125:
1472:
146:
1573:
1746:
The dominant theory is the one that postulates an extinction by human causes. Traditional methods had dated the first human colonization of the
Balearic Islands towards 5000 BC or even before, but subsequent tests with modern methods of dating clearly indicate that there was no human presence before
1694:
and inelastic. This suggests that it was obligately a slow walker with a reduced step length, and lacked the ability to jump. The likely reason for this is as an energy saving measure, as the shock absorbing mechanism in the foot bones of other caprines requires large amounts of muscle energy, with
1706:
indicates that the areas of the brain and structures associated with vision, sound and smell were strongly reduced when compared with other caprines, with the brain only being half the size of other comparably sized caprines. These likely represent optimisations to the animals energy budget, as
1673:
are estimated to have been approximately 15â18 centimetres (5.9â7.1 in) in height with a weight of about 700â900 grams (1.5â2.0 lb), approximately 2% the bodymass of a mature adult, much lower than that of a typical ruminant, in which newborns are usually over 4% the adult bodymass.
1695:
the ability to move quickly unnecessary on the largely predator-free islands. The proximal (closest to the ankle) and medial (intermediate between the furthest and closest) phalanges were likely orientated vertically relative to the ground surface, which reduced bending stresses.
1665:
are likely to have reached a lifespan of 27 years, which is exceptionally long relative to its body size. The estimated mortality rates are substantially lower than those found for other members of
Bovidae, with a large proportion of individuals surviving into old age.
1743:) disappeared all in the same very short period of time, during the third millennium BC. Historically there was debate as to whether the extinctions were caused by climate change, or whether they were exterminated by the first human settlers of the Balearic Islands.
1656:
shows that they grew more slowly than those of other caprines, with their last teeth erupting at approximately six years of age, likely as an adaption to their longevity, though the rodent-like evergrowing lower incisor of
2758:
Welker, Frido; Duijm, Elza; van der Gaag, Kristiaan J.; van Geel, Bas; de Knijff, Peter; van
Leeuwen, Jacqueline; Mol, Dick; van der Plicht, Johannes; Raes, Niels; Reumer, Jelle; Gravendeel, Barbara (January 2014).
1751:
date to around 2632 calibrated years BC, while the minimum date of human arrival on the
Balearic Islands is currently 2282 BC. Extinction was likely rapid within less than 100 years of human arrival on the islands.
1499:
is estimated to have been approximately 50 centimetres (1.6 ft) tall at the shoulder, with a 2004 study estimating an adult body mass of around 23â32 kg (51â71 lb). The orbits of the skull of
1635:
throughout the cortex, with lines of arrested growth indicating periods where growing ceased. Although this bone morphology has previously been asserted to be otherwise unique to reptiles and a sign that
526:
have been named, representing 5 million years of gradual accumulated morphological change, including a reduction in body size and changes to the locomotor system, the teeth and the visual system.
1390:
of the islands, resulting in the denudation of most vegetation and consequently mass starvation, with only a small proportion of the population surviving a starvation episode, leading to strong
1707:
neural tissue is energetically expensive to maintain, and much of it was unnecessary in a resource limited environment where there was little need to detect predators. The binocular vision of
2218:"Ebusia moralesi n. gen. nov. sp, a new endemic caprine (Bovidae, Mammalia) from the Neogene of Eivissa Island (Balearic Islands, Western Mediterranean): evolutionary implications"
1382:
developed over the course of its evolution were probably driven by resource limitation on the relatively resource poor
Balearics, with the lack of competitors leading to increased
1999:"VI. A description of the skull and skeleton of a peculiarly modified rupicaprine antelope (Myotragus balearicus , Bate), with a notice of a new variety, M. balearicus var. major"
1661:
erupted early, both relative to the posterior teeth and in absolute age compared to other bovids. Based on skeletochronology and dental durability analysis, some individuals of
2452:
Pere Bover; Josep
Quintanab; Josep Antoni Alcover (2008). "Three islands, three worlds: Paleogeography and evolution of the vertebrate fauna from the Balearic Islands".
3345:
DamiĂ Ramis; Pere Bover (2001). "A Review of the
Evidence for Domestication of Myotragus balearicus Bate 1909 (Artiodactyla, Caprinae) in the Balearic Islands".
2319:"Enamel microstructure in the fossil bovid Myotragus balearicus (Majorca, Spain): Implications for life-history evolution of dwarf mammals in insular ecosystems"
422:, as well as a long lifespan, which developed in an unusual ecosystem where only a few other mammal species were present, terrestrial predators were absent, and
3048:
Jordana, Xavier; MarĂn-Moratalla, Nekane; Moncunill-SolĂ©, Blanca; Bover, Pere; Alcover, Josep Antoni; Köhler, Meike (25 July 2013). Laudet, Vincent (ed.).
2608:
Jordana, Xavier; MarĂn-Moratalla, Nekane; Moncunill-SolĂ©, Blanca; Bover, Pere; Alcover, Josep Antoni; Köhler, Meike (25 July 2013). Laudet, Vincent (ed.).
1536:
in each half of the lower jaw, and two premolars and three molars in each half of the upper jaw. By contrast, the earliest species had three incisors, one
2266:
1895:
Bover, Pere; Llamas, Bastien; Mitchell, Kieren J.; Thomson, Vicki A.; Alcover, Josep Antoni; Lalueza-Fox, Carles; Cooper, Alan; Pons, Joan (July 2019).
3245:"Closing the gap: New data on the last documented Myotragus and the first human evidence on Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Western Mediterranean Sea)"
1544:
with the incisors not being ever-growing, and a third premolar present in each half of the upper jaw. The teeth in the later species are much more
3597:
3463:
1504:
are roughly half the size those of other comparably sized caprines, and face-forward as opposed to the sides as in most ungulates and in earlier
3674:
2267:"Terrestrial colonization of the Balearic Islands: New evidence for the Mediterranean sea-level drawdown during the Messinian Salinity Crisis"
2055:"A new species of Myotragus Bate, 1909 (Artiodactyla, Caprinae) from the Early Pliocene of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean)"
3610:
3476:
3300:"Asynchronous ecological upheavals on the Western Mediterranean islands: New insights on the extinction of their autochthonous small mammals"
1719:. The outwards-facing eyes giving a large field of view typical of ungulates is thought to be an adaptation for vigilance against predators.
2727:"The diet of Myotragus balearicus Bate 1909 (Artiodactyla: Caprinae), an extinct bovid from the Balearic Islands: evidence from coprolites"
631:
2533:"The evolution and ontogeny of the dentition of Myotragus balearicus Bate, 1909 (Artiodactyla, Caprinae): evidence from new fossil data"
3050:"First Fossil Evidence for the Advance of Replacement Teeth Coupled with Life History Evolution along an Anagenetic Mammalian Lineage"
2610:"First Fossil Evidence for the Advance of Replacement Teeth Coupled with Life History Evolution along an Anagenetic Mammalian Lineage"
124:
3192:
Pere Bover; Josep Antoni
Alcover (2003). "Understanding Late Quaternary extinctions: the case of Myotragus balearicus (Bate, 1909)".
3689:
3571:
3450:
2569:
Winkler, Daniela Eileen; Schulz, Ellen; Calandra, Ivan; Gailer, Juan-Pablo; Landwehr, Christina; Kaiser, Thomas M. (January 2013).
641:
2679:
3684:
3669:
1652:
reached maximum size (somatic maturity) and probably sexual maturity at 12 years of age. Analysis of the high-crowned teeth of
1363:
closed and the
Mediterranean Sea evaporated, reducing sea level within the basin by 800â1200 metres, in an event called the
2760:
2054:
1943:
17:
3298:
Valenzuela, Alejandro; Torres-Roig, Enric; Zoboli, Daniel; Pillola, Gian Luigi; Alcover, Josep Antoni (29 November 2021).
1897:"Unraveling the phylogenetic relationships of the extinct bovid Myotragus balearicus Bate 1909 from the Balearic Islands"
2515:
1814:
1835:"Molecular dating of caprines using ancient DNA sequences of Myotragus balearicus, an extinct endemic Balearic mammal"
1780:
3615:
3481:
2881:
van der Geer, Alexandra A. E.; Lyras, George A.; MacPhee, Ross D. E.; Lomolino, Mark; Drinia, Hara (24 June 2014).
2265:
Mas, Guillem; Maillard, AgnĂšs; Alcover, Josep A.; FornĂłs, Joan J.; Bover, Pere; Torres-Roig, Enric (1 June 2018).
1644:
like reptiles, later research suggested that this bone morphology is common to all ruminants and is not unique to
1459:
colonised
Menorca, replacing the great Menorcan lagomorphs. Both islands separated again at the beginning of the
2695:
2003:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character
1367:(spanning from 5.96 to 5.33 million years ago), allowing dispersal from the Iberian Peninsula to the Balearics.
3549:
3243:
Bover, Pere; Valenzuela, Alejandro; Torres, Enric; Cooper, Alan; Pons, Joan; Alcover, Josep A (November 2016).
3115:
Jordana, Xavier; MarĂn-Moratalla, Nekane; DeMiguel, Daniel; Kaiser, Thomas M.; Köhler, Meike (22 August 2012).
1767:
horns that were suggested to be made by humans were probably actually the result of gnawing on bones by other
3679:
2129:
Köhler M.; Moyà -Solà S. (2004). "Reduction of Brain and Sense Organs in the Fossil Insular Bovid Myotragus".
506:
described more material discovered in the intervening years, including material that had been discovered on
3664:
1747:
3000 BC. This date agrees very closely with the fast decline of the three forms. The youngest remains of
2571:"Indications for a dietary change in the extinct Bovid genus Myotragus (Plio-Holocene, Mallorca, Spain)"
1378:
around 5.3 million years ago isolated the animal populations on the islands. The changes in morphology
2983:"Physiological and life history strategies of a fossil large mammal in a resource-limited environment"
2816:"Physiological and life history strategies of a fossil large mammal in a resource-limited environment"
2358:"Insular mammalian fauna dynamics and paleogeography: A lesson from the Western Mediterranean islands"
651:
from the Early Pleistocene of Sardinia. A 2005 study of a partial mitochondrial genome suggested that
418:
is noted for a number of unusual morphological adaptions, including forward facing eyes suggestive of
145:
3117:"Evidence of correlated evolution of hypsodonty and exceptional longevity in endemic insular mammals"
1383:
1364:
397:
396:
on Mallorca, where it presumably arrived after the evaporation of the Mediterranean Sea during the
1487:
is estimated to have had a body mass of approximately 60 kilograms (130 lb), while the later
2570:
2318:
2173:
1896:
1420:
represented one of only three genera of mammal present on Mallorca, alongside the giant dormouse
503:
471:
3641:
1944:"I.âPreliminary Note on a New Artiodactyle from Majorca, Myotragus balearicus , gen. et sp. nov"
1619:
likely represents at least in part an adaptation to the increased consumption of abrasive food.
1386:, and the absence of effective predators meaning the population would periodically outstrip the
3602:
3507:
3390:
1763:
but a 2001 study found that there was no empirical evidence supporting the idea, with marks on
349:
3468:
1491:
is estimated to have been approximately 23 kilograms (51 lb), representing an example of
3636:
3502:
3173:
Estimating physical characteristics of neonate Myotragus balearicus (Artiodactyla, Caprinae).
1400:
initially only colonized the island of Mallorca. Only a handful of mammal species aside from
3628:
3494:
3299:
1727:
Diverse datings indicate that the three native terrestrial mammals of Mallorca and Menorca (
3558:
3437:
3354:
3256:
3244:
3201:
3061:
2994:
2939:
2827:
2772:
2621:
2582:
2461:
2330:
2278:
2229:
2185:
2066:
2010:
1955:
1908:
1846:
1602:
1455:, Mallorca and Menorca were periodically connected and the mammals of Mallorca, including
8:
3428:
1590:
1360:
486:
aged cave deposits. Three such deposits were found, which yielded fragmentary remains of
3358:
3260:
3205:
3065:
2998:
2943:
2831:
2776:
2625:
2586:
2465:
2334:
2282:
2233:
2189:
2070:
2014:
1959:
1912:
1850:
3327:
3280:
3225:
3149:
3116:
3092:
3049:
3025:
3012:
2982:
2858:
2845:
2815:
2796:
2743:
2726:
2707:
2652:
2609:
2549:
2532:
2434:
2390:
2357:
2154:
2100:
1979:
1924:
1869:
1834:
1739:
1391:
140:
2926:
Köhler, Meike; MarĂn-Moratalla, Nekane; Jordana, Xavier; Aanes, Ronny (19 July 2012).
2508:
Evolution of Island Mammals: Adaptation and Extinction of Placental Mammals on Islands
446:; however, more recent research has indicated that its closest living relative is the
3623:
3489:
3331:
3319:
3284:
3272:
3213:
3154:
3136:
3097:
3079:
3030:
2963:
2955:
2928:"Seasonal bone growth and physiology in endotherms shed light on dinosaur physiology"
2908:
2863:
2788:
2699:
2657:
2639:
2511:
2395:
2377:
2294:
2247:
2146:
2092:
2028:
1983:
1971:
1928:
1874:
1810:
1785:
1471:
1387:
434:
3229:
2800:
2711:
2438:
2158:
2104:
1920:
3370:
3362:
3311:
3264:
3217:
3209:
3144:
3128:
3087:
3069:
3020:
3002:
2947:
2898:
2890:
2853:
2835:
2780:
2738:
2691:
2647:
2629:
2590:
2544:
2477:
2469:
2426:
2385:
2369:
2338:
2286:
2237:
2193:
2138:
2082:
2074:
2018:
1963:
1916:
1864:
1854:
1712:
1699:
1557:
1509:
1492:
440:
Early genetic research suggested that it was closely related to sheep of the genus
419:
373:
2594:
2417:, gen. et sp. nov., an endemic insular giant rabbit from the Neogene of Menorca".
2242:
2217:
2197:
1807:
Discovering Dorothea : The Life of the Pioneering Fossil-Hunter Dorothea Bate
3074:
2634:
2473:
2430:
2342:
1615:
for a large part of its diet. The increased hypsodonty over time of the teeth of
1611:
491:
2784:
665:, which includes sheep. However, analysis of a complete mitochondrial genome of
3534:
3413:
2882:
1371:
3315:
2927:
2078:
1967:
3658:
3323:
3276:
3268:
3140:
3083:
2959:
2912:
2792:
2703:
2643:
2505:
2451:
2381:
2298:
2251:
2216:
Moyà -Solà , Salvador; Quintana Cardona, Josep; Köhler, Meike (3 August 2022).
2174:"The endemic bovids from Sardinia and the Balearic Islands: State of the art"
2096:
2032:
1975:
1760:
1716:
1648:. Based on counting the lines of arrested growth, it has been estimated that
1632:
1263:
519:
495:
467:
407:
247:
82:
3172:
3007:
2840:
2761:"Analysis of coprolites from the extinct mountain goat Myotragus balearicus"
2373:
3366:
3158:
3132:
3101:
3034:
2967:
2883:"Mortality in a Predator-free Insular Environment: the Dwarf Deer of Crete"
2867:
2661:
2399:
2150:
2023:
1998:
1878:
1859:
1683:
1537:
1512:. The skull had a pair of small posteriorly-directed horns. The species of
656:
256:
3584:
3543:
3422:
3047:
2607:
1641:
1553:
1540:, and two premolars in each half of the lower jaw, as is typical of most
1452:
1170:
838:
820:
483:
197:
57:
3016:
2951:
2849:
1520:
having an adult dentition comprising a single evergrowing (hypselodont)
1483:
varied between species, generally reducing with time. The early species
3576:
3455:
3374:
3221:
2482:
2087:
1572:
1428:
1245:
1152:
768:
728:
678:
392:
on the Balearic Islands extends over 5 million years back to the early
385:
102:
67:
3589:
2903:
2142:
1516:
show a sequential reduction in the number of teeth through time, with
433:
became extinct when humans arrived in the Balearic Islands during the
2290:
2053:
Bover, Pere; Quintana, Josep; Alcover, Josep Antoni (November 2010).
1594:
1561:
1545:
1439:
1356:
1093:
682:
647:
345:
157:
107:
51:
3384:
3114:
1585:
While tooth morphology and tooth texture suggests that some earlier
623:
are uncertain. A close relationship has been proposed to the genera
490:, including a mostly complete skull, associated with a mandible and
3528:
3407:
2894:
1733:
1691:
1541:
1529:
1460:
1434:
1422:
1405:
1375:
1211:
984:
943:
625:
479:
393:
377:
217:
177:
97:
92:
77:
72:
62:
45:
41:
3297:
1433:
all of which would continue to be present on the island until the
2925:
2172:
Palombo, Maria Rita; Rozzi, Roberto; Bover, Pere (January 2013).
1521:
1448:
1413:
1409:
636:
507:
475:
381:
369:
227:
207:
112:
87:
3563:
3442:
2880:
669:
published in 2019 found that its closest living relative is the
2757:
2215:
1552:
are relatively short in comparison to other caprines, with the
1533:
1525:
786:
187:
167:
3191:
1593:
or mixed feeders (consuming both grass and browse), preserved
2680:"Phalangeal adaptations in the fossil insular goat Myotragus"
1606:
685:
showing its position within Caprinae/Caprini is given below.
670:
447:
365:
359:
353:
2413:
Quintana, Josep; Kohler, Mike; Moya-Sola, Salvador (2011). "
3242:
2696:
10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0621:PAITFI]2.0.CO;2
2568:
888:
661:
442:
2506:
Alexandra Van Der Geer; George Lyras; John De Vos (2010).
1894:
608:
from the Pleistocene of Menorca has been synonymised with
703:
2264:
3121:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2412:
1690:
found that the bones of the foot were tightly bound by
1447:
in Mallorca. With the level of the sea falling due to
3344:
2678:
Köhler, Meike; Moyà -Solà , Salvador (22 August 2001).
2128:
1548:(high crowned) than in earlier species. The limbs of
677:), native to the eastern Himalayas with an estimated
2531:
Bover, Pere; Alcover, Josep Antoni (November 1999).
2052:
1404:
were able to colonise the island, including shrews,
457:
1355:likely arrived in the Balearic Islands during the
639:of mainland Europe, as well as the insular genera
2323:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2171:
1359:stage of the late Miocene at a time at which the
3656:
2317:Jordana, Xavier; Köhler, Meike (February 2011).
1804:
2987:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2980:
2820:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2813:
2677:
482:, which prompted her to survey the island for
2316:
1828:
1826:
1601:indicates that it was likely predominantly a
388:around 4,500 years ago. The fossil record of
2530:
1833:Lalueza-Fox; et al. (6 December 2005).
1370:Later on, the re-opening of the straits and
593:Late Pleistocene-Holocene, Mallorca, Menorca
2981:Kohler, Meike; Moya-Sola, Salvador (2009).
2814:Kohler, Meike; Moya-Sola, Salvador (2009).
1832:
1823:
123:
3148:
3091:
3073:
3024:
3006:
2902:
2857:
2839:
2742:
2731:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
2651:
2633:
2548:
2537:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
2481:
2389:
2241:
2086:
2022:
1868:
1858:
410:representing gradual change in morphology
2406:
1622:
1571:
1470:
474:, who informed her about a bone-bearing
470:in 1909. Bate had been sent a letter by
426:functioned as the only major herbivore.
2724:
2355:
1996:
1942:Bate, Dorothea M. A. (September 1909).
1798:
1443:evolved that covered the same niche as
384:in the western Mediterranean until its
14:
3657:
1677:
1605:, and heavily dependent on the native
3675:Endemic fauna of the Balearic Islands
3389:
3388:
3171:P. Bover & J.A. Alcover. (1999).
2673:
2671:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2510:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 132â146.
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2312:
2310:
2308:
582:Middle Pleistocene, Mallorca, Menorca
414:The youngest and best known species,
2356:Palombo, Maria Rita (January 2018).
2211:
2209:
2207:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
1941:
1890:
1888:
1771:, likely for their mineral content.
1416:and rabbits. By the Late Pliocene,
536:Bover, Quintana & Alcover, 2010
290:Bover, Quintana & Alcover, 2010
24:
2744:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01917.x
2684:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2668:
2557:
2550:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01178.x
2490:
2419:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2305:
1997:Andrews, Chas. W. (January 1915).
1372:the refilling of the Mediterranean
25:
3701:
3347:Journal of Archaeological Science
2204:
2111:
2039:
1885:
1781:List of extinct animals of Europe
458:History of discovery and taxonomy
406:is represented by six sequential
3214:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00872.x
1524:(a feature highly unusual among
681:around 7.1 million years ago. A
645:from the Pliocene of Ibiza, and
619:The closest fossil relatives of
144:
55:
3690:Prehistoric Artiodactyla genera
3338:
3291:
3236:
3185:
3165:
3108:
3041:
2974:
2919:
2874:
2807:
2751:
2718:
2601:
2524:
2445:
2349:
2258:
1921:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.05.005
1567:
547:MoyĂ -SolĂ & Pons-MoyĂ , 1982
300:MoyĂ -SolĂ & Pons-MoyĂ , 1982
2165:
1990:
1935:
1755:In 1969 it was suggested that
1466:
1437:. On Menorca, a giant rabbit,
368:of goat-antelope in the tribe
13:
1:
3685:Fossil taxa described in 1909
3670:Prehistoric mammals of Europe
2725:Alcover; et al. (1999).
2595:10.1016/j.geobios.2012.10.010
2243:10.1080/08912963.2022.2060099
2198:10.1016/j.geobios.2012.10.011
2131:Brain, Behavior and Evolution
1791:
1722:
498:of the new species and genus
3075:10.1371/journal.pone.0070743
2635:10.1371/journal.pone.0070743
2474:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.06.039
2431:10.1080/02724634.2011.550367
2343:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.12.008
614:
364:"mouse-goat") is an extinct
7:
2785:10.1016/j.yqres.2013.10.006
1774:
580:Crusafont & Angel, 1966
571:Early Pleistocene, Mallorca
494:, which was designated the
330:Crusafont & Angel, 1966
10:
3706:
1901:Quaternary Science Reviews
513:
360:
354:
3518:
3397:
3316:10.1177/09596836211060491
2887:American Museum Novitates
2079:10.1017/S0016756810000336
1968:10.1017/S0016756800124665
1805:Karolyn Shindler (2005).
1384:intraspecific competition
1365:Messinian salinity crisis
1267:(Markhor, ibexes, goats)
1260:
1242:
1235:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1167:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1022:
1015:
1008:
981:
974:
967:
940:
933:
926:
919:
912:
885:
878:
871:
835:
817:
810:
783:
764:
757:
750:
743:
725:
718:
700:
693:
549:Middle Pliocene, Mallorca
398:Messinian Salinity Crisis
281:
276:
262:
255:
141:Scientific classification
139:
131:
122:
34:
3269:10.1177/0959683616645945
2454:Quaternary International
1839:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1374:at the beginning of the
538:Early Pliocene, Mallorca
27:Extinct genus of mammals
3194:Journal of Biogeography
3008:10.1073/pnas.0813385106
2841:10.1073/pnas.0813385106
2374:10.1111/1749-4877.12275
1580:
1564:being partially fused.
602:MoyĂ -SolĂ and Pons-MoyĂ
560:Late Pliocene, Mallorca
504:Charles William Andrews
478:deposit on the east of
472:Robert Ashington Bullen
3367:10.1006/jasc.2000.0548
3133:10.1098/rspb.2012.0689
2024:10.1098/rstb.1915.0006
1860:10.1186/1471-2148-5-70
1715:at the expense of the
1627:The bone histology of
1589:species may have been
1577:
1508:species, allowing for
1476:
3637:Paleobiology Database
3503:Paleobiology Database
1731:, the giant dormouse
1669:Newborn specimens of
1633:lamellar-zonal tissue
1623:Physiology and growth
1575:
1474:
569:Moya & Pons, 1980
462:The first remains of
320:Moya & Pons, 1980
3680:Holocene extinctions
3550:Myotragus balearicus
3520:Myotragus balearicus
2009:(325â334): 281â305.
1737:and the large shrew
1729:Myotragus balearicus
1475:Skull in dorsal view
500:Myotragus balearicus
266:Myotragus balearicus
134:Myotragus balearicus
18:Myotragus balearicus
3665:Prehistoric caprids
3359:2001JArSc..28..265R
3261:2016Holoc..26.1887B
3206:2003JBiog..30..771B
3127:(1741): 3339â3346.
3066:2013PLoSO...870743J
2999:2009PNAS..10620354K
2952:10.1038/nature11264
2944:2012Natur.487..358K
2832:2009PNAS..10620354K
2777:2014QuRes..81..106W
2765:Quaternary Research
2626:2013PLoSO...870743J
2587:2013Geobi..46..143W
2466:2008QuInt.182..135B
2362:Integrative Zoology
2335:2011PPP...300...59J
2283:2018Geo....46..527M
2234:2022HBio...34.1642M
2190:2013Geobi..46..127P
2071:2010GeoM..147..871B
2059:Geological Magazine
2015:1915RSPTB.206..281A
1960:1909GeoM....6..385B
1948:Geological Magazine
1913:2019QSRv..215..185B
1851:2005BMCEE...5...70L
1682:An analysis of the
1678:Movement and senses
1361:Strait of Gibraltar
732:(Tibetan antelope)
372:which lived on the
348:, derived from the
2222:Historical Biology
1740:Nesiotites hidalgo
1578:
1477:
1392:selection pressure
772:(Helmeted muskox)
675:Budorcas taxicolor
466:were described by
452:Budorcas taxicolor
3652:
3651:
3624:Open Tree of Life
3490:Open Tree of Life
3391:Taxon identifiers
3255:(11): 1887â1891.
2938:(7407): 358â361.
2143:10.1159/000076239
1809:. HarperCollins.
1388:carrying capacity
1348:
1347:
1339:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1320:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1284:
1276:
1275:
1249:(Himalayan tahr)
1224:
1223:
1183:
1182:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1106:
1105:
1065:
1064:
1056:
1055:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1037:
997:
996:
956:
955:
901:
900:
860:
859:
851:
850:
799:
798:
607:
603:
592:
581:
570:
559:
548:
537:
435:3rd millennium BC
337:
336:
331:
321:
311:
301:
291:
251:
16:(Redirected from
3697:
3645:
3644:
3632:
3631:
3619:
3618:
3606:
3605:
3593:
3592:
3580:
3579:
3567:
3566:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3511:
3510:
3498:
3497:
3485:
3484:
3472:
3471:
3459:
3458:
3446:
3445:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3386:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3189:
3183:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3152:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3095:
3077:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3028:
3010:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2861:
2843:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2675:
2666:
2665:
2655:
2637:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2581:(1â2): 143â150.
2566:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2503:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2393:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2314:
2303:
2302:
2291:10.1130/G40260.1
2262:
2256:
2255:
2245:
2228:(8): 1642â1659.
2213:
2202:
2201:
2184:(1â2): 127â142.
2169:
2163:
2162:
2126:
2109:
2108:
2090:
2050:
2037:
2036:
2026:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1872:
1862:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1802:
1713:depth perception
1711:likely enhanced
1700:cranial endocast
1510:binocular vision
1493:insular dwarfism
1351:The ancestor of
1238:
1237:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1156:(Barbary sheep)
1145:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1010:
977:
976:
970:
969:
947:(Mountain goat)
936:
935:
929:
928:
922:
921:
915:
914:
881:
880:
874:
873:
813:
812:
760:
759:
753:
752:
746:
745:
721:
720:
696:
695:
689:
688:
605:
601:
599:M. binigausensis
590:
579:
568:
557:
546:
535:
420:binocular vision
374:Balearic Islands
363:
362:
357:
356:
329:
319:
309:
299:
289:
246:
239:
149:
148:
127:
117:
54:
50:5.3â0.0046
40:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3640:
3635:
3627:
3622:
3614:
3609:
3601:
3596:
3588:
3583:
3575:
3570:
3562:
3557:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3514:
3506:
3501:
3493:
3488:
3480:
3475:
3467:
3462:
3454:
3449:
3441:
3436:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3393:
3383:
3382:
3343:
3339:
3296:
3292:
3241:
3237:
3190:
3186:
3170:
3166:
3113:
3109:
3046:
3042:
2993:(48): 20354â8.
2979:
2975:
2924:
2920:
2879:
2875:
2826:(48): 20354â8.
2812:
2808:
2756:
2752:
2723:
2719:
2676:
2669:
2606:
2602:
2567:
2558:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2504:
2491:
2450:
2446:
2411:
2407:
2354:
2350:
2315:
2306:
2263:
2259:
2214:
2205:
2170:
2166:
2127:
2112:
2051:
2040:
1995:
1991:
1940:
1936:
1893:
1886:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1777:
1759:shows signs of
1725:
1680:
1625:
1612:Buxus balearica
1583:
1570:
1469:
1349:
1340:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1304:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1225:
1184:
1174:(Arabian tahr)
1125:
1116:
1107:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1039:
998:
957:
902:
861:
852:
800:
617:
558:Pons-MoyĂ , 1977
518:Six sequential
516:
460:
310:Pons-MoyĂ , 1977
272:
269:
245:
237:
143:
118:
116:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
49:
48:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3703:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3633:
3620:
3607:
3594:
3581:
3568:
3555:
3540:
3524:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3499:
3486:
3473:
3460:
3447:
3434:
3419:
3403:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3381:
3380:
3353:(3): 265â282.
3337:
3310:(3): 137â146.
3290:
3235:
3200:(5): 771â781.
3184:
3164:
3107:
3040:
2973:
2918:
2895:10.1206/3807.1
2889:(3807): 1â26.
2873:
2806:
2771:(1): 106â116.
2750:
2717:
2690:(3): 621â624.
2667:
2600:
2556:
2543:(3): 401â428.
2523:
2517:978-1405190091
2516:
2489:
2460:(1): 135â144.
2444:
2425:(2): 231â240.
2405:
2348:
2329:(1â4): 59â66.
2304:
2277:(6): 527â530.
2257:
2203:
2164:
2137:(3): 125â140.
2110:
2065:(6): 871â885.
2038:
1989:
1954:(9): 385â388.
1934:
1884:
1822:
1816:978-0002571388
1815:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1786:Schultz's rule
1783:
1776:
1773:
1724:
1721:
1679:
1676:
1654:M. balearicus,
1624:
1621:
1582:
1579:
1569:
1566:
1485:M. pepgonellae
1468:
1465:
1449:glacial cycles
1426:and the shrew
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
995:
994:
991:
990:
980:
975:
973:
968:
966:
963:
962:
959:
958:
954:
953:
950:
949:
939:
934:
932:
927:
925:
920:
918:
913:
911:
908:
907:
904:
903:
899:
898:
895:
894:
884:
879:
877:
872:
870:
867:
866:
863:
862:
858:
857:
854:
853:
849:
848:
845:
844:
834:
831:
830:
827:
826:
816:
811:
809:
806:
805:
802:
801:
797:
796:
793:
792:
782:
779:
778:
775:
774:
763:
758:
756:
751:
749:
744:
742:
739:
738:
735:
734:
724:
719:
717:
713:
712:
709:
708:
699:
694:
692:
687:
635:from the Late
616:
613:
595:
594:
583:
572:
561:
550:
543:M. pepgonellae
539:
515:
512:
492:atlas vertebra
459:
456:
416:M. balearicus,
335:
334:
333:
332:
322:
312:
302:
296:M. pepgonellae
292:
279:
278:
277:Other species
274:
273:
270:
260:
259:
253:
252:
235:
231:
230:
225:
221:
220:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
137:
136:
129:
128:
120:
119:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
39:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3702:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3341:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3060:(7): e70743.
3059:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2754:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2672:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2620:(7): e70743.
2619:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2519:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2415:Nuralagus rex
2409:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1827:
1818:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1797:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1761:domestication
1758:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1717:field of view
1714:
1710:
1709:M. balearicus
1705:
1704:M. balearicus
1701:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1688:M. balearicus
1685:
1675:
1672:
1671:M. balearicus
1667:
1664:
1663:M. balearicus
1660:
1659:M. balearicus
1655:
1651:
1650:M. balearicus
1647:
1643:
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1634:
1630:
1629:M. balearicus
1620:
1618:
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1608:
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1600:
1599:M. balearicus
1596:
1592:
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1550:M. balearicus
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1518:M. balearicus
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1502:M. balearicus
1498:
1497:M. balearicus
1494:
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659:to the genus
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584:
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3304:The Holocene
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3249:The Holocene
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2002:
1992:
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1754:
1748:
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1686:(digits) of
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1626:
1616:
1610:
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1586:
1584:
1568:Paleobiology
1549:
1532:, and three
1517:
1513:
1505:
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1484:
1480:
1479:The size of
1478:
1456:
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1261:
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652:
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563:
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541:
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340:
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295:
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265:
264:
257:Type species
241:
240:
198:Artiodactyla
133:
132:Skeleton of
35:
29:
3585:iNaturalist
3544:Wikispecies
3423:Wikispecies
3375:10261/54367
3222:10261/85881
3182:(1), 33â54.
2483:10261/85878
2368:(1): 2â20.
2088:10261/49361
1907:: 185â195.
1642:ectothermic
1576:Restoration
1558:metatarsals
1467:Description
1453:Pleistocene
1451:during the
1171:Arabitragus
839:Naemorhedus
821:Capricornis
554:M. antiquus
532:M. palomboi
502:. In 1915,
484:Pleistocene
306:M. antiquus
286:M. palomboi
214:Subfamily:
3659:Categories
2904:10795/3278
1792:References
1723:Extinction
1595:coprolites
1489:M. kopperi
1429:Nesiotites
1246:Hemitragus
1153:Ammotragus
1097:(Chamois)
790:(Musk ox)
769:Bootherium
729:Pantholops
679:divergence
591:Bate, 1909
565:M. kopperi
431:balearicus
386:extinction
316:M. kopperi
271:Bate, 1909
3429:Myotragus
3399:Myotragus
3332:244763779
3324:0959-6836
3285:131641995
3277:0959-6836
3141:0962-8452
3084:1932-6203
2960:0028-0836
2913:0003-0082
2793:0033-5894
2704:0272-4634
2644:1932-6203
2382:1749-4877
2299:0091-7613
2252:0891-2963
2097:0016-7568
2033:0264-3960
1984:128708600
1976:0016-7568
1929:189965070
1845:(1): 70.
1769:Myotragus
1765:Myotragus
1757:Myotragus
1749:Myotragus
1692:ligaments
1684:phalanges
1646:Myotragus
1638:Myotragus
1617:Myotragus
1587:Myotragus
1562:sesamoids
1546:hypsodont
1542:ruminants
1514:Myotragus
1506:Myotragus
1481:Myotragus
1457:Myotragus
1445:Myotragus
1418:Myotragus
1402:Myotragus
1398:Myotragus
1380:Myotragus
1357:Messinian
1353:Myotragus
1215:(Bharal)
1094:Rupicapra
1027:Myotragus
683:cladogram
653:Myotragus
648:Nesogoral
632:Norbertia
621:Myotragus
615:Evolution
610:M. batei.
524:Myotragus
488:Myotragus
464:Myotragus
424:Myotragus
404:Myotragus
390:Myotragus
346:Neo-Latin
341:Myotragus
242:Myotragus
164:Kingdom:
158:Eukaryota
36:Myotragus
3603:11443701
3535:Q1643902
3529:Wikidata
3414:Q3011985
3408:Wikidata
3230:84386172
3159:22535784
3102:23936247
3054:PLOS ONE
3035:19918076
3017:25593378
2968:22763443
2868:19918076
2850:25593378
2801:84266057
2712:85654563
2662:23936247
2614:PLOS ONE
2439:83649921
2400:28688123
2159:42399219
2151:14726622
2105:35830707
1879:16332256
1775:See also
1734:Hypnomys
1609:species
1530:premolar
1461:Holocene
1435:Holocene
1423:Hypnomys
1406:hamsters
1376:Pliocene
1212:Pseudois
988:(Takin)
985:Budorcas
944:Oreamnos
892:(Sheep)
842:(Goral)
824:(Serow)
716:Caprini
655:was the
626:Aragoral
576:M. batei
480:Mallorca
394:Pliocene
378:Mallorca
326:M. batei
218:Caprinae
204:Family:
188:Mammalia
178:Chordata
174:Phylum:
168:Animalia
154:Domain:
46:Holocene
42:Pliocene
3577:4835091
3564:4448014
3469:1042150
3456:4576591
3443:4448013
3355:Bibcode
3257:Bibcode
3202:Bibcode
3176:Deinsea
3150:3385741
3093:3723812
3062:Bibcode
3026:2777955
2995:Bibcode
2940:Bibcode
2859:2777955
2828:Bibcode
2773:Bibcode
2653:3723812
2622:Bibcode
2583:Bibcode
2575:Geobios
2462:Bibcode
2391:5817236
2331:Bibcode
2279:Bibcode
2271:Geology
2230:Bibcode
2186:Bibcode
2178:Geobios
2067:Bibcode
2011:Bibcode
1956:Bibcode
1909:Bibcode
1870:1325260
1847:Bibcode
1607:boxwood
1603:browser
1591:grazers
1554:tarsals
1528:), one
1522:incisor
1414:murines
1410:dormice
637:Miocene
514:Species
508:Menorca
476:breccia
382:Menorca
370:Caprini
234:Genus:
228:Caprini
224:Tribe:
208:Bovidae
194:Order:
184:Class:
3642:149678
3629:204078
3616:201717
3590:631748
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1974:
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1631:shows
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1526:bovids
787:Ovibos
642:Ebusia
361:ÏÏΏγοÏ
250:, 1909
3598:IRMNG
3508:42802
3464:IRMNG
3328:S2CID
3281:S2CID
3226:S2CID
3013:JSTOR
2846:JSTOR
2797:S2CID
2708:S2CID
2435:S2CID
2155:S2CID
2101:S2CID
1980:S2CID
1925:S2CID
1264:Capra
671:takin
448:takin
366:genus
350:Greek
3611:NCBI
3572:GBIF
3477:NCBI
3451:GBIF
3320:ISSN
3273:ISSN
3155:PMID
3137:ISSN
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2093:ISSN
2029:ISSN
1972:ISSN
1875:PMID
1811:ISBN
1698:The
1640:was
1581:Diet
1560:and
889:Ovis
662:Ovis
629:and
606:1980
443:Ovis
380:and
248:Bate
58:Preê
3559:EoL
3438:EoL
3371:hdl
3363:doi
3312:doi
3265:doi
3218:hdl
3210:doi
3145:PMC
3129:doi
3125:279
3088:PMC
3070:doi
3021:PMC
3003:doi
2991:106
2948:doi
2936:487
2899:hdl
2891:doi
2854:PMC
2836:doi
2824:106
2781:doi
2739:doi
2692:doi
2648:PMC
2630:doi
2591:doi
2545:doi
2478:hdl
2470:doi
2458:182
2427:doi
2386:PMC
2370:doi
2339:doi
2327:300
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