Iranian New Year's Day, which is called

7303: 6742:". Images of Mohammed are likewise prohibited. Such 3476:

have changed the influence of Islam on the world in

1603:

which dominated the centers of Islamic knowledge of

17528:(1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. 17505:(1st ed.). Nova Science Publishers, New York. 17486:(1st ed.). New York: Nova Science Publishers. 17256:

Global communication without universal civilization

14880:"Jewish Population Rises to 15.2 million Worldwide" 12895:(3). Routledge: Taylor & Francis group: 38–40. 12849:(3). Routledge: Taylor & Francis group: 23–28. 11549:"BASIC LAW - OF THE PALESTINIAN NATIONAL AUTHORITY" 10417:

Islamist Terrorism and Democracy in the Middle East

10263: 10106:, Temple University Press (Philadelphia, PA), 1993. 5864:

was one of the most famous inventions of Al-Jazari.

5715:

Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world

1556:and enthroned one of the few female Muslim rulers, 1548:conquered Delhi in 1206 and began the reign of the 302:is an alternative often used for the latter sense. 103:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 17288:(2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. 16700:The art and architecture of Islam : 1250–1800 16602: 15400: 14950:Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics 14270: 14150:"Early Warning Signs of Shia Genocide in Pakistan" 13315: 13159:"What most people get wrong about political Islam" 11761: 11380:, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 24 August 2012 10488: 10324: 9714: 9144:Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy 9141: 5798:Surgical instruments illustrations. (11th century) 5671:, a critic of Aristotelian logic and a pioneer of 4409:—including three of its five great patriarchates ( 2504:replaced a monarchial semi-secular regime with an 369:Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 17098:"پژوهش‌های ایرانی | پاسداشت گاهشماری ایرانی" 15571:. Taylor & Francis. 1 March 2011. p. 9. 13307: 13227: 10406: 10404: 9870:Christopher Hitchens and Tim Rutten in discussion 9786:Carpenter, Scott; Cagaptay, Soner (2 June 2009). 9785: 8194:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 11–14. 7503:whereas the lunar Hijri calendar predominates in 4732:. In July 2013, the UN stated that the number of 4497:minorities. Malaysia (5 million) has the largest 4093:were initially divided into five major branches: 3715:has the largest Muslim population in the world. 2287:A significant change in the Muslim world was the 19143: 17284:; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2003). 16511: 16265:Arming the Periphery. Emrys Chew, 2012. p. 1823. 15956: 15954: 15005:. 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(1995). 16594:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBloomBlair2009 ( 16458:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBloomBlair2009 ( 16350:Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering 16279:Potassium Nitrate in Arabic and Latin Sources 16201:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 15951: 15848:The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature 15568:Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics 14795:International Bulletin of Missionary Research 13415: 13285:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics 13244: 13150: 12691:. Leiden, New York: E.J. Brill. (1996). p. 40 12567:The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters 10864: 10862: 10860: 10858: 10856: 10854: 10852: 10850: 10848: 10846: 10700: 9825:Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism 9690:"The world's fastest-growing religion is ..." 9437:"The Many Languages of Islam in the Caucasus" 8886:. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from 8034: 6325:Early Islamic architecture was influenced by 4320:People pray together in the mosque in Russia. 3662:society through exercise of state power, or ( 3424: 3392: 1208: 16724:Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture 16516:. Oxford University Press. pp. 74, 78. 15559: 14628:. University of Chicago Press. p. 164. 14621: 14555:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. XLVIII. 14486: 14316:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 14274:An Introduction to Islam in the 21st Century 14174: 13879:"Pew Forum on Religious & Public life". 13322:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 13156: 13027:B. Hass, Ernst (2000). "2: Iran and Egypt". 12646:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 ( 12406:"China's hi-tech war on its Muslim minority" 10413:"Transnational Islamist Terrorism: Al Qaeda" 10340:. In Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce (eds.). 9754:"The Future of the Global Muslim Population" 9543: 9270:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8374: 8068:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 8035:Waldman, Marilyn R.; Zeghal, Malika (2009). 7856:Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition 7431: 7425: 7399:and established the first Muslim community ( 7111: 5770:era) colored illustrations of human anatomy. 5228:(Thousand Fables) that relied on particular 3650:" strategy to re-Islamizing society through 3583:Muhammad Rashid Riḍā, a fervent opponent of 2289:defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire 1820:Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during 1536:achieved their greatest success in terms of 1492:that has never been resolved. The following 321:and believe in the prophetic mission of the 16845:The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 16628: 16220:Harvard's Office of News and Public Affairs 16120:. 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New architectural elements like 4490:(primarily in Syria and Lebanon). 4477:, with the largest communities of 4337: 4296:Children read Qur'an in Indonesia. 2313:Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate 2069:French campaign in Egypt and Syria 1891:Cannons and guns belonging to the 1366:in 1154, one of the most advanced 25: 19208: 17578: 17219: 16884:"The Beginning of Hijri calendar" 15845:Claeys, Gregory (5 August 2010). 15347:from the original on 27 July 2013 15202:from the original on 10 July 2018 14215:from the original on 5 March 2016 14092:United States Department of State 14053:Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies 13991:on Pakistan. 2010. Archived from 13923:from the original on 17 July 2005 13839:from the original on 29 July 2016 13493:from the original on 25 July 2013 12965:Islamic Fundamentalism since 1945 12963:Milton-Edwards, Beverley (2005). 12806:Wright, Robin (10 January 2015). 12297:from the original on 22 June 2015 12048:United States Department of State 11941:. 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Vol. 2. pp. 161–164. 9356:from the original on 28 July 2013 9326:from the original on 25 July 2013 8928:from the original on 20 July 2019 8705:from the original on 7 April 2013 8675:from the original on 7 April 2013 8622:from the original on 9 March 2013 8592:from the original on 9 March 2013 8443:from the original on 9 March 2013 8208:from the original on 20 June 2020 7630:hermeneutics of feminism in Islam 2970: 2700: 2580: 2325:separated religion from the state 2103:Beginning with the 15th century, 47:This article has multiple issues. 19126: 19125: 19114: 18635:Schools of islamic jurisprudence 17825:Timeline of the history of Islam 17656: 17172: 17149: 17112: 17090: 17068: 17046: 16995: 16970: 16938: 16875: 16857:10.1111/j.1540-6245.2010.01453.x 16832: 16811: 16798: 16763: 16649: 16640: 16563: 16412:"Islamic Art and Architecture", 16406: 16397: 16381: 16339: 16322: 16268: 16259: 16231: 16212: 16188: 16161: 16109: 16100: 16091: 16056: 16043: 16018: 16009: 15977: 15896: 15838: 15826: 15806: 15778: 15747: 15724:Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers 15712: 15688: 15669: 15660: 15651: 15642: 15592: 15543: 15527: 15389: 15359: 15329: 15307: 15240: 15214: 15188: 15162: 15136: 15110: 15078: 15047: 15019: 14994: 14969: 14941: 14914: 14886: 14872: 14858: 14844: 14829: 14786: 14758: 14734: 14706: 14681: 14642: 14615: 14594: 14569: 14544: 14517: 14460: 14393: 14365: 14356:and its terminology dictionary), 14303: 14264: 14201: 14168: 14142: 14116: 14099:from the original on 30 May 2019 13892: 13873: 13851: 13792: 13760: 13734: 13707: 13681: 13663: 13641:Adrian Cybriwsky, Roman (2015). 13634: 13606: 13221: 13106: 13059: 13020: 12981: 12956: 12909: 12876: 12742:Bale, Jeffrey M. (1 June 2009). 12735: 12694: 12669:from the original on 3 June 2023 12587: 12521: 12503: 12485: 12472: 12458: 12444: 12430: 12416: 12397: 12383: 12369: 12339: 12283: 12275:. US Department of State. 2019. 12265: 12233: 12207: 12149: 12119: 12062: 12012: 11994: 11975: 11931: 11906: 11862: 11848: 11823: 11805: 11787: 11703: 11671: 11647:"Tunisia's Constitution of 2014" 11639: 11625: 11599: 11567: 11541: 11517:"Morocco's Constitution of 2011" 11509: 11477: 11465:from the original on 14 May 2011 11445: 11413: 11360: 11336: 11304: 11282: 11250: 11104:from the original on 9 July 2011 10920:"Islamic Countries Of The World" 10338:"Atatürk, Kemal (Mustafa Kemal)" 10051:from the original on 26 May 2011 9719:. U.S. News & World Report. 9696:from the original on 15 May 2020 8762:from the original on 25 May 2013 8463:"The Global Religious Landscape" 7997: 7935: 7926: 7893: 7780: 7766: 7752: 7730: 7711: 7696: 7677: 7657: 7641: 7405:), an event commemorated as the 7391:and his followers migrated from 7234: 7218: 7198: 7183: 7167: 7034: 7018: 7003: 6987:Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan 6858: 6846: 6834: 6688: 6660: 6636: 6616: 6591: 6572: 6553: 6534: 6509: 6486: 6464: 6446: 6321:different religious affiliations 5891: 5875: 5853: 5833: 5803: 5781: 5755: 5734: 5188: 5169: 5149: 5127: 4944: 4922: 4906: 4885: 4863: 4838: 4808: 4785: 4680: 4664: 4648: 4628: 4542: 4530: 4514: 4501:population in the Muslim world. 4325: 4313: 4301: 4289: 4267: 4249: 4230: 4208: 4185: 3922: 3903: 3884: 3426: 3410: 3394: 3389:: 14–20 million Muslims (10–14%) 3378: 3362: 3346: 3330: 3314: 3280: 3258: 3245: 3232: 3219: 3206: 3193: 3180: 3167: 3154: 3141: 3128: 3115: 3102: 3089: 3076: 3063: 3050: 3037: 3024: 3011: 2998: 2985: 2956: 2943: 2930: 2917: 2904: 2891: 2878: 2865: 2852: 2839: 2826: 2813: 2800: 2787: 2774: 2761: 2748: 2735: 2722: 2686: 2673: 2660: 2647: 2634: 2621: 2608: 2595: 2413: 2240: 2226: 2211: 2188: 2164: 2140: 2124: 2061: 2045: 2032:, an armed conflict between the 2022: 1995: 1986:after being defeated during the 1969: 1884: 1860: 1836: 1813: 1794: 1282: 1182: 581: 179: 77: 36: 18986:List of ex-Muslim organisations 17222:"On Erdogan and Muslim mothers" 17186:. 26 March 2022. Archived from 16545:. h.f.ullmann. pp. 36–37. 15435:. Penguin. pp. Chapter 1. 15321:. 24 April 2012. Archived from 15053: 14836:Staff, Toi (8 September 2018). 14604:. 1993. Edinburgh Univ. Press. 14602:Islamic Science and Engineering 14440:Al-Bākūrat’ūs Sūlaiman’īyyah – 13283:. In Emad El-Din Shahin (ed.). 13157:Hamid, Shadi (1 October 2015). 12404:Byler, Darren (11 April 2019). 11982:Republic of Kosovo constitution 11324:from the original on 4 May 2017 11292:(Constitution, Article 1). 1992 11270:from the original on 4 May 2017 11206: 11194:from the original on 4 May 2017 11174: 11142: 11116: 11090: 11058: 11046:from the original on 4 May 2017 11026: 11000: 10968: 10942: 10817: 10795:"Islam: Governing Under Sharia" 10787: 10775: 10736: 10640: 10561:. WGBH educational foundation. 10546: 10513: 10477: 10288: 10164: 10134: 10109: 10093: 10075:Civilization Past & Present 10063: 10036: 10019: 9999: 9990: 9981: 9972: 9828:. WH Allen. p. XXII–XIII. 9779: 9723:from the original on 5 May 2019 9681: 9651: 9625: 9573: 9512: 9482: 9459: 9429: 9399: 9368: 9278: 9233: 9202: 9190:from the original on 4 May 2017 8774: 8748: 8717: 8634: 8543: 8513: 8491:"Oxford Islamic Studies Online" 8483: 8472:. December 2012. Archived from 8455: 8354: 8328: 8238:from the original on 3 May 2020 8191:Islam, the State and Population 7821:Index of Islam-related articles 7178:, 7th century. (Surah 7: 86–87) 7044:pattern that can be drawn with 6281: 6161:, and early industrial uses of 5649:Aristotelian natural philosophy 5477:Contemporary Islamic philosophy 5445:. Translations of Ibn Tufail's 5351:. Both of these narratives had 5101:(from 1100 to around 1600) and 4274:Most of the inhabitants of the 3976:. Each sect developed distinct 3798:(consultation), as was done at 3699: 2334:In the 21st century, after the 1464:attempted two failed sieges of 1293:needs additional citations for 482:. About 13% of Muslims live in 454:Most Muslims are of one of two 88:needs additional citations for 55:or discuss these issues on the 17143:Chronology of Prophetic Events 17141:Shaikh, Fazlur Rehman (2001). 16743:Julia Kaestle (10 July 2010). 16612:. Encyclopedia of the Orient. 15995:. pp. 245, 250, 256–257. 15851:. Cambridge University Press. 15726:: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy 14924:The Rebirth of the Middle East 13801:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 13449:"Muslim Population by Country" 13361:Roy, Olivier (16 April 2012). 13186:"What do we mean by Islamist?" 13140: 12902:10.1080/19370679.2013.12023226 12856:10.1080/19370679.2013.12023226 12744:"Islamism and Totalitarianism" 12215:"Constitution of Turkmenistan" 11575:"Qatar's Constitution of 2003" 11312:"Egypt's Constitution of 2014" 10530:Johns Hopkins University Press 10116:Chapra, Muhammad Umer (2014). 9864:Hitchens, Christopher (2007). 9688:Burke, Daniel (4 April 2015). 9551:"Muslim Population by Country" 9148:. Simon and Schuster. p. 9079:. The Sentinel. Archived from 8922:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 8724:Kington, Tom (31 March 2008). 8550:Burke, Daniel (29 July 2016). 8302: 8286:A History of Islamic Societies 8277: 8250: 8220: 8141: 8059: 8028: 7328:and the annual season for the 6730:. Muslims describe God by the 5347:as a response to Ibn Tufail's 4074:, and other movements such as 3695:of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). 3628:schoolteacher who founded the 3373:: 19.4 million Muslims (35.2%) 3357:: 25–40 million Muslims (2–3%) 3341:: 34.7 million Muslims (31.3%) 2282:Anglo-Russian action in Persia 2080: 1847:under the command of Islamist 1405:, marks the first year of the 1227: 13: 1: 16926:. Brill Academic Publishers. 16773:Books : a living history 16428:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 15891:Encyclopedia of Islamic World 15880:Ibnul-Nafees As a Philosopher 15773:Encyclopedia of Islamic World 15762:Ibn al-Nafis As a Philosopher 15699:. Vol. I. Leiden: Brill. 15001:Monshipouri, Mahmood (2011). 14625:The Legend of the Middle Ages 14427:"Muhammad ibn Āliyy’ūl Cillī 14124:"The Trouble With Madrassahs" 13580:Analysis (19 December 2011). 13320:. In John L. Esposito (ed.). 13216:The Future of Political Islam 12871:The Future of Political Islam 12808:"A Short History of Islamism" 12701:Tibi, Bassam (1 March 2007). 12661:Byers, Dylan (5 April 2013). 11831:"Gambia (The) 1996(rev.2004)" 11737:"Article 7.1 of Constitution" 9377:"CENTRAL ASIA ii. Demography" 7881: 7622:liberal progressive movements 7371:This calendar enumerates the 7225:Islamic calligraphy praising 7078:, in the languages which use 6415:, commercial buildings (e.g. 6079:from China. The knowledge of 6032: 5628:and developed the concept of 5470: 5411:end of the world and doomsday 5218:, Persian, and later Arabian 5108: 4619:have a significant amount of 4453:estimated that around 27,000 4403:ancient Christian communities 4180:later emerged independently. 3995:The major Sunni madhhabs are 3437:: 8–9 million Muslims (9–10%) 3325:: 200 million Muslims (14.6%) 2712:have endorsed Islam as their 2363:, reportedly quoted from the 1747:Age of the Islamic Gunpowders 18971:Apostasy in Islam by country 18838:Liberalism and progressivism 16237:Turner, H. (1997) pp. 136–38 15784:Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), " 15599:Saliba, George (July 1995). 14493:Halm, Heinz (21 July 2004). 14400:De McLaurin, Ronald (1979). 13582:"Global religious landscape" 11795:"Article 31 of Constitution" 10799:Council on Foreign Relations 10433:10.1017/CBO9780511977367.003 10411:Dalacoura, Katerina (2012). 10393:. London and New York City: 10272:Colonialism and Its Legacies 10270:Levy, Jacob T., ed. (2011). 9942:. Psychology Press. p. 9346:"Region: Sub-Saharan Africa" 8582:"Region: Sub-Saharan Africa" 8495:www.oxfordislamicstudies.com 8022: 7652:wedding ceremony in a mosque 7464:is the official calendar of 7102:calligraphy. It is known in 7070:is the artistic practice of 6753: 6711: 6071:Arab Agricultural Revolution 4523:largest Christian population 4431:Middle East and North Africa 4218:dignitaries celebrating the 3945:Islamic schools and branches 3939:Islamic schools and branches 3718: 2195:The Christian reconquest of 1940:, starting from the wealthy 1745:Scholars often use the term 1721:liberalism and progressivism 1512:' rule was succeeded by the 1376:history of the Islamic faith 476:Islamic schools and branches 294:sense, these terms refer to 7: 17347:The Encyclopedia of Fantasy 16889:Saudi Aramco World Magazine 16543:Islam: Art and Architecture 16015:Russell (1994), pp. 224–62, 15909:, p. 202, Rowman Altamira, 13984:Central Intelligence Agency 13900:"Country Profile: Pakistan" 13803:. Oxford University Press. 13714:ANALYSIS (7 October 2009). 13617:. Oxford University Press. 13542:"Muslim-Majority Countries" 13287:. Oxford University Press. 13261:. p. 5. Archived from 12317:"Muslim-Majority Countries" 12189:"Article 2 of Constitution" 12002:"Article 1 of Constitution" 11888:"Article 1 of Constitution" 11813:"Article 1 of Constitution" 11124:"Basic Law of Saudi Arabia" 10576:Geltzer, Joshua A. (2011). 10007:History of Mediaeval Bengal 9075:Longton, Gary Gurr (2014). 8263:. Edward Elgar Publishing. 7990: 7973: 7956: 7745: 7304: 7250: 6995:Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba 6770:pre-Islamic pagan religions 5686: 5651:and Aristotle's concept of 5561:, translated into Latin as 5555:. His philosophical novel, 5483:Logic in Islamic philosophy 5207:One Thousand and One Nights 5036: 4700: 4471:reduced to a small fraction 4054:. It also gave rise to the 3780: 3483: 3441: 2439:the claims made and adding 1346:Timeline of Islamic history 756:("Stories of the Prophets") 307:history of the Muslim world 205:the claims made and adding 10: 19213: 18888: 17598:an online tutorial at the 17524:Turner, Howard R. (1997). 17247: 16819:Five Essays on Islamic Art 16808:. 85: 152–184 – via JSTOR. 16722:Chapman, Caroline (2012). 16570:Flood & Necipoğlu 2017 16062:Russell (1994), pp. 224–39 15026:L. Elazar, Daniel (2020). 14952:. Routledge. p. 109. 14893:L. Elazar, Daniel (2020). 14807:10.1177/239693939501900306 14692:. Routledge. p. 173. 14576:Jacobsen, Douglas (2011). 14537:Cad. No: 290, Yenibosna / 13259:International Crisis Group 13143:Failure of Political Islam 12020:"Preamble of Constitution" 11453:"Constitution of Malaysia" 10425:Cambridge University Press 9049:. Brussels. Archived from 9043:"Islamophoobia in Europe!" 8641:Kettani, Houssain (2010). 7587: 7534:(known in the West as the 7451: 7279: 7176:an early Qur'an manuscript 7058: 6905:Islamic geometric patterns 6875: 6757: 6715: 6286: 6064: 5810:A self-trimming lamp from 5696: 5690: 5665:Illuminationist philosophy 5480: 5474: 5118: 5112: 5040: 4954:studying together, from a 4874:, during the reign of the 4764: 4743: 4675:lining up for class, 2009. 3942: 3818:Non-denominational Muslims 3733: 3703: 3488: 3465:prime minister of Pakistan 3445: 3421:: 10 million Muslims (15%) 3405:: 12 million Muslims (42%) 2479:Political aspects of Islam 2476: 2470: 2338:(2001) coordinated by the 2329:abolition of the Caliphate 2284:; and "Afghan Ambitions". 2264: 2219:French conquest of Algeria 2133:French conquest of Algeria 2084: 1908: 1738: 1540:and number of converts to 1460:, however. The succeeding 1335: 1273: 480:non-denominational Muslims 340:, which culminated in the 19109: 18994: 18961: 18901: 18897: 18883: 18810: 18777: 18749:Geography and cartography 18724: 18671: 18667: 18651: 18477: 18399: 18346: 18295: 18291: 18267: 18137: 17961: 17921: 17804: 17756: 17680: 17676: 17665: 17596:The Islamic World to 1600 17585:What is the Muslim world? 17372:Kraemer, Joel L. (1992). 16637:Madden (1975), pp. 423–30 16414:The Columbia Encyclopedia 16403:Ettinghausen (2003), p. 3 15993:New York University Press 15873:Symposium on Ibn al Nafis 15861:– via Google Books. 15755:Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis 15476:New York University Press 15248:"Indonesia Literacy rate" 14948:C. Held, Colbert (2008). 14376:. Routledge. p. 33. 14372:J. Stewart, Dona (2008). 14299:– via Google Books. 14277:. John Wiley & Sons. 13645:. ABC-CLIO. p. 179. 12916:Matthiesen, Toby (2023). 12760:10.1080/14690760903371313 12720:10.1080/14690760601121630 12628:(inactive 24 July 2024). 12626:10.1017/S1537592703000197 12105:. ABC-CLIO. p. 180. 11874:13 September 2004 at the 11869:Article 1 of Constitution 10771:– via Google Books. 9166:nondenominational Muslims 9140:Pollack, Kenneth (2014). 9126:non-denominational Muslim 8997:Roshandel, Jalil (2011). 8782:"Field Listing Religions" 8758:. IslamicPopulation.com. 8273:– via Google Books. 7846:Islam and other religions 7324:and rituals, such as the 7084:alphabets derived from it 7046:compass and straight edge 6993:; and in wood, as at the 6169:. The industrial uses of 5372:living in seclusion on a 4262:ruled in Yemen until 1962 4244:valley in Algerian Sahara 3746:India's Muslim population 3500:refers to a broad set of 3272: 1587:(15th-16th centuries) of 1526:Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji 404:are not Muslim-majority. 363:As of 2013, the combined 317:look for guidance to the 300:Muslim-majority countries 18:Muslim majority countries 19068:Islamic view of miracles 17606:Is There a Muslim World? 17156:Marom, Roy (Fall 2017). 16375:18 February 2008 at the 16311:26 February 2008 at the 16284:26 February 2008 at the 16116:Kamal, Muhammad (2006). 15801:University of Notre Dame 15709:Grant & Clute, p. 51 15170:"Pakistan Literacy rate" 14717:. Springer. p. 11. 14713:Curtis, Michael (2018). 14551:Jenkins, Philip (2020). 13881:http://www.pewforum.org/ 13279:Emin Poljarevic (2015). 13252:"Understanding Islamism" 13098:: CS1 maint: location ( 13051:: CS1 maint: location ( 13012:: CS1 maint: location ( 12948:: CS1 maint: location ( 12614:Perspectives on Politics 12452:"Technical Difficulties" 12074:U.S. Department of State 11987:21 November 2013 at the 11711:"Albania – Constitution" 10520:Moghadam, Assaf (2008). 9934:Watt, William Montgomery 8310:"Economies of the ummah" 8284:Lapidus, Ira M. (2014). 8188:Jones, Gavin W. (2005). 7886: 7583: 7029:pattern on the spandrel. 6870: 6247:, particularly from the 5661:Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi 5639:(Alhazen), a pioneer of 5571:condition of possibility 5563:Philosophus Autodidactus 5540:Another figure from the 5447:Philosophus Autodidactus 5378:Philosophus Autodidactus 5357:Philosophus Autodidactus 5349:Philosophus Autodidactus 5328:Philosophus Autodidactus 4479:Jews in Muslim countries 4461:have existed across the 3785: 3706:Muslim population growth 3641:Grand Mufti of Jerusalem 2526:schools of jurisprudence 2500:. By contrast, the 1979 1486:killing of caliph Uthman 845:Medieval Islamic science 18823:Creationism (evolution) 17457:Russell, G. A. (1994). 17220:Akyol, Riada Asimovic. 16770:Lyons, Martyn. (2011). 16078:17 January 2008 at the 16051:Risalat Hayy ibn Yaqzan 15938:Oxford University Press 15885:6 February 2008 at the 15767:6 February 2008 at the 15744:Grant & Clute, p 52 15533:Medieval India, NCERT, 15474:, pp. 245, 250, 256–7. 14747:. Pew Research Center. 14688:C. Ellis, Kail (2017). 14649:Pacini, Andrea (1998). 14320:Oxford University Press 14058:Oxford University Press 13799:Esposito, John (2003). 13068:The Caliph and the Imam 12988:B. Hass, Ernst (2000). 12918:The Caliph and the Imam 12580:10.55540/0031-1723.2340 12561:Eikmeier, Dale (2007). 11367:"Jordan country report" 10389:Commins, David (2009). 10045:"The Gunpowder Empires" 7703:A tribal delegation in 7379:was established as the 7294:ٱلتَّقْوِيم ٱلْهِجْرِيّ 6899:, "knot", also written 6865:Example of an Arabesque 6853:Example of an Arabesque 6841:Example of an Arabesque 6696:Moscow Cathedral Mosque 6580:Great Mosque of Córdoba 6265: 6007:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi 5974:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi 5789:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi 5465:The Aspiring Naturalist 5291:, the national epic of 5281:story of undying love. 4754:prescriptive literature 4655:A primary classroom in 3956:across the Muslim world 3891:Turkish Muslims at the 3691:" to date, such as the 2705:The following nineteen 2576:Government and religion 2030:Siege of Ochakov (1788) 1749:to describe period the 1522:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 1488:in 656, resulting in a 268:administrative division 19083:Persecution of Muslims 18981:List of former Muslims 17830:Succession to Muhammad 17551:Livny, Avital (2020). 16922:Encyclopaedia of Islam 16590:Bloom & Blair 2009 16454:Bloom & Blair 2009 16389:Technology and Culture 16251:Technology and Culture 16106:Russell (1994), p. 247 15906:Encyclopaedia of Islam 15819:4 October 2015 at the 15697:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13886:4 January 2012 at the 13613:Khan, Nichola (2016). 12883:Zhongmin, Liu (2013). 12837:Zhongmin, Liu (2013). 11344:"Constitution of Iraq" 10702:Swietochowski, Tadeusz 10312:Cite journal requires 9822:Nawaz, Maajid (2012). 9774:Pan-Islamism In India, 9472:Oxford Islamic Studies 8612:"Region: Asia-Pacific" 8521:"Region: Asia-Pacific" 7414: 7346:Levant and Mesopotamia 7275:Islamic lunar calendar 6494:Al Jabbar Grand Mosque 6343:early Muslim conquests 6310:. It encompasses both 6090:Advances were made in 6062: 5626:Transcendent theosophy 5624:founded his school of 5510: 5403:spontaneous generation 5392:Theologus Autodidactus 5382:Theologus Autodidactus 5362:Theologus Autodidactus 5344:Theologus Autodidactus 5070: 4718: 4635:Young school girls in 4555:Literacy and education 4398: 3957: 3954:Islamic schools of law 3842:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3731: 3468: 3303:in 2015 there were 50 3295:Muslim-minority states 3019:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2361:11 September hijackers 2100: 1919: 1871:in combat against the 1371: 855:Succession to Muhammad 522:are also found in the 282:commonly refer to the 271: 18867:Conversion to mosques 18734:Alchemy and chemistry 17600:University of Calgary 17501:Tausch, Arno (2015). 17480:Tausch, Arno (2009). 17311:Graham, Mark (2006). 17282:Ettinghausen, Richard 17254:Ankerl, Guy (2000) . 17030:Encyclopaedia Iranica 16952:Government of Sharjah 16817:Allen, Terry (1988). 16225:14 March 2007 at the 16194:Plofker, Kim (2009), 16097:Russell (1994) p. 227 16073:Desert island scripts 15902:Cyril Glasse (2001), 15144:"Egypt Literacy rate" 14622:Brague, Rémi (2009). 14438:" (Sūlaiman Affandy, 14095:. 19 September 2008. 12076:. 14 September 2007. 12032:on 12 September 2012. 11835:constituteproject.org 9381:Encyclopaedia Iranica 9215:. Routledge. p. 9106:Kirkham, Bri (2015). 8479:on 24 September 2015. 8338:. 22 September 2016. 8003:Since 1 Muharam 1444 7983:ڕۆژژمێری کۆچیی ھەتاوی 7628:have been revisiting 7480:as determined by the 6969:; plasterwork, as at 6776:style made famous in 6245:Industrial Revolution 6051:Industrial Revolution 6040: 5970:The Canon of Medicine 5966:pulmonary circulation 5840:An illustration from 5816:On Mechanical Devices 5681:philosophy of history 5645:philosophy of science 5591:Melchisédech Thévenot 5567:nature versus nurture 5528:The Canon of Medicine 5494: 5481:Further information: 5315:were pioneers of the 5119:Further information: 5105:(from 1470 to 1550). 5083:Tin-opacified glazing 5050: 5041:Further information: 4730:the uprising in Syria 4708: 4521:Egypt has one of the 4389:Church and Mosque in 4388: 4064:Ja'fari jurisprudence 3978:jurisprudence schools 3952: 3726: 3669:At least one author ( 3634:Hajji Amin al-Husayni 3459: 3446:Further information: 2498:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 2496:since the reforms of 2477:Further information: 2395:Scientific Revolution 2297:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 2293:Turkish revolutionary 2265:Further information: 2098: 1915: 1873:Knights of Saint John 1867:Gun-wielding Ottoman 1353: 258: 18593:Ma malakat aymanukum 18168:Association football 18067:Moderate Kharijites 17376:. Brill Publishers. 16665:Bonner, Jay (2017). 16354:University of Aleppo 16197:Mathematics in India 15961:"Islamic Philosophy" 15791:4 April 2015 at the 15222:"Iraq Literacy rate" 15196:"Iran Literacy rate" 15098:on 13 September 2012 14981:Encyclopædia Iranica 14529:4 March 2016 at the 14358:Ensar Publications, 14048:"Pakistan, Islam in" 13742:"The World Factbook" 13423:"The World Factbook" 13113:Pappe, Ilan (2010). 12515:Cambridge dictionary 12499:on 17 February 2011. 12133:. 6 September 2020. 11963:on 24 September 2014 11356:on 28 November 2016. 11244:bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd 10926:. 21 February 2018. 9788:"What Muslim World?" 9496:. 23 February 2019. 9375:Rowland, Richard H. 8150:"What Muslim World?" 7957:Gâhšomâri-ye Xoršidi 7811:History of the Arabs 7634:Riada Asimovic Akyol 7600:Riada Asimovic Akyol 7559:Zoroastrian calendar 7497:lunar Hijri calendar 7484:calculation for the 7462:Solar Hijri calendar 7454:Solar Hijri calendar 7447:Solar Hijri calendar 7387:. During that year, 7288:The Hijri calendar ( 6732:names and attributes 6649:Persian architecture 6599:Lagos Central Mosque 6436:Islamic architecture 6300:architectural styles 6296:Islamic architecture 6289:Islamic architecture 6249:proto-industrialised 6023:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 5742:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 5669:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 5496:Ibn Rushd (Averroes) 5423:scientific knowledge 5097:(from 975 to 1075), 4691:, before an exam in 4687:Medical students of 3478:contemporary history 2964:United Arab Emirates 2483:Islam and secularism 2336:September 11 attacks 2149:Hispano-Moroccan War 1982:negotiates with the 1829:Siege of Ranthambore 1534:Islamic missionaries 1532:, where South Asian 1302:improve this article 894:Association football 97:improve this article 17190:on 4 September 2022 17034:. Iranicaonline.org 16610:"Muslim Iconoclasm" 16071:Martin Wainwright, 15966:6 June 2022 at the 15681:17 May 2020 at the 15399:(4 November 2011). 15373:. 7 December 2017. 14250:Pew Research Center 14211:. Shianumbers.com. 14022:Pew Research Center 13950:Pew Research Center 13914:Library of Congress 13869:on 10 January 2011. 13552:. 27 January 2011. 13550:Pew Research Center 13512:"Executive Summary" 13489:, 27 January 2011, 13487:Pew Research Center 13399:. 27 January 2011. 13397:Pew Research Center 13389:"Executive Summary" 13363:"The New Islamists" 13214:Fuller, Graham E., 13190:The Washington Post 12869:Fuller, Graham E., 12426:. 21 February 2023. 12393:. 21 February 2023. 12355:Pew Research Center 12008:on 4 February 2007. 11395:US State Department 11372:3 June 2021 at the 10654:on 21 November 2011 10171:Unknown (1590–95). 9756:. 27 January 2011. 9637:Pew Research Center 9114:on 25 November 2015 8981:on 15 December 2012 8950:Pew Research Center 8890:on 24 December 2018 8842:16 May 2020 at the 8814:Pew Research Center 8756:"Muslim Population" 8527:. 27 January 2011. 8381:Pew Research Center 8364:. 19 December 2017. 7991:Salnameya Koçberiyê 7974:lmaríz legdíz kalíz 7618:Modernist discourse 7263:officially used in 7068:Islamic calligraphy 7061:Islamic calligraphy 7054:Islamic calligraphy 6979:Hunat Hatun Complex 6787:Islamic calligraphy 6542:Sultan Ahmed Mosque 6351:Islamic calligraphy 6144:Timurid Renaissance 6047:Greater Middle East 5962:circulatory systems 5954:Anatomy of the body 5916:intromission theory 5899:Lagâri Hasan Çelebi 5679:, a pioneer in the 5534:The Book of Healing 5331:) as a response to 5317:philosophical novel 5210:, a compilation of 4740:since August 2017. 4597:Pew Research Center 4525:in the Muslim world 4435:Pew Research Center 4066:whose branches are 3870:Southeastern Europe 3301:Pew Research Center 2203:, 1686, painted by 2159:, from 1859 to 1860 2135:, from 1830 to 1903 1958:Greater Middle East 1924:Ibrahim Muteferrika 1771:Indian subcontinent 1554:Indo-Gangetic Plain 1528:extended until the 1458:Arab–Byzantine wars 655:Profession of Faith 628:Day of Resurrection 548:religious switching 358:colonial domination 19172:Historical regions 19088:Quran and miracles 19002:Criticism of Islam 18706:Geometric patterns 18558:Gender segregation 18129:Non-denominational 17184:Hasht-e Subh Daily 16958:on 2 February 2017 16366:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan 16346:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan 16302:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan 16275:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan 15719:L. Sprague de Camp 15408:The New York Times 14927:. Hamilton Books. 14840:. Times of Israel. 14474:on 10 January 2012 13989:The World Factbook 13459:on 9 February 2011 12468:. 17 January 2022. 12195:on 1 December 2010 11819:on 9 October 2006. 11801:on 9 October 2006. 11749:on 26 October 2011 11378:The World Factbook 10427:. pp. 40–65. 10348:. pp. 56–60. 10043:Evans, Charles T. 9591:on 11 January 2019 9561:on 9 February 2011 9292:. 7 October 2009. 9053:on 31 January 2016 8953:. 7 October 2009. 8924:. 4 October 2019. 8883:The World Factbook 8817:. 7 October 2009. 8695:"Region: Americas" 7719:Minangkabau people 7486:Iran Standard Time 7440:Gregorian calendar 7342:Syriac month-names 7338:Gregorian calendar 7305:al-taqwīm al-hijrī 7209:of sailors in the 7174:Kufic script from 6718:Aniconism in Islam 6260:East India Company 6063: 5599:Christiaan Huygens 5579:Molyneux's problem 5542:Islamic Golden Age 5511: 5443:Islamic philosophy 5177:Cassim in the Cave 5115:Islamic literature 5071: 4965:Islamic Golden Age 4857:Vali Muhammad Khan 4771:Islamic Golden Age 4719: 4459:Jewish communities 4399: 3958: 3893:Eyüp Sultan Mosque 3732: 3630:Muslim Brotherhood 3555:Muslim Brotherhood 3547:Sayyid Rashid Riḍā 3469: 2502:Iranian Revolution 2424:possibly contains 2301:Republic of Turkey 2255:of Morocco in 1909 2251:between Spain and 2101: 2054:Russo-Persian Wars 2052:Combat during the 2003:East India Company 1984:East India Company 1779:Muhammad Auranzgeb 1707:), democracy (see 1627:and Warsangali in 1582:largest contiguous 1506:Abbasid Revolution 1430:Rashidun Caliphate 1372: 1368:ancient world maps 520:Muslim communities 433:Sub-Saharan Africa 336:within Islam. The 330:schools of thought 311:Islamic Golden Age 272: 270:estimated for 2022 190:possibly contains 19182:Regions of Africa 19139: 19138: 19105: 19104: 19101: 19100: 19073:Domestic violence 19063:Islamic terrorism 19058:Islamic extremism 18879: 18878: 18875: 18874: 18647: 18646: 18643: 18642: 18433:Marriage contract 18263: 18262: 18223:Political aspects 17952:Story of Prophets 17721:Prophets of Islam 17512:978-1-62948-899-8 17493:978-1-60692-731-1 17472:978-90-04-09459-8 17383:978-90-04-07259-6 17356:978-0-312-19869-5 17265:978-2-88155-004-1 17226:www.aljazeera.com 16783:978-1-60606-083-4 16732:978-979-099-631-1 16676:978-1-4419-0216-0 16456:, "Architecture". 16334:978-81-8069-149-2 16199:: 500 BCE–1800 CE 16127:978-0-7546-5271-7 15666:Mason (1995) p. 7 15657:Mason (1995) p. 5 15648:Mason (1995) p. 1 15578:978-1-136-95960-8 15442:978-1-101-98349-2 14934:978-0-7618-4846-2 14662:978-0-19-829388-0 14635:978-0-226-07080-3 14510:978-0-7486-1888-0 14431:" of "Maymūn ibn 14312:Esposito, John L. 13952:. 9 August 2012. 13916:. February 2005. 13691:. ReligionFacts. 13675:CIA Word Factbook 13369:on 9 October 2014 13124:978-0-520-26839-5 13085:978-0-19-068946-9 12935:978-0-19-068946-9 12112:978-1-4408-3933-7 12050:. 1 December 2020 10717:978-0-521-52245-8 10687:978-0-8305-0076-5 10674:Kazemzadeh, Firuz 10539:978-0-8018-9055-0 10506:978-0-375-41486-2 10495:. New York City: 10355:978-0-8160-6259-1 10344:. New York City: 9953:978-0-415-17587-6 9585:www.aljazeera.com 9581:"Islam in Russia" 9528:, 21 April 2018, 9478:on 20 March 2017. 8295:978-0-521-51430-9 7988: 7971: 7966:لمريز لېږدیز کلیز 7954: 7946:گاه‌شماری خورشیدی 7806:Glossary of Islam 7423: 7316:consisting of 12 7302: 6957:The 15th century 6903:) are decorative 6709: 6708: 6629:Jammu and Kashmir 6349:of surfaces with 6085:potassium nitrate 5912: 5911: 5587:Gottfried Leibniz 5549:modern philosophy 5394:, written by the 5250:Sinbad the Sailor 5158:Princess Parizade 4956:Persian miniature 4826:and the ruler of 4802:Jami' al-tawarikh 4761:Classical culture 4721:According to the 4711:Rohingya refugees 4621:gender inequality 4433:and other areas. 4058:movement and the 4046:was divided into 4034:later split into 3910:Shi'a Muslims in 3808:Ali ibn Abi Talib 3675:identity politics 3567:Ruhollah Khomeini 3563:Abul A'la Maududi 3299:According to the 2514:Ruhollah Khomeini 2469: 2468: 2461: 2426:original research 2385:'s definition of 2309:secular democracy 2183:from 1911 to 1912 2173:Italo-Turkish War 2015:Battle of Plassey 1950:Kingdom of Mysore 1787:Islamic economics 1741:Gunpowder empires 1735:Gunpowder empires 1709:Islamic democracy 1705:socialism in Iran 1673:Toucouleur Empire 1546:Qutb ud-Din Aibak 1490:succession crisis 1462:Umayyad Caliphate 1442:Iberian Peninsula 1411:Arabian Peninsula 1334: 1333: 1326: 1225: 1224: 1155:Deobandi jihadism 338:Islamic conquests 253: 252: 245: 235: 234: 227: 192:original research 173: 172: 165: 147: 70: 16:(Redirected from 19204: 19157:Cultural regions 19129: 19128: 19121:Islam portal 19119: 19118: 19117: 18899: 18898: 18891: 18885: 18884: 18726:Medieval science 18669: 18668: 18659: 18653: 18652: 18310:Economic history 18293: 18292: 18269: 18268: 18255:Islam by country 18040:Bektashi Alevism 17678: 17677: 17669:Outline of Islam 17651: 17644: 17637: 17628: 17627: 17574: 17547: 17516: 17497: 17476: 17463:Brill Publishers 17453: 17424: 17395: 17368: 17334: 17307: 17277: 17242: 17241: 17239: 17237: 17217: 17200: 17199: 17197: 17195: 17176: 17170: 17169: 17153: 17147: 17146: 17138: 17132: 17131: 17129: 17127: 17116: 17110: 17109: 17107: 17105: 17094: 17088: 17087: 17085: 17083: 17072: 17066: 17065: 17063: 17061: 17050: 17044: 17043: 17041: 17039: 17028:""Calendars" in 17024: 17018: 17017: 17015: 17013: 16999: 16993: 16992: 16990: 16988: 16974: 16968: 16966: 16965: 16963: 16954:, archived from 16942: 16936: 16935: 16912: 16906: 16905: 16903: 16901: 16879: 16873: 16872: 16870: 16868: 16836: 16830: 16815: 16809: 16806:The Art Bulletin 16802: 16796: 16795: 16767: 16761: 16760: 16758: 16756: 16740: 16734: 16720: 16714: 16713: 16695: 16689: 16688: 16662: 16656: 16653: 16647: 16644: 16638: 16635: 16626: 16625: 16623: 16621: 16606: 16600: 16599: 16587: 16581: 16579: 16567: 16561: 16560: 16538: 16532: 16531: 16509: 16503: 16502: 16490: 16484: 16482: 16470: 16464: 16463: 16451: 16442: 16441: 16423: 16417: 16410: 16404: 16401: 16395: 16385: 16379: 16363: 16357: 16343: 16337: 16326: 16320: 16299: 16293: 16272: 16266: 16263: 16257: 16247: 16238: 16235: 16229: 16216: 16210: 16192: 16186: 16185: 16183: 16181: 16165: 16159: 16146: 16140: 16139: 16113: 16107: 16104: 16098: 16095: 16089: 16088:, 22 March 2003. 16069: 16063: 16060: 16054: 16047: 16041: 16030:Brill Publishers 16022: 16016: 16013: 16007: 16006: 15981: 15975: 15958: 15949: 15927: 15918: 15900: 15894: 15869: 15863: 15862: 15842: 15836: 15830: 15824: 15810: 15804: 15782: 15776: 15751: 15745: 15742: 15736: 15716: 15710: 15707: 15701: 15700: 15692: 15686: 15673: 15667: 15664: 15658: 15655: 15649: 15646: 15640: 15630: 15624: 15623: 15621: 15619: 15596: 15590: 15589: 15587: 15585: 15563: 15557: 15547: 15541: 15531: 15525: 15524: 15493: 15487: 15465: 15459: 15458: 15456: 15454: 15426: 15420: 15419: 15417: 15415: 15404: 15397:Melikian, Souren 15393: 15387: 15386: 15384: 15382: 15363: 15357: 15356: 15354: 15352: 15343:. 17 July 2013. 15333: 15327: 15326: 15311: 15305: 15304: 15302: 15300: 15294: 15287: 15279: 15264: 15263: 15261: 15259: 15244: 15238: 15237: 15235: 15233: 15218: 15212: 15211: 15209: 15207: 15192: 15186: 15185: 15183: 15181: 15166: 15160: 15159: 15157: 15155: 15140: 15134: 15133: 15131: 15129: 15114: 15108: 15107: 15105: 15103: 15097: 15090: 15082: 15076: 15075: 15073: 15071: 15051: 15045: 15044: 15023: 15017: 15016: 14998: 14992: 14991: 14989: 14987: 14973: 14967: 14966: 14945: 14939: 14938: 14918: 14912: 14911: 14890: 14884: 14883: 14876: 14870: 14869: 14862: 14856: 14855: 14848: 14842: 14841: 14833: 14827: 14826: 14790: 14784: 14783: 14762: 14756: 14755: 14753: 14746: 14738: 14732: 14731: 14710: 14704: 14703: 14685: 14679: 14678: 14676: 14674: 14646: 14640: 14639: 14619: 14613: 14598: 14592: 14591: 14573: 14567: 14566: 14548: 14542: 14521: 14515: 14514: 14490: 14484: 14483: 14481: 14479: 14470:. Archived from 14464: 14458: 14425: 14419: 14418: 14397: 14391: 14390: 14369: 14363: 14348: 14342: 14341: 14307: 14301: 14300: 14298: 14296: 14268: 14262: 14261: 14259: 14257: 14238: 14225: 14224: 14222: 14220: 14205: 14199: 14198: 14196: 14194: 14172: 14166: 14165: 14163: 14161: 14146: 14140: 14139: 14137: 14135: 14126:. 16 June 2015. 14120: 14114: 14113: 14106: 14104: 14083: 14077: 14076: 14071: 14069: 14060:. Archived from 14044: 14038: 14037: 14035: 14033: 14011: 14005: 14004: 14002: 14000: 13975: 13969: 13968: 13963: 13961: 13942: 13936: 13935: 13930: 13928: 13922: 13904: 13896: 13890: 13877: 13871: 13870: 13865:. Archived from 13855: 13849: 13848: 13846: 13844: 13829: 13823: 13822: 13796: 13790: 13789: 13787: 13785: 13779: 13772: 13764: 13758: 13757: 13755: 13753: 13738: 13732: 13731: 13729: 13727: 13711: 13705: 13704: 13702: 13700: 13685: 13679: 13678: 13667: 13661: 13660: 13638: 13632: 13631: 13610: 13604: 13603: 13601: 13599: 13593: 13587:. Pewforum.org. 13586: 13577: 13566: 13565: 13563: 13561: 13538: 13532: 13531: 13529: 13527: 13508: 13502: 13501: 13500: 13498: 13475: 13469: 13468: 13466: 13464: 13445: 13439: 13438: 13436: 13434: 13425:. CIA Factbook. 13419: 13413: 13412: 13410: 13408: 13385: 13379: 13378: 13376: 13374: 13358: 13352: 13351: 13345: 13343: 13319: 13311: 13305: 13304: 13298: 13296: 13276: 13270: 13269: 13268:on 7 March 2013. 13267: 13256: 13248: 13242: 13241: 13240:on 4 March 2016. 13236:. Archived from 13225: 13219: 13212: 13206: 13205: 13203: 13201: 13181: 13175: 13174: 13172: 13170: 13154: 13148: 13138: 13129: 13128: 13110: 13104: 13103: 13097: 13089: 13063: 13057: 13056: 13050: 13042: 13024: 13018: 13017: 13011: 13003: 12985: 12979: 12978: 12960: 12954: 12953: 12947: 12939: 12913: 12907: 12906: 12904: 12880: 12874: 12867: 12861: 12860: 12858: 12834: 12828: 12827: 12825: 12823: 12803: 12792: 12791: 12789: 12787: 12739: 12733: 12732: 12722: 12698: 12692: 12685: 12679: 12678: 12676: 12674: 12658: 12652: 12651: 12645: 12637: 12609: 12603: 12600: 12594: 12591: 12585: 12584: 12582: 12558: 12549: 12548: 12546: 12544: 12533:Oxford Reference 12525: 12519: 12518: 12507: 12501: 12500: 12489: 12483: 12482:, 7 January 2008 12476: 12470: 12469: 12462: 12456: 12455: 12448: 12442: 12441: 12434: 12428: 12427: 12420: 12414: 12413: 12401: 12395: 12394: 12387: 12381: 12380: 12373: 12367: 12366: 12364: 12351: 12343: 12337: 12336: 12334: 12332: 12313: 12307: 12306: 12304: 12302: 12287: 12281: 12280: 12269: 12263: 12262: 12260: 12258: 12252: 12245: 12237: 12231: 12230: 12228: 12226: 12211: 12205: 12204: 12202: 12200: 12191:. Archived from 12185: 12179: 12178: 12176: 12174: 12168: 12161: 12153: 12147: 12146: 12144: 12142: 12123: 12117: 12116: 12096: 12090: 12089: 12087: 12085: 12066: 12060: 12059: 12057: 12055: 12040: 12034: 12033: 12031: 12025:. Archived from 12024: 12016: 12010: 12009: 12004:. Archived from 11998: 11992: 11979: 11973: 11972: 11970: 11968: 11959:. Archived from 11949: 11943: 11942: 11935: 11929: 11928: 11926: 11924: 11910: 11904: 11903: 11901: 11899: 11884: 11878: 11866: 11860: 11859: 11852: 11846: 11845: 11843: 11841: 11827: 11821: 11820: 11815:. Archived from 11809: 11803: 11802: 11797:. Archived from 11791: 11785: 11784: 11782: 11780: 11765: 11759: 11758: 11756: 11754: 11748: 11742:. Archived from 11741: 11733: 11727: 11726: 11724: 11722: 11707: 11701: 11700: 11698: 11696: 11690: 11683: 11675: 11669: 11668: 11666: 11664: 11658: 11651: 11643: 11637: 11636: 11629: 11623: 11622: 11620: 11618: 11603: 11597: 11596: 11594: 11592: 11586: 11579: 11571: 11565: 11564: 11562: 11560: 11545: 11539: 11538: 11536: 11534: 11528: 11521: 11513: 11507: 11506: 11504: 11502: 11496: 11490:. Archived from 11489: 11481: 11475: 11474: 11472: 11470: 11464: 11457: 11449: 11443: 11442: 11440: 11438: 11432: 11425: 11417: 11411: 11410: 11408: 11406: 11387: 11381: 11364: 11358: 11357: 11355: 11349:. Archived from 11348: 11340: 11334: 11333: 11331: 11329: 11323: 11316: 11308: 11302: 11301: 11299: 11297: 11286: 11280: 11279: 11277: 11275: 11269: 11262: 11254: 11248: 11247: 11236: 11230: 11229: 11227: 11225: 11210: 11204: 11203: 11201: 11199: 11193: 11186: 11178: 11172: 11171: 11169: 11167: 11161: 11154: 11146: 11140: 11139: 11137: 11135: 11120: 11114: 11113: 11111: 11109: 11094: 11088: 11087: 11085: 11083: 11077: 11070: 11062: 11056: 11055: 11053: 11051: 11045: 11038: 11030: 11024: 11023: 11021: 11019: 11004: 10998: 10997: 10995: 10993: 10987: 10980: 10972: 10966: 10965: 10963: 10961: 10946: 10940: 10939: 10937: 10935: 10916: 10841: 10840: 10838: 10836: 10821: 10815: 10814: 10812: 10810: 10791: 10785: 10779: 10773: 10772: 10770: 10768: 10740: 10734: 10733: 10731: 10729: 10698: 10692: 10691: 10670: 10664: 10663: 10661: 10659: 10644: 10638: 10637: 10635: 10633: 10605: 10596: 10595: 10574: 10572: 10570: 10550: 10544: 10543: 10517: 10511: 10510: 10494: 10485:Wright, Lawrence 10481: 10475: 10474: 10472: 10470: 10408: 10399: 10398: 10386: 10380: 10379: 10377: 10375: 10333: 10322: 10321: 10315: 10310: 10308: 10300: 10292: 10286: 10285: 10267: 10261: 10260: 10258: 10256: 10237: 10226: 10225: 10223: 10221: 10202: 10193: 10192: 10190: 10188: 10179:. Archived from 10168: 10162: 10138: 10132: 10131: 10113: 10107: 10097: 10091: 10090: 10088: 10086: 10067: 10061: 10060: 10058: 10056: 10040: 10034: 10033: 10023: 10017: 10005:Majumdar, R.C., 10003: 9997: 9994: 9988: 9985: 9979: 9976: 9970: 9969: 9967: 9965: 9930: 9919: 9918: 9913: 9911: 9895: 9889: 9888: 9883: 9881: 9861: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9847: 9819: 9808: 9807: 9805: 9803: 9783: 9777: 9771: 9762: 9761: 9750: 9744: 9743: 9730: 9728: 9717:"No God But God" 9712: 9706: 9705: 9703: 9701: 9685: 9679: 9678: 9676: 9674: 9665:. 2 April 2015. 9655: 9649: 9648: 9646: 9644: 9629: 9623: 9622: 9607: 9601: 9600: 9598: 9596: 9587:. Archived from 9577: 9571: 9570: 9568: 9566: 9547: 9541: 9540: 9539: 9537: 9516: 9510: 9509: 9507: 9505: 9486: 9480: 9479: 9474:. Archived from 9466:Yusuf, Imtiyaz. 9463: 9457: 9456: 9454: 9452: 9433: 9427: 9426: 9424: 9422: 9403: 9397: 9396: 9394: 9392: 9372: 9366: 9365: 9363: 9361: 9342: 9336: 9335: 9333: 9331: 9312: 9306: 9305: 9303: 9301: 9282: 9276: 9275: 9269: 9261: 9259: 9257: 9237: 9231: 9230: 9206: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9195: 9186:. 2 April 2015. 9176: 9170: 9169: 9147: 9137: 9131: 9130: 9121: 9119: 9110:. Archived from 9103: 9097: 9096: 9090: 9088: 9083:on 26 March 2017 9072: 9066: 9065: 9060: 9058: 9038: 9032: 9029: 9024: 9022: 8993: 8988: 8986: 8970: 8964: 8962: 8940: 8935: 8933: 8911: 8905: 8902: 8897: 8895: 8873: 8868: 8866: 8833: 8828: 8826: 8804: 8798: 8797: 8795: 8793: 8784:. Archived from 8778: 8772: 8771: 8769: 8767: 8752: 8746: 8745: 8743: 8741: 8721: 8715: 8714: 8712: 8710: 8691: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8680: 8665:"Region: Europe" 8661: 8655: 8654: 8638: 8632: 8631: 8629: 8627: 8608: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8597: 8578: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8567: 8547: 8541: 8540: 8538: 8536: 8517: 8511: 8510: 8508: 8506: 8501:on 20 March 2017 8497:. Archived from 8487: 8481: 8480: 8478: 8467: 8459: 8453: 8452: 8450: 8448: 8429: 8423: 8422: 8420: 8418: 8403: 8397: 8396: 8394: 8392: 8372: 8366: 8365: 8358: 8352: 8351: 8349: 8347: 8332: 8326: 8325: 8323: 8321: 8306: 8300: 8299: 8281: 8275: 8274: 8254: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8243: 8224: 8218: 8217: 8215: 8213: 8185: 8170: 8169: 8167: 8165: 8145: 8139: 8138: 8105: 8094: 8093: 8063: 8057: 8056: 8054: 8052: 8032: 8016: 8001: 7995: 7993: 7987:romanized: 7986: 7984: 7976: 7970:romanized: 7969: 7967: 7959: 7949: 7947: 7939: 7933: 7930: 7924: 7897: 7836:Islam by country 7826:Outline of Islam 7816:History of Islam 7790: 7785: 7784: 7776: 7771: 7770: 7762: 7757: 7756: 7755: 7734: 7715: 7700: 7684:Muslim girls at 7681: 7661: 7645: 7626:Islamic feminism 7536:Islamic calendar 7474:Iranian calendar 7435: 7434: 7429: 7428: 7427:سَنَة هِجْرِيَّة 7418: 7381:Islamic New Year 7330:great pilgrimage 7322:Islamic holidays 7310:Islamic calendar 7307: 7297: 7295: 7282:Islamic calendar 7238: 7222: 7202: 7187: 7171: 7115: 7114: 7038: 7022: 7007: 6898: 6862: 6850: 6838: 6823:Dome of the Rock 6692: 6664: 6640: 6625:Hazratbal Shrine 6620: 6595: 6576: 6557: 6538: 6513: 6490: 6468: 6454:Dome of the Rock 6450: 6431: 6430: 6423:), and military 6395:(public baths), 6373:multifoil arches 6359:geometric motifs 6316:history of Islam 6306:associated with 6152:Bengal Sultanate 6098:. Crops such as 6087:were developed. 5999:Jābir ibn Hayyān 5950:Tashrih al-badan 5895: 5879: 5857: 5837: 5807: 5785: 5764:Mansur ibn Ilyas 5759: 5750:. (13th century) 5738: 5719: 5718: 5647:and a critic of 5558:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan 5322:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan 5274:Layla and Majnun 5192: 5181:Maxfield Parrish 5173: 5153: 5131: 4993:Siege of Baghdad 4989:Mongol invasions 4952:Layla and Majnun 4948: 4926: 4910: 4889: 4867: 4842: 4812: 4794:Mahmud of Ghazni 4789: 4767:History of Islam 4684: 4668: 4652: 4632: 4546: 4534: 4518: 4329: 4317: 4305: 4293: 4278:in Pakistan are 4271: 4253: 4234: 4212: 4189: 4174:Quranist Muslims 4105:, Adjarites and 4052:Taiyabi Ismailis 4040:Musta’li Ismaili 3926: 3907: 3888: 3736:Islam by country 3671:Graham E. Fuller 3604:Muslim community 3571:Hassan Al-Turabi 3553:(founder of the 3436: 3432: 3430: 3429: 3420: 3416: 3414: 3413: 3404: 3400: 3398: 3397: 3388: 3384: 3382: 3381: 3372: 3368: 3366: 3365: 3356: 3352: 3350: 3349: 3340: 3336: 3334: 3333: 3324: 3320: 3318: 3317: 3286: 3284: 3283: 3264: 3262: 3261: 3251: 3249: 3248: 3238: 3236: 3235: 3225: 3223: 3222: 3212: 3210: 3209: 3199: 3197: 3196: 3186: 3184: 3183: 3173: 3171: 3170: 3160: 3158: 3157: 3147: 3145: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3131: 3121: 3119: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3105: 3095: 3093: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3079: 3069: 3067: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3027: 3017: 3015: 3014: 3004: 3002: 3001: 2991: 2989: 2988: 2962: 2960: 2959: 2949: 2947: 2946: 2936: 2934: 2933: 2923: 2921: 2920: 2910: 2908: 2907: 2897: 2895: 2894: 2884: 2882: 2881: 2871: 2869: 2868: 2858: 2856: 2855: 2845: 2843: 2842: 2832: 2830: 2829: 2819: 2817: 2816: 2806: 2804: 2803: 2793: 2791: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2777: 2767: 2765: 2764: 2754: 2752: 2751: 2741: 2739: 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207:inline citations 183: 182: 175: 168: 161: 157: 154: 148: 146: 105: 81: 73: 62: 40: 39: 32: 21: 19212: 19211: 19207: 19206: 19205: 19203: 19202: 19201: 19197:Abrahamic world 19187:Regions of Asia 19162:Islamic culture 19142: 19141: 19140: 19135: 19115: 19113: 19097: 19019:Cultural Muslim 18990: 18957: 18903:Other religions 18893: 18889: 18871: 18806: 18773: 18720: 18663: 18661:Islamic studies 18657: 18639: 18473: 18418: 18395: 18342: 18287: 18286: 18259: 18208:Moral teachings 18151: 18133: 18107:Nation of Islam 18020:Twelver Shi'ism 17957: 17923:Religious texts 17917: 17835:Early conquests 17818: 17800: 17752: 17672: 17661: 17655: 17581: 17563: 17536: 17513: 17494: 17473: 17442:10.2307/1523219 17384: 17357: 17323: 17296: 17266: 17250: 17245: 17235: 17233: 17218: 17203: 17193: 17191: 17178: 17177: 17173: 17154: 17150: 17139: 17135: 17125: 17123: 17118: 17117: 17113: 17103: 17101: 17096: 17095: 17091: 17081: 17079: 17074: 17073: 17069: 17059: 17057: 17052: 17051: 17047: 17037: 17035: 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15125: 15116: 15115: 15111: 15101: 15099: 15095: 15088: 15084: 15083: 15079: 15069: 15067: 15060:Scimago Journal 15052: 15048: 15038: 15024: 15020: 15013: 14999: 14995: 14985: 14983: 14975: 14974: 14970: 14960: 14946: 14942: 14935: 14919: 14915: 14905: 14891: 14887: 14878: 14877: 14873: 14864: 14863: 14859: 14850: 14849: 14845: 14834: 14830: 14791: 14787: 14777: 14763: 14759: 14751: 14744: 14740: 14739: 14735: 14725: 14711: 14707: 14700: 14686: 14682: 14672: 14670: 14663: 14647: 14643: 14636: 14620: 14616: 14599: 14595: 14588: 14574: 14570: 14563: 14549: 14545: 14531:Wayback Machine 14522: 14518: 14511: 14491: 14487: 14477: 14475: 14466: 14465: 14461: 14426: 14422: 14412: 14398: 14394: 14384: 14370: 14366: 14349: 14345: 14338: 14308: 14304: 14294: 14292: 14285: 14269: 14265: 14255: 14253: 14240: 14239: 14228: 14218: 14216: 14207: 14206: 14202: 14192: 14190: 14173: 14169: 14159: 14157: 14148: 14147: 14143: 14133: 14131: 14122: 14121: 14117: 14102: 14100: 14085: 14084: 14080: 14067: 14065: 14064:on 18 June 2013 14046: 14045: 14041: 14031: 14029: 14012: 14008: 13998: 13996: 13977: 13976: 13972: 13959: 13957: 13944: 13943: 13939: 13926: 13924: 13920: 13902: 13898: 13897: 13893: 13888:Wayback Machine 13878: 13874: 13857: 13856: 13852: 13842: 13840: 13831: 13830: 13826: 13811: 13797: 13793: 13783: 13781: 13777: 13770: 13766: 13765: 13761: 13751: 13749: 13740: 13739: 13735: 13725: 13723: 13712: 13708: 13698: 13696: 13687: 13686: 13682: 13669: 13668: 13664: 13653: 13639: 13635: 13625: 13611: 13607: 13597: 13595: 13591: 13584: 13578: 13569: 13559: 13557: 13540: 13539: 13535: 13525: 13523: 13510: 13509: 13505: 13496: 13494: 13477: 13476: 13472: 13462: 13460: 13447: 13446: 13442: 13432: 13430: 13421: 13420: 13416: 13406: 13404: 13387: 13386: 13382: 13372: 13370: 13359: 13355: 13341: 13339: 13332: 13312: 13308: 13294: 13292: 13277: 13273: 13265: 13254: 13250: 13249: 13245: 13226: 13222: 13213: 13209: 13199: 13197: 13182: 13178: 13168: 13166: 13155: 13151: 13139: 13132: 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E. 12686: 12682: 12672: 12670: 12659: 12655: 12639: 12638: 12610: 12606: 12601: 12597: 12592: 12588: 12559: 12552: 12542: 12540: 12527: 12526: 12522: 12509: 12508: 12504: 12491: 12490: 12486: 12477: 12473: 12464: 12463: 12459: 12450: 12449: 12445: 12440:. 5 March 2019. 12436: 12435: 12431: 12422: 12421: 12417: 12402: 12398: 12389: 12388: 12384: 12375: 12374: 12370: 12362: 12349: 12345: 12344: 12340: 12330: 12328: 12315: 12314: 12310: 12300: 12298: 12289: 12288: 12284: 12271: 12270: 12266: 12256: 12254: 12250: 12243: 12239: 12238: 12234: 12224: 12222: 12213: 12212: 12208: 12198: 12196: 12187: 12186: 12182: 12172: 12170: 12166: 12159: 12155: 12154: 12150: 12140: 12138: 12125: 12124: 12120: 12113: 12097: 12093: 12083: 12081: 12068: 12067: 12063: 12053: 12051: 12042: 12041: 12037: 12029: 12022: 12018: 12017: 12013: 12000: 11999: 11995: 11989:Wayback Machine 11980: 11976: 11966: 11964: 11951: 11950: 11946: 11937: 11936: 11932: 11922: 11920: 11918:pssat.ugm.ac.id 11912: 11911: 11907: 11897: 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11211: 11207: 11197: 11195: 11191: 11184: 11180: 11179: 11175: 11165: 11163: 11159: 11152: 11148: 11147: 11143: 11133: 11131: 11122: 11121: 11117: 11107: 11105: 11096: 11095: 11091: 11081: 11079: 11075: 11068: 11064: 11063: 11059: 11049: 11047: 11043: 11036: 11032: 11031: 11027: 11017: 11015: 11006: 11005: 11001: 10991: 10989: 10985: 10978: 10974: 10973: 10969: 10959: 10957: 10948: 10947: 10943: 10933: 10931: 10918: 10917: 10844: 10834: 10832: 10825:"Amman Message" 10823: 10822: 10818: 10808: 10806: 10793: 10792: 10788: 10780: 10776: 10766: 10764: 10757: 10741: 10737: 10727: 10725: 10718: 10699: 10695: 10688: 10671: 10667: 10657: 10655: 10646: 10645: 10641: 10631: 10629: 10622: 10606: 10599: 10592: 10568: 10566: 10551: 10547: 10540: 10518: 10514: 10507: 10482: 10478: 10468: 10466: 10443: 10409: 10402: 10387: 10383: 10373: 10371: 10356: 10334: 10325: 10313: 10311: 10302: 10301: 10293: 10289: 10282: 10268: 10264: 10254: 10252: 10241:"Islamic world" 10239: 10238: 10229: 10219: 10217: 10206:Ferguson, Niall 10203: 10196: 10186: 10184: 10169: 10165: 10161:, pages 259–261 10151:OECD Publishing 10141:Maddison, Angus 10139: 10135: 10128: 10114: 10110: 10098: 10094: 10084: 10082: 10081:on 24 July 2011 10069: 10068: 10064: 10054: 10052: 10041: 10037: 10024: 10020: 10004: 10000: 9995: 9991: 9986: 9982: 9977: 9973: 9963: 9961: 9954: 9931: 9922: 9909: 9907: 9896: 9892: 9879: 9877: 9862: 9855: 9845: 9843: 9836: 9820: 9811: 9801: 9799: 9784: 9780: 9772: 9765: 9752: 9751: 9747: 9726: 9724: 9713: 9709: 9699: 9697: 9686: 9682: 9672: 9670: 9657: 9656: 9652: 9642: 9640: 9631: 9630: 9626: 9608: 9604: 9594: 9592: 9579: 9578: 9574: 9564: 9562: 9549: 9548: 9544: 9535: 9533: 9518: 9517: 9513: 9503: 9501: 9488: 9487: 9483: 9464: 9460: 9450: 9448: 9435: 9434: 9430: 9420: 9418: 9405: 9404: 9400: 9390: 9388: 9373: 9369: 9359: 9357: 9344: 9343: 9339: 9329: 9327: 9314: 9313: 9309: 9299: 9297: 9284: 9283: 9279: 9263: 9262: 9255: 9253: 9238: 9234: 9227: 9207: 9203: 9193: 9191: 9178: 9177: 9173: 9160: 9138: 9134: 9117: 9115: 9104: 9100: 9086: 9084: 9073: 9069: 9056: 9054: 9039: 9035: 9020: 9018: 9011: 8984: 8982: 8973: 8960: 8958: 8943: 8931: 8929: 8916: 8912: 8908: 8893: 8891: 8876: 8864: 8862: 8849: 8844:Wayback Machine 8824: 8822: 8807: 8805: 8801: 8791: 8789: 8780: 8779: 8775: 8765: 8763: 8754: 8753: 8749: 8739: 8737: 8722: 8718: 8708: 8706: 8693: 8692: 8688: 8678: 8676: 8663: 8662: 8658: 8639: 8635: 8625: 8623: 8610: 8609: 8605: 8595: 8593: 8580: 8579: 8575: 8565: 8563: 8548: 8544: 8534: 8532: 8519: 8518: 8514: 8504: 8502: 8489: 8488: 8484: 8476: 8465: 8461: 8460: 8456: 8446: 8444: 8431: 8430: 8426: 8416: 8414: 8405: 8404: 8400: 8390: 8388: 8373: 8369: 8360: 8359: 8355: 8345: 8343: 8334: 8333: 8329: 8319: 8317: 8308: 8307: 8303: 8296: 8282: 8278: 8271: 8255: 8251: 8241: 8239: 8226: 8225: 8221: 8211: 8209: 8202: 8186: 8173: 8163: 8161: 8146: 8142: 8128: 8106: 8097: 8086: 8064: 8060: 8050: 8048: 8037:"Islamic world" 8033: 8029: 8025: 8020: 8019: 8002: 7998: 7940: 7936: 7931: 7927: 7898: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7841:Islamic studies 7831:Spread of Islam 7786: 7779: 7772: 7765: 7758: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7741: 7735: 7726: 7716: 7707: 7701: 7692: 7686:Istiqlal Mosque 7682: 7673: 7662: 7653: 7646: 7596: 7586: 7581: 7580: 7472:and is the one 7457: 7449: 7444: 7443: 7285: 7277: 7253: 7246: 7239: 7230: 7223: 7214: 7203: 7194: 7188: 7179: 7172: 7163: 7162: 7080:Arabic alphabet 7064: 7056: 7049: 7039: 7030: 7023: 7014: 7008: 6999: 6998: 6985:; metal, as at 6963:Penrose tilings 6881: 6873: 6866: 6863: 6854: 6851: 6842: 6839: 6808:Distinguishing 6762: 6756: 6720: 6714: 6703: 6693: 6684: 6679:is inspired by 6665: 6656: 6641: 6632: 6621: 6606: 6596: 6587: 6577: 6568: 6558: 6549: 6539: 6524: 6514: 6505: 6491: 6482: 6469: 6460: 6451: 6429: 6428: 6399:hospices (e.g. 6292: 6284: 6268: 6073: 6065:Main articles: 6035: 5983:Kitab al-Tasrif 5976:(also known as 5902: 5896: 5887: 5880: 5865: 5858: 5849: 5838: 5823: 5808: 5799: 5797: 5794:Kitab al-Tasrif 5786: 5771: 5760: 5751: 5739: 5717: 5695: 5689: 5673:inductive logic 5515:Islamic culture 5489: 5479: 5473: 5456:Robinson Crusoe 5311:(Abubacer) and 5297:Persian history 5242:Western culture 5234:Antoine Galland 5230:Indian elements 5200: 5193: 5184: 5174: 5165: 5154: 5145: 5135:Hadiqatus-suada 5132: 5123: 5117: 5111: 5069:, 12th century. 5045: 5039: 5033:civilizations. 4981:House of Wisdom 4977:Harun al-Rashid 4959: 4949: 4940: 4936:, studying the 4927: 4918: 4911: 4902: 4890: 4881: 4868: 4859: 4843: 4834: 4813: 4804: 4790: 4781: 4779:Spread of Islam 4765:Main articles: 4763: 4746: 4734:Syrian refugees 4703: 4696: 4685: 4676: 4671:Schoolgirls in 4669: 4660: 4653: 4644: 4637:Paktia Province 4633: 4557: 4550: 4547: 4538: 4535: 4526: 4519: 4407:Christian world 4340: 4338:Other religions 4333: 4330: 4321: 4318: 4309: 4306: 4297: 4294: 4283: 4272: 4263: 4254: 4245: 4235: 4226: 4213: 4204: 4190: 4142:Nizārī Ismā'īlī 3947: 3941: 3934: 3927: 3918: 3908: 3899: 3889: 3802:which selected 3788: 3783: 3771:North Macedonia 3738: 3721: 3708: 3702: 3697: 3696: 3614:Islamic revival 3551:Hassan al-Banna 3533:Islamic states. 3494: 3486: 3454: 3448:Islamic revival 3444: 3427: 3425: 3411: 3409: 3395: 3393: 3379: 3377: 3363: 3361: 3347: 3345: 3331: 3329: 3315: 3313: 3305:Muslim-majority 3297: 3292: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3259: 3257: 3246: 3244: 3233: 3231: 3220: 3218: 3207: 3205: 3194: 3192: 3181: 3179: 3168: 3166: 3155: 3153: 3142: 3140: 3129: 3127: 3116: 3114: 3103: 3101: 3090: 3088: 3077: 3075: 3064: 3062: 3051: 3049: 3038: 3036: 3025: 3023: 3012: 3010: 2999: 2997: 2986: 2984: 2973: 2968: 2957: 2955: 2944: 2942: 2931: 2929: 2918: 2916: 2905: 2903: 2892: 2890: 2879: 2877: 2866: 2864: 2853: 2851: 2840: 2838: 2827: 2825: 2814: 2812: 2801: 2799: 2788: 2786: 2775: 2773: 2762: 2760: 2749: 2747: 2736: 2734: 2723: 2721: 2707:Muslim-majority 2703: 2698: 2687: 2685: 2674: 2672: 2661: 2659: 2648: 2646: 2635: 2633: 2622: 2620: 2609: 2607: 2596: 2594: 2583: 2578: 2485: 2475: 2465: 2454: 2448: 2445: 2430: 2418: 2414: 2407: 2346:terrorist group 2269: 2263: 2256: 2245: 2236: 2231: 2222: 2216: 2207: 2201:Ottoman Hungary 2193: 2184: 2169: 2160: 2145: 2136: 2129: 2093: 2087:Colonial empire 2085:Main articles: 2083: 2076: 2066: 2057: 2050: 2041: 2027: 2018: 2000: 1991: 1988:Battle of Buxar 1974: 1934: 1921: 1913: 1907: 1900: 1889: 1880: 1877:Siege of Rhodes 1865: 1856: 1841: 1832: 1818: 1809: 1799: 1777:'s sixth ruler 1743: 1737: 1550:Delhi Sultanate 1384:Islamic prophet 1348: 1342:Spread of Islam 1336:Main articles: 1330: 1319: 1313: 1310: 1299: 1287: 1276: 1230: 1221: 1183: 1181: 1174: 1173: 1150:Salafi jihadism 1108:Other religions 1103:Arabic language 1065: 1055: 1054: 983:Moral teachings 874: 860: 859: 850:Spread of Islam 795: 785: 784: 772:(jurisprudence) 754:Qisas al-Anbiya 703: 702: 682: 681: 650: 640: 639: 595: 542:. Islam is the 323:Islamic prophet 249: 238: 237: 236: 231: 220: 214: 211: 196: 184: 180: 169: 158: 152: 149: 106: 104: 94: 82: 41: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 19210: 19200: 19199: 19194: 19189: 19184: 19179: 19174: 19169: 19164: 19159: 19154: 19137: 19136: 19134: 19133: 19123: 19110: 19107: 19106: 19103: 19102: 19099: 19098: 19096: 19095: 19090: 19085: 19080: 19075: 19070: 19065: 19060: 19055: 19054: 19053: 19043: 19042: 19041: 19036: 19031: 19021: 19016: 19015: 19014: 19009: 18998: 18996: 18995:Related topics 18992: 18991: 18989: 18988: 18983: 18978: 18973: 18967: 18965: 18959: 18958: 18956: 18955: 18950: 18945: 18940: 18935: 18930: 18929: 18928: 18923: 18918: 18907: 18905: 18895: 18894: 18881: 18880: 18877: 18876: 18873: 18872: 18870: 18869: 18864: 18857: 18852: 18851: 18850: 18840: 18835: 18830: 18825: 18820: 18814: 18812: 18808: 18807: 18805: 18804: 18799: 18794: 18789: 18783: 18781: 18775: 18774: 18772: 18771: 18766: 18761: 18756: 18751: 18746: 18741: 18736: 18730: 18728: 18722: 18721: 18719: 18718: 18713: 18708: 18703: 18698: 18693: 18688: 18683: 18677: 18675: 18665: 18664: 18649: 18648: 18645: 18644: 18641: 18640: 18638: 18637: 18632: 18631: 18630: 18618: 18616:Sources of law 18613: 18608: 18607: 18606: 18596: 18589: 18584: 18577: 18572: 18565: 18560: 18555: 18550: 18545: 18540: 18535: 18530: 18523: 18516: 18515: 18514: 18509: 18504: 18494: 18489: 18481: 18479: 18475: 18474: 18472: 18471: 18464: 18457: 18450: 18443: 18436: 18429: 18421: 18419: 18417: 18416: 18411: 18406: 18400: 18397: 18396: 18394: 18393: 18386: 18381: 18374: 18367: 18360: 18352: 18350: 18344: 18343: 18341: 18340: 18333: 18326: 18319: 18312: 18307: 18301: 18299: 18289: 18288: 18285: 18284: 18279: 18273: 18265: 18264: 18261: 18260: 18258: 18257: 18252: 18247: 18242: 18240:Social welfare 18237: 18232: 18225: 18220: 18215: 18210: 18205: 18200: 18195: 18190: 18185: 18180: 18175: 18170: 18165: 18160: 18154: 18152: 18150: 18149: 18144: 18138: 18135: 18134: 18132: 18131: 18126: 18121: 18120: 18119: 18109: 18104: 18103: 18102: 18097: 18096: 18095: 18090: 18089: 18088: 18083: 18078: 18065: 18051: 18050: 18049: 18044: 18043: 18042: 18032: 18027: 18022: 18012: 18007: 18006: 18005: 18004: 18003: 17993: 17988: 17983: 17978: 17967: 17965: 17959: 17958: 17956: 17955: 17948: 17943: 17938: 17933: 17927: 17925: 17919: 17918: 17916: 17915: 17914: 17913: 17908: 17903: 17898: 17893: 17888: 17883: 17878: 17866: 17861: 17854: 17847: 17845:Historiography 17842: 17837: 17832: 17827: 17821: 17819: 17817: 17816: 17811: 17805: 17802: 17801: 17799: 17798: 17791: 17784: 17777: 17770: 17762: 17760: 17754: 17753: 17751: 17750: 17745: 17740: 17733: 17728: 17723: 17718: 17717: 17716: 17706: 17699: 17698: 17697: 17686: 17684: 17674: 17673: 17666: 17663: 17662: 17654: 17653: 17646: 17639: 17631: 17625: 17624: 17619: 17614: 17609: 17603: 17593: 17580: 17579:External links 17577: 17576: 17575: 17561: 17548: 17534: 17521: 17511: 17498: 17492: 17477: 17471: 17454: 17425: 17413:10.2307/429655 17407:(4): 423–430. 17396: 17382: 17369: 17355: 17335: 17321: 17308: 17295:978-0300088694 17294: 17278: 17264: 17249: 17246: 17244: 17243: 17201: 17171: 17148: 17133: 17111: 17089: 17067: 17045: 17019: 16994: 16969: 16947:Hijri Calendar 16937: 16907: 16874: 16851:(1): 125–131. 16831: 16810: 16797: 16782: 16762: 16735: 16715: 16708: 16690: 16675: 16657: 16648: 16639: 16627: 16601: 16582: 16562: 16551: 16533: 16522: 16504: 16485: 16465: 16443: 16436: 16418: 16405: 16396: 16394:(1), pp. 1–30. 16380: 16358: 16338: 16321: 16294: 16267: 16258: 16239: 16230: 16211: 16187: 16160: 16141: 16126: 16108: 16099: 16090: 16064: 16055: 16042: 16017: 16008: 16001: 15985:Saliba, George 15976: 15950: 15919: 15895: 15864: 15857: 15837: 15825: 15805: 15777: 15746: 15737: 15711: 15702: 15687: 15668: 15659: 15650: 15641: 15625: 15611: 15591: 15577: 15558: 15542: 15526: 15513:10.1086/353360 15507:(4): 531–555. 15497:King, David A. 15488: 15460: 15441: 15432:Magic In Islam 15421: 15388: 15358: 15328: 15325:on 3 May 2012. 15306: 15265: 15239: 15213: 15187: 15161: 15135: 15109: 15077: 15046: 15036: 15018: 15011: 14993: 14968: 14958: 14940: 14933: 14913: 14903: 14885: 14871: 14857: 14843: 14828: 14801:(3): 114–118. 14785: 14775: 14757: 14733: 14723: 14705: 14698: 14680: 14661: 14641: 14634: 14614: 14600:Hill, Donald. 14593: 14586: 14568: 14561: 14543: 14516: 14509: 14485: 14459: 14420: 14410: 14392: 14382: 14364: 14343: 14336: 14302: 14283: 14263: 14226: 14209:"Shiite Islam" 14200: 14167: 14141: 14115: 14078: 14039: 14006: 13995:on 28 May 2010 13970: 13937: 13891: 13872: 13850: 13824: 13809: 13791: 13759: 13733: 13706: 13680: 13677:. 22 May 2024. 13662: 13651: 13633: 13623: 13605: 13567: 13533: 13503: 13470: 13440: 13414: 13380: 13353: 13330: 13306: 13271: 13243: 13220: 13207: 13176: 13149: 13130: 13123: 13105: 13084: 13058: 13037: 13019: 12998: 12980: 12973: 12955: 12934: 12908: 12875: 12862: 12829: 12793: 12734: 12693: 12680: 12653: 12604: 12595: 12586: 12550: 12520: 12502: 12484: 12471: 12457: 12443: 12429: 12415: 12396: 12382: 12368: 12338: 12308: 12282: 12264: 12232: 12206: 12180: 12148: 12118: 12111: 12091: 12061: 12035: 12011: 11993: 11974: 11944: 11930: 11905: 11879: 11861: 11847: 11822: 11804: 11786: 11760: 11728: 11702: 11670: 11638: 11635:. 2 June 2022. 11624: 11598: 11566: 11540: 11508: 11497:on 19 May 2017 11476: 11444: 11412: 11382: 11359: 11335: 11303: 11281: 11249: 11231: 11205: 11173: 11141: 11115: 11089: 11057: 11025: 10999: 10967: 10941: 10842: 10816: 10786: 10774: 10755: 10735: 10716: 10693: 10686: 10665: 10639: 10620: 10597: 10591:978-0415664523 10590: 10584:. p. 83. 10545: 10538: 10532:. p. 48. 10512: 10505: 10499:. p. 79. 10476: 10441: 10400: 10397:. p. 172. 10381: 10354: 10323: 10314:|journal= 10287: 10280: 10262: 10227: 10194: 10183:on 19 May 2014 10163: 10133: 10126: 10108: 10092: 10062: 10035: 10018: 9998: 9989: 9980: 9971: 9952: 9920: 9890: 9853: 9834: 9809: 9792:Foreign Policy 9778: 9763: 9745: 9707: 9680: 9650: 9639:. 6 April 2017 9624: 9602: 9572: 9542: 9511: 9481: 9458: 9428: 9398: 9367: 9337: 9307: 9277: 9232: 9225: 9201: 9171: 9158: 9132: 9098: 9067: 9033: 9031: 9030: 9009: 8994: 8971: 8941: 8906: 8904: 8903: 8874: 8847: 8799: 8788:on 4 June 2011 8773: 8747: 8716: 8686: 8656: 8633: 8603: 8573: 8542: 8512: 8482: 8454: 8424: 8398: 8367: 8353: 8327: 8301: 8294: 8276: 8269: 8249: 8219: 8200: 8171: 8154:Foreign Policy 8140: 8126: 8095: 8084: 8058: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8018: 8017: 8007:(30 July 2022 7996: 7934: 7925: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7879: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7792: 7791: 7777: 7774:Society portal 7763: 7747: 7744: 7743: 7742: 7736: 7729: 7727: 7717: 7710: 7708: 7702: 7695: 7693: 7683: 7676: 7674: 7663: 7656: 7654: 7647: 7640: 7590:Women in Islam 7585: 7582: 7528:vernal equinox 7470:solar calendar 7458: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7430:, abbreviated 7334:civil calendar 7326:annual fasting 7314:lunar calendar 7286: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7261:solar calendar 7257:lunar calendar 7252: 7249: 7248: 7247: 7240: 7233: 7231: 7224: 7217: 7215: 7211:Ottoman Empire 7204: 7197: 7195: 7189: 7182: 7180: 7173: 7166: 7086:. It includes 7065: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7051: 7050: 7040: 7033: 7031: 7024: 7017: 7015: 7009: 7002: 6967:Fatehpur Sikri 6959:Topkapı Scroll 6882: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6867: 6864: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6833: 6782:Ottoman Empire 6780:and under the 6758:Main article: 6755: 6752: 6716:Main article: 6713: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6704: 6694: 6687: 6685: 6667:The design of 6666: 6659: 6657: 6642: 6635: 6633: 6622: 6615: 6610: 6609: 6608: 6607: 6597: 6590: 6588: 6582:in Spain is a 6578: 6571: 6569: 6559: 6552: 6550: 6540: 6533: 6528: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6515: 6508: 6506: 6492: 6485: 6483: 6470: 6463: 6461: 6452: 6445: 6440: 6439: 6425:fortifications 6298:comprises the 6293: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6267: 6264: 6224:water turbines 6053:. (scene from 6043:Spinning wheel 6034: 6031: 6011:Ibn al-Haytham 5920:Jim Al-Khalili 5910: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5897: 5890: 5888: 5881: 5874: 5869: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5862:Elephant Clock 5859: 5852: 5850: 5839: 5832: 5827: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5809: 5802: 5800: 5787: 5780: 5775: 5774: 5773: 5772: 5761: 5754: 5752: 5740: 5733: 5728: 5727: 5691:Main article: 5688: 5685: 5637:Ibn al-Haytham 5630:existentialism 5615:Samuel Hartlib 5607:Robert Barclay 5475:Main article: 5472: 5469: 5370:feral children 5265:Persian poetry 5259:An example of 5238:cultural icons 5202: 5201: 5194: 5187: 5185: 5175: 5168: 5166: 5155: 5148: 5146: 5133: 5126: 5121:Islamic poetry 5113:Main article: 5110: 5107: 5065:) set, glazed 5038: 5035: 4961: 4960: 4950: 4943: 4941: 4932:Empire ruler, 4928: 4921: 4919: 4912: 4905: 4903: 4891: 4884: 4882: 4876:Mughal Emperor 4869: 4862: 4860: 4850:Safavid Empire 4844: 4837: 4835: 4832:Farrukh Yassar 4814: 4807: 4805: 4791: 4784: 4762: 4759: 4745: 4742: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4697: 4686: 4679: 4677: 4670: 4663: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4645: 4634: 4627: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4548: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4529: 4527: 4520: 4513: 4419:Constantinople 4339: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4331: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4273: 4266: 4264: 4255: 4248: 4246: 4240:living in the 4236: 4229: 4227: 4214: 4207: 4205: 4191: 4184: 4178:Ahmadi Muslims 4036:Nizari Ismaili 4026:(Sevener) and 3943:Main article: 3940: 3937: 3936: 3935: 3928: 3921: 3919: 3909: 3902: 3900: 3890: 3883: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3734:Main article: 3720: 3717: 3701: 3698: 3679:Following the 3658:" strategy of 3632:movement, and 3585:Westernization 3495: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3461:Benazir Bhutto 3443: 3440: 3439: 3438: 3422: 3406: 3390: 3374: 3358: 3342: 3326: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3290: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3268: 3255: 3242: 3229: 3216: 3203: 3190: 3177: 3164: 3151: 3138: 3125: 3112: 3099: 3086: 3073: 3060: 3047: 3034: 3021: 3008: 2995: 2981: 2977:Secular states 2972: 2971:Secular states 2969: 2967: 2966: 2953: 2940: 2927: 2914: 2901: 2888: 2875: 2862: 2849: 2836: 2823: 2810: 2797: 2784: 2771: 2758: 2745: 2732: 2718: 2714:state religion 2702: 2701:State religion 2699: 2697: 2696: 2683: 2670: 2657: 2644: 2631: 2618: 2605: 2591: 2587:Islamic states 2582: 2581:Islamic states 2579: 2577: 2574: 2471:Main article: 2467: 2466: 2421: 2419: 2412: 2406: 2403: 2323:Turkey, which 2317:secular values 2267:Decolonization 2262: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2246: 2239: 2237: 2232: 2225: 2223: 2217: 2210: 2208: 2194: 2187: 2185: 2181:Ottoman Empire 2170: 2163: 2161: 2146: 2139: 2137: 2130: 2123: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2067: 2060: 2058: 2051: 2044: 2042: 2028: 2021: 2019: 2001: 1994: 1992: 1977:Mughal Emperor 1975: 1968: 1954:Ottoman Empire 1914: 1909:Main article: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1901: 1893:Aceh Sultanate 1890: 1883: 1881: 1866: 1859: 1857: 1842: 1835: 1833: 1822:Mughal Emperor 1819: 1812: 1810: 1802:Safavid Empire 1800: 1793: 1739:Main article: 1736: 1733: 1701:Arab socialism 1661:Massina Empire 1601:Central Africa 1585:Songhai Empire 1466:Constantinople 1389:, a native of 1332: 1331: 1290: 1288: 1281: 1275: 1272: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1220: 1219: 1212: 1205: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1137: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1125: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1066: 1063:Related topics 1061: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1047: 1045:Social welfare 1042: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 939: 938: 933: 923: 922: 921: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 875: 866: 865: 862: 861: 858: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 831: 830: 823: 816: 808: 807: 802: 796: 791: 790: 787: 786: 783: 782: 774: 765: 764: 758: 750: 742: 733: 732: 712: 704: 701: 700: 695: 689: 688: 687: 684: 683: 680: 679: 674: 669: 663: 662: 657: 651: 646: 645: 642: 641: 638: 637: 635:Predestination 631: 630: 625: 619: 618: 616:Revealed Books 613: 607: 606: 596: 591: 590: 587: 586: 578: 577: 571: 570: 554:and those who 490:(primarily in 470:(primarily in 425:Southeast Asia 262:as population 251: 250: 233: 232: 187: 185: 178: 171: 170: 112:"Muslim world" 85: 83: 76: 71: 45: 44: 42: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19209: 19198: 19195: 19193: 19190: 19188: 19185: 19183: 19180: 19178: 19175: 19173: 19170: 19168: 19165: 19163: 19160: 19158: 19155: 19153: 19150: 19149: 19147: 19132: 19124: 19122: 19112: 19111: 19108: 19094: 19091: 19089: 19086: 19084: 19081: 19079: 19076: 19074: 19071: 19069: 19066: 19064: 19061: 19059: 19056: 19052: 19049: 19048: 19047: 19044: 19040: 19037: 19035: 19034:Post-Islamism 19032: 19030: 19027: 19026: 19025: 19022: 19020: 19017: 19013: 19010: 19008: 19005: 19004: 19003: 19000: 18999: 18997: 18993: 18987: 18984: 18982: 18979: 18977: 18974: 18972: 18969: 18968: 18966: 18964: 18960: 18954: 18951: 18949: 18946: 18944: 18941: 18939: 18936: 18934: 18931: 18927: 18926:Protestantism 18924: 18922: 18919: 18917: 18914: 18913: 18912: 18909: 18908: 18906: 18904: 18900: 18896: 18886: 18882: 18868: 18865: 18863: 18862: 18858: 18856: 18853: 18849: 18846: 18845: 18844: 18841: 18839: 18836: 18834: 18831: 18829: 18826: 18824: 18821: 18819: 18816: 18815: 18813: 18809: 18803: 18800: 18798: 18795: 18793: 18790: 18788: 18785: 18784: 18782: 18780: 18776: 18770: 18767: 18765: 18764:Ophthalmology 18762: 18760: 18757: 18755: 18752: 18750: 18747: 18745: 18742: 18740: 18737: 18735: 18732: 18731: 18729: 18727: 18723: 18717: 18714: 18712: 18709: 18707: 18704: 18702: 18699: 18697: 18694: 18692: 18689: 18687: 18684: 18682: 18679: 18678: 18676: 18674: 18670: 18666: 18662: 18654: 18650: 18636: 18633: 18629: 18628: 18624: 18623: 18622: 18619: 18617: 18614: 18612: 18609: 18605: 18602: 18601: 18600: 18597: 18595: 18594: 18590: 18588: 18585: 18583: 18582: 18578: 18576: 18573: 18571: 18570: 18566: 18564: 18561: 18559: 18556: 18554: 18551: 18549: 18546: 18544: 18541: 18539: 18536: 18534: 18531: 18529: 18528: 18524: 18522: 18521: 18517: 18513: 18512:Death penalty 18510: 18508: 18505: 18503: 18500: 18499: 18498: 18495: 18493: 18490: 18488: 18487: 18483: 18482: 18480: 18478:Other aspects 18476: 18470: 18469: 18465: 18463: 18462: 18458: 18456: 18455: 18451: 18449: 18448: 18444: 18442: 18441: 18437: 18435: 18434: 18430: 18428: 18427: 18423: 18422: 18420: 18415: 18412: 18410: 18407: 18405: 18402: 18401: 18398: 18392: 18391: 18387: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18379: 18375: 18373: 18372: 18368: 18366: 18365: 18361: 18359: 18358: 18354: 18353: 18351: 18349: 18345: 18339: 18338: 18334: 18332: 18331: 18327: 18325: 18324: 18320: 18318: 18317: 18313: 18311: 18308: 18306: 18303: 18302: 18300: 18298: 18294: 18290: 18283: 18282:Jurisprudence 18280: 18278: 18275: 18274: 18270: 18266: 18256: 18253: 18251: 18248: 18246: 18243: 18241: 18238: 18236: 18233: 18231: 18230: 18226: 18224: 18221: 18219: 18216: 18214: 18211: 18209: 18206: 18204: 18201: 18199: 18196: 18194: 18191: 18189: 18186: 18184: 18181: 18179: 18176: 18174: 18171: 18169: 18166: 18164: 18161: 18159: 18156: 18155: 18153: 18148: 18145: 18143: 18140: 18139: 18136: 18130: 18127: 18125: 18122: 18118: 18115: 18114: 18113: 18110: 18108: 18105: 18101: 18098: 18094: 18091: 18087: 18084: 18082: 18079: 18077: 18074: 18073: 18072: 18069: 18068: 18066: 18064: 18061: 18060: 18059: 18055: 18052: 18048: 18045: 18041: 18038: 18037: 18036: 18033: 18031: 18028: 18026: 18023: 18021: 18018: 18017: 18016: 18013: 18011: 18008: 18002: 17999: 17998: 17997: 17994: 17992: 17989: 17987: 17984: 17982: 17979: 17977: 17974: 17973: 17972: 17969: 17968: 17966: 17964: 17963:Denominations 17960: 17954: 17953: 17949: 17947: 17944: 17942: 17939: 17937: 17934: 17932: 17929: 17928: 17926: 17924: 17920: 17912: 17909: 17907: 17904: 17902: 17899: 17897: 17894: 17892: 17889: 17887: 17884: 17882: 17879: 17877: 17876: 17872: 17871: 17870: 17867: 17865: 17862: 17860: 17859: 17855: 17853: 17852: 17848: 17846: 17843: 17841: 17838: 17836: 17833: 17831: 17828: 17826: 17823: 17822: 17820: 17815: 17812: 17810: 17807: 17806: 17803: 17797: 17796: 17792: 17790: 17789: 17785: 17783: 17782: 17778: 17776: 17775: 17771: 17769: 17768: 17764: 17763: 17761: 17759: 17755: 17749: 17748:Holiest sites 17746: 17744: 17743:Judgement Day 17741: 17739: 17738: 17734: 17732: 17729: 17727: 17724: 17722: 17719: 17715: 17712: 17711: 17710: 17707: 17705: 17704: 17700: 17696: 17693: 17692: 17691: 17688: 17687: 17685: 17683: 17679: 17675: 17671: 17670: 17664: 17659: 17652: 17647: 17645: 17640: 17638: 17633: 17632: 17629: 17623: 17620: 17618: 17615: 17613: 17610: 17607: 17604: 17601: 17597: 17594: 17592: 17591: 17586: 17583: 17582: 17572: 17568: 17564: 17562:9781108485524 17558: 17554: 17549: 17545: 17541: 17537: 17531: 17527: 17522: 17520: 17514: 17508: 17504: 17499: 17495: 17489: 17485: 17484: 17478: 17474: 17468: 17464: 17460: 17455: 17451: 17447: 17443: 17439: 17435: 17431: 17426: 17422: 17418: 17414: 17410: 17406: 17402: 17397: 17393: 17389: 17385: 17379: 17375: 17370: 17366: 17362: 17358: 17352: 17349:. Macmillan. 17348: 17344: 17340: 17336: 17332: 17328: 17324: 17322:9781590080436 17318: 17314: 17309: 17305: 17301: 17297: 17291: 17287: 17283: 17279: 17275: 17271: 17267: 17261: 17257: 17252: 17251: 17231: 17227: 17223: 17216: 17214: 17212: 17210: 17208: 17206: 17189: 17185: 17181: 17175: 17167: 17163: 17159: 17152: 17144: 17137: 17121: 17115: 17099: 17093: 17077: 17071: 17055: 17049: 17033: 17031: 17023: 17008: 17007:Al-Habib.info 17004: 16998: 16983: 16982:Al-Habib.info 16979: 16973: 16957: 16953: 16949: 16948: 16941: 16933: 16929: 16925: 16923: 16918: 16917:C.E. Bosworth 16911: 16895: 16891: 16890: 16885: 16878: 16862: 16858: 16854: 16850: 16846: 16842: 16835: 16828: 16824: 16820: 16814: 16807: 16801: 16793: 16789: 16785: 16779: 16775: 16774: 16766: 16750: 16746: 16739: 16733: 16729: 16725: 16719: 16711: 16709:0-300-06465-9 16705: 16701: 16694: 16686: 16682: 16678: 16672: 16668: 16661: 16652: 16643: 16634: 16632: 16615: 16611: 16605: 16597: 16591: 16586: 16577: 16571: 16566: 16559: 16554: 16552:9783848003808 16548: 16544: 16537: 16530: 16525: 16523:9780195309911 16519: 16515: 16508: 16500: 16494: 16489: 16480: 16475:, p. 295 16474: 16473:Petersen 1996 16469: 16461: 16455: 16450: 16448: 16439: 16437:9789004161658 16433: 16429: 16422: 16415: 16409: 16400: 16393: 16390: 16384: 16378: 16374: 16371: 16367: 16362: 16355: 16351: 16347: 16342: 16335: 16331: 16325: 16318: 16314: 16310: 16307: 16303: 16298: 16291: 16287: 16283: 16280: 16276: 16271: 16262: 16255: 16252: 16246: 16244: 16234: 16228: 16224: 16221: 16218:Peter J. Lu, 16215: 16208: 16207:0-691-12067-6 16204: 16200: 16198: 16191: 16175: 16171: 16164: 16158: 16154: 16151: 16145: 16137: 16133: 16129: 16123: 16119: 16112: 16103: 16094: 16087: 16086: 16081: 16077: 16074: 16068: 16059: 16052: 16046: 16039: 16038:90-04-09300-1 16035: 16031: 16028:, pp. 38–46, 16027: 16021: 16012: 16004: 16002:0-8147-8023-7 15998: 15994: 15990: 15986: 15980: 15973: 15969: 15965: 15962: 15957: 15955: 15947: 15946:0-19-820291-1 15943: 15939: 15935: 15931: 15926: 15924: 15916: 15915:0-7591-0190-6 15912: 15908: 15907: 15899: 15892: 15888: 15884: 15881: 15878: 15874: 15868: 15860: 15858:9781139828420 15854: 15850: 15849: 15841: 15834: 15829: 15822: 15818: 15815: 15809: 15802: 15798: 15794: 15790: 15787: 15781: 15774: 15770: 15766: 15763: 15760: 15756: 15750: 15741: 15735: 15734:0-87054-076-9 15731: 15727: 15725: 15720: 15715: 15706: 15698: 15691: 15684: 15680: 15677: 15672: 15663: 15654: 15645: 15639: 15638:0-8157-3283-X 15635: 15629: 15614: 15612:9780814780237 15608: 15605:. NYU Press. 15604: 15603: 15595: 15580: 15574: 15570: 15569: 15562: 15556: 15555:0-8157-3283-X 15552: 15546: 15540: 15539:81-7450-395-1 15536: 15530: 15522: 15518: 15514: 15510: 15506: 15502: 15498: 15492: 15485: 15484:0-8147-8023-7 15481: 15477: 15473: 15469: 15468:George Saliba 15464: 15448: 15444: 15438: 15434: 15433: 15425: 15410: 15409: 15403: 15398: 15392: 15376: 15372: 15368: 15362: 15346: 15342: 15338: 15332: 15324: 15320: 15316: 15310: 15291: 15284: 15278: 15276: 15274: 15272: 15270: 15253: 15249: 15243: 15227: 15223: 15217: 15201: 15197: 15191: 15175: 15171: 15165: 15149: 15145: 15139: 15123: 15119: 15113: 15094: 15087: 15081: 15065: 15061: 15057: 15050: 15043: 15039: 15037:9781000677782 15033: 15030:. Routledge. 15029: 15022: 15014: 15012:9780812202830 15008: 15004: 14997: 14982: 14978: 14972: 14965: 14961: 14959:9780429962004 14955: 14951: 14944: 14936: 14930: 14926: 14925: 14917: 14910: 14906: 14904:9781000677782 14900: 14897:. Routledge. 14896: 14889: 14881: 14875: 14867: 14861: 14853: 14847: 14839: 14832: 14824: 14820: 14816: 14812: 14808: 14804: 14800: 14796: 14789: 14782: 14778: 14776:9783857100406 14772: 14768: 14761: 14750: 14743: 14737: 14730: 14726: 14724:9781351510721 14720: 14716: 14709: 14701: 14699:9781351510721 14695: 14691: 14684: 14668: 14664: 14658: 14654: 14653: 14645: 14637: 14631: 14627: 14626: 14618: 14611: 14610:0-7486-0455-3 14607: 14603: 14597: 14589: 14587:9781444397291 14583: 14579: 14572: 14564: 14562:9781538124185 14558: 14554: 14547: 14540: 14536: 14533:, Zafer Mah. 14532: 14528: 14525: 14520: 14512: 14506: 14502: 14498: 14497: 14489: 14473: 14469: 14463: 14456: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14443: 14437: 14434: 14430: 14424: 14417: 14413: 14411:9780030525964 14407: 14403: 14396: 14389: 14385: 14383:9781135980795 14379: 14375: 14368: 14361: 14357: 14355: 14350:Öz, Mustafa, 14347: 14339: 14337:9780195305135 14333: 14329: 14325: 14321: 14317: 14313: 14306: 14290: 14286: 14284:9781118273913 14280: 14276: 14275: 14267: 14251: 14247: 14243: 14237: 14235: 14233: 14231: 14214: 14210: 14204: 14188: 14184: 14183: 14178: 14171: 14155: 14151: 14145: 14129: 14125: 14119: 14112: 14111: 14098: 14094: 14093: 14088: 14082: 14075: 14063: 14059: 14055: 14054: 14049: 14043: 14027: 14023: 14019: 14018: 14010: 13994: 13990: 13986: 13985: 13980: 13974: 13967: 13955: 13951: 13947: 13941: 13934: 13919: 13915: 13911: 13909: 13901: 13895: 13889: 13885: 13882: 13876: 13868: 13864: 13860: 13854: 13838: 13834: 13828: 13820: 13816: 13812: 13810:9780199891207 13806: 13802: 13795: 13776: 13769: 13763: 13747: 13743: 13737: 13721: 13717: 13710: 13694: 13690: 13684: 13676: 13672: 13666: 13659: 13654: 13652:9781440835575 13648: 13644: 13637: 13630: 13626: 13624:9780190869786 13620: 13616: 13609: 13590: 13583: 13576: 13574: 13572: 13555: 13551: 13547: 13543: 13537: 13521: 13517: 13513: 13507: 13492: 13488: 13484: 13480: 13474: 13458: 13454: 13450: 13444: 13428: 13424: 13418: 13402: 13398: 13394: 13390: 13384: 13368: 13364: 13357: 13350: 13337: 13333: 13331:9780195305135 13327: 13323: 13318: 13310: 13303: 13290: 13286: 13282: 13275: 13264: 13260: 13253: 13247: 13239: 13235: 13231: 13224: 13217: 13211: 13195: 13191: 13187: 13180: 13164: 13160: 13153: 13146: 13144: 13137: 13135: 13126: 13120: 13116: 13109: 13101: 13095: 13087: 13081: 13077: 13073: 13069: 13062: 13054: 13048: 13040: 13038:0-8014-3108-5 13034: 13030: 13023: 13015: 13009: 13001: 12999:0-8014-3108-5 12995: 12991: 12984: 12976: 12974:0-415-30173-4 12970: 12966: 12959: 12951: 12945: 12937: 12931: 12927: 12923: 12919: 12912: 12903: 12898: 12894: 12890: 12886: 12879: 12872: 12866: 12857: 12852: 12848: 12844: 12840: 12833: 12817: 12813: 12809: 12802: 12800: 12798: 12781: 12777: 12773: 12769: 12765: 12761: 12757: 12753: 12749: 12745: 12738: 12730: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12712: 12708: 12704: 12697: 12690: 12684: 12668: 12664: 12657: 12649: 12643: 12635: 12631: 12627: 12623: 12619: 12615: 12608: 12599: 12590: 12581: 12576: 12572: 12568: 12564: 12557: 12555: 12538: 12534: 12530: 12524: 12516: 12512: 12506: 12498: 12494: 12488: 12481: 12475: 12467: 12461: 12453: 12447: 12439: 12433: 12425: 12419: 12411: 12407: 12400: 12392: 12386: 12378: 12372: 12361: 12357: 12356: 12348: 12342: 12326: 12322: 12318: 12312: 12296: 12292: 12286: 12279: 12274: 12268: 12249: 12242: 12236: 12220: 12216: 12210: 12194: 12190: 12184: 12165: 12158: 12152: 12136: 12132: 12128: 12122: 12114: 12108: 12104: 12103: 12095: 12079: 12075: 12071: 12065: 12049: 12045: 12039: 12028: 12021: 12015: 12007: 12003: 11997: 11990: 11986: 11983: 11978: 11962: 11958: 11954: 11948: 11940: 11934: 11919: 11915: 11909: 11893: 11889: 11883: 11877: 11873: 11870: 11865: 11857: 11851: 11836: 11832: 11826: 11818: 11814: 11808: 11800: 11796: 11790: 11775:. 12 May 2021 11774: 11770: 11764: 11745: 11738: 11732: 11716: 11712: 11706: 11687: 11680: 11674: 11655: 11648: 11642: 11634: 11628: 11612: 11608: 11602: 11583: 11576: 11570: 11554: 11550: 11544: 11525: 11518: 11512: 11493: 11486: 11480: 11461: 11454: 11448: 11429: 11422: 11416: 11400: 11396: 11392: 11386: 11379: 11375: 11371: 11368: 11363: 11352: 11345: 11339: 11320: 11313: 11307: 11291: 11285: 11266: 11259: 11253: 11245: 11241: 11235: 11219: 11215: 11209: 11190: 11183: 11177: 11158: 11151: 11145: 11129: 11125: 11119: 11103: 11099: 11093: 11074: 11067: 11061: 11042: 11035: 11029: 11013: 11009: 11003: 10984: 10977: 10971: 10955: 10951: 10945: 10929: 10925: 10921: 10915: 10913: 10911: 10909: 10907: 10905: 10903: 10901: 10899: 10897: 10895: 10893: 10891: 10889: 10887: 10885: 10883: 10881: 10879: 10877: 10875: 10873: 10871: 10869: 10867: 10865: 10863: 10861: 10859: 10857: 10855: 10853: 10851: 10849: 10847: 10830: 10826: 10820: 10804: 10800: 10796: 10790: 10783: 10778: 10762: 10758: 10756:9781402098949 10752: 10748: 10747: 10739: 10723: 10719: 10713: 10709: 10708: 10703: 10697: 10689: 10683: 10679: 10675: 10669: 10653: 10649: 10643: 10627: 10623: 10621:9780231526623 10617: 10613: 10612: 10604: 10602: 10593: 10587: 10583: 10579: 10564: 10560: 10559:PBS Frontline 10556: 10549: 10541: 10535: 10531: 10527: 10523: 10516: 10508: 10502: 10498: 10493: 10492: 10486: 10480: 10464: 10460: 10456: 10452: 10448: 10444: 10442:9780511977367 10438: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10418: 10414: 10407: 10405: 10396: 10392: 10385: 10369: 10365: 10361: 10357: 10351: 10347: 10346:Facts On File 10343: 10339: 10332: 10330: 10328: 10319: 10306: 10298: 10291: 10283: 10281:9780739142943 10277: 10273: 10266: 10250: 10246: 10242: 10236: 10234: 10232: 10215: 10211: 10207: 10201: 10199: 10182: 10178: 10177:the Akbarnama 10174: 10167: 10160: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10129: 10127:9781783475728 10123: 10119: 10112: 10105: 10101: 10096: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10066: 10050: 10046: 10039: 10031: 10030: 10022: 10016: 10015:81-89118-06-4 10012: 10008: 10002: 9993: 9984: 9975: 9959: 9955: 9949: 9945: 9941: 9940: 9935: 9929: 9927: 9925: 9917: 9905: 9901: 9894: 9887: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9860: 9858: 9841: 9837: 9835:9781448131617 9831: 9827: 9826: 9818: 9816: 9814: 9797: 9793: 9789: 9782: 9775: 9770: 9768: 9760: 9755: 9749: 9742: 9740: 9736: 9722: 9718: 9711: 9695: 9691: 9684: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9654: 9638: 9634: 9628: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9606: 9590: 9586: 9582: 9576: 9560: 9556: 9552: 9546: 9531: 9527: 9526: 9521: 9515: 9499: 9495: 9494:@businessline 9491: 9485: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9462: 9446: 9442: 9438: 9432: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9402: 9386: 9382: 9378: 9371: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9341: 9325: 9321: 9317: 9311: 9295: 9291: 9287: 9281: 9273: 9267: 9251: 9247: 9243: 9236: 9228: 9226:9780415448512 9222: 9218: 9214: 9213: 9205: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9175: 9168: 9167: 9161: 9159:9781476733920 9155: 9151: 9146: 9145: 9136: 9129: 9127: 9113: 9109: 9102: 9095: 9082: 9078: 9071: 9064: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9037: 9028: 9016: 9012: 9010:9780313386985 9006: 9002: 9001: 8995: 8992: 8980: 8976: 8972: 8969: 8956: 8952: 8951: 8946: 8942: 8939: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8915: 8914: 8910: 8901: 8889: 8885: 8884: 8879: 8875: 8872: 8860: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8845: 8841: 8838: 8835: 8834: 8832: 8820: 8816: 8815: 8810: 8803: 8787: 8783: 8777: 8761: 8757: 8751: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8720: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8690: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8660: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8637: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8607: 8591: 8587: 8583: 8577: 8561: 8557: 8553: 8546: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8516: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8486: 8475: 8471: 8464: 8458: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8428: 8412: 8408: 8402: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8371: 8363: 8357: 8341: 8337: 8331: 8315: 8311: 8305: 8297: 8291: 8287: 8280: 8272: 8270:9781784710736 8266: 8262: 8261: 8253: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8223: 8207: 8203: 8201:9781850654933 8197: 8193: 8192: 8184: 8182: 8180: 8178: 8176: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8144: 8137: 8135: 8134:Islamic world 8129: 8127:9781933782652 8123: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8104: 8102: 8100: 8092: 8087: 8085:9780195305135 8081: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8062: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8031: 8027: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8000: 7992: 7980: 7975: 7963: 7958: 7952: 7943: 7938: 7929: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7905:Christian era 7902: 7896: 7892: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7789: 7783: 7778: 7775: 7769: 7764: 7761: 7750: 7740: 7733: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7714: 7709: 7706: 7699: 7694: 7691: 7687: 7680: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7660: 7655: 7651: 7644: 7639: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7610: 7606: 7601: 7598:According to 7595: 7591: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7547: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7523: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7508: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7478:March equinox 7475: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7455: 7441: 7437: 7421: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7403: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7369: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7306: 7300: 7291: 7283: 7272: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7244: 7237: 7232: 7228: 7221: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7201: 7196: 7192: 7186: 7181: 7177: 7170: 7165: 7164: 7160: 7159:calligraffiti 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7142: 7137: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7117: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7062: 7047: 7043: 7037: 7032: 7028: 7021: 7016: 7012: 7006: 7001: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6944: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6888: 6887: 6879: 6861: 6856: 6849: 6844: 6837: 6832: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6824: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6806: 6805:, and so on. 6804: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6761: 6751: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6719: 6701: 6697: 6691: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6669:Faisal Mosque 6663: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6645:Id Kah Mosque 6639: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6619: 6614: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6604: 6600: 6594: 6589: 6585: 6584:Moorish-style 6581: 6575: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6556: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6537: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6529: 6522: 6518: 6512: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6489: 6484: 6481: 6480:Mughal Empire 6477: 6473: 6467: 6462: 6459: 6455: 6449: 6444: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6433: 6432: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6417:caravanserais 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6369: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6322: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6290: 6279: 6277: 6273: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6252:Mughal Bengal 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6237:ancient times 6234: 6233:manual labour 6229: 6225: 6221: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6155: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6120:Mediterranean 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6088: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6072: 6068: 6060: 6057:, painted by 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6039: 6030: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5984: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5968:. Avicenna's 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5908: 5907: 5900: 5894: 5889: 5885: 5878: 5873: 5872: 5871: 5870: 5863: 5856: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5836: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5795: 5790: 5784: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5769: 5765: 5758: 5753: 5749: 5748: 5743: 5737: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5694: 5684: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5663:, founder of 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5641:phenomenology 5638: 5633: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5618: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5559: 5554: 5550: 5545: 5543: 5538: 5536: 5535: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5488: 5484: 5478: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5387: 5386:coming of age 5383: 5379: 5375: 5374:desert island 5371: 5368: 5364: 5363: 5359:and Kamil in 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5261:Arabic poetry 5257: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5208: 5198: 5191: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5156:The story of 5152: 5147: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5130: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5116: 5106: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5075:ceramic glaze 5068: 5064: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4942: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4925: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4888: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4873: 4866: 4861: 4858: 4854: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4836: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4811: 4806: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4788: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4758: 4755: 4751: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4724: 4717:, Bangladesh. 4716: 4712: 4707: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4678: 4674: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4651: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4631: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4545: 4540: 4533: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4512: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4451:Jewish Agency 4449:In 2018, the 4447: 4445: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4328: 4323: 4316: 4311: 4304: 4299: 4292: 4287: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4258: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4228: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4195: 4188: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4110: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 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1775:Mughal Empire 1773:was ruled by 1772: 1768: 1765:, especially 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1713:republicanism 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1558:Razia Sultana 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1514:Ghurid Empire 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1328: 1325: 1317: 1307: 1303: 1297: 1296: 1291:This section 1289: 1285: 1280: 1279: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1253:Anglo-Russian 1250: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1218: 1213: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1199: 1198: 1196: 1195: 1190: 1180: 1179: 1178: 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Retrieved 8040: 8030: 7999: 7937: 7928: 7895: 7851:Pan-Islamism 7788:World portal 7760:Islam portal 7633: 7609:gender roles 7605:essentialism 7599: 7597: 7548: 7544:lunar months 7524: 7509: 7482:astronomical 7459: 7415:Anno Hegirae 7400: 7370: 7344:used in the 7318:lunar months 7287: 7254: 7193:calligraphy. 7138: 7118: 7107: 7066: 6977:such as the 6942: 6933: 6929: 6926:Syrian Roman 6921: 6920: 6909:architecture 6900: 6884: 6883: 6807: 6796: 6790: 6763: 6721: 6643:Entrance of 6435: 6434: 6366: 6339:Mesopotamian 6294: 6282:Architecture 6276:architecture 6269: 6156: 6146:include the 6116:trade routes 6089: 6074: 5996: 5988:pharmacology 5981: 5977: 5969: 5953: 5949: 5935: 5931:quasicrystal 5924:al-Khwarzimi 5913: 5884:Omar Khayyam 5815: 5792: 5745: 5723: 5722: 5634: 5619: 5603:George Keith 5562: 5556: 5546: 5539: 5532: 5526: 5512: 5464: 5461:Robert Boyle 5454: 5451:Daniel Defoe 5446: 5415:resurrection 5391: 5390: 5381: 5377: 5367:autodidactic 5360: 5356: 5353:protagonists 5348: 5342: 5336: 5326: 5320: 5313:Ibn al-Nafis 5307: 5302:Amir Arsalan 5300: 5293:Greater Iran 5286: 5272: 5258: 5224: 5223: 5205: 5203: 5197:Magic carpet 5176: 5161: 5157: 5139:Oghuz Turkic 5134: 5072: 5056: 4962: 4775:Islamization 4750:M. 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Tauris 10212:. TED.com. 10085:28 December 10055:28 December 9565:22 December 9504:17 November 9411:www.cia.gov 9360:22 December 9330:22 December 8968:population. 8878:"Religions" 8865:20 December 8792:17 November 8766:17 November 8740:17 November 8417:27 November 8391:14 February 8346:16 December 8320:16 December 8013:Afghanistan 7796:Arabization 7664:A group of 7614:Asma Barlas 7555:Afghanistan 7551:zodiac sign 7540:solar years 7505:Sunni Islam 7468:. 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17709:Muhammad 17608:, on NPR 17544:36438874 17436:: 1–10. 17430:Muqarnas 17392:14203815 17365:40347477 17331:66393160 17230:Archived 16894:Archived 16861:Archived 16749:Archived 16614:Archived 16373:Archived 16348:(1976). 16309:Archived 16282:Archived 16223:Archived 16180:11 April 16174:Archived 16076:Archived 15987:(1994). 15964:Archived 15932:(1996), 15883:Archived 15817:Archived 15789:Archived 15765:Archived 15728:, p. 10 15679:Archived 15470:(1994), 15447:Archived 15375:Archived 15345:Archived 15341:ABC News 15290:Archived 15252:Archived 15226:Archived 15200:Archived 15174:Archived 15148:Archived 15122:Archived 15064:Archived 14749:Archived 14667:Archived 14539:Istanbul 14527:Archived 14457:, 1873.) 14360:Istanbul 14289:Archived 14213:Archived 14187:Archived 14154:Archived 14128:Archived 14097:Archived 14026:Archived 13954:Archived 13918:Archived 13884:Archived 13837:Archived 13819:52362778 13775:Archived 13746:Archived 13720:Archived 13693:Archived 13589:Archived 13554:Archived 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6653:Xinjiang 6565:Selangor 6548:, Turkey 6546:Istanbul 6401:khanqahs 6381:madrasas 6368:muqarnas 6363:minarets 6195:sawmills 6150:and the 6096:windmill 6019:Avicenna 5992:pharmacy 5814:'s work 5724:Sciences 5687:Sciences 5643:and the 5523:Ibn Sina 5521:scholar 5503:polymath 5399:polymath 5283:Ferdowsi 5254:Ali Baba 5216:Sanskrit 5160:and the 5099:Damascus 5091:fritware 5067:fritware 5058:shatranj 5037:Ceramics 5027:Egyptian 4991:and the 4958:painting 4818:between 4798:al-Qadir 4701:Refugees 4607:(11.5), 4601:graduate 4499:Buddhist 4391:Istanbul 4376:Yarsanis 4201:Omdurman 4080:Shaykism 4076:Alawites 4044:Mustaali 3804:Abu Bakr 3781:Religion 3775:Tanzania 3755:Ethiopia 3626:Egyptian 3498:Islamism 3491:Islamism 3484:Islamism 3442:Politics 3418:DR Congo 3370:Tanzania 3338:Ethiopia 2873:Maldives 2860:Malaysia 2782:Djibouti 2668:Pakistan 2572:school. 2349:Al-Qaeda 2343:Islamist 2321:Kemalist 2179:and the 2175:between 2151:between 2034:Ottomans 1879:in 1522. 1806:Zamburak 1781:through 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