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This taboo is important to keep in mind when studying ancient historical texts from the cultural sphere, as historical characters and/or locations may be renamed if they happen to share a name with the emperor in power (or previous emperors of the same dynasty) when the text was written. Thus, the
1005:
Historically, it was considered very rude among upper class to call someone else's real name, even if it was the lord calling his vassals. Calling someone else's real name was equivalent to picking a fight. Titles or pseudonyms were often used when calling others in place of their real names.
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The custom of naming taboo had a built-in contradiction: without knowing what the emperors' names were, one could hardly be expected to avoid them, thus somehow the emperors' names had to be informally transmitted to the populace to allow them to take cognizance of and thus avoid using said
106:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
770:) discouraged the use of the names of one's own ancestors. Generally, ancestor names going back to seven generations were avoided. In diplomatic documents and letters between clans, each clan's naming taboos were observed.
804:
Avoidance of naming taboo: Example of omitting a stroke. The last stroke of each character of the Kangxi
Emperor's given name "玄" (xuán) and "燁" (yè) is omitted. Failure to do this led to execution, like that of
917:
to change his name to Li Ji. In later dynasties, princes were frequently given names that contained uncommon characters to make it easier for the public to avoid them, should they become emperor later in life.
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ambassadors made a formal request that the imperial government issue them a document containing the emperors' names so that they could avoid offending the emperor while submitting their king's petition.
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agreed and issued them such a document. However, the mechanism of how the regular populace would be able to learn the emperors' names remained generally unclear throughout
Chinese history.
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Throughout
Chinese history, there were emperors whose names contained common characters who would try to alleviate the burden of the populace in practicing name avoidance. For example,
2912:
757:
and confiscation of their property (though all Wang Xihou's relatives were pardoned and spared execution). This type of naming taboo is no longer observed in modern China.
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642:. Not respecting the appropriate naming taboos was considered a sign of lacking education and respect, and brought shame both to the offender and the offended person.
741:]). The strength of this taboo was reinforced by law; transgressors could expect serious punishment for writing an emperor's name without modifications. In 1777,
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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1042:" (武) is known as "Võ" in the South. There is also the name Phúc (福) being changed to Phước in the South to avoid the naming taboo of
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880:), a far less common character, with the stated purpose of making it easier for his people to avoid using his name. Similarly,
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890:) also contained two very common characters, ordered that name avoidance only required the avoidance of the characters
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing
Chinese Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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1240:"The Confucian Message on Vietnamese Coins, A closer look at the Nguyễn dynasty's large coins with moral maxims"
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effectively made this edict ineffective after his death, by requiring the complete avoidance of the characters
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1279:陳垣 ,《史諱舉例》 - the pioneering work in the field, written during the early 20th century, numerous editions
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in direct succession and that it did not require the avoidance of those characters in isolation.
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753:'s name without leaving out any stroke as required. This disrespect resulted in his and his
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723:"to go on a long journey, to go on a military campaign") and then further renamed as the
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was also influenced by the naming taboo. In modern Japan, it concerns only the
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or one which sounded similar to the character being avoided. For example, the
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1106:: 「正音政周正建子之正也始皇以正月旦生於趙因為政後以始皇諱故音征」; translation: "正 was pronounced like 政 (
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against speaking or writing the given names of exalted persons, notably in
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925:(Liu Zhuang), whose personal name was Zhuang, most people with surname
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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Omitting a stroke in the character, usually the final stroke.
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calendar. The First
Emperor had been born on the 正 month in
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study of naming taboos can also help date an ancient text.
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There were three ways to avoid using a taboo character:
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to this template: there are already 292 articles in the
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characters. In one famous incident in 435, during the
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Historical
Records' Correct Meanings - Shiji Zhengyi
935:) were ordered to change their names to its synonym
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207:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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141:accompanying your translation by providing an
90:Click for important translation instructions.
77:expand this article with text translated from
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817:Changing the character to another, usually a
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16:Cultural taboo in the Chinese cultural sphere
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53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1305:
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1056:Imperial examination in Chinese mythology
285:Learn how and when to remove this message
267:Learn how and when to remove this message
1008:
799:
3041:
1286:
1250:. Royal Numismatic Society: 367–406.
1038:'s name. Similarly, the family name "
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745:, in his dictionary, criticized the
709:) had its pronunciation modified to
205:adding citations to reliable sources
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59:
18:
13:
1273:
1202:"A history of Chinese surname Yan"
14:
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1156:Cary Academy: The Qing Glory Days
999:; his current Majesty). See also
852:Leaving the character as a blank.
34:This article has multiple issues.
1953:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1070:, similar taboo in many cultures
1034:due to the naming taboo of Lord
1030:(黃) was changed to Huỳnh in the
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23:
913:, necessitating the chancellor
901:However, Emperor Taizong's son
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192:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
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989:; his Majesty the Emperor) or
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151:You may also add the template
1:
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1068:Taboo against naming the dead
960:Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei
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7:
1236:François Thierry de Crussol
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884:, whose given name Shimin (
868:, whose given name Bingyi (
123:will aid in categorization.
10:
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2616:Imperial, royal, and noble
98:Machine translation, like
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1541:Maiden and married names
1013:Naming taboo during the
796:Methods to avoid offense
762:naming taboo of the clan
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317:Traditional Chinese
3028:Category:Lists of names
1062:Names of God in Judaism
921:During the rule of the
903:Emperor Gaozong of Tang
882:Emperor Taizong of Tang
636:Chinese cultural sphere
331:Simplified Chinese
162:For more guidance, see
1958:Eritrean and Ethiopian
1017:
831:; Xuanwu Gate) of the
810:
459:
3064:East Asian traditions
2888:Galton–Watson process
2493:Ancient Tamil country
1915:Australian Aboriginal
1206:People's Daily Online
1118:). The same 正 in the
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803:
787:was taboo during the
164:Knowledge:Translation
135:copyright attribution
2655:Post-nominal letters
1774:Indigenous Taiwanese
1244:Numismatic Chronicle
837:Gate of Divine Might
725:proper/upright month
526:Revised Romanization
201:improve this article
153:{{Translated|zh|避讳}}
3015:Surnames by country
2640:Pre-nominal letters
1697:Surnames by country
981:successive emperors
923:Ming Emperor of Han
866:Emperor Xuan of Han
755:family's executions
454:Vietnamese alphabet
2878:Endonym and exonym
2821:Calendar of saints
2804:Related traditions
2578:Manners of address
1940:Sub-Saharan Africa
1361:Nobiliary particle
1094:(史記正義), "Vol. 6",
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970:In other countries
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143:interlanguage link
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1825:and Western Asia
1790:and Central Asia
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104:Google Translate
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1366:
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1339:
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1328:
1326:
1322:
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1314:Personal names
1310:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1227:
1219:Zizhi Tongjian
1211:
1193:
1185:Zizhi Tongjian
1177:
1168:Zizhi Tongjian
1159:
1148:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1051:
1048:
1015:Nguyễn dynasty
971:
968:
861:
858:
857:
856:
853:
850:
841:Kangxi Emperor
833:Forbidden City
797:
794:
793:
792:
771:
758:
749:and wrote the
737:< OC, B-S *
672:'s given name
647:
644:
626:is a cultural
618:
617:
614:
613:
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594:Transcriptions
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403:Yue: Cantonese
399:
398:
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385:
384:
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363:
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350:
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348:Transcriptions
341:
340:
333:
327:
326:
319:
313:
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308:
307:
304:
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293:
292:
275:
274:
216:"Naming taboo"
189:
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173:
172:
168:
167:
160:
149:
127:
124:
112:adding a topic
107:
96:
93:
74:
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72:
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63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3076:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
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3044:
3029:
3026:
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3022:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:
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2790:
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2601:
2599:
2595:
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2576:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2564:Mandaean name
2562:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2548:
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2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2525:Biblical name
2523:
2522:
2521:
2518:
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2513:
2509:
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2178:
2174:
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2167:
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2160:
2157:
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2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2051:Ancient Greek
2048:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1998:
1997:North America
1994:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
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1954:
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1788:Northern Asia
1786:
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1638:Nom de guerre
1635:
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1325:Personal name
1323:
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1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:Zhang Shoujie
1084:
1080:
1069:
1066:
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904:
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867:
854:
851:
842:
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834:
824:
823:Black Warrior
820:
816:
815:
814:
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802:
790:
786:
776:
772:
763:
759:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
726:
716:
712:
708:
698:
697:upright month
694:
690:
682:
671:
670:Qin Shi Huang
667:
663:
654:
650:
649:
643:
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637:
633:
629:
625:
615:
603:
601:
597:
592:
588:
580:
578:
574:
566:
564:
560:
557:Japanese name
555:
543:
541:
537:
529:
527:
523:
518:
514:
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500:
492:
490:
486:
481:
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271:
268:
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249:
246:
242:
239:
235:
232:
228:
225:
221:
218: –
217:
213:
212:Find sources:
206:
202:
196:
195:
190:This article
188:
184:
179:
178:
165:
161:
158:
150:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
125:
118:
117:main category
114:
113:
108:
105:
101:
97:
95:
94:
88:
82:
80:
75:You can help
71:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3003:Signum manus
2991:Royal cypher
2956:
2941:Nomen nescio
2939:
2935:Nomenclature
2930:Naming taboo
2929:
2742:Professional
2585:of authority
2535:Saint's name
2200:Scandinavian
1822:Muslim world
1660:
1636:
1607:
1459:Occupational
1318:anthroponymy
1259:. Retrieved
1247:
1243:
1230:
1218:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1184:
1180:
1166:
1162:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:p. 79 of 179
1096:Siku Quanshu
1091:
1083:
1036:Nguyễn Hoàng
1020:
1019:
974:
973:
964:
951:Northern Wei
947:
920:
910:
906:
900:
895:
891:
863:
812:
774:
761:
738:
734:
724:
714:
710:
706:
696:
692:
678:Zhèng (<
661:
652:
624:naming taboo
623:
621:
424:Southern Min
361:Hanyu Pinyin
311:Chinese name
301:Naming taboo
300:
281:
263:
254:
244:
237:
230:
223:
211:
199:Please help
194:verification
191:
139:edit summary
130:
110:
84:
76:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
2976:Proper name
2898:Name change
2752:Educational
2730:Substantive
2669:decorations
2552:Jewish name
2547:Dharma name
2512:By religion
2177:Hongkongese
2002:Australasia
1842:Azerbaijani
1575:Regnal name
1556:Temple name
1386:Middle name
1374:By sequence
1351:Matrilineal
1347:Patrilineal
1124:zhèngjiànzǐ
1044:Nguyễn Phúc
991:Kinjō Heika
789:Jin dynasty
666:Qin dynasty
640:Qin dynasty
483:Korean name
86:(June 2023)
3043:Categories
2969:Identifier
2952:Onomastics
2893:Legal name
2873:Deadnaming
2769:Diplomatic
2725:Subsidiary
2720:Hereditary
2611:Diplomatic
2530:Papal name
2439:Indonesian
2405:South Asia
2401:Indosphere
2367:Macedonian
2340:Belarusian
2247:Portuguese
2089:Lithuanian
1983:Zimbabwean
1779:Vietnamese
1739:Generation
1706:East Asian
1694:By culture
1668:Stage name
1625:Hypocorism
1590:Pseudonyms
1580:Slave name
1531:Birth name
1483:Teknonymic
1464:Patronymic
1444:Matronymic
1407:Diminutive
1381:First name
1337:Given name
1332:Birth name
1075:References
860:In history
807:Wang Xihou
743:Wang Xihou
713:(OC B-S: *
389:Wade–Giles
227:newspapers
81:in Chinese
39:improve it
2981:Signature
2868:Call sign
2844:Anonymity
2779:Religious
2705:Chivalric
2626:Religious
2621:Judiciary
2606:Honorific
2589:of honour
2488:Sinhalese
2478:Pakistani
2463:Malaysian
2458:Cambodian
2362:Kashubian
2354:Ukrainian
2319:Bulgarian
2258:Praenomen
2195:Icelandic
2066:Hungarian
1867:Pakistani
1802:Mongolian
1656:Ring name
1649:Heteronym
1615:Nicknames
1536:Code name
1488:Toponymic
1478:Sobriquet
1454:Mononymic
1449:Metonymic
1391:Last name
1261:22 August
1142:< OC *
1138:< MC *
1114:< OC *
1110:< MC *
1098:version,
1058:, example
953:dynasty,
785:Confucius
416:bei6 wai5
257:June 2019
157:talk page
109:Consider
45:talk page
2998:Khelrtva
2986:Monogram
2947:Misnomer
2925:Namesake
2859:National
2816:Name day
2774:Judicial
2764:Business
2757:Honorary
2747:Academic
2737:Military
2710:Courtesy
2695:Academic
2660:Academic
2650:Emeritus
2453:Javanese
2434:Filipino
2419:Balinese
2387:Suffixes
2324:Croatian
2287:Romanian
2272:Cognomen
2170:Canadian
2156:American
2137:Germanic
2122:Scottish
2040:Georgian
2030:Estonian
2015:Armenian
2010:Albanian
1968:Ghanaian
1925:Hawaiian
1862:Mandaean
1769:Okinawan
1754:Japanese
1725:Courtesy
1685:Username
1678:Mononyms
1644:Pen name
1630:Monarchs
1603:Art name
1546:Necronym
1526:Aptronym
1439:Eponymic
1400:By trait
1256:42667241
1238:(2011).
1223:vol. 122
1189:vol. 199
1050:See also
955:Goguryeo
915:Li Shiji
711:Zhēngyuè
707:Zhèngyuè
577:Hiragana
410:Jyutping
381:ㄅㄧˋ ㄏㄨㄟˋ
375:Bopomofo
133:provide
2918:Surname
2839:Acronym
2832:Related
2811:Baptism
2445:Chinese
2429:Burmese
2424:Bengali
2377:Serbian
2347:Russian
2292:Spanish
2279:Agnomen
2242:Occitan
2237:Italian
2227:Catalan
2219:Romance
2206:Swedish
2150:English
2107:Cornish
2084:Latvian
2058:Cypriot
2035:Finnish
1948:Ashanti
1907:Oceania
1897:Turkish
1877:Persian
1872:Pashtun
1847:Bengali
1812:Tibetan
1719:Chinese
1662:Shikona
1568:Notname
1500:Patrial
1493:Surname
1470:Surname
1417:Epithet
1356:Affixes
1342:Surname
1173:vol. 25
1023:Vietnam
819:synonym
735:Duānyuè
717:, like
683:
468:Hán-Nôm
395:pi4hui4
241:scholar
155:to the
137:in the
83:.
3054:Naming
3008:Tughra
2913:Middle
2883:Family
2687:Titles
2673:medals
2671:, and
2665:Orders
2645:Suffix
2598:Styles
2557:Hebrew
2483:Sindhi
2468:Indian
2382:Slovak
2372:Polish
2311:Slavic
2232:French
2190:Gothic
2185:German
2099:Celtic
2076:Baltic
2025:Basque
1993:Europe
1978:Yoruba
1920:Fijian
1887:Somali
1882:Sindhi
1857:Coptic
1852:Berber
1837:Arabic
1832:Afghan
1797:Kalmyk
1764:Manchu
1759:Korean
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2112:Irish
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