1839:
146:
1678:
1670:, they still employed many non-Muslims in the administration and promoted a form of religious pluralism. It was known as one of the major trading nations of the medieval world, attracting immigrants and traders from different parts of the world. Bengali ships and merchants traded across the region, including in Malacca, China, Africa, Europe and the Maldives through maritime links and overland trade routes. Contemporary European and Chinese visitors described Bengal as the "richest country to trade with" due to the abundance of goods in Bengal. In 1500, the royal capital of
2249:
1151:, of which the sultanates represented a significant part, grew by nearly 80%, to $ 60.5 billion; however, this growth was lower than Indiaâs GDP growth during the prior 1,000 years. Additionally, Maddison estimates that Indiaâs population grew by nearly 50% during the same period. The Delhi Sultanate period coincided with a greater use of mechanical technology in the Indian subcontinent. While India previously already had sophisticated agriculture, food crops, textiles, medicine, minerals, and metals, it was not as sophisticated as the
2374:
2179:, and some members of the dynasty became well-versed in that language and composed its literature in that language. The Bahmani Sultanate adopted the patterns established by the Delhi overlords in tax collection and administration, but its downfall was caused in large measure by the competition and hatred between Deccani (domiciled Muslim immigrants and local converts) and paradesi (foreigners or officials in temporary service). The Bahmani Sultanate initiated a process of cultural synthesis visible in
1000:
44:
2130:
1177:
1193:
1445:
2466:
2490:
2478:
3981:
1093:(1451â1526). Power in Delhi was often gained by violenceânineteen of the thirty-five sultans were assassinatedâand was legitimized by reward for tribal loyalty. Factional rivalries and court intrigues were as numerous as they were treacherous; territories controlled by the sultan expanded and shrank depending on his personality and fortunes.
1168:
wheel, prolonged political instability and parasitic methods of tax collection brutalized the peasantry. Yet trade and a market economy, encouraged by the free-spending habits of the aristocracy, acquired new impetus both in India and overseas. Experts in metalwork, stonework and textile manufacture
1159:
in terms of mechanical technology. Sultan 'Ala ud-Din made an attempt to reassess, systematize, and unify land revenues and urban taxes and to institute a highly centralized system of administration over his realm, but his efforts were abortive. Although agriculture in
2276:
rulers, developed into an independent spoken and literary language during this period by continuously borrowing from Arabic-Persian, Marathi, Kannada, and Telugu. Dakhani later became known as
Dakhani Urdu to distinguish it from North Indian
1811:
between 1394 and 1479. It reached its greatest height under the rule of Sultan
Ibrahim Shah, who also vastly contributed to the development of Islamic education in the Sultanate. In 1479, Sultan Hussain Khan was defeated by the forces of
1909:. The region was a major production center for cotton muslin cloth, silk cloth, shipbuilding, gunpowder, saltpetre, and metalworks. The British company eventually challenged the authority of the Nawabs. In the aftermath of the
3229:
2229:) in 1527. Although the five sultanates were all ruled by Muslims, their founders were of diverse, and often originally non-Muslim origins: the Ahmadnagar Sultanate was of Hindu-Brahmin origins; the Berar sultanate by a
642:
1389:. Earlier, he was the governor of Gujarat appointed by the Tughlaq Sultans of Delhi. However, in the aftermath of the destruction of Delhi by Emir Timur, he declared independence in 1407. The next sultan, his grandson
2006:
overcame the disunited collection of Indian states in a single rapid campaign. Determined rebels continued to wage sporadic guerrilla clashes until the spring of 1859. This rebellion is also historically known as the
1281:
After the death of
Aurangzeb in 1707, the empire declined and reduced subsequently to the region in and around Old Delhi by 1757 to 1760. The decline of the Mughals in the 18th century provided opportunity for the
3905:
3410:
3306:"He founded the Bengali Husayn Shahi dynasty, which ruled from 1493 to 1538, and was known to be tolerant to Hindus, employing many on them in his service and promoting a form of religious pluralism"
2554:
1124:
broke away. Some of these kingdoms, such as
Jaunpur, were again brought back under the Delhi Sultanate's control, although the rest remained independent from central rule until the conquests of the
3648:
2656:
1764:
region remained outside of Mughal control until being absorbed in the early 17th century. The delta was controlled by a confederation of aristocrats of the
Sultanate, who became known as the
1065:(1211â1236), established the Delhi Sultanate on a firm basis, which enabled future sultans to push in every direction. Within the next 100 years, the Delhi Sultanate extended its way east to
3215:
Similarly, Zaffar Khan
Muzaffar, the first independent ruler of Gujarat, was not a foreign Muslim but a Khatri convert, of a low subdivision called the Tank, originally from southern Punjab.
2268:
The rulers of the Deccan sultanates made a number of cultural contributions in the fields of literature, art, architecture, and music. An important contribution was the development of the
3149:
3874:
1173:
and many
Persian cultural aspects became dominant in the centers of power, as the rulers of the Delhi Sultanate had been thoroughly Persianized since the era of the Ghaznavids.
837:
adopted a secular legal system and enforced religious neutrality. Muslim rule in India saw a major shift in the cultural, linguistic, and religious makeup of the subcontinent.
2856:
2183:
where cultural flowering is still expressed in vigorous schools of
Deccani architecture and painting. The later rulers are buried in an elaborate tomb complex, known as the
1835:
was a title given by the
Mughals to the governors of different provinces. During disintegration of the empire in the 18th century, many Nawabs became de facto independent.
3897:
2121:. Although the control of Delhi sultanate was weakened after 1335 in the south, its successor Muslim states continued to rule Deccan plateau for next several centuries.
2934:
1013:
The Delhi
Sultanate was the first of the two major Islamic empires which was based in mainland India between 1206 and 1526. It emerged after the disintegration of the
2895:
2817:
2617:
3352:
3707:
3402:
2281:. Deccani miniature paintingâwhich flourished in the courts of Ahmadnagar, Bijapur, and Golcondaâis another major cultural contribution of the Deccan sultanates.
3729:
2778:
3058:
145:
3177:
2558:
647:
1744:
was the last ruling dynasty of the sultanate. The Mughals became determined to bring an end to the independent kingdom. Mughal rule formally began with the
3440:
1623:; ultimately unifying Bengal into one single independent Sultanate. At its greatest extent, the Bengal Sultanate's realm and protectorates stretched from
3638:
2502:
2559:
The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; by Sir H. M. Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867â1877
4021:
1365:; and permanently establishing Muslim rule in the regions of central and western India. After his death, independent Islamic kingdoms emerged there.
2640:
1509:'s invasion and the disintegration of the Delhi Sultanate, in 1401/2, made Malwa an independent realm. In 1561, the Sultanate was conquered by the
2029:
were established during the 14th century. Nobles in the court of the Delhi Sultanate founded other Islamic dynasties elsewhere in India including
3467:
The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal
3564:
1729:, a contemporary Arab scholar, was a teacher at the madrasa in Makkah. The madrasa in Madinah was built at a place called Husn al-Atiq near the
3133:
2137:
The Muhammad bin Tughlaq's failure to hold securely the Deccan and South India resulted in the rise of competing for Southern dynasties: the
2545:
2531:
2187:. The exterior of one of the tombs is decorated with coloured tiles. Arabic, Persian and Urdu inscriptions are inscribed inside the tombs.
1318:
952:
3534:
3866:
845:
vocabulary began to enter local languages, giving way to modern Punjabi, Bengali, and Gujarati, while creating new languages including
719:
2957:
2054:
3285:
2840:
1310:
682:
3198:
2155:, a former provincial governor under the Tughluqs, revolted against Delhi Sultans and proclaimed himself sultan, taking the title
3809:
Sara Mondini (2016). "The Use of Quranic Inscriptions in the Bahmani Royal Mausoleums The Case of Three Tombstones from Ashtur".
3586:
1768:. The Mughal government eventually suppressed the remnants of the Sultanate and brought all of Bengal under full Mughal control.
1334:
4026:
1726:
1326:
634:
2350:
3844:
3701:
3501:
3474:
3346:
3319:
3261:
3208:
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3052:
2967:
2928:
2918:
2889:
2850:
2811:
2772:
2689:
2650:
2611:
3756:
3507:
2879:
2801:
2563:
The Packard Humanities Institute; Persian Texts in Translation; Also find other historical books: Author List and Title List
1998:
Oudh joined other Indian states in an upheaval against British rule in 1858 during one of the last series of actions in the
1838:
1270:
India was producing 24.5% of the world's manufacturing output up until 1750. Mughal economy has been described as a form of
2601:
2343:
death in 1707, the Mughal Empire crumbled, and the viceroy in Hyderabad, the young Asaf Jah, declared..himself independent.
807:
was compiled, which briefly served as the legal system of Mughal Empire. Additional Islamic policies were re-introduced in
629:
2562:
2354:
604:
594:
163:
3691:
3247:
43:
3022:
609:
3733:
2762:
3965:
3938:
3766:
3678:
3616:
3143:
3042:
2997:
2745:
2714:
1913:
in 1756, in which the Nawab's forces overran the main British base, the East India Company dispatched a fleet led by
619:
516:
1701:
Persian was used as a diplomatic and commercial language. Arabic was the liturgical language of the clergy, and the
1866:
571:
3174:
2205:
The Bahmani Sultanate lasted for almost two centuries, until it fragmented into five smaller states, known as the
248:
2842:
Urdu/Hindi: An Artificial Divide: African Heritage, Mesopotamian Roots, Indian Culture & British Colonialism
3432:
1785:
1164:
improved as a result of new canal construction and irrigation methods, including what came to be known as the
3530:
2324:
1705:
became a court language. The patronage of the sultans raised Bengali from the language of the masses. Sultan
1426:
1350:
1058:
531:
233:
873:
821:
was used as the primary basis for the legal system in the Delhi Sultanate, most notably during the rule of
675:
2423:, until their demise. The Nawabs of Carnatic eventually ceded tax rights to the British in 1801 following
1437:
annexed Sultanate of Guzerat into his empire. The kingdom was primarily based in the present-day state of
3990:
1322:
654:
3185:
2456:
956:
892:
536:
1824:, which abruptly brought an end to independent Jaunpur and its reabsorption into the Delhi Sultanate.
1433:
was killed by the Portuguese while making a deal in 1537. The end of the sultanate came in 1573, when
1401:
subdued most Rajput chieftains. The prosperity of the sultanate reached its zenith during the rule of
3996:
3556:
3238:
2803:
Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent
2233:
convert; the Bidar Sultanate was founded by a Georgian slave; the Bijapur Sultanate was founded by a
830:
624:
253:
158:
2358:
1999:
1677:
1616:
1295:
498:
738:(r. 1173â1206) is generally credited with laying the foundation of Muslim rule in Northern India.
3795:
3380:
2389:
2106:
2070:
2058:
2009:
1973:
1906:
1655:
1430:
1271:
1232:
789:. Though the Muslim dynasties in India were diversed in origin, they were linked together by the
668:
238:
25:
741:
From the late 12th century onwards, Muslim empires dominated the subcontinent, most notably the
3789:
2737:
2156:
1793:
1706:
1624:
1309:(r.1296â1316) carried out extensive conquests in the western India. He invaded the kingdoms of
1148:
1074:
970:
966:
278:
2987:
2361:
and donating 14,000 acres (5,700 ha) of land from his personal estate to Vinobha Bhave's
3522:
3491:
3336:
3309:
3170:
2062:
2034:
1604:
1275:
711:
258:
223:
3403:"Gujarat's medieval cities were once the biggest in the world â as a viral video reminds us"
3462:
2878:
Goldberg, K. Meira; Bennahum, Ninotchka Devorah; Hayes, Michelle Heffner (6 October 2015).
2600:
Noah), Abu Noah Ibrahim Ibn Mika'eel Jason Galvan (Abu; Galvan, Jason (30 September 2008).
2218:
2094:
2045:
Till the early 14th century, south India was ruled by Hindu dynasties. During the reign of
1414:
1139:(Islamic law) provided the basis for enforcing Islamic administration over the independent
1116:
all asserting independence. Timur's invasion in 1398 only accelerated the process, and the
1097:
551:
546:
73:
1933:
attempted in vain to dislodge the British. The defeat of Nawab Mir Qasim of Bengal, Nawab
8:
3277:
2508:
2289:
2257:
2164:
2148:
2066:
1730:
1686:
1354:
1216:
1022:
877:
846:
774:
715:
599:
556:
168:
153:
2049:(r.1296â1316), his slave-general Malik Kafur led multiple campaigns to the south of the
3643:
2420:
2412:
2346:
2253:
2214:
2176:
2030:
1969:
1854:
1745:
1557:
1287:
853:, used as official languages under Muslim dynasties. This period also saw the birth of
822:
790:
782:
374:
314:
293:
113:
3578:
2584:
3961:
3934:
3762:
3697:
3674:
3497:
3470:
3342:
3315:
3257:
3204:
3139:
3085:
3048:
3018:
2993:
2963:
2924:
2885:
2846:
2807:
2768:
2741:
2710:
2685:
2646:
2607:
2444:
2400:
2339:
from 1713 to 1721 who intermittently ruled under the title "Asaf Jah" in 1924. After
2293:
2285:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2196:
2141:
2086:
2026:
2003:
1968:, were regarded as members of the nobility of the greater Mughal Empire. They joined
1922:
1910:
1858:
1777:
1749:
1612:
1469:
1461:
1449:
1410:
1374:
1362:
1267:
between 1540 and 1556, the Mughals continued to rule in one form or other till 1857.
1215:
was the second & last major Islamic empire to assert dominance over most of the
1121:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1042:
786:
770:
762:
754:
707:
566:
208:
198:
188:
128:
123:
108:
98:
88:
58:
1995:
eventually declared itself independent from the rule of the "Great Moghul" in 1818.
1405:. He also subdued most Gujarati Rajput chieftains and built a navy off the coast of
3822:
3818:
2513:
2392:
2362:
2180:
2168:
2118:
2102:
2022:
1722:
1702:
1694:
1600:
1590:
1565:
1457:
1398:
1342:
1170:
1109:
1101:
1100:
in 1335. However, it came under gradual decline afterwards, with kingdoms like the
1018:
891:
Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, large parts of India were colonized by the
854:
838:
778:
758:
735:
526:
298:
288:
218:
193:
93:
63:
3836:
1548:, after the disintegration of Arab caliphate. Following decline of Mughal empire,
872:
In the 18th century the Islamic influence in India begin to decline following the
3955:
3928:
3181:
2731:
2679:
2436:
2373:
2312:
2248:
2226:
2222:
2172:
2090:
2046:
2002:. In the course of this uprising detachments of the British Indian Army from the
1988:
1946:
1918:
1850:
1821:
1789:
1741:
1596:
1549:
1545:
1529:
1482:
1465:
1453:
1434:
1378:
1346:
1330:
1306:
1260:
1228:
1082:
1046:
1007:
1003:
994:
904:
826:
766:
742:
479:
354:
303:
283:
243:
228:
83:
3693:
A Social History of the Deccan, 1300â1761: Eight Indian Lives · Part 1, Volume 8
3785:
3242:
3234:
2989:
Nations: The Long History and Deep Roots of Political Ethnicity and Nationalism
2881:
Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives
2540:
2526:
2482:
2332:
2160:
2098:
1957:
1934:
1780:
was founded in 1394 by Khwajah-i-Jahan Malik Sarwar, a eunuch slave and former
1761:
1640:
1553:
1541:
1533:
1494:
1438:
1358:
1314:
1283:
1165:
1144:
1086:
1078:
1070:
912:
908:
900:
804:
797:
561:
414:
389:
384:
339:
33:
3374:
969:
as early as the 7th century. Islamic rule in India prior to the advent of the
4015:
3985:
3029:
The career of Khizr Khan, a Punjabi chieftain belonging to the Khokar clan...
2639:
Syed, Muzaffar Husain; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (14 September 2011).
2424:
2336:
2184:
2167:, which would outlast the Sultanate. The Bahmani Sultans were patrons of the
1961:
1690:
1537:
1510:
1490:
1418:
1402:
1212:
1206:
1152:
1125:
1014:
999:
746:
589:
541:
521:
349:
344:
324:
203:
103:
869:
were born out of a fusion of Hindu and Muslim religious traditions as well.
2764:
Sociological Traditions: Methods and Perspectives in the Sociology of India
2494:
2470:
2238:
2114:
2078:
1977:
1942:
1914:
1890:
1842:
1817:
1765:
1757:
1682:
1671:
1651:
1502:
1390:
1224:
1090:
850:
614:
399:
329:
213:
4006:
4002:
3608:
2555:
The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period
2447:
which was centered in and around Madurai and existed for barely 40 years.
1987:
and 1788â1806) to the imperial throne. The Nawab of Awadh also fought the
1382:
1176:
1073:. The sultanate was in constant flux as five dynasties rose and fell: the
876:, resulting in former Mughal territory conquered rival powers such as the
3082:
Contours of the world economy 1â2030 AD: essays in macro-economic history
2416:
2385:
2152:
2129:
1894:
1813:
1573:
1514:
1291:
1219:
between 1526 and 1857. The empire was founded by the Turco-Mongol leader
1161:
896:
866:
812:
808:
379:
1992:
1886:
1846:
1444:
1406:
1264:
1252:
1185:
919:
750:
723:
394:
334:
78:
1674:
was the fifth-most populous city in the world with 200,000 residents.
1192:
2440:
2395:
during the latter part of the 18th century. They made alliances with
2381:
2340:
2234:
2230:
1930:
1926:
1620:
1561:
1498:
1394:
1256:
1181:
1132:
1062:
978:
974:
800:
698:
is conventionally said to have started in 712, after the conquest of
369:
2535:. Vol. VI: The Delhi Sultanate. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
2419:
between about 1690 and 1855, and was under the legal purview of the
2983:
2549:. Vol. VII: The Mughal Empire. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
2439:(of modern-day Kerala) who were a subordinate of their masters the
2320:
2273:
2242:
2110:
2074:
2050:
1667:
1659:
1636:
1248:
927:
923:
474:
439:
359:
308:
118:
3984:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2733:
Aurangzeb and Tipu Sultan: Evaluation of Their Religious Policies
2328:
2269:
2163:. Bahmani empire was known for its perpetual wars with its rival
2082:
1718:
1710:
1663:
1628:
1608:
1422:
1240:
930:
are the Muslim majority nations in the Indian subcontinent while
862:
858:
731:
469:
444:
68:
3867:"Nizam Hyderabad Mir Osman Ali Khan was a perfect secular ruler"
1290:
to become independent. The empire was formally dissolved by the
2557:; published by London Trubner Company 1867â1877. (Online Copy:
2396:
2138:
1902:
1882:
1874:
1805:
1801:
1781:
1733:. Several other Bengali Sultans also sponsored madrasas in the
1714:
1632:
1569:
1425:
attacked Gujarat in 1535 and briefly occupied it, during which
1386:
1338:
1169:
responded to the new patronage with enthusiasm. In this period
1136:
1066:
1050:
1034:
1030:
1026:
982:
935:
885:
881:
842:
818:
727:
703:
449:
434:
404:
2959:
Government and Politics in South Asia, Student Economy Edition
2037:
was also a major power in northern India in the 18th century.
1263:. Apart from the brief interruption of 16 Years by the Afghan
3898:"Much of Bhoodan land found to be under encroachment in city"
2349:
showing an enormous contributions on the field of education,
2316:
2304:
2145:
1965:
1898:
1878:
1832:
1797:
1753:
1734:
1525:
1506:
1486:
1244:
1236:
1220:
1156:
1140:
1054:
1038:
962:
938:
minority population in the world numbering over 204 million.
931:
834:
699:
409:
364:
319:
2345:
The dynasty ruled for 7 generations, with the last Nizam â
2278:
1938:
1808:
1644:
3175:
India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries
1949:
in 1764 paved the way for British expansion across India.
880:. However, Islamic rule would still remain under regional
796:
The height of Islamic rule was marked during the reign of
3119:
Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History
2539:
2525:
1274:, like that of 18th-century Western Europe prior to the
753:
from the mid-14th to late 18th centuries, including the
2159:
in 1347. It was the first Muslim empire located in the
1595:
In 1339, the Bengal region became independent from the
3098:
2684:. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Limited.
2272:
language, which, having started development under the
1017:
in 1206. During the last quarter of the 12th century,
3376:
Bar chart race: the most populous cities through time
2877:
2707:
Morality and Justice in Islamic Economics and Finance
2454:
1885:
which constitute the modern-day sovereign country of
1788:, amidst the disintegration of the Delhi Sultanate's
3493:
The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204â1760
3461:
3338:
The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204â1760
1528:
was ruled by a series of Muslim dynasties including
3135:
South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny
3132:Bennett, Clinton; Ramsey, Charles M. (March 2012).
2503:
The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians
1599:and consisted of numerous Islamic city-states. The
3933:. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 219.
3228:
3044:The Making of the Indo-Islamic World:C.700-1800 CE
2677:
1568:was also a Gond/tribal Islamic kingdom located in
1448:Map of Indian subcontinent in 1525. Sultanates of
899:in 1857. Regional Islamic rule would remain under
2543:; Pusalker, A. D.; Majumdar, A. K., eds. (1973).
2529:; Pusalker, A. D.; Majumdar, A. K., eds. (1960).
2053:, obtaining a considerable amount of wealth from
1929:was installed as the puppet Nawab. His successor
648:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1989âpresent)
4013:
3926:
3689:
3549:
3527:Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
3489:
3341:. University of California Press. pp. 64â.
3334:
3012:
2638:
2307:, a shortened version of Nizam-ul-Mulk, meaning
2256:(1565), in which Deccan sultanates defeated the
3639:"As children, we wanted revenge on the British"
3311:Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society
3017:. University of California Press. p. 117.
1991:(1764) preserving the interests of the Moghul.
3957:Political History of Carnatic Under the Nawabs
3754:
3496:. University of California Press. p. 47.
3314:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 44â45.
1560:was also a prominent Muslim Rajput kingdom in
749:. Various other Muslim kingdoms ruled most of
643:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1926â1989)
16:Era in South Asia characterized by Muslim rule
3131:
2671:
1964:. The Nawabs of Awadh, along with many other
1429:would become a Portuguese colony, thereafter
676:
3808:
3730:"The Five Kingdoms of the Bahmani Sultanate"
2681:Aurangzeb And The Decay Of The Mughal Empire
2589:. Allahabad: Central Book Depot. p. 24.
2546:The History and Culture of the Indian People
2532:The History and Culture of the Indian People
2311:, was the title of the native sovereigns of
1796:, and the Sultanate extended authority over
1301:
3307:
3200:Indo-Islamic society: 14th â 15th centuries
3073:
2992:. Cambridge University Press. p. 126.
2729:
2709:. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 62â63.
2599:
2553:Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John.
2388:held power and were de facto rulers of the
1905:. The Nawabs of Bengal oversaw a period of
1147:, between the years 1000 and 1500, India's
953:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
3780:
3778:
3696:. Cambridge University Press. p. 75.
3248:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
3220:
3164:
3047:. Cambridge University Press. p. 83.
3040:
2105:. In 1323, the future sultan successfully
1873:independent ruler of the three regions of
683:
669:
3953:
3226:
2916:
2101:to fight a military campaign against the
1341:and other Hindu dynasties, including the
1045:, one of his generals proclaimed himself
946:
4022:Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent
3084:. Oxford University Press. p. 379.
2582:
2430:
2372:
2247:
2128:
2016:
1917:who defeated the last independent Nawab
1837:
1676:
1443:
1191:
1175:
998:
696:Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent
3784:
3775:
3520:
3400:
3227:Haig, T.W. & Islam, Riazul (1991).
3104:
3079:
2561:â This online Copy has been posted by:
2288:combined their forces and attacked the
1520:
4014:
3927:Kenneth Pletcher, ed. (1 April 2010).
3877:from the original on 17 September 2018
3619:from the original on 28 September 2021
3514:
3443:from the original on 11 September 2020
3015:India in the Persianate Age: 1000â1765
2955:
2704:
2355:Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway(NSGR)
2351:construction of major public buildings
2299:
1752:was defeated by the forces of Emperor
1413:wrested Diu from the Sultanate in the
1337:(1311). These victories ended several
1313:(raided in 1299 and annexed in 1304),
635:All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
3960:. Abhinav Publications. p. 104.
3895:
3383:from the original on 12 December 2021
3328:
3288:from the original on 13 November 2020
3270:
3152:from the original on 14 November 2020
3116:
2859:from the original on 21 November 2021
2799:
2760:
2678:Stanley Lane-Poole (1 January 1991).
2586:Some Aspects of Muslim Administration
2406:
1845:in 1751 (in red). Muslim kingdoms of
1501:from 1392 to 1562. It was founded by
3908:from the original on 13 October 2022
3847:from the original on 27 January 2019
3589:from the original on 19 October 2021
3510:from the original on 6 January 2017.
3413:from the original on 8 November 2020
3355:from the original on 22 October 2023
3196:
2920:The Dawn of Indian Music in the West
2838:
2723:
2323:dynasty. The dynasty was founded by
2292:in 1565, the empire crumbled at the
2190:
2124:
2107:laid siege upon the Kakatiya capital
2021:In northern India, the Multan-based
1771:
1368:
915:until the mid of the 20th century.
833:. On the other hand, rulers such as
630:Muslim chronicles for Indian history
605:All India Ulema & Mashaikh Board
3954:Ramaswami, N. S. (1 January 1984).
3896:Sunil, Mungara (4 September 2016).
3631:
3469:. Kube Publishing Ltd. p. 37.
3184:, Global Economic History Network,
2982:
2976:
2403:predominantly against the British.
2065:(1311). These victories forced the
1827:
1786:Nasiruddin Muhammad Shah IV Tughluq
1584:
595:All India Muslim Personal Law Board
13:
3710:from the original on 11 April 2023
3537:from the original on 8 August 2016
3190:
3080:Madison, Angus (6 December 2007).
2917:Lavezzoli, Peter (24 April 2006).
2820:from the original on 11 April 2023
2659:from the original on 26 April 2021
2435:Other southern states include the
2359:donations to Universities, temples
2353:across the kingdom, setting up of
2241:and the Golconda Sultanate was of
1952:
1721:. The schools became known as the
1485:was another Muslim kingdom in the
1476:
988:
610:Ahle Sunnat Movement in South Asia
14:
4038:
3567:from the original on 7 July 2015.
3490:Richard M. Eaton (31 July 1996).
3401:Kapadia, Aparna (30 March 2019).
3335:Richard M. Eaton (31 July 1996).
3061:from the original on 5 April 2023
2427:, and the kingdom was abolished.
2368:
1960:ruled major parts of present-day
1685:, once the largest mosque in the
1096:The Delhi sultanate peaked under
803:(r. 1658â1707), during which the
620:All India Shia Personal Law Board
3979:
3791:Bidar, Its History and Monuments
2956:Oberst, Robert (27 April 2018).
2488:
2476:
2464:
1867:Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad
1200:
1128:in the 16th and 17th centuries.
572:Madeenathul Uloom Arabic College
144:
42:
3947:
3920:
3889:
3859:
3829:
3802:
3748:
3722:
3683:
3663:
3651:from the original on 9 May 2019
3601:
3571:
3483:
3455:
3425:
3394:
3367:
3308:David Lewis (31 October 2011).
3300:
3125:
3110:
3034:
3006:
2949:
2937:from the original on 2 May 2021
2910:
2898:from the original on 4 May 2021
2871:
2781:from the original on 5 May 2021
2620:from the original on 2 May 2021
2319:, since 1719, belonging to the
1982:
1865:In the early 18th-century, the
1756:, and the establishment of the
272:Famous Families and ethnicities
3278:"Gaur and Pandua Architecture"
2832:
2793:
2754:
2705:Chapra, Muhammad Umer (2014).
2698:
2632:
2593:
2576:
2097:was sent by his father to the
2040:
1748:in 1576, when the last Sultan
1709:sponsored the construction of
1579:
965:existed in places such as the
895:, eventually establishing the
722:. The perfunctory rule by the
710:under the military command of
517:Jami'a Nooriyya Arabic College
1:
4027:Empires and kingdoms of India
3671:Battles of the Indian Mutiny,
3531:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
2569:
2519:
1351:Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura
1059:Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji
961:Local kings who converted to
532:Darul Huda Islamic University
234:Sayyid Sanaullah Makti Tangal
3823:10.14277/6969-085-3/EUR-4-12
3579:"Bengal | region, Asia"
3121:. The MIT Press. p. 10.
2284:When the rulers of the five
1427:Bombay, Bassein & Damaon
874:decline of the Mughal Empire
7:
3732:. orbat.com. Archived from
3173:& David Clingingsmith,
2767:. SAGE Publications India.
2761:Madan, T. N. (5 May 2011).
2645:. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd.
2450:
2264:(Chronicle of Husain Shah).
1693:, the first capital of the
1489:, covering the present day
1259:are known as the six great
1025:, conquering in succession
655:Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen
10:
4043:
3871:The Siasat Daily â Archive
3557:"Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah"
3186:London School of Economics
2839:Khan, Abdul Jamil (2006).
2309:Administrator of the Realm
2194:
1723:Ghiyasia Banjalia Madrasas
1588:
1379:Sultan Zafar Khan Muzaffar
1357:, the Rawal branch of the
1223:in 1526, when he defeated
1204:
992:
957:Umayyad campaigns in India
950:
941:
811:by Mysore's de facto king
537:Markazu Saqafathi Sunniyya
3997:Federal Research Division
3690:Richard M. Eaton (2005).
3013:Richard M. Eaton (2019).
2133:Bahmani sultanate in 1470
2113:. This victory over King
1603:was formed in 1352 after
1472:can be seen in the south.
1302:Western and central India
831:Mongol invasions of India
625:Indian Muslim nationalism
254:E. K. Aboobacker Musliyar
2642:Concise History of Islam
2583:Tripathi, R. P. (1956).
2541:Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra
2527:Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra
2325:Mir Qamar-ud-Din Siddiqi
2000:Indian rebellion of 1857
1800:and a large part of the
1617:Ikhtiyaruddin Ghazi Shah
1296:Indian Rebellion of 1857
1227:, the last ruler of the
499:List of mosques in India
3841:Encyclopedia Britannica
3796:Oxford University Press
3761:. Infobase Publishing.
3755:George C. Kohn (2006).
3613:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
3583:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
3256:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
3117:Pacey, Arnold (1991) .
2377:Mysore Kingdom in 1784.
2252:Panorama depicting the
1974:Third Battle of Panipat
1907:proto-industrialization
1397:in 1411. His successor
1381:, whose ancestors were
1272:proto-industrialization
1233:First Battle of Panipat
1057:, the reign of general
736:Sultan Muhammad of Ghor
428:Religious jurisprudence
249:Panakkad Shihab Thangal
239:Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
3203:. BRILL. p. 143.
2800:Avari, Burjor (2013).
2738:University of Michigan
2603:Art Thou That Prophet?
2378:
2265:
2157:Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah
2134:
2047:Sultan Alauddin Khalji
1862:
1760:. The eastern deltaic
1707:Ghiyathuddin Azam Shah
1698:
1473:
1307:Sultan Alauddin Khalji
1286:and Bengal as well as
1197:
1189:
1010:
971:Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)
967:Western Coastal Plains
947:Early Muslim dominions
279:Islam in Uttar Pradesh
3647:. 30 September 2016.
3433:"Evolution of Bangla"
3180:29 March 2017 at the
3171:Jeffrey G. Williamson
2845:. Algora Publishing.
2431:Other Southern states
2376:
2262:Ta'rif-i Husain Shahi
2251:
2132:
2089:to become Alauddin's
2035:Kingdom of Rohilkhand
2017:Other Northern states
1941:, and Mughal Emperor
1841:
1680:
1605:Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah
1513:from its last ruler,
1447:
1393:moved the capital to
1276:Industrial Revolution
1196:Mughal empire in 1707
1195:
1179:
1143:rulers. According to
1002:
712:Muhammad ibn al-Qasim
259:K. Ali Kutty Musliyar
224:Zainuddin Makhdoom II
3930:The History of India
3463:Muhammad Mojlum Khan
3439:. 21 February 2019.
3197:Wink, André (2003).
2730:B. N. Pande (1996).
2443:and the short-lived
2390:proto-industrialised
2144:(1347â1518) and the
2095:Muhammad bin Tughluq
1976:(1761) and restored
1792:. It was centred in
1521:Other Western states
1415:battle of Diu (1509)
1098:Muhammad bin Tughlaq
1063:Shamsuddīn Iltutmish
1006:in 1330-1335 during
861:. Religions such as
552:Al Jamiatul Ashrafia
547:Al-Jame-atul-Islamia
74:Cheraman Juma Masjid
3798:. pp. 114â142.
3736:on 23 February 2007
3615:. 3 December 2023.
3585:. 2 December 2023.
3041:André Wink (2020).
2509:Islam in South Asia
2300:Nizams of Hyderabad
2290:Vijayanagara empire
2258:Vijayanagara Empire
2237:slave purchased by
2149:Vijayanagara Empire
1727:Taqi al-Din al-Fasi
1687:Indian subcontinent
1361:, and possibly the
1217:Indian subcontinent
1023:Indo-Gangetic plain
878:Maratha Confederacy
829:, who repelled the
718:in the course of a
716:Indian subcontinent
600:Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind
557:Darul Uloom Deoband
3902:The Times of India
3873:. 13 August 2015.
3837:"Deccani painting"
3758:Dictionary of Wars
3669:Michael Edwardes,
3644:The Times of India
3609:"Odisha â History"
3523:"Ghiyasia Madrasa"
2421:Nizam of Hyderabad
2413:Carnatic Sultanate
2407:Carnatic Sultanate
2379:
2347:Mir Osman Ali Khan
2266:
2254:Battle of Talikota
2135:
2031:Khandesh Sultanate
1970:Ahmad Shah Durrani
1863:
1746:Battle of Rajmahal
1699:
1654:monarchy ruled by
1497:and south-eastern
1474:
1288:Nizam of Hyderabad
1198:
1190:
1110:Khandesh Sultanate
1011:
973:included those of
911:, and other minor
893:East India Company
823:Firuz Shah Tughlaq
791:Persianate culture
714:. It began in the
584:Influential bodies
463:Schools of thought
315:Hyderabadi Muslims
294:Rajasthani Muslims
114:Kunhali Marakkar I
3904:. TNN / Updated.
3703:978-0-521-25484-7
3503:978-0-520-20507-9
3476:978-1-84774-059-5
3348:978-0-520-20507-9
3321:978-1-139-50257-3
3263:978-90-04-08112-3
3210:978-90-04-13561-1
3138:. A&C Black.
3091:978-0-19-922720-4
3054:978-1-108-41774-7
2969:978-0-429-97340-6
2930:978-0-8264-1815-9
2923:. A&C Black.
2891:978-0-7864-9470-5
2852:978-0-87586-438-9
2813:978-0-415-58061-8
2774:978-81-321-0769-9
2691:978-81-7156-017-2
2652:978-93-82573-47-0
2613:978-0-557-00033-3
2445:Madurai Sultanate
2415:was a kingdom in
2401:Anglo-Mysore Wars
2294:Battle of Talikot
2286:Deccan sultanates
2207:Deccan sultanates
2201:Deccan sultanates
2197:Bahmani Sultanate
2191:Deccan sultanates
2142:Bahmani Sultanate
2125:Bahmani Sultanate
2027:Kashmir Sultanate
2004:Bombay Presidency
1923:Battle of Plassey
1911:siege of Calcutta
1861:can also be seen.
1778:Jaunpur Sultanate
1772:Jaunpur Sultanate
1750:Daud Khan Karrani
1643:in the north and
1615:of Lakhnauti and
1613:Alauddin Ali Shah
1470:Deccan sultanates
1411:Portuguese empire
1375:Gujarat Sultanate
1369:Gujarat Sultanate
1122:Jaunpur Sultanate
1118:Gujarat Sultanate
1114:Bahmani Sultanate
1106:Madurai Sultanate
1069:and south to the
1061:was established.
1043:Qutb-ud-din Aybak
849:and its dialect,
787:Deccan Sultanates
708:Umayyad Caliphate
693:
692:
209:Nizamuddin Auliya
199:Moinuddin Chishti
189:Sheikh Ubaidullah
129:Malabar Rebellion
124:Kingdom of Mysore
109:Deccan sultanates
99:Gujarat Sultanate
89:Bahmani Sultanate
59:Sheikh Ubaidullah
4034:
4000:
3983:
3982:
3972:
3971:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3782:
3773:
3772:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3687:
3681:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3575:
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3568:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3518:
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3511:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3459:
3453:
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3429:
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3422:
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3398:
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2696:
2695:
2675:
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2664:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2580:
2550:
2536:
2514:History of India
2493:
2492:
2491:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2460:
2393:Mysore Sultanate
2363:Bhoodan movement
2169:Persian language
2119:Kakatiya dynasty
2103:Kakatiya dynasty
2023:Langah Sultanate
1986:
1985: 1760â1788
1984:
1851:Hyderabad Deccan
1828:Nawabs of Bengal
1816:, Sultan of the
1731:Prophet's Mosque
1703:Bengali language
1695:Bengal Sultanate
1601:Bengal Sultanate
1591:Bengal Sultanate
1585:Bengal Sultanate
1566:Gonds of Deogarh
1558:Kingdom of Mewat
1505:, who following
1399:Muhammad Shah II
1171:Persian language
1102:Bengal Sultanate
1019:Muhammad of Ghor
934:has the largest
855:Hindustani music
730:was followed by
720:gradual conquest
685:
678:
671:
527:Aliah University
493:Mosques in India
299:Gujarati Muslims
289:Kashmiri Muslims
219:Sarkar Waris Pak
194:Malik bin Deenar
148:
94:Bengal Sultanate
69:Cheraman Perumal
64:Malik bin Deenar
46:
36:
21:
20:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4012:
4011:
3992:Country Studies
3989:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3968:
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3948:
3941:
3925:
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3911:
3909:
3894:
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3878:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3850:
3848:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3807:
3803:
3786:Yazdani, Ghulam
3783:
3776:
3769:
3753:
3749:
3739:
3737:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3713:
3711:
3704:
3688:
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3399:
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3349:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3305:
3301:
3291:
3289:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3264:
3235:Bosworth, C. E.
3225:
3221:
3211:
3195:
3191:
3182:Wayback Machine
3169:
3165:
3155:
3153:
3146:
3130:
3126:
3115:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3078:
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2598:
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2577:
2572:
2522:
2499:
2489:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2455:
2453:
2437:Arakkal Kingdom
2433:
2409:
2399:and fought the
2371:
2344:
2337:Mughal emperors
2313:Hyderabad state
2302:
2231:Kannadiga Hindu
2203:
2195:Main articles:
2193:
2127:
2043:
2019:
1989:Battle of Buxar
1981:
1955:
1953:Nawabs of Awadh
1947:Battle of Buxar
1919:Siraj-ud-Daulah
1830:
1822:Delhi Sultanate
1790:Tughlaq dynasty
1774:
1742:Karrani dynasty
1597:Delhi Sultanate
1593:
1587:
1582:
1523:
1483:Malwa Sultanate
1479:
1477:Malwa Sultanate
1409:. In 1509, the
1377:was founded by
1371:
1304:
1261:Mughal Emperors
1229:Delhi Sultanate
1209:
1203:
1089:(1414â51), and
1083:Tughlaq dynasty
1047:Sultan of Delhi
1004:Delhi Sultanate
997:
995:Delhi Sultanate
991:
989:Delhi Sultanate
959:
949:
944:
913:princely states
905:Hyderabad State
901:Princely states
827:Alauddin Khilji
805:Fatawa Alamgiri
743:Delhi Sultanate
689:
660:
659:
585:
577:
576:
512:
504:
503:
494:
486:
485:
484:
464:
456:
455:
454:
429:
421:
420:
419:
355:Dakhini Muslims
304:Konkani Muslims
284:Bengali Muslims
273:
265:
264:
263:
244:Syed Ahmad Khan
229:Ahmad Raza Khan
183:
175:
174:
173:
149:
142:
134:
133:
84:Delhi Sultanate
54:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4040:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4010:
4009:
3974:
3973:
3966:
3946:
3939:
3919:
3888:
3858:
3828:
3801:
3774:
3767:
3747:
3721:
3702:
3682:
3662:
3630:
3600:
3570:
3548:
3513:
3502:
3482:
3475:
3454:
3437:The Daily Star
3424:
3393:
3366:
3347:
3327:
3320:
3299:
3269:
3262:
3239:van Donzel, E.
3219:
3209:
3189:
3163:
3144:
3124:
3109:
3107:, p. 376.
3097:
3090:
3072:
3053:
3033:
3024:978-0520325128
3023:
3005:
2998:
2975:
2968:
2948:
2929:
2909:
2890:
2870:
2851:
2831:
2812:
2792:
2773:
2753:
2746:
2722:
2715:
2697:
2690:
2670:
2651:
2631:
2612:
2592:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2551:
2537:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2498:
2497:
2485:
2473:
2452:
2449:
2432:
2429:
2408:
2405:
2370:
2369:Mysore Kingdom
2367:
2301:
2298:
2192:
2189:
2126:
2123:
2099:Deccan Plateau
2042:
2039:
2018:
2015:
1958:Nawab of Awadh
1954:
1951:
1935:Shuja-ud-Daula
1829:
1826:
1773:
1770:
1656:Turco-Persians
1647:in the south.
1589:Main article:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1522:
1519:
1495:Madhya Pradesh
1478:
1475:
1439:Gujarat, India
1385:from southern
1370:
1367:
1303:
1300:
1284:Nawabs of Oudh
1205:Main article:
1202:
1199:
1145:Angus Maddison
1087:Sayyid dynasty
1079:Khalji dynasty
1075:Mamluk dynasty
993:Main article:
990:
987:
975:Arab Caliphate
948:
945:
943:
940:
909:Junagadh State
798:Mughal Emperor
691:
690:
688:
687:
680:
673:
665:
662:
661:
658:
657:
652:
651:
650:
645:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
586:
583:
582:
579:
578:
575:
574:
569:
567:Ma'din Academy
564:
562:Manzar-e-Islam
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
513:
510:
509:
506:
505:
502:
501:
495:
492:
491:
488:
487:
483:
482:
477:
472:
466:
465:
462:
461:
458:
457:
453:
452:
447:
442:
437:
431:
430:
427:
426:
423:
422:
418:
417:
415:Shershahabadia
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
385:Iraqi Biradari
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
340:Bihari Muslims
337:
332:
327:
325:Dawoodi Bohras
322:
317:
312:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
275:
274:
271:
270:
267:
266:
262:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
185:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:
172:
171:
166:
164:Indo-Saracenic
161:
156:
150:
143:
140:
139:
136:
135:
132:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
55:
52:
51:
48:
47:
39:
38:
35:Islam in India
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4039:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4008:
4004:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3987:
3986:public domain
3978:
3977:
3969:
3967:9780836412628
3963:
3959:
3958:
3950:
3942:
3940:9781615302017
3936:
3932:
3931:
3923:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3892:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3832:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3781:
3779:
3770:
3768:9781438129167
3764:
3760:
3759:
3751:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3686:
3680:
3679:0-330-02524-4
3676:
3672:
3666:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3634:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3521:Abdul Karim.
3517:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3486:
3478:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3370:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3331:
3323:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3303:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3265:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3223:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3193:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3151:
3147:
3145:9781441151278
3141:
3137:
3136:
3128:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3101:
3093:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3037:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3001:
2999:9781107007857
2995:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2971:
2965:
2962:. Routledge.
2961:
2960:
2952:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2913:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2884:. McFarland.
2883:
2882:
2874:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2835:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2806:. Routledge.
2805:
2804:
2796:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2757:
2749:
2747:9788185220383
2743:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2716:9781783475728
2712:
2708:
2701:
2693:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2674:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2635:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2426:
2425:Carnatic wars
2422:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2375:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2185:Bahmani Tombs
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2161:Deccan region
2158:
2154:
2151:(1336â1646).
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2010:Oudh campaign
2005:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1962:Uttar Pradesh
1959:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1891:Indian states
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1834:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1766:Baro-Bhuiyans
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1681:Ruins of the
1679:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1635:in the east,
1634:
1630:
1627:in the west,
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1556:ruled Sindh.
1555:
1554:Talpur Nawabs
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1511:Mughal empire
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1491:Indian states
1488:
1484:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:Mahmud Begada
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1213:Mughal empire
1208:
1207:Mughal Empire
1201:Mughal Empire
1194:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1153:Islamic world
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1126:Mughal Empire
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1085:(1320â1413),
1084:
1081:(1290â1320),
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:Ghurid empire
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
958:
954:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
799:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:Mughal Empire
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
686:
681:
679:
674:
672:
667:
666:
664:
663:
656:
653:
649:
646:
644:
641:
640:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
590:Muslim Jamaat
588:
587:
581:
580:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
542:Jamiatur Raza
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
522:Jamia Nizamia
520:
518:
515:
514:
508:
507:
500:
497:
496:
490:
489:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
467:
460:
459:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
425:
424:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
390:Arabs (India)
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
350:Tamil Muslims
348:
346:
345:Oriya Muslims
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
269:
268:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
204:Bakhtiar Kaki
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
186:
182:Major figures
179:
178:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
151:
147:
138:
137:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
104:Mughal Empire
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
60:
57:
56:
50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
32:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
3991:
3956:
3949:
3929:
3922:
3910:. Retrieved
3901:
3891:
3879:. Retrieved
3870:
3861:
3849:. Retrieved
3840:
3831:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3790:
3757:
3750:
3738:. Retrieved
3734:the original
3724:
3712:. Retrieved
3692:
3685:
3670:
3665:
3653:. Retrieved
3642:
3633:
3621:. Retrieved
3612:
3603:
3591:. Retrieved
3582:
3573:
3560:
3551:
3539:. Retrieved
3526:
3516:
3492:
3485:
3466:
3457:
3445:. Retrieved
3436:
3427:
3415:. Retrieved
3406:
3396:
3385:, retrieved
3375:
3369:
3357:. Retrieved
3337:
3330:
3310:
3302:
3290:. Retrieved
3281:
3272:
3253:
3246:
3222:
3214:
3199:
3192:
3166:
3154:. Retrieved
3134:
3127:
3118:
3112:
3105:Madison 2007
3100:
3081:
3075:
3063:. Retrieved
3043:
3036:
3028:
3014:
3008:
2988:
2978:
2958:
2951:
2939:. Retrieved
2919:
2912:
2900:. Retrieved
2880:
2873:
2861:. Retrieved
2841:
2834:
2822:. Retrieved
2802:
2795:
2783:. Retrieved
2763:
2756:
2732:
2725:
2706:
2700:
2680:
2673:
2661:. Retrieved
2641:
2634:
2622:. Retrieved
2606:. Lulu.com.
2602:
2595:
2585:
2578:
2544:
2530:
2434:
2410:
2380:
2308:
2303:
2283:
2267:
2261:
2239:Mahmud Gawan
2204:
2165:Vijayanagara
2136:
2115:Prataparudra
2079:Prataparudra
2063:Dwarasamudra
2044:
2020:
2008:
1997:
1978:Shah Alam II
1956:
1943:Shah Alam II
1915:Robert Clive
1870:
1864:
1843:Bengal Subah
1831:
1818:Lodi dynasty
1775:
1758:Bengal Subah
1739:
1700:
1683:Adina Mosque
1652:Sunni Muslim
1649:
1594:
1524:
1503:Dilawar Khan
1487:Malwa region
1480:
1431:Bahadur Shah
1391:Ahmad Shah I
1372:
1333:(1308), and
1305:
1280:
1269:
1225:Ibrahim Lodi
1210:
1130:
1095:
1091:Lodi dynasty
1021:invaded the
1012:
960:
917:
890:
871:
817:
795:
740:
695:
694:
615:Raza Academy
511:Universities
400:Goan Muslims
380:Sunni Bohras
214:Amir Khusrow
159:Indo-Islamic
141:Architecture
18:
3912:5 September
3881:8 September
3811:Eurasiatica
3673:Pan, 1963,
3561:Banglapedia
3541:12 February
3447:31 December
3417:22 December
3387:22 December
3359:12 February
3292:12 February
3243:Pellat, Ch.
2417:South India
2386:Tipu Sultan
2341:Aurangzeb's
2093:. In 1321,
2091:tributaries
2087:Ballala III
2071:Ramachandra
2061:(1310) and
2041:South India
1972:during the
1895:West Bengal
1814:Bahlul Lodi
1650:Although a
1611:, defeated
1607:, ruler of
1580:North India
1574:Maharashtra
1515:Baz Bahadur
1468:as well as
1319:Ranthambore
1292:British Raj
1184:, built by
1162:North India
1077:(1206â90),
1008:Tughlaq era
897:British Raj
867:Din-e-Ilahi
813:Tipu Sultan
809:South India
793:and Islam.
4016:Categories
3851:27 January
3794:. London:
3623:26 January
3593:26 January
3252:Volume VI:
2941:1 December
2902:1 December
2863:1 December
2824:1 December
2785:1 December
2663:1 December
2624:1 December
2570:References
2520:Literature
2441:Kolathiris
2335:under the
2219:Ahmednagar
2177:literature
2153:Zafar Khan
2117:ended the
2081:, and the
1993:Oudh State
1887:Bangladesh
1784:of Sultan
1363:Yajvapalas
1294:after the
1265:Sur Empire
1253:Shah Jahan
1186:Shah Jahan
979:Ghaznavids
951:See also:
920:Bangladesh
903:, such as
847:Hindustani
751:South Asia
724:Ghaznavids
395:Kayamkhani
335:Vora Patel
79:Ghaznavids
3740:5 January
3407:Scroll.in
3282:Sahapedia
3156:2 January
2984:Gat, Azar
2382:Hyder Ali
2321:Asaf Jahi
2181:Hyderabad
1931:Mir Qasim
1927:Mir Jafar
1925:in 1757.
1869:were the
1621:Sonargaon
1562:Rajasthan
1499:Rajasthan
1395:Ahmedabad
1343:Paramaras
1315:Jaisalmer
1257:Aurangzeb
1182:Taj Mahal
1131:Both the
801:Aurangzeb
639:Samastha
370:The Saits
4007:Pakistan
3906:Archived
3875:Archived
3845:Archived
3788:(1947).
3714:19 March
3708:Archived
3655:13 April
3649:Archived
3617:Archived
3587:Archived
3565:Archived
3535:Archived
3508:Archived
3465:(2013).
3441:Archived
3411:Archived
3381:archived
3353:Archived
3286:Archived
3254:MahkâMid
3245:(eds.).
3178:Archived
3150:Archived
3065:19 March
3059:Archived
2986:(2013).
2935:Archived
2896:Archived
2857:Archived
2818:Archived
2779:Archived
2657:Archived
2618:Archived
2451:See also
2274:Bahamani
2245:origin.
2235:Georgian
2215:Golconda
2111:Warangal
2075:Kakatiya
2059:Warangal
2057:(1308),
2055:Devagiri
2051:Vindhyas
2025:and the
1889:and the
1871:de facto
1855:Carnatic
1711:madrasas
1668:Pashtuns
1660:Bengalis
1546:Tarkhans
1530:Habbaris
1421:emperor
1347:Vaghelas
1329:(1305),
1325:(1303),
1321:(1301),
1317:(1299),
1249:Jahangir
928:Pakistan
924:Maldives
783:Carnatic
475:Deobandi
360:Nawayath
311:(Kerala)
309:Mappilas
119:Ali Raja
26:a series
24:Part of
3230:"MÄlwÄ"
2483:History
2457:Portals
2331:of the
2329:viceroy
2270:Dakhani
2243:Turkmen
2211:Bijapur
2173:culture
2083:Hoysala
1945:at the
1921:at the
1820:of the
1794:Jaunpur
1719:Madinah
1664:Habshis
1629:Tripura
1625:Jaunpur
1609:Satgaon
1550:Kalhora
1542:Arghuns
1534:Soomras
1462:Kashmir
1450:Gujarat
1423:Humayun
1359:Guhilas
1323:Chittor
1311:Gujarat
1241:Humayun
1231:at the
1166:Persian
983:Ghurids
942:History
918:Today,
886:Sultans
863:Sikhism
859:Qawwali
851:Deccani
839:Persian
771:Kashmir
763:Gujarat
755:Bahmani
732:Ghurids
706:by the
470:Barelwi
445:Hanbali
440:Shafi`i
53:History
3988:.
3964:
3937:
3765:
3700:
3677:
3500:
3473:
3345:
3318:
3260:
3241:&
3207:
3142:
3088:
3051:
3021:
2996:
2966:
2927:
2888:
2849:
2810:
2771:
2744:
2713:
2688:
2649:
2610:
2505:(Book)
2397:France
2333:Deccan
2225:, and
2139:Muslim
2073:, the
2067:Yadava
2033:. The
1966:Nawabs
1903:Orissa
1883:Orissa
1881:, and
1875:Bengal
1859:Mysore
1806:Yamuna
1802:Ganges
1715:Makkah
1691:Pandua
1641:Kamata
1637:Kamrup
1633:Arakan
1570:Nagpur
1538:Sammas
1458:Bengal
1419:Moghul
1417:. The
1387:Punjab
1355:Jalore
1349:, the
1345:, the
1339:Rajput
1335:Jalore
1331:Siwana
1255:, and
1137:sharia
1133:Qur'an
1071:Deccan
1067:Bengal
1051:Bengal
1037:, and
1035:Lahore
1031:Multan
1027:Ghazni
936:Muslim
882:Nawabs
843:Arabic
819:Sharia
779:Mysore
775:Multan
759:Bengal
734:, and
728:Punjab
704:Multan
480:Salafi
450:Maliki
435:Hanafi
405:Chaush
365:Bearys
330:Memons
169:Sharqi
154:Mughal
4003:India
3233:. In
2495:Islam
2471:India
2317:India
2305:Nizam
2227:Bidar
2223:Berar
2146:Hindu
2085:king
2077:king
2069:king
1899:Bihar
1879:Bihar
1847:Awadh
1833:Nawab
1798:Awadh
1782:wazir
1762:Bhati
1754:Akbar
1735:Hejaz
1689:, in
1526:Sindh
1507:Timur
1466:Delhi
1454:Malwa
1435:Akbar
1383:TÄáč
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1327:Malwa
1245:Akbar
1237:Babur
1221:Babur
1157:China
1141:Hindu
1055:Bihar
1049:. In
1039:Delhi
963:Islam
932:India
835:Akbar
767:Malwa
700:Sindh
410:Siddi
320:Khoja
3962:ISBN
3935:ISBN
3914:2022
3883:2022
3853:2019
3763:ISBN
3742:2007
3716:2023
3698:ISBN
3675:ISBN
3657:2019
3625:2023
3595:2023
3543:2020
3498:ISBN
3471:ISBN
3449:2019
3419:2019
3389:2019
3361:2020
3343:ISBN
3316:ISBN
3294:2020
3258:ISBN
3205:ISBN
3158:2015
3140:ISBN
3086:ISBN
3067:2023
3049:ISBN
3019:ISBN
2994:ISBN
2964:ISBN
2943:2021
2925:ISBN
2904:2021
2886:ISBN
2865:2021
2847:ISBN
2826:2021
2808:ISBN
2787:2021
2769:ISBN
2742:ISBN
2711:ISBN
2686:ISBN
2665:2021
2647:ISBN
2626:2021
2608:ISBN
2411:The
2384:and
2327:, a
2279:Urdu
2199:and
2175:and
1939:Oudh
1901:and
1857:and
1809:Doab
1776:The
1740:The
1717:and
1672:Gaur
1666:and
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1639:and
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