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chemical imaging, e.g. of cellular release processes with high spatial and temporal resolution. Detection of several target analytes is possible by the spatial arrangement of different SWCNT sensors in arrays or by hyperspectral detection based on monochiral SWCNT sensors that emit at different emission wavelengths. For fluorescence applications, however, optical filters to distinguish between excitation and emission and a NIR-sensitive detector must be used. Standard silicon detectors can also be used if monochiral SWCNTs (extractable by special purification processes) emitting closer to the visible range (800 - 900 nm) are used. In order to avoid susceptibility of optical sensors to fluctuating ambient light, internal references such as SWCNTs that are modified to be non-responsive or stable NIR emitters can be used. An alternative is to measure fluorescence lifetimes instead of fluorescence intensities. Overall, SWCNTs therefore have great potential as building blocks for various biosensors. To render SWCNTs suitable for biosensing, their surface needs to be modified to ensure colloidal stability and provide a handle for biological recognition. Therefore, biosensing and surface modifications (functionalization) are closely related.
3099:. Early scientific studies have indicated that nanoscale particles may pose a greater health risk than bulk materials due to a relative increase in surface area per unit mass. Increase in length and diameter of CNT is correlated to increased toxicity and pathological alterations in lung. The biological interactions of nanotubes are not well understood, and the field is open to continued toxicological studies. It is often difficult to separate confounding factors, and since carbon is relatively biologically inert, some of the toxicity attributed to carbon nanotubes may be instead due to residual metal catalyst contamination. In previous studies, only Mitsui-7 was reliably demonstrated to be carcinogenic, although for unclear/unknown reasons. Unlike many common mineral fibers (such as asbestos), most SWCNTs and MWCNTs do not fit the size and aspect-ratio criteria to be classified as respirable fibers. In 2013, given that the long-term health effects have not yet been measured, NIOSH published a Current Intelligence Bulletin detailing the potential hazards and recommended exposure limit for carbon nanotubes and fibers. The U.S.
2451:(CVD) and high-pressure carbon monoxide disproportionation (HiPCO). Among these arc discharge, laser ablation are batch by batch process, Chemical Vapor Deposition can be used both for batch by batch or continuous processes, and HiPCO is gas phase continuous process. Most of these processes take place in a vacuum or with process gases. The CVD growth method is popular, as it yields high quantity and has a degree of control over diameter, length and morphology. Using particulate catalysts, large quantities of nanotubes can be synthesized by these methods, and industrialisation is well on its way, with several CNT and CNT fibers factory around the world. One problem of CVD processes is the high variability in the nanotube's characteristics The HiPCO process advances in catalysis and continuous growth are making CNTs more commercially viable. The HiPCO process helps in producing high purity single-walled carbon nanotubes in higher quantity. The HiPCO reactor operates at high
2773:(FET) are often used in which the flow of charges within the SWCNTs is measured. The FET structures allow easy on-chip integration and can be parallelized to detect multiple target analytes simultaneously. However, such sensors are more invasive for in vivo applications, as the entire device has to be inserted into the body. Optical detection with semiconducting SWCNTs is based on the radiative recombination of excitons in the near-infrared (NIR) by prior optical (fluorescence) or electrical excitation (electroluminescence). The emission in the NIR enables detection in the biological transparency window, where optical sensor applications benefit from reduced scattering and autofluorescence of biological samples and consequently a high signal-to-noise ratio. Compared to optical sensors in the
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alumina is often also put down on the substrate first. This imparts controllable wetting and good interfacial properties. When the substrate is heated to the growth temperature (~600 to 850 °C), the continuous iron film breaks up into small islands with each island then nucleating a carbon nanotube. The sputtered thickness controls the island size and this in turn determines the nanotube diameter. Thinner iron layers drive down the diameter of the islands and drive down the diameter of the nanotubes grown. The amount of time the metal island can sit at the growth temperature is limited as they are mobile and can merge into larger (but fewer) islands. Annealing at the growth temperature reduces the site density (number of CNT/mm) while increasing the catalyst diameter.
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significantly by free-radical grafting because the large functional molecules facilitate the dispersion of CNTs in a variety of solvents even at a low degree of functionalization. Recently an innovative environmentally friendly approach has been developed for the covalent functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) using clove buds. This approach is innovative and green because it does not use toxic and hazardous acids which are typically used in common carbon nanomaterial functionalization procedures. The MWCNTs are functionalized in one pot using a free radical grafting reaction. The clove-functionalized MWCNTs are then dispersed in water producing a highly stable multi-walled carbon nanotube aqueous suspension (nanofluids).
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2114:. This strength results from the covalent sp bonds formed between the individual carbon atoms. In 2000, a multiwalled carbon nanotube was tested to have a tensile strength of 63 GPa (9,100,000 psi). (For illustration, this translates into the ability to endure tension of a weight equivalent to 6,422 kilograms-force (62,980 N; 14,160 lbf) on a cable with cross-section of 1 mm (0.0016 sq in)). Further studies, such as one conducted in 2008, revealed that individual CNT shells have strengths of up to ≈100 GPa (15,000,000 psi), which is in agreement with quantum/atomistic models. Because carbon nanotubes have a low density for a solid of 1.3 to 1.4 g/cm, its
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tailored for selective molecular interactions with a target analyte. The SWCNT represents the transduction unit that converts the interaction into a signal change (optical or electrical). Due to continuous progress in the development of detection strategies, there are numerous examples of the use of SWCNTs as highly sensitive nanosensors (even down to the single molecule level) for a variety of important biomolecules. Examples include the detection of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, neurotransmitters, other small molecules, lipids, proteins, sugars, DNA/RNA, enzymes as well as bacteria.
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Lalwani et al. have reported a novel radical initiated thermal crosslinking method to fabricated macroscopic, free-standing, porous, all-carbon scaffolds using single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes as building blocks. These scaffolds possess macro-, micro-, and nano- structured pores and the porosity can be tailored for specific applications. These 3D all-carbon scaffolds/architectures may be used for the fabrication of the next generation of energy storage, supercapacitors, field emission transistors, high-performance catalysis, photovoltaics, and biomedical devices and implants.
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macroscopic, free-standing, porous, all-carbon scaffolds using single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes as building blocks. These scaffolds possess macro-, micro-, and nano-structured pores, and the porosity can be tailored for specific applications. These 3D all-carbon scaffolds/architectures may be used for the fabrication of the next generation of energy storage, supercapacitors, field emission transistors, high-performance catalysis, photovoltaics, and biomedical devices, implants, and sensors.
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of interest (thermal, electrical, modulus, creep), one RVE might predict the property better than the alternatives. While the implementation of the ideal model is computationally efficient, they do not represent microstructural features observed in scanning electron microscopy of actual nanocomposites. To incorporate realistic modeling, computer models are also generated to incorporate variability such as waviness, orientation and agglomeration of multiwall or single-wall carbon nanotubes.
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observed a hollow tube, linearly extended with parallel carbon layer faces near the fiber core. This appears to be the observation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes at the center of the fiber. The mass-produced MWCNTs today are strongly related to the VPGCF developed by Endo. In fact, they call it the "Endo-process", out of respect for his early work and patents. In 1979, John
Abrahamson presented evidence of carbon nanotubes at the 14th Biennial Conference of Carbon at
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2404:, which transmits 385 W·m·K. An individual SWNT has a room-temperature thermal conductivity lateral to its axis (in the radial direction) of about 1.52 W·m·K, which is about as thermally conductive as soil. Macroscopic assemblies of nanotubes such as films or fibres have reached up to 1500 W·m·K so far. Networks composed of nanotubes demonstrate different values of thermal conductivity, from the level of
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1944:. The electronic properties of such junctions were first considered theoretically by Lambin et al., who pointed out that a connection between a metallic tube and a semiconducting one would represent a nanoscale heterojunction. Such a junction could therefore form a component of a nanotube-based electronic circuit. The adjacent image shows a junction between two multiwalled nanotubes.
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2555:, nitric acid, or a mixture of both) in order to set the carboxylic groups onto the surface of the CNTs as the final product or for further modification by esterification or amination. Free radical grafting is a promising technique among covalent functionalization methods, in which alkyl or aryl peroxides, substituted anilines, and diazonium salts are used as the starting agents.
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addressed by applying high-energy electron irradiation, which crosslinks inner shells and tubes, and effectively increases the strength of these materials to ≈60 GPa for multiwalled carbon nanotubes and ≈17 GPa for double-walled carbon nanotube bundles. CNTs are not nearly as strong under compression. Because of their hollow structure and high aspect ratio, they tend to undergo
1751:; which has some characteristics of nanotubes (such as orbital hybridization, high tensile strength, etc.) — but has no hollow space, and may not be obtainable as a condensed phase. The pair (2,0) would theoretically yield a chain of fused 4-cycles; and (1,1), the limiting "armchair" structure, would yield a chain of bi-connected 4-rings. These structures may not be realizable.
3226:, thus played a role in the discoveries of both multi- and single-wall nanotubes, extending the run of serendipitous discoveries relating to fullerenes. The discovery of nanotubes remains a contentious issue. Many believe that Iijima's report in 1991 is of particular importance because it brought carbon nanotubes into the awareness of the scientific community as a whole.
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592:, and will be perpendicular to the edges of the strip. In the graphene lattice, the atoms can be split into two classes, depending on the directions of their three bonds. Half the atoms have their three bonds directed the same way, and half have their three bonds rotated 180 degrees relative to the first half. The atoms
3119:(REACH) regulations, based on evaluation of the potentially hazardous properties of SWCNT. Based on this registration, SWCNT commercialization is allowed in the EU up to 100 metric tons. Currently, the type of SWCNT registered through REACH is limited to the specific type of single-wall carbon nanotubes manufactured by
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Helping to create the initial excitement associated with carbon nanotubes were Iijima's 1991 discovery of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in the insoluble material of arc-burned graphite rods; and
Mintmire, Dunlap, and White's independent prediction that if single-walled carbon nanotubes could be made,
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patterns, the authors suggested that their "carbon multi-layer tubular crystals" were formed by rolling graphene layers into cylinders. They speculated that via this rolling, many different arrangements of graphene hexagonal nets are possible. They suggested two such possible arrangements: a circular
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Large quantities of pure CNTs can be made into a freestanding sheet or film by surface-engineered tape-casting (SETC) fabrication technique which is a scalable method to fabricate flexible and foldable sheets with superior properties. Another reported form factor is CNT fiber (a.k.a. filament) by wet
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from the 17th century, possibly helping to account for the legendary strength of the swords made of it. Recently, several studies have highlighted the prospect of using carbon nanotubes as building blocks to fabricate three-dimensional macroscopic (>1mm in all three dimensions) all-carbon devices.
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aqueous phases form spontaneously, and each of the two phases shows a different affinity to CNTs. Partition depends on the solvation energy difference between two similar phases of microscale volumes. By changing the separation system or temperatures, and adding strong oxidants, reductants, or salts,
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Recently, several studies have highlighted the prospect of using carbon nanotubes as building blocks to fabricate three-dimensional macroscopic (>100 nm in all three dimensions) all-carbon devices. Lalwani et al. have reported a novel radical-initiated thermal crosslinking method to fabricate
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single-walled carbon nanotube is about 0.43 nm in diameter. Researchers suggested that it can be either (5,1) or (4,2) SWCNT, but the exact type of the carbon nanotube remains questionable. (3,3), (4,3), and (5,1) carbon nanotubes (all about 0.4 nm in diameter) were unambiguously identified
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that turns 60 degrees, alternating left and right, after stepping through each bond. It is also conventional to define an armchair path as one that makes two left turns of 60 degrees followed by two right turns every four steps. On some carbon nanotubes, there is a closed zigzag path that goes around
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observed hollow tubes of rolled up graphite sheets synthesised by a chemical vapour-growth technique. The first specimens observed would later come to be known as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). Endo, in his early review of vapor-phase-grown carbon fibers (VPCF), also reminded us that he had
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Potential future applications include biomedical and environmental applications such as monitoring plant health in agriculture, standoff process control in bioreactors, research/diagnostics of neuronal communication and numerous diseases such as coagulation disorders, diabetes, cancer, microbial and
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model is highly function of the studied mechanical properties. The concept of representative volume element (RVE) is used to determine the appropriate size and configuration of the computer model to replicate the actual behavior of the CNT-reinforced nanocomposite. Depending on the material property
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CNTs are known to have weak dispersibility in many solvents such as water as a consequence of strong intermolecular p–p interactions. This hinders the processability of CNTs in industrial applications. To tackle the issue, various techniques have been developed to modify the surface of CNTs in order
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can be changed, intentionally or unintentionally, to alter the nanotube quality, such as the non-tubular carbon content, structure (chirality) of the produced nanotubes, and structural defects. These features then determine nearly all other significant optical, mechanical, and electrical properties.
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and conductivity-enhancing components in composite materials, and many groups are attempting to commercialize highly conducting electrical wire assembled from individual carbon nanotubes. There are significant challenges to be overcome however, such as undesired current saturation under voltage, and
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in 1991. His paper initiated a flurry of excitement and could be credited with inspiring the many scientists now studying applications of carbon nanotubes. Though Iijima has been given much of the credit for discovering carbon nanotubes, it turns out that the timeline of carbon nanotubes goes back
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as background-corrected elemental carbon as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) respirable mass concentration. Although CNT caused pulmonary inflammation and toxicity in mice, exposure to aerosols generated from sanding of composites containing polymer-coated MWCNTs, representative of the actual
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Nanocomposites for aviation, automotive, and renewable energy markets: Modifying resin with just 0.02% single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) increases electrical conductivity by 276% without compromising the mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced polymers, also improving flexural properties and
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composites, to improve the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of the bulk product, and as a highly absorptive black paint. Many other applications are under development, including field effect transistors for electronics, high-strength fabrics, biosensors for biomedical and agricultural
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Certain polymers selectively disperse or wrap CNTs of a particular chirality, metallic character or diameter. For example, poly(phenylenevinylenes) disperses CNTs of specific diameters (0.75–0.84 nm) and polyfluorenes are highly selective for semiconducting CNTs. It involves mainly two steps,
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As-synthesized carbon nanotubes typically contain impurities and most importantly different chiralities of carbon nanotubes. Therefore, multiple methods have been developed to purify them including polymer-assisted, density gradient ultracentrifugation (DGU), chromatography and aqueous two-phase
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The rule regarding metallic versus semiconductor behavior has exceptions because curvature effects in small-diameter tubes can strongly influence electrical properties. Thus, a (5,0) SWCNT that should be semiconducting in fact is metallic according to the calculations. Likewise, zigzag and chiral
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Although the strength of individual CNT shells is extremely high, weak shear interactions between adjacent shells and tubes lead to significant reduction in the effective strength of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and carbon nanotube bundles down to only a few GPa. This limitation has been recently
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independently discovered that co-vaporising carbon and transition metals such as iron and cobalt could specifically catalyse SWCNT formation. These discoveries triggered research that succeeded in greatly increasing the efficiency of the catalytic production technique, and led to an explosion of
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In 1987, Howard G. Tennent of
Hyperion Catalysis was issued a U.S. patent for the production of "cylindrical discrete carbon fibrils" with a "constant diameter between about 3.5 and about 70 nanometers..., length 10 times the diameter, and an outer region of multiple essentially continuous
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The signal change manifests itself in an increase or decrease in the current (electrical) or in a change in the intensity or wavelength of the fluorescence emission (optical). Depending on the type of application, both electrical or optical signal transmission can be advantageous. For sensitive
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Monochiral CNTs have the advantage that they do contain less or no impurities, well-defined non-congested optical spectra. This allows to create for example CNT-based biosensors with higher sensitivity and selectivity. For example, monochiral SWCNTs are necessary for multiplexed and ratiometric
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Density gradient ultracentrifugation is a method based on the density difference of CNTs, so that different components are layered in centrifuge tubes under centrifugal force. Chromatography-based methods include size exclusion (SEC), ion-exchange (IEX) and gel chromatography. For SEC, CNTs are
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are also grown by thermal chemical vapor deposition. A substrate (quartz, silicon, stainless steel, carbon fibers, etc.) is coated with a catalytic metal (Fe, Co, Ni) layer. Typically that layer is iron and is deposited via sputtering to a thickness of 1–5 nm. A 10–50 nm underlayer of
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Crystallographic defects also affect the tube's electrical properties. A common result is lowered conductivity through the defective region of the tube. A defect in metallic armchair-type tubes (which can conduct electricity) can cause the surrounding region to become semiconducting, and single
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In 2021, Michael Strano, the Carbon P. Dubbs
Professor of Chemical Engineering at MIT, published department findings on the use of carbon nanotubes to create an electric current. By immersing the structures in an organic solvent, the liquid drew electrons out of the carbon particles. Strano was
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carbon nanotubes by adding transition-metal catalysts to the carbon in an arc discharge. Thess et al. refined this catalytic method by vaporizing the carbon/transition-metal combination in a high-temperature furnace, which greatly improved the yield and purity of the SWNTs and made them widely
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range, the penetration depth in biological tissue is also increased. In addition to the advantage of a contactless readout SWCNTs have excellent photostability, which enables long-term sensor applications. Furthermore, the nanoscale size of SWCNTs allows dense coating of surfaces which enables
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SWCNTs have nanoscale dimensions that fit to the size of biological species. Due to this size compatibility and their large surface-to-volume ratio, they are sensitive to changes in their chemical environment. Through covalent and non-covalent surface functionalization, SWCNTs can be precisely
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model, a single sheet of graphite is rolled in around itself, resembling a scroll of parchment or a rolled newspaper. The interlayer distance in multi-walled nanotubes is close to the distance between graphene layers in graphite, approximately 3.4 Å. The
Russian Doll structure is observed more
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There is no consensus on some terms describing carbon nanotubes in the scientific literature: both "-wall" and "-walled" are being used in combination with "single", "double", "triple", or "multi", and the letter C is often omitted in the abbreviation, for example, multi-walled carbon nanotube
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Carbon nanotubes can be functionalized to attain desired properties that can be used in a wide variety of applications. The two main methods of carbon nanotube functionalization are covalent and non-covalent modifications. Because of their apparent hydrophobic nature, carbon nanotubes tend to
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onto chemically functionalized resins packed in an IEX column, so understanding the interaction between CNTs mixtures and resins is important. The first IEX is reported to separate DNA-SWCNTs. Gel chromatography is based on the partition of CNTs between stationary and mobile phase, it's found
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with the thermal conductivity of 0.1 W·m·K to such high values. That is dependent on the amount of contribution to the thermal resistance of the system caused by the presence of impurities, misalignments and other factors. The temperature stability of carbon nanotubes is estimated to be up to
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Single-walled nanotubes are likely candidates for miniaturizing electronics. The most basic building block of these systems is an electric wire, and SWNTs with diameters of an order of a nanometre can be excellent conductors. One useful application of SWNTs is in the development of the first
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Free radical grafting of macromolecules (as the functional group) onto the surface of CNTs can improve the solubility of CNTs compared to common acid treatments which involve the attachment of small molecules such as hydroxyl onto the surface of CNTs. The solubility of CNTs can be improved
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commonly. Its individual shells can be described as SWNTs, which can be metallic or semiconducting. Because of statistical probability and restrictions on the relative diameters of the individual tubes, one of the shells, and thus the whole MWNT, is usually a zero-gap metal.
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1994:. In this new material, fullerene-like "buds" are covalently bonded to the outer sidewalls of the underlying carbon nanotube. This hybrid material has useful properties of both fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. In particular, they have been found to be exceptionally good
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using SWCNT FETs was made in 2001. A logic gate requires both a p-FET and an n-FET. Because SWNTs are p-FETs when exposed to oxygen and n-FETs otherwise, it is possible to expose half of an SWNT to oxygen and protect the other half from it. The resulting SWNT acts as a
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The as-prepared carbon nanotubes always have impurities such as other forms of carbon (amorphous carbon, fullerene, etc.) and non-carbonaceous impurities (metal used for catalyst). These impurities need to be removed to make use of the carbon nanotubes in applications.
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The zigzag and armchair configurations are not the only structures that a single-walled nanotube can have. To describe the structure of a general infinitely long tube, one should imagine it being sliced open by a cut parallel to its axis, that goes through some atom
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and reduces the thermal conductivity of nanotube structures. Phonon transport simulations indicate that substitutional defects such as nitrogen or boron will primarily lead to the scattering of high-frequency optical phonons. However, larger-scale defects such as
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on the cylinder, must be in the same class. It follows that the circumference of the tube and the angle of the strip are not arbitrary, because they are constrained to the lengths and directions of the lines that connect pairs of graphene atoms in the same class.
2217:) nanotubes are metallic, and nanotubes (6,4), (9,1), etc. are semiconducting. Carbon nanotubes are not semimetallic because the degenerate point (the point where the π band meets the π* band, at which the energy goes to zero) is slightly shifted away from the
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The telescopic motion ability of inner shells and their unique mechanical properties will permit the use of multi-walled nanotubes as the main movable arms in upcoming nanomechanical devices. The retraction force that occurs to telescopic motion is caused by the
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properties. Spectroscopic methods offer the possibility of quick and non-destructive characterization of relatively large amounts of carbon nanotubes. There is a strong demand for such characterization from the industrial point of view: numerous parameters of
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SWCNTs with small diameters that should be metallic have a finite gap (armchair nanotubes remain metallic). In theory, metallic nanotubes can carry an electric current density of 4 × 10 A/cm, which is more than 1,000 times greater than those of metals such as
1747:) will describe a molecule that cannot be reasonably called a "tube", and may not even be stable. For example, the structure theoretically described by the pair (1,0) (the limiting "zigzag" type) would be just a chain of carbons. That is a real molecule, the
2816:, resulting in a composite material that is 20% to 30% stronger than other composite materials. It has been used for wind turbines, marine paints and a variety of sports gear such as skis, ice hockey sticks, baseball bats, hunting arrows, and surfboards.
3190:. The conference paper described carbon nanotubes as carbon fibers that were produced on carbon anodes during arc discharge. A characterization of these fibers was given, as well as hypotheses for their growth in a nitrogen atmosphere at low pressures.
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Sadri R, Hosseini M, Kazi SN, Bagheri S, Zubir N, Solangi KH, et al. (October 2017). "A bio-based, facile approach for the preparation of covalently functionalized carbon nanotubes aqueous suspensions and their potential as heat transfer fluids".
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2911:, as a technology demonstrator for what is possible using CNT technology. CNTs help improve the structural performance of the vessel, resulting in a lightweight 8,000 lb boat that can carry a payload of 15,000 lb over a range of 2,500 miles.
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is a novel hybrid carbon material which traps fullerene inside a carbon nanotube. It can possess interesting magnetic properties with heating and irradiation. It can also be applied as an oscillator during theoretical investigations and predictions.
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Cup-stacked carbon nanotubes (CSCNTs) differ from other quasi-1D carbon structures, which normally behave as quasi-metallic conductors of electrons. CSCNTs exhibit semiconducting behavior because of the stacking microstructure of graphene layers.
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viral infections, testing the efficacy of pharmaceuticals or infection monitoring using smart implants. In industry, SWCNTs are already used as sensors in the detection of gases and odors in the form of an electronic nose or in enzyme screening.
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agglomerate hindering their dispersion in solvents or viscous polymer melts. The resulting nanotube bundles or aggregates reduce the mechanical performance of the final composite. The surface of the carbon nanotubes can be modified to reduce the
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The thinnest carbon nanotube proper is the armchair structure with type (2,2), which has a diameter of 0.3 nm. This nanotube was grown inside a multi-walled carbon nanotube. Assigning of the carbon nanotube type was done by a combination of
2044:-CNT structure is the high surface area three-dimensional framework of the CNTs coupled with the high edge density of graphene. Depositing a high density of graphene foliates along the length of aligned CNTs can significantly increase the total
2318:, but with no wires," and represents a significant breakthrough in the technology. Future applications include powering micro- or nanoscale robots, as well as driving alcohol oxidation reactions, which are important in the chemicals industry.
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the much more resistive nanotube-to-nanotube junctions and impurities, all of which lower the electrical conductivity of the macroscopic nanotube wires by orders of magnitude, as compared to the conductivity of the individual nanotubes.
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also offers a certified reference material SWCNT-1 for elemental analysis using neutron activation analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. NIST RM 8281 is a mixture of three lengths of single-wall carbon nanotube.
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Carbon nanotubes are modelled in a similar manner as traditional composites in which a reinforcement phase is surrounded by a matrix phase. Ideal models such as cylindrical, hexagonal and square models are common. The size of the
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has patented the use of carbon nanotubes for structural health monitoring of composites used in aircraft structures. This technology is hoped to greatly reduce the risk of an in-flight failure caused by structural degradation of
2400:", but good insulators lateral to the tube axis. Measurements show that an individual SWNT has a room-temperature thermal conductivity along its axis of about 3500 W·m·K; compare this to copper, a metal well known for its good
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Additive manufacturing: single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are mixed with a suitable printing medium or used as a filler material in the printing process, creating complex structures with enhanced mechanical and electrical
3241:, ~2600-year-old pottery was discovered whose coatings appear to contain carbon nanotubes. The robust mechanical properties of the nanotubes are partially why the coatings have lasted for so many years, say the scientists.
847:. Conversely, for every type there is a hypothetical nanotube. In fact, two nanotubes have the same type if and only if one can be conceptually rotated and translated so as to match the other exactly. Instead of the type (
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and 6 wt% loadings are the most optimal concentrations, as they provide a good balance between mechanical properties and resilience of mechanical properties against UV exposure for the offshore umbilical sheathing layer.
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with impressive properties that are tunable for a wide range of applications. Chemical routes such as covalent functionalization have been studied extensively, which involves the oxidation of CNTs via strong acids (e.g.
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foliates grown along the sidewalls of multiwalled or bamboo-style CNTs. The foliate density can vary as a function of deposition conditions (e.g., temperature and time) with their structure ranging from a few layers of
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For multiwall carbon nanotubes, ISO/TR 10929 identifies the basic properties and the content of impurities, while ISO/TS 11888 describes morphology using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy,
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surface, whose vertices are the positions of the carbon atoms. Since the length of the carbon-carbon bonds is fairly fixed, there are constraints on the diameter of the cylinder and the arrangement of the atoms on it.
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only one order of magnitude higher than metallic conductors at 300 K (27 °C; 80 °F). By further optimizing the CNTs and CNT fibers, CNT fibers with improved electrical properties could be developed.
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Despite the progress that has been made to separate and purify CNTs, many challenges remain, such as the growth of chirality-controlled CNTs, so that no further purification is needed, or large-scale purification.
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and optoelectronic memory devices have been realised on ensembles of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Nanotube fluorescence has been investigated for the purposes of imaging and sensing in biomedical applications.
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in carbon nanotubes differs from that of bulk crystalline semiconductors from the same group of the periodic table (e.g., silicon). Graphitic substitution of carbon atoms in the nanotube wall by boron or nitrogen
1908:, leaving "holes" in the structure on the nanotube and thus modifying both its mechanical and electrical properties. In the case of DWNTs, only the outer wall is modified. DWNT synthesis on the gram-scale by the
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Peng B, Locascio M, Zapol P, Li S, Mielke SL, Schatz GC, et al. (October 2008). "Measurements of near-ultimate strength for multiwalled carbon nanotubes and irradiation-induced crosslinking improvements".
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Bitumen and asphalt: The world's first test section of road pavement with single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) showed a 67% increase in resistance to cracks and ruts, increasing the lifespan of the materials.
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and properties are similar to those of SWNTs but they are more resistant to attacks by chemicals. This is especially important when it is necessary to graft chemical functions to the surface of the nanotubes
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Sahoo P, Tan JB, Zhang ZM, Singh SK, Lu TB (7 March 2018). "Engineering the
Surface Structure of Binary/Ternary Ferrite Nanoparticles as High-Performance Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction".
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The fact is, Radushkevich and
Lukyanovich should be credited for the discovery that carbon filaments could be hollow and have a nanometre-size diameter, that is to say for the discovery of carbon nanotubes.
568:, and then unrolled flat on the plane, so that its atoms and bonds coincide with those of an imaginary graphene sheet—more precisely, with an infinitely long strip of that sheet. The two halves of the atom
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Itkis ME, Perea DE, Niyogi S, Rickard SM, Hamon MA, Hu H, et al. (1 March 2003). "Purity
Evaluation of As-Prepared Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Soot by Use of Solution-Phase Near-IR Spectroscopy".
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Piao Y, Chen CF, Green AA, Kwon H, Hersam MC, Lee CS, et al. (7 July 2011). "Optical and
Electrical Properties of Inner Tubes in Outer Wall-Selectively Functionalized Double-Wall Carbon Nanotubes".
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Optical biosensors with SWCNTs. The functionalization of SWCNTs with (bio)polymers leads to nanosensors for various molecules. The interaction with these molecules influences the NIR fluorescence of the
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or halofluorinated by heating while in contact with a fluoroorganic substance, thereby forming partially fluorinated carbons (so-called
Fluocar materials) with grafted (halo)fluoroalkyl functionality.
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Susantyoko RA, Karam Z, Alkhoori S, Mustafa I, Wu CH, Almheiri S (2017). "A surface-engineered tape-casting fabrication technique toward the commercialisation of freestanding carbon nanotube sheets".
13380:
Karam Z, Susantyoko RA, Alhammadi A, Mustafa I, Wu CH, Almheiri S (June 2018). "Development of Surface-Engineered Tape-Casting Method for Fabricating Freestanding Carbon Nanotube Sheets Containing Fe
4504:
Sugime H, Esconjauregui S, Yang J, D'Arsié L, Oliver RA, Bhardwaj S, et al. (12 August 2013). "Low temperature growth of ultra-high mass density carbon nanotube forests on conductive supports".
12721:
1879:
Multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs) consist of multiple rolled layers (concentric tubes) of graphene. There are two models that can be used to describe the structures of multi-walled nanotubes. In the
1344:
7277:
Bronikowski MJ, Willis PA, Colbert DT, Smith KA, Smalley RE (July 2001). "Gas-phase production of carbon single-walled nanotubes from carbon monoxide via the HiPco process: A parametric study".
2017:(doughnut shape). Nanotori are predicted to have many unique properties, such as magnetic moments 1000 times larger than that previously expected for certain specific radii. Properties such as
1850:
at lower than typical temperatures of 450 °C. The tubes averaged a height of 380 nm and a mass density of 1.6 g cm. The material showed ohmic conductivity (lowest resistance ~22 kΩ).
793:) — correspond to the same arrangement of atoms on the nanotube. That is the case, for example, of the six pairs (1,2), (−2,3), (−3,1), (−1,−2), (2,−3), and (3,−1). In particular, the pairs (
12948:"Systematic Investigation of the Degradation Properties of Nitrile-Butadiene Rubber/Polyamide Elastomer/Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Composites in Thermo-Oxidative and Hot Oil Environments"
2894:
Jack Andraka used carbon nanotubes in his pancreatic cancer test. His method of testing won the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair Gordon E. Moore Award in the spring of 2012.
3145:
described the origin of the carbon nanotube. A large percentage of academic and popular literature attributes the discovery of hollow, nanometre-size tubes composed of graphitic carbon to
2245:
Because of its nanoscale cross-section, electrons propagate only along the tube's axis. As a result, carbon nanotubes are frequently referred to as one-dimensional conductors. The maximum
3116:
2508:
semiconducting CNTs are more strongly attracted by gel than metallic CNTs. While it shows potential, the current application is limited to the separation of semiconducting (n,m) species.
13423:
Behabtu N, Young CC, Tsentalovich DE, Kleinerman O, Wang X, Ma AW, et al. (January 2013). "Strong, light, multifunctional fibers of carbon nanotubes with ultrahigh conductivity".
2638:
527:
of the relevant sub-lattice, the (n,m) pairs that define non-isomorphic carbon nanotube structures (red dots), and the pairs that define the enantiomers of the chiral ones (blue dots)
2861:
Medical devices: Using single wall carbon nanotubes in medical devices results in no skin contamination, high flexibility, and softness, which are crucial for healthcare aplications.
1788:
499:
A "sliced and unrolled" representation of a carbon nanotube as a strip of a graphene molecule, overlaid on a diagram of the full molecule (faint background). The arrow shows the gap
1394:
1099:
13920:
13310:
Martel R, Derycke V, Lavoie C, Appenzeller J, Chan KK, Tersoff J, et al. (December 2001). "Ambipolar electrical transport in semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes".
4345:
Wang X, Li Q, Xie J, Jin Z, Wang J, Li Y, et al. (September 2009). "Fabrication of ultralong and electrically uniform single-walled carbon nanotubes on clean substrates".
6694:
Paul Cherukuri, Sergei M. Bachilo, Silvio H. Litovsky, R. Bruce Weisman (2004). "Near-Infrared Fluorescence Microscopy of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Phagocytic Cells".
3041:. The electronic properties of individual CNT fibers (i.e. bundle of individual CNT) are governed by the two-dimensional structure of CNTs. The fibers were measured to have a
2837:. It can be used to hang lightweight items such as pictures and decorative items on smooth walls without punching holes in the wall. The carbon nanotube arrays comprising the
12551:
8880:"ISO/TS 10798:2011 – Nanotechnologies – Characterization of single-wall carbon nanotubes using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry analysis"
2503:
separated due to the difference in size using a stationary phase with different pore size. As for IEX, the separation is achieved based on their differential adsorption and
1976:
8781:
Stefaniak AB (2017). "Principal Metrics and Instrumentation for Characterization of Engineered Nanomaterials". In Mansfield E, Kaiser DL, Fujita D, Van de Voorde M (eds.).
3210:
they would exhibit remarkable conducting properties. Nanotube research accelerated greatly following the independent discoveries by Iijima and Ichihashi at NEC and Bethune
3141:
The true identity of the discoverers of carbon nanotubes is a subject of some controversy. A 2006 editorial written by Marc Monthioux and Vladimir Kuznetsov in the journal
3987:
Bethune DS, Kiang CH, De Vries MS, Gorman G, Savoy R, Vazquez J, et al. (17 June 1993). "Cobalt-catalyzed growth of carbon nanotubes with single-atomic-layer walls".
2984:
The strength and flexibility of carbon nanotubes makes them of potential use in controlling other nanoscale structures, which suggests they will have an important role in
6212:
Takesue I, Haruyama J, Kobayashi N, Chiashi S, Maruyama S, Sugai T, et al. (February 2006). "Superconductivity in entirely end-bonded multiwalled carbon nanotubes".
2546:
to improve their stability and solubility in water. This enhances the processing and manipulation of insoluble CNTs rendering them useful for synthesizing innovative CNT
12811:
2221:
point in the Brillouin zone because of the curvature of the tube surface, causing hybridization between the σ* and π* anti-bonding bands, modifying the band dispersion.
6516:
Chen J, Perebeinos V, Freitag M, Tsang J, Fu Q, Liu J, et al. (November 2005). "Bright infrared emission from electrically induced excitons in carbon nanotubes".
12094:
9187:
Sahoo P, Shrestha RG, Shrestha LK, Hill JP, Takei T, Ariga K (November 2016). "Surface Oxidized Carbon Nanotubes Uniformly Coated with Nickel Ferrite Nanoparticles".
8815:"ISO/TS 10868:2017 – Nanotechnologies – Characterization of single-wall carbon nanotubes using ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) absorption spectroscopy"
3095:(NIOSH) is the leading United States federal agency conducting research and providing guidance on the occupational safety and health implications and applications of
2369:
based on a single nanotube have been produced in the lab. Their unique feature is not the efficiency, which is yet relatively low, but the narrow selectivity in the
2149:
was also performed on single-walled carbon nanotubes. Young's modulus of on the order of several GPa showed that CNTs are in fact very soft in the radial direction.
1577:
1274:
12040:
7356:
Wang L, Pumera M (October 2014). "Residual metallic impurities within carbon nanotubes play a dominant role in supposedly "metal-free" oxygen reduction reactions".
13895:
2864:
Wearable electronics and 5G/6G communication: Electrodes with single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) exhibit excellent electrochemical properties and flexibility.
1885:
model, sheets of graphite are arranged in concentric cylinders, e.g., a (0,8) single-walled nanotube (SWNT) within a larger (0,17) single-walled nanotube. In the
2002:, the attached fullerene molecules may function as molecular anchors preventing slipping of the nanotubes, thus improving the composite's mechanical properties.
14435:
and Carbon Nanotubes a short video explaining how nanotubes can be made from modified graphite sheets and the three different types of nanotubes that are formed
5988:
Lu X, Chen Z (October 2005). "Curved pi-conjugation, aromaticity, and the related chemistry of small fullerenes (< C60) and single-walled carbon nanotubes".
1246:
12921:
2169:
Band structures computed using a tight binding approximation for (6,0) CNT (zigzag, metallic), (10,2) CNT (semiconducting) and (10,10) CNT (armchair, metallic)
3444:
Yu MF, Lourie O, Dyer MJ, Moloni K, Kelly TF, Ruoff RS (January 2000). "Strength and breaking mechanism of multiwalled carbon nanotubes under tensile load".
3100:
3092:
14182:
12335:
Noyce SG, Doherty JL, Cheng Z, Han H, Bowen S, Franklin AD (March 2019). "Electronic Stability of Carbon Nanotube Transistors Under Long-Term Bias Stress".
384:) consist of nested single-wall carbon nanotubes in a nested, tube-in-tube structure. Double- and triple-walled carbon nanotubes are special cases of MWCNT.
12661:
2932:
Carbon nanotubes can serve as additives to various structural materials. For instance, nanotubes form a tiny portion of the material(s) in some (primarily
2819:
4809:
13552:
Pyrhönen J, Montonen J, Lindh P, Vauterin J, Otto M (28 February 2015). "Replacing Copper with New Carbon Nanomaterials in Electrical Machine Windings".
12638:
2611:, while ISO/TS 10797 and ISO/TS 10798 establish methods to characterize the morphology and elemental composition of single-wall carbon nanotubes, using
3161:. This discovery was largely unnoticed, as the article was published in Russian, and Western scientists' access to Soviet press was limited during the
1947:
Junctions between nanotubes and graphene have been considered theoretically and studied experimentally. Nanotube-graphene junctions form the basis of
1936:
Junctions between two or more nanotubes have been widely discussed theoretically. Such junctions are quite frequently observed in samples prepared by
6066:
Vasylenko A, Wynn J, Medeiros PV, Morris AJ, Sloan J, Quigley D (2017). "Encapsulated nanowires: Boosting electronic transport in carbon nanotubes".
5927:
14427:. Interactive 3D models of cyclohexane, benzene, graphene, graphite, chiral & non-chiral nanotubes, and C60 Buckyballs - WeCanFigureThisOut.org.
2299:, result in n-type conduction because they donate electrons to the π-electron system of the nanotube. By contrast, π-electron acceptors such as FeCl
6859:
Pop E, Mann D, Wang Q, Goodson K, Dai H (January 2006). "Thermal conductance of an individual single-wall carbon nanotube above room temperature".
4447:
Cheung KY, Segawa Y, Itami K (November 2020). "Synthetic Strategies of Carbon Nanobelts and Related Belt-Shaped Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons".
2970:
for ATEX requirements and tooling conductive gelcoats for increased safety and efficiency; and heating fiber coatings for infrastructure elements.
1776:
1756:
8743:
Sanei SH, Doles R, Ekaitis T (2019). "Effect of Nanocomposite Microstructure on Stochastic Elastic Properties: An Finite Element Analysis Study".
628:
to two of its nearest atoms with the same bond directions. That is, if one numbers consecutive carbons around a graphene cell with C1 to C6, then
14880:
13484:
Piraux L, Araujo FA, Bui TN, Otto MJ, Issi JP (26 August 2015). "Two-dimensional quantum transport in highly conductive carbon nanotube fibers".
12076:
6737:
4646:
9261:, Zaderko A, Vasyl UA, "Method for carbon materials surface modification by the fluorocarbons and derivatives", issued June 19, 2018
6465:
Misewich JA, Martel R, Avouris P, Tsang JC, Heinze S, Tersoff J (May 2003). "Electrically induced optical emission from a carbon nanotube FET".
5840:
Jensen K, Mickelson W, Kis A, Zettl A (26 November 2007). "Buckling and kinking force measurements on individual multiwalled carbon nanotubes".
5028:
Dimitrakakis GK, Tylianakis E, Froudakis GE (October 2008). "Pillared graphene: a new 3-D network nanostructure for enhanced hydrogen storage".
15602:
14481:
8919:
8819:
5011:
2690:
2626:
2601:
12505:
6161:
Tang ZK, Zhang L, Wang N, Zhang XX, Wen GH, Li GD, et al. (June 2001). "Superconductivity in 4 angstrom single-walled carbon nanotubes".
5789:
Filleter T, Bernal R, Li S, Espinosa HD (July 2011). "Ultrahigh strength and stiffness in cross-linked hierarchical carbon nanotube bundles".
4310:
Zhang R, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Xie H, Qian W, Wei F (July 2013). "Growth of half-meter long carbon nanotubes based on Schulz-Flory distribution".
412:. In addition, carbon nanotubes can be chemically modified. These properties are expected to be valuable in many areas of technology, such as
13603:"Physicochemical characterization and genotoxicity of the broad class of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers used or produced in U.S. facilities"
11319:"Comparison of electrical and optical transduction modes of DNA-wrapped SWCNT nanosensors for the reversible detection of neurotransmitters"
2073:
11420:
8182:"Recent Advances in Structure Separation of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes and Their Application in Optics, Electronics, and Optoelectronics"
5527:
3182:
2646:
14119:
WTEC Panel Report on 'International Assessment of Research and Development of Carbon Nanotube Manufacturing and Applications' Final Report
13184:"Co-axial heterostructures integrating palladium/titanium dioxide with carbon nanotubes for efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution"
2387:
2145:
were performed by several groups to quantitatively measure the radial elasticity of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and tapping/contact mode
13850:"In Vivo Toxicity Assessment of Occupational Components of the Carbon Nanotube Life Cycle To Provide Context to Potential Health Effects"
6428:
5656:
5425:
Wang M, Li CM (January 2010). "An oscillator in a carbon peapod controllable by an external electric field: a molecular dynamics study".
5408:
4226:
Hayashi T, Kim YA, Matoba T, Esaka M, Nishimura K, Tsukada T, et al. (2003). "Smallest Freestanding Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube".
3818:
Wilder JW, Venema LC, Rinzler AG, Smalley RE, Dekker C (1 January 1998). "Electronic structure of atomically resolved carbon nanotubes".
13771:"CDC - NIOSH Numbered Publications: Current Intelligence Bulletins (CIB) - Sorted By Date, Descending Order Without Publication Numbers"
9442:"Single Molecule Detection of Nitric Oxide Enabled by d(AT) 15 DNA Adsorbed to Near Infrared Fluorescent Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes"
4400:"Synthesis, characterization, and theory of [9]-, [12]-, and [18]cycloparaphenylene: carbon nanohoop structures"
3033:. The fiber is either directly spun from the synthesis pot or spun from pre-made dissolved CNTs. Individual fibers can be turned into a
7192:
Nikolaev P (April 2004). "Gas-phase production of single-walled carbon nanotubes from carbon monoxide: a review of the hipco process".
4565:
3066:
2979:
105:
14454:
13928:
12122:"Molecular-level hybridization of single-walled carbon nanotubes and a copper complex with counterbalanced electrostatic interactions"
11116:"Detection of ovarian cancer via the spectral fingerprinting of quantum-defect-modified carbon nanotubes in serum by machine learning"
7066:
Mingo N, Stewart DA, Broido DA, Srivastava D (2008). "Phonon transmission through defects in carbon nanotubes from first principles".
531:
The structure of an ideal (infinitely long) single-walled carbon nanotube is that of a regular hexagonal lattice drawn on an infinite
9489:"Detection of single-molecule H2O2 signalling from epidermal growth factor receptor using fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes"
2478:
2089:
95:
12747:
9000:
8941:
4170:
15329:
14449:
12555:
12461:
Tan CW, Tan KH, Ong YT, Mohamed AR, Zein SH, Tan SH (September 2012). "Energy and environmental applications of carbon nanotubes".
6696:
2303:
or electron-deficient metallocenes function as p-type dopants because they draw π-electrons away from the top of the valence band.
2205:
is a multiple of 3 and n ≠ m, then the nanotube is quasi-metallic with a very small band gap, otherwise the nanotube is a moderate
3008:, isolated (single and multi-wall) CNTs can carry current densities in excess of 1000 MA/cm without electromigration damage.
12702:
10747:"A Paper-Based Near-Infrared Optical Biosensor for Quantitative Detection of Protease Activity Using Peptide-Encapsulated SWCNTs"
4033:
Thess A, Lee R, Nikolaev P, Dai H, Petit P, Robert J, et al. (July 1996). "Crystalline Ropes of Metallic Carbon Nanotubes".
3042:
2879:
326:
13053:
Thomas DJ (June 2018). "Ultrafine graphitised MWCNT nanostructured yarn for the manufacture of electrically conductive fabric".
8847:"ISO/TS 10797:2012 – Nanotechnologies – Characterization of single-wall carbon nanotubes using transmission electron microscopy"
15145:
14455:
WOLFRAM Demonstrations Project: Electronic Structure of a Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube in Tight-Binding Wannier Representation
7672:"Nearly Single-Chirality Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Produced via Orthogonal Iterative Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation"
4863:
Menon M, Srivastava D (1 December 1997). "Carbon Nanotube 'T Junctions': Nanoscale Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Contact Devices".
3322:
2331:
100:
11012:"Monitoring the Formation of Fibrin Clots as Part of the Coagulation Cascade Using Fluorescent Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes"
6920:
Sinha S, Barjami S, Iannacchione G, Schwab A, Muench G (5 June 2005). "Off-axis thermal properties of carbon nanotube films".
3157:
In 1952, L. V. Radushkevich and V. M. Lukyanovich published clear images of 50-nanometre diameter tubes made of carbon in the
13984:
13259:
13032:"Polymer fibers with graphene nanotubes make it possible to heat hard-to-reach, complex-shaped items - Modern Plastics India"
12812:"Overcoming ESD-Control Flooring Challenges: A Comprehensive Guide to ANSI/ESD S20.20-2021 | FLOOR Trends & Installation"
10284:"An optical nanoreporter of endolysosomal lipid accumulation reveals enduring effects of diet on hepatic macrophages in vivo"
9742:"Stochastic Analysis of Stepwise Fluorescence Quenching Reactions on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Single Molecule Sensors"
8798:
7238:
1799:
carbon nanotubes grown so far, around 0.5 metre (550 mm) long, was reported in 2013. These nanotubes were grown on
725:, and rolling the strip into a cylinder so as to bring those two points together. If this construction is applied to a pair (
13662:"Histopathology of the broad class of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers used or produced in U.S. facilities in a murine model"
3340:
This article incorporates public domain text from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) as quoted.
14061:
14043:
13005:
12535:, DeLuca MJ, Felker CJ, Heider D, "System and methods for use in monitoring a structure", published May 3, 2016
9797:"A Ratiometric Sensor Using Single Chirality Near-Infrared Fluorescent Carbon Nanotubes: Application to In Vivo Monitoring"
3864:
Karousis N, Tagmatarchis N, Tasis D (September 2010). "Current progress on the chemical modification of carbon nanotubes".
3619:
Kim P, Shi L, Majumdar A, McEuen PL (November 2001). "Thermal transport measurements of individual multiwalled nanotubes".
1860:
1282:
14118:
8628:"Enhancing Intracellular Optical Performance and Stability of Engineered Nanomaterials via Aqueous Two-Phase Purification"
5323:
Smith BW, Luzzi DE (2000). "Formation mechanism of fullerene peapods and coaxial tubes: a path to large scale synthesis".
15234:
14873:
14279:, Tennent HG, "Carbon fibrils, method for producing same and compositions containing same", issued 1987-05-05
12044:
3219:
available for characterization and application experiments. The arc discharge technique, well known to produce the famed
4716:
Treacy MM, Ebbesen TW, Gibson JM (1996). "Exceptionally high Young's modulus observed for individual carbon nanotubes".
2738:
Carbon nanotubes are currently used in multiple industrial and consumer applications. These include battery components,
14993:
14474:
14450:
WOLFRAM Demonstrations Project: Electronic Band Structure of a Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube by the Zone-Folding Method
8977:
3070:
2891:
Using carbon nanotubes for environmental monitoring due to their active surface area and their ability to absorb gases.
2661:
2373:
of emission and detection of light and the possibility of its fine-tuning through the nanotube structure. In addition,
143:
12787:"Clear Skies Coatings Presented a Waterborne Conductive Primer & Adhesion Promoter with Graphene Nanotubes - IPCM"
7562:"Selective Dispersion of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Specific Chiral Indices by Poly( N -decyl-2,7-carbazole)"
2988:
engineering. The highest tensile strength of an individual multi-walled carbon nanotube has been tested to be 63
2291:
leads to p-type and n-type behavior, respectively, as would be expected in silicon. However, some non-substitutional (
370:, about 100,000 times smaller than the width of a human hair. They can be idealised as cutouts from a two-dimensional
12786:
11674:"Immobilization and Function of nIR-Fluorescent Carbon Nanotube Sensors on Paper Substrates for Fluidic Manipulation"
9060:
9030:
8879:
8846:
8814:
8033:"Separation of Small-Diameter Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in One to Three Steps with Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction"
6963:
Koziol KK, Janas D, Brown E, Hao L (1 April 2017). "Thermal properties of continuously spun carbon nanotube fibres".
5620:
Stoner BR, Glass JT (2012). "Carbon nanostructures: a morphological classification for charge density optimization".
5577:
Parker CB, Raut AS, Brown B, Stoner BR, Glass JT (2012). "Three-dimensional arrays of graphenated carbon nanotubes".
3281:
2447:
Techniques have been developed to produce nanotubes in sizeable quantities, including arc discharge, laser ablation,
2238:
12895:
10945:"A fluorescent nanosensor paint detects dopamine release at axonal varicosities with high spatiotemporal resolution"
7113:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
560:. An infinite nanotube that is of one type consists entirely of closed paths of that type, connected to each other.
15105:
2612:
2130:
439:
The predicted properties for SWCNTs were tantalising, but a path to synthesising them was lacking until 1993, when
14151:
9990:"Click-Functionalization of Silanized Carbon Nanotubes: From Inorganic Heterostructures to Biosensing Nanohybrids"
8971:
7774:"High-Resolution Length Sorting and Purification of DNA-Wrapped Carbon Nanotubes by Size-Exclusion Chromatography"
4663:
Cumings J, Zettl A (July 2000). "Low-friction nanoscale linear bearing realized from multiwall carbon nanotubes".
2433:
cause phonon scattering over a wide range of frequencies, leading to a greater reduction in thermal conductivity.
1031:) "armchair" tubes. If two enantiomers are to be considered the same structure, then one may consider only types (
15587:
9061:"ISO/TS 11888:2017 –Nanotechnologies – Characterization of multiwall carbon nanotubes – Mesoscopic shape factors"
5535:
2908:
2361:
Carbon nanotube optical properties have been explored for use in applications such as for light-emitting diodes (
14804:
14799:
14066:[On the Structure of Carbon Formed During the Thermal Decomposition of Carbon Oxide on an Iron Contact]
12676:
4926:
Ma KL (2011). "Electronic transport properties of junctions between carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoribbons".
4760:
3049:
CNT-based yarns are suitable for applications in energy and electrochemical water treatment when coated with an
2310:
has been reported, although other experiments found no evidence of this, leaving the claim a subject of debate.
14866:
14202:, Koyama T, Endo MT, "Method for Manufacturing Carbon Fibers by a Vapor Phase Process", issued 1983
12772:
10162:
Xu X, Clément P, Eklöf-Österberg J, Kelley-Loughnane N, Moth-Poulsen K, Chávez JL, et al. (11 July 2018).
6654:
2475:
site for the nanotubes to grow, while cheaper iron-based catalysts like Ferrocene can be used for CVD process.
2118:
of up to 48,000 kN·m/kg is the best of known materials, compared to high-carbon steel's 154 kN·m/kg.
2080:
can vary from zero to about 2 eV and the electrical conductivity can show metallic or semiconducting behavior.
217:
12838:"Raman Spectroscopy Unfolds the Fate and Transformation of SWCNTs after Abrasive Wear of Epoxy Floor Coatings"
12646:
11985:
10690:
Kallmyer NE, Abdennadher MS, Agarwal S, Baldwin-Kordick R, Khor RL, Kooistra AS, et al. (23 March 2021).
6733:"Deep-tissue anatomical imaging of mice using carbon nanotube fluorophores in the second near-infrared window"
6567:
Freitag M, Martin Y, Misewich JA, Martel R, Avouris P (2003). "Photoconductivity of Single Carbon Nanotubes".
2604:/TS 10868 describes a measurement method for the diameter, purity, and fraction of metallic nanotubes through
1951:, in which parallel graphene sheets are separated by short nanotubes. Pillared graphene represents a class of
1912:
technique was first proposed in 2003 from the selective reduction of oxide solutions in methane and hydrogen.
15592:
15577:
15295:
15261:
14467:
11627:"Analysis of Multiplexed Nanosensor Arrays Based on Near-Infrared Fluorescent Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes"
8913:
3187:
2442:
1513:{\displaystyle \alpha \;=\;\arg(n+m/2,\,m{\sqrt {3}}/2)\;=\;\mathop {\mathrm {arc} } \cos {\frac {n+m/2}{c}}}
1214:{\displaystyle c=\left|{\boldsymbol {u}}\right|{\sqrt {(n^{2}+nm+m^{2})}}\approx 246{\sqrt {((n+m)^{2}-nm)}}}
237:
85:
37:
14218:
Abrahamson J, Wiles PG, Rhoades BL (January 1999). "Structure of carbon fibres found on carbon arc anodes".
8143:"Towards monochiral carbon nanotubes: a review of progress in the sorting of single-walled carbon nanotubes"
7560:
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4490:
1990:
are a newly created material combining two previously discovered allotropes of carbon: carbon nanotubes and
15322:
11421:"Electroluminescence from 4-nitroaryl organic color centers in semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes"
7915:"Isolation of Specific Small-Diameter Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Species via Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction"
6120:
3193:
In 1981, a group of Soviet scientists published the results of chemical and structural characterization of
3132:
3080:
3038:
2616:
2099:
177:
110:
14199:
12836:
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12239:"Mechanical recycling of CFRPs based on thermoplastic acrylic resin with the addition of carbon nanotubes"
11986:"Near-Infrared Fluorescent Sensors based on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Life Sciences Applications"
15471:
15352:
14338:
Kokarneswaran M, Selvaraj P, Ashokan T, Perumal S, Sellappan P, Murugan KD, et al. (November 2020).
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9988:
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7452:"Toward the Extraction of Single Species of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Using Fluorene-Based Polymers"
7154:
Zhou Z (January 2003). "Producing cleaner double-walled carbon nanotubes in a floating catalyst system".
4928:
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2795:
2642:
2024:
319:
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3404:
Oberlin A, Endo M, Koyama T (March 1976). "Filamentous growth of carbon through benzene decomposition".
3000:
CNTs are potential candidates for future via and wire material in nano-scale VLSI circuits. Eliminating
15392:
15367:
15266:
15202:
14847:
9923:
Jeong S, Yang D, Beyene AG, Del Bonis-O'Donnell JT, Gest AM, Navarro N, et al. (6 December 2019).
7391:
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6453:
Carbon-Based Magnetism: An Overview of the Magnetism of Metal Free Carbon-based Compounds and Materials
4611:
3901:"Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of carbon nanotubes in cancer: recent advances and challenges"
3729:
3497:"An experimental study on thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids containing carbon nanotubes"
3104:
2634:
2021:, thermal stability, etc. vary widely depending on the radius of the torus and the radius of the tube.
1067:, which may range from 0 to 30 degrees (inclusive both), is called the "chiral angle" of the nanotube.
757:
before applying the hypothetical reconstruction above. Such a rotation changes the corresponding pair (
14276:
12080:
10888:"Detection and Imaging of the Plant Pathogen Response by Near-Infrared Fluorescent Polyphenol Sensors"
9031:"ISO/TR 10929:2012 – Nanotechnologies – Characterization of multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) samples"
8972:"SWCNT-1: Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Certified Reference Material – National Research Council Canada"
8286:"Large-scale single-chirality separation of single-wall carbon nanotubes by simple gel chromatography"
2499:
sonicate the mixture (CNTs and polymers in solvent), centrifuge and the supernatant are desired CNTs.
15582:
15249:
15209:
13566:
11729:"Hyperspectral Microscopy of Near-Infrared Fluorescence Enables 17-Chirality Carbon Nanotube Imaging"
9860:
Dinarvand M, Neubert E, Meyer D, Selvaggio G, Mann FA, Erpenbeck L, et al. (11 September 2019).
9284:
5932:
4972:
3900:
2686:
2660:
and absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The
2657:
2567:
2448:
2292:
2153:
1941:
1917:
1901:
1804:
1764:
192:
90:
17:
11727:
Roxbury D, Jena PV, Williams RM, Enyedi B, Niethammer P, Marcet S, et al. (21 September 2015).
8142:
7727:"Separation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by 1-Dodecanol-Mediated Size-Exclusion Chromatography"
5877:"Carbon Nanotube Reinforced High Density Polyethylene Materials for Offshore Sheathing Applications"
4685:
4560:
4367:
801:) describe the same nanotube geometry. These redundancies can be avoided by considering only pairs (
753:
The structure of the nanotube is not changed if the strip is rotated by 60 degrees clockwise around
15417:
15357:
15040:
15025:
15003:
14613:
11317:
Clément P, Ackermann J, Sahin-Solmaz N, Herbertz S, Boero G, Kruss S, et al. (November 2022).
3276:
3115:
As of October 2016, single-wall carbon nanotubes have been registered through the European Union's
2791:
2129:
On the other hand, there was evidence that in the radial direction they are rather soft. The first
1748:
270:
222:
14063:О Структуре Углерода, Образующегося При Термическом Разложении Окиси Углерода На Железном Контакте
10106:"Nitroaromatic detection and infrared communication from wild-type plants using plant nanobionics"
9285:"WO16072959 Method for Carbon Materials Surface Modification by the Fluorocarbons and Derivatives"
7819:
Moore KE, Pfohl M, Hennrich F, Chakradhanula VS, Kuebel C, Kappes MM, et al. (22 July 2014).
2958:
car parts for e-painting; automotive primers for cost benefits and better aesthetics of topcoats;
877:, may range from 0 (inclusive) to 60 degrees clockwise (exclusive). If the diagram is drawn with
15597:
15315:
15214:
15187:
13770:
12922:"OCSiAl, Daikin improve fluoropolymer resistance to extreme conditions | European Rubber Journal"
12595:
Zanello LP, Zhao B, Hu H, Haddon RC (March 2006). "Bone cell proliferation on carbon nanotubes".
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6693:
3013:
2845:
2770:
2608:
2337:
2146:
2142:
1995:
405:
212:
14410:
10225:
Jena PV, Roxbury D, Galassi TV, Akkari L, Horoszko CP, Iaea DB, et al. (28 November 2017).
9549:
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2802:
components – including flat and riser handlebars, cranks, forks, seatposts, stems and aero bars.
2295:
or adsorbed) dopants introduced into a carbon nanotube, such as alkali metals and electron-rich
15607:
15546:
15507:
15224:
15219:
15192:
14673:
14295:
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13561:
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5926:
Laird EA, Kuemmeth F, Steele GA, Grove-Rasmussen K, Nygård J, Flensberg K, et al. (2015).
5359:
4680:
4555:
4362:
3256:
2430:
2283:
2246:
1649:{\displaystyle m={\frac {2c}{\sqrt {3}}}\sin \alpha \quad \quad n=c\cos \alpha -{\frac {m}{2}}}
312:
13660:
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13182:
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10576:
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7228:
5687:
15556:
15362:
15150:
15013:
14889:
14500:
13958:
Carbon Nanotubes as Platforms for Biosensors with Electrochemical and Electronic Transduction
13848:
Bishop L, Cena L, Orandle M, Yanamala N, Dahm MM, Birch ME, et al. (26 September 2017).
11068:
10821:
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10513:"Bioengineering a glucose oxidase nanosensor for near-infrared continuous glucose monitoring"
10462:
9796:
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7914:
7671:
6801:
4540:
3495:
Sadri R, Ahmadi G, Togun H, Dahari M, Kazi SN, Sadeghinezhad E, et al. (28 March 2014).
3327:
3050:
2888:
Energy dissipation in self-organized nanostructures under the influence of an electric field.
2416:
Crystallographic defects strongly affect the tube's thermal properties. Such defects lead to
227:
12219:
11984:
Boghossian AA, Zhang J, Barone PW, Reuel NF, Kim JH, Heller DA, et al. (18 July 2011).
1357:
where the bonds are strained; and they do not take into account the thickness of the wall.)
1251:
15440:
15197:
15160:
15140:
14551:
14490:
14351:
14304:
14227:
14166:
14027:
13673:
13614:
13601:
Fraser K, Kodali V, Yanamala N, Birch ME, Cena L, Casuccio G, et al. (December 2020).
13493:
13432:
13319:
13284:
13195:
13138:
12604:
12570:
12470:
12417:
12344:
11997:
11844:
11740:
11432:
11369:
10956:
10834:
10758:
10524:
10352:
10175:
10117:
9936:
9873:
9753:
9632:
9562:
9398:
9332:
9153:
9090:
Bekyarova E, Davis M, Burch T, Itkis ME, Zhao B, Sunshine S, et al. (9 October 2004).
8709:
8639:
8626:
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8362:
8297:
7926:
7628:
7518:
7463:
7404:
7330:
7286:
7163:
7075:
7011:
6972:
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6817:
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5629:
5586:
5544:
5492:
5434:
5384:
5332:
5289:
5244:
5185:
5123:
Lalwani G, Gopalan A, D'Agati M, Sankaran JS, Judex S, Qin YX, et al. (October 2015).
5037:
4937:
4872:
4837:
4785:
4725:
4672:
4513:
4354:
4276:
4237:
4200:
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2468:
2401:
2397:
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1896:
393:
352:
265:
187:
148:
128:
12296:"3D-Printable high-mixed-conductivity ionogel composites for soft multifunctional devices"
11794:"Single-Chirality Separation and Optical Properties of (5,4) Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes"
9685:
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9551:"High-resolution imaging of cellular dopamine efflux using a fluorescent nanosensor array"
8468:
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8351:"Simple and Scalable Gel-Based Separation of Metallic and Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes"
4131:
3197:
produced by a thermocatalytic disproportionation of carbon monoxide. Using TEM images and
2812:
carbon nano-epoxy resins where carbon nanotubes have been chemically activated to bond to
1807:(CVD) method and represent electrically uniform arrays of single-walled carbon nanotubes.
855:), the structure of a carbon nanotube can be specified by giving the length of the vector
8:
15450:
15254:
15229:
15100:
15057:
14935:
14930:
14910:
12406:"Self-assembled wiggling nano-structures and the principle of maximum entropy production"
11792:
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9795:
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9440:
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9008:
8949:
8577:
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3301:
3075:
3030:
2951:
2272:
2134:
540:
421:
232:
197:
138:
14406:
14355:
14308:
14231:
14170:
14031:
13677:
13618:
13497:
13436:
13323:
13288:
13199:
13142:
12982:
12947:
12872:
12837:
12722:"Faster charging and more powerful EV batteries boosted by graphene nanotube production"
12608:
12474:
12421:
12348:
12271:
12238:
12195:
12162:
12001:
11848:
11744:
11673:
11436:
11373:
11226:
Ackermann J, Reger E, Jung S, Mohr J, Herbertz S, Seidl K, et al. (February 2024).
11044:
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10960:
10886:
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10838:
10762:
10691:
10528:
10511:
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10356:
10179:
10163:
10121:
10024:
9989:
9940:
9877:
9861:
9757:
9636:
9620:
9566:
9402:
9336:
9157:
8713:
8668:
8643:
8627:
8516:
8469:
8366:
8301:
7978:"Toward Complete Resolution of DNA/Carbon Nanotube Hybrids by Aqueous Two-Phase Systems"
7930:
7632:
7522:
7467:
7408:
7334:
7290:
7167:
7079:
7015:
6976:
6933:
6882:
6821:
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6672:
6621:
6582:
6529:
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6036:
5955:
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5548:
5496:
5446:
5438:
5388:
5336:
5293:
5248:
5189:
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5041:
4941:
4898:
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4876:
4841:
4789:
4729:
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4150:
4100:
4046:
4000:
3954:
3941:
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3698:
3642:
3581:
3512:
3457:
3417:
3371:
1904:) to add properties to the CNT. Covalent functionalization of SWNTs will break some C=C
15497:
15271:
14973:
14588:
14570:
14424:
14372:
14339:
14320:
13990:
13820:
13747:
13720:
13696:
13661:
13637:
13602:
13466:
13405:
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13107:
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12486:
12438:
12405:
12368:
11873:
11832:
11769:
11728:
11709:
11579:
11560:
11513:
11401:
11208:
11171:
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11148:
11115:
10987:
10944:
10920:
10887:
10863:
10822:
10789:
10746:
10727:
10667:
10634:
10610:
10577:
10553:
10438:
10405:
10381:
10340:
10339:
Bisker G, Dong J, Park HD, Iverson NM, Ahn J, Nelson JT, et al. (8 January 2016).
10316:
10283:
10259:
10226:
10207:
10081:
10048:
9965:
9924:
9905:
9842:
9722:
9664:
9593:
9550:
9521:
9488:
9364:
9322:
9240:
9204:
9169:
9122:
9001:"RM 8281 – Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes (Dispersed, Three Length-Resolved Populations)"
8760:
8681:
8552:
8445:
8412:
8326:
8285:
8214:
8181:
8123:
8087:
8068:
8013:
7958:
7707:
7597:
7507:"Highly selective dispersion of single-walled carbon nanotubes using aromatic polymers"
7427:
7392:
7302:
7136:
7111:
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6945:
6902:
6868:
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6779:
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6549:
6498:
6406:
6393:
6360:
6341:
6301:
6274:
6255:
6221:
6194:
6101:
6075:
6023:
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5967:
5941:
5903:
5876:
5822:
5602:
5458:
5400:
5374:
5305:
5208:
5173:
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3271:
2925:
2904:
2897:
2630:
2620:
2594:
2464:
2405:
2349:
1999:
1895:
Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) form a special class of nanotubes because their
1887:
1815:
1760:
1231:
657:
167:
14239:
11357:
10943:
Elizarova S, Chouaib AA, Shaib A, Hill B, Mann F, Brose N, et al. (31 May 2022).
9310:
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7175:
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5764:
5556:
5396:
5344:
4267:(February 2008). "Smallest carbon nanotube assigned with atomic resolution accuracy".
4188:
552:. If the tube is instead encircled by a closed armchair path, it is said to be of the
15072:
14968:
14950:
14377:
14178:
13994:
13980:
13877:
13869:
13752:
13701:
13642:
13519:
Liu F, Wagterveld RM, Gebben B, Otto MJ, Biesheuvel PM, Hamelers HV (November 2014).
13458:
13409:
13335:
13255:
13221:
13156:
13111:
13074:
12987:
12969:
12877:
12859:
12620:
12443:
12360:
12317:
12276:
12258:
12200:
12182:
12163:"Carbon Nanotube–Polyurethane Composite Sheets for Flexible Thermoelectric Materials"
12143:
12021:
12013:
11966:
11927:
11919:
11898:"Near-Infrared Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging of Biomolecules with Carbon Nanotubes**"
11878:
11860:
11813:
11774:
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11693:
11654:
11646:
11607:
11599:
11552:
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9909:
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9348:
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8608:
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8017:
8005:
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7887:
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4292:
4162:
4058:
3920:
3881:
3847:
3800:
3710:
3685:
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3654:
3593:
3536:
3469:
3425:
3266:
2959:
2654:
2605:
2393:
2341:
2307:
2115:
2106:
Carbon nanotubes are the strongest and stiffest materials yet discovered in terms of
1948:
621:
539:
In the study of nanotubes, one defines a zigzag path on a graphene-like lattice as a
433:
300:
207:
15377:
13470:
12490:
12372:
11793:
11564:
11405:
10282:
Galassi TV, Jena PV, Shah J, Ao G, Molitor E, Bram Y, et al. (3 October 2018).
10211:
10049:"Chemometric Approaches for Developing Infrared Nanosensors To Image Anthracyclines"
9862:"Near-Infrared Imaging of Serotonin Release from Cells with Fluorescent Nanosensors"
9846:
9686:
9126:
8072:
7601:
7140:
6906:
6845:
6606:"Bolometric infrared photoresponse of suspended single-walled carbon nanotube films"
6553:
6502:
6198:
6105:
5462:
5404:
5309:
5007:
4805:
4642:
4116:
4070:
3666:
3481:
2943:
IBM expected carbon nanotube transistors to be used on Integrated Circuits by 2020.
2629:
SRM 2483 is a soot of single-wall carbon nanotubes used as a reference material for
711:
on the graphene lattice, cutting a strip of the latter along lines perpendicular to
15523:
15239:
15155:
15115:
14827:
14757:
14663:
14367:
14359:
14324:
14312:
14235:
14174:
14035:
13970:
13962:
13861:
13849:
13828:
13800:
13795:
Howard J (April 2013). "Occupational exposure to carbon nanotubes and nanofibers".
13742:
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13571:
13532:
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10376:
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10295:
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9881:
9816:
9808:
9761:
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9588:
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9516:
9500:
9453:
9406:
9368:
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9106:
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8752:
8717:
8663:
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8528:
8481:
8440:
8424:
8370:
8321:
8305:
8250:
8209:
8193:
8154:
8099:
8044:
8032:
7989:
7934:
7879:
7868:"DNA-Controlled Partition of Carbon Nanotubes in Polymer Aqueous Two-Phase Systems"
7832:
7785:
7738:
7711:
7683:
7636:
7573:
7526:
7471:
7422:
7412:
7365:
7338:
7306:
7294:
7201:
7171:
7120:
7091:
7083:
7048:
7019:
6980:
6937:
6886:
6825:
6808:
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6705:
6676:
6625:
6586:
6533:
6482:
6388:
6380:
6333:
6296:
6286:
6239:
6178:
6143:
6093:
6040:
5997:
5959:
5898:
5888:
5857:
5826:
5806:
5760:
5717:
5679:
5637:
5594:
5552:
5500:
5480:
5442:
5392:
5340:
5297:
5252:
5203:
5193:
5144:
5136:
5095:
5087:
5045:
4987:
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4908:
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4690:
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4372:
4319:
4284:
4245:
4208:
4154:
4104:
4050:
4016:
4004:
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3958:
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3792:
3761:
3749:
3702:
3646:
3605:
3585:
3526:
3516:
3461:
3421:
3387:
3375:
3108:
3005:
3001:
2778:
2674:
2650:
2534:
2315:
2234:
2107:
389:
13331:
12387:"Publications on carbon nanotube applications including scaffold microfabrication"
11532:
11468:
Li MK, Riaz A, Wederhake M, Fink K, Saha A, Dehm S, et al. (23 August 2022).
8349:
Tanaka T, Jin H, Miyata Y, Fujii S, Suga H, Naitoh Y, et al. (8 April 2009).
6243:
5641:
5504:
4761:"Theoretical analysis of telescopic oscillations in multi-walled carbon nanotubes"
4158:
3916:
3650:
3555:
3202:
arrangement (armchair nanotube); and a spiral, helical arrangement (chiral tube).
507:
on one edge of the strip would fit in the opposite edge, as the strip is rolled up
44:
15492:
15090:
14978:
14963:
14712:
14668:
14634:
14340:"Discovery of carbon nanotubes in sixth century BC potteries from Keeladi, India"
14039:
14012:
13721:"Assessment of the Carcinogenicity of Carbon Nanotubes in the Respiratory System"
13537:
13520:
12356:
11689:
10707:
10463:"Reversible Control of Carbon Nanotube Aggregation for a Glucose Affinity Sensor"
10299:
10187:
9885:
9644:
9619:
Wu H, Nißler R, Morris V, Herrmann N, Hu P, Jeon SJ, et al. (8 April 2020).
9385:
Heller I, Janssens AM, Männik J, Minot ED, Lemay SG, Dekker C (1 February 2008).
9272:
9165:
8651:
8532:
8485:
7506:
7393:"Carbon nanotubes: properties, synthesis, purification, and medical applications"
6806:(2005). "Near-infrared optical sensors based on single-walled carbon nanotubes".
6359:
Liu AT, Kunai Y, Cottrill AL, Kaplan A, Zhang G, Kim H, et al. (June 2021).
5683:
5280:
Smith BW, Monthioux M, Luzzi DE (1998). "Encapsulated C-60 in carbon nanotubes".
5091:
5074:
Lalwani G, Kwaczala AT, Kanakia S, Patel SC, Judex S, Sitharaman B (March 2013).
4949:
4694:
4212:
4054:
3465:
3261:
2918:
2838:
2805:
2460:
2138:
2111:
2018:
1881:
14083:
13125:
Reibold M, Paufler P, Levin AA, Kochmann W, Pätzke N, Meyer DC (November 2006).
11595:
11172:
10064:
9309:
Cognet L, Tsyboulski DA, Rocha JD, Doyle CD, Tour JM, Weisman RB (8 June 2007).
8103:
7977:
7230:
Nanomedicine Design of Particles, Sensors, Motors, Implants, Robots, and Devices
6984:
4884:
4826:
Chernozatonskii LA (1992). "Carbon nanotube connectors and planar jungle gyms".
3796:
3589:
588:
will correspond to the circumference of the cylinder that went through the atom
15533:
15502:
15455:
15407:
15338:
15244:
15110:
15052:
15030:
14809:
14618:
14582:
14363:
14125:
13686:
13627:
13505:
12254:
12138:
12121:
11962:
11856:
11334:
11131:
10846:
10823:"Remote near infrared identification of pathogens with multiplexed nanosensors"
10650:
9141:
8721:
7617:"Enrichment of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Diameter in Density Gradients"
7087:
7024:
6999:
6803:
6384:
6279:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6097:
5861:
3706:
3084:
2993:
2985:
2937:
2577:
2425:
2060:
Many properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes depend significantly on the (
1987:
1980:
1871:
1349:
also in picometres. (These formulas are only approximate, especially for small
429:
288:
202:
14444:
13966:
13588:
13251:
13066:
12529:
12482:
12312:
12295:
11470:"Electroluminescence from Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Quantum Defects"
11114:
Kim M, Chen C, Wang P, Mulvey JJ, Yang Y, Wun C, et al. (17 March 2022).
10421:
10006:
9702:
9200:
8790:
6941:
6429:"MIT Engineers Have Discovered a Completely New Way of Generating Electricity"
6147:
5963:
5893:
5528:"Carbon nanotube structures: Molecular dynamics simulation at realistic limit"
2279:
15571:
15476:
15397:
15276:
15045:
14998:
14920:
14842:
14696:
14595:
14561:
14430:
13873:
13833:
13805:
13575:
13242:
Lienig J, Thiele M (2018). "Mitigating Electromigration in Physical Design".
12973:
12863:
12321:
12262:
12186:
12147:
12017:
11923:
11864:
11833:"Exfoliated near infrared fluorescent silicate nanosheets for (bio)photonics"
11817:
11809:
11760:
11697:
11650:
11603:
11556:
11493:
11454:
11389:
11253:
11196:
11139:
11092:
11035:
10978:
10911:
10854:
10780:
10715:
10658:
10601:
10544:
10486:
10429:
10372:
10307:
10250:
10195:
10137:
10072:
10015:
9956:
9893:
9830:
9773:
9741:
9710:
9652:
9584:
9512:
9465:
9441:
9418:
9386:
9352:
9118:
9092:"Chemically Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as Ammonia Sensors"
8659:
8604:
8540:
8493:
8436:
8382:
8350:
8317:
8262:
8238:
8205:
8166:
8111:
8056:
8001:
7946:
7891:
7867:
7844:
7820:
7797:
7773:
7750:
7726:
7695:
7648:
7616:
7585:
7561:
7538:
7483:
7451:
3178:
3136:
3096:
2885:
Using carbon nanotubes as a scaffold for diverse microfabrication techniques.
2834:
2711:
The surface of carbon nanotubes can be chemically modified by coating spinel
2552:
2206:
2178:
2006:
1718:
1706:
989:). This operation corresponds to mirroring the unrolled strip about the line
915:
903:
891:
495:
425:
409:
401:
397:
255:
246:
182:
133:
60:
13865:
13737:
13444:
11642:
11548:
11485:
11381:
11069:"Optical Nanosensors for Real-Time Feedback on Insulin Secretion by β-Cells"
10969:
10745:
Shumeiko V, Paltiel Y, Bisker G, Hayouka Z, Shoseyov O (14 September 2020).
10593:
10242:
9621:"Monitoring Plant Health with Near-Infrared Fluorescent H 2 O 2 Nanosensors"
9575:
9344:
8517:"Prospects of Fluorescent Single-Chirality Carbon Nanotube-Based Biosensors"
8048:
7417:
6769:
6630:
6605:
6537:
6486:
6291:
6182:
3521:
15445:
15412:
15180:
15095:
15008:
14832:
14381:
13881:
13756:
13705:
13646:
13521:"Carbon nanotube yarns as strong flexible conductive capacitive electrodes"
13462:
13401:
13339:
13225:
13160:
12991:
12881:
12624:
12447:
12364:
12280:
12204:
12178:
12120:
Kim MJ, Kim H, Kim J, Lee YJ, Lee W, Hwang JY, et al. (28 June 2024).
12025:
12009:
11970:
11931:
11914:
11897:
11896:
Sistemich L, Galonska P, Stegemann J, Ackermann J, Kruss S (12 June 2023).
11882:
11778:
11705:
11658:
11611:
11509:
11397:
11342:
11244:
11227:
11204:
11157:
11100:
11084:
11053:
11027:
10996:
10929:
10903:
10872:
10798:
10723:
10676:
10619:
10562:
10494:
10478:
10447:
10390:
10325:
10268:
10203:
10145:
10105:
10090:
10033:
9974:
9948:
9901:
9838:
9812:
9781:
9718:
9660:
9602:
9530:
9473:
9426:
9360:
9236:
8729:
8677:
8612:
8595:
8578:
8548:
8501:
8454:
8428:
8390:
8335:
8270:
8223:
8197:
8119:
8064:
8009:
7954:
7938:
7899:
7852:
7805:
7758:
7703:
7687:
7656:
7593:
7546:
7530:
7491:
7436:
7377:
7213:
7132:
7124:
6898:
6837:
6788:
6717:
6659:
6639:
6569:
6545:
6494:
6402:
6310:
6251:
6190:
6052:
6009:
5912:
5818:
5810:
5772:
5729:
5721:
5512:
5454:
5266:
5217:
5158:
5125:"Porous three-dimensional carbon nanotube scaffolds for tissue engineering"
5109:
5057:
4999:
4702:
4634:
4468:
4460:
4433:
4384:
4331:
4296:
4264:
4228:
4166:
4108:
3924:
3885:
3804:
3714:
3658:
3597:
3540:
3473:
3146:
3037:. Apart from its strength and flexibility, the main advantage is making an
2963:
2933:
2857:
Applications of nanotubes in development in academia and industry include:
2841:
leave no residue after removal and can stay sticky in extreme temperatures.
2719:
2712:
2511:
ATPE uses two water-soluble polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) and
2345:
1937:
1819:
1694:
1682:
927:
440:
158:
13102:
13089:
12964:
12532:
9504:
9387:"Identifying the Mechanism of Biosensing with Carbon Nanotube Transistors"
9068:
9038:
8887:
8854:
8824:
6275:"Superconducting characteristics of 4-A carbon nanotube-zeolite composite"
6044:
5257:
5232:
4062:
2495:
extraction (ATPE). These methods have been reviewed in multiple articles.
835:(exclusive). It can be verified that every nanotube has exactly one pair (
15551:
15528:
15435:
15175:
15170:
15062:
14940:
14925:
14915:
14794:
14773:
14516:
12854:
11188:
10689:
10046:
9821:
7993:
7279:
Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films
7205:
6873:
6730:
6226:
5379:
4973:"The structure of junctions between carbon nanotubes and graphene shells"
4900:
3633:
3572:
3311:
2516:
2452:
2296:
2045:
1905:
413:
172:
14858:
13207:
11945:
Kruss S, Hilmer AJ, Zhang J, Reuel NF, Mu B, Strano MS (December 2013).
10364:
10161:
8470:"Sensing with Chirality-Pure Near-Infrared Fluorescent Carbon Nanotubes"
8088:"Chirality Pure Carbon Nanotubes: Growth, Sorting, and Characterization"
5598:
5140:
3358:
Iijima S (7 November 1991). "Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon".
2715:
by hydrothermal synthesis and can be used for water oxidation purposes.
2165:
883:
horizontal, the latter is the tilt of the strip away from the vertical.
511:
388:
Carbon nanotubes can exhibit remarkable properties, such as exceptional
15135:
15020:
14459:
14013:"Who should be given the credit for the discovery of carbon nanotubes?"
13975:
13366:
11580:"Carbon Nanomaterials for Biological Imaging and Nanomedicinal Therapy"
10536:
10512:
8309:
8158:
7369:
5198:
4991:
4189:"From mesoscale to nanoscale mechanics in single-wall carbon nanotubes"
3558:(May 2000). "Unusually high thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes".
3306:
3251:
3234:
3057:
material. Pyrhönen et al. (2015) have built a motor using CNT winding.
3017:
2823:
2697:
2670:
2504:
2472:
2370:
2366:
2152:
It was reported in 2020, that CNT-filled polymer nanocomposites with 4
1847:
970:
13453:
12703:"IBM Expects Nanotube Transistor Computer Chips Ready Soon After 2020"
12616:
12429:
11752:
11501:
11445:
11358:"Band Gap Fluorescence from Individual Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes"
10771:
9922:
9765:
9457:
9410:
9110:
8756:
8374:
8254:
7883:
7836:
7789:
7742:
7640:
7577:
7475:
7342:
7298:
7096:
6890:
6709:
6680:
6590:
6273:
Lortz R, Zhang Q, Shi W, Ye JT, Ye JT, Qiu C, et al. (May 2009).
6001:
5049:
4797:
4596:
4525:
4415:
4376:
4323:
4288:
4249:
3877:
1958:
997:
that makes an angle of 30 degrees clockwise from the direction of the
404:
of the bonds between carbon atoms. Some SWCNT structures exhibit high
283:
15165:
14983:
14728:
14546:
14440:
Learning module for Bandstructure of Carbon Nanotubes and Nanoribbons
14316:
13296:
10578:"A carbon nanotube reporter of microRNA hybridization events in vivo"
10129:
8180:
Wei X, Li S, Wang W, Zhang X, Zhou W, Xie S, et al. (May 2022).
6829:
6337:
4737:
4626:
4548:
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
4008:
3962:
3753:
3379:
2955:
2830:
2809:
2677:
analysis. ISO/TS 10798 is also valid for multiwall carbon nanotubes.
2590:
2547:
2374:
2174:
2069:
2048:
per unit of nominal area as compared to other carbon nanostructures.
1991:
1822:. Other small molecule carbon nanotubes have been synthesized since.
1787:
1225:
946:
367:
348:
119:
14439:
13275:
Dekker C (May 1999). "Carbon Nanotubes as Molecular Quantum Wires".
13151:
13126:
11316:
11173:"Near-Infrared Fluorescent Biosensors Based on Covalent DNA Anchors"
11067:
Ehrlich R, Hendler-Neumark A, Wulf V, Amir D, Bisker G (July 2021).
5743:
Collins PG, Avouris P (December 2000). "Nanotubes for electronics".
3117:
Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals
1952:
1928:
15082:
15067:
14988:
14837:
14678:
14541:
14535:
14337:
14124:(Report). World Technology Evaluation Center (WTEC). Archived from
13956:
12386:
12095:"Nanotube solution for medical devices approved to enter EU market"
11895:
10633:
Harvey JD, Baker HA, Ortiz MV, Kentsis A, Heller DA (24 May 2019).
8579:"High Sensitivity Near-Infrared Imaging of Fluorescent Nanosensors"
7256:"The state-of-the-art science and applications of carbon nanotubes"
7254:
Takeuchi K, Hayashi T, Kim YA, Fujisawa K, Endo M (February 2014).
6080:
3898:
3230:
3162:
2701:
2520:
the partition of CNTs species into the two phases can be adjusted.
2456:
2123:
2077:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2028:
1835:
729:,0), the result is a zigzag nanotube, with closed zigzag paths of 2
705:, one can reverse this theoretical operation by drawing the vector
532:
371:
347:) is a tube made of carbon with a diameter in the nanometre range (
260:
14294:
13961:(Thesis). Springer Theses. Springer Heidelberg. pp. xx, 208.
13422:
12835:
12639:"Legendary Swords' Sharpness, Strength From Nanotubes, Study Says"
10227:"A Carbon Nanotube Optical Reporter Maps Endolysosomal Lipid Flux"
9987:
9925:"High-throughput evolution of near-infrared serotonin nanosensors"
9327:
8031:
Li H, Gordeev G, Garrity O, Reich S, Flavel BS (28 January 2019).
7912:
6751:
5946:
5925:
5301:
4780:
4503:
4398:
Jasti R, Bhattacharjee J, Neaton JB, Bertozzi CR (December 2008).
3839:
1932:
Transmission electron microscope image of carbon nanotube junction
295:
15307:
14958:
14789:
14510:
12236:
11170:
11009:
8411:
Ackermann J, Metternich JT, Herbertz S, Kruss S (25 April 2022).
5122:
4130:
Zhao X, Liu Y, Inoue S, Suzuki T, Jones RO, Ando Y (March 2004).
3316:
2967:
2928:, carbon nanotubes have been used as scaffolding for bone growth.
2799:
2739:
2705:
2512:
1800:
1543:); a function that is available in many programming languages as
1016:
909:
Chiral nanotube of the (1,3) type, mirror image of the (3,1) type
13244:
Fundamentals of Electromigration-Aware Integrated Circuit Design
12160:
11672:
Salem DP, Gong X, Liu AT, Akombi K, Strano MS (7 January 2020).
11355:
8410:
8086:
Yang F, Wang M, Zhang D, Yang J, Zheng M, Li Y (11 March 2020).
7039:
Thostenson E, Li C, Chou T (2005). "Nanocomposites in context".
5875:
Okolo C, Rafique R, Iqbal SS, Saharudin MS, Inam F (June 2020).
5655:
Liu Q, Ren W, Chen ZG, Yin L, Li F, Cong H, et al. (2009).
4397:
2278:
Because of the role of the π-electron system in determining the
741:), one obtains an armchair tube, with closed armchair paths of 4
13921:"REACH Registration Completed for Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes"
13379:
11830:
11267:
11010:
Gerstman E, Hendler-Neumark A, Wulf V, Bisker G (10 May 2023).
7818:
7390:
6211:
5027:
3120:
2962:; electrically conductive lining coatings for tanks and pipes;
2947:
2421:
2420:
scattering, which in turn increases the relaxation rate of the
2417:
2410:
2288:
2226:
1843:
1839:
417:
13352:
13309:
13181:
13055:
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
12531:
11066:
9859:
9189:
Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials
6919:
6455:, Tatiana Makarova and Fernando Palacio (eds.), Elsevier, 2006
3206:
layers of ordered carbon atoms and a distinct inner core...."
3025:
logic gate with both p- and n-type FETs in the same molecule.
843:) that satisfies those conditions, which is called the tube's
477:
13551:
11292:
10510:
9142:"Intrinsic hydrophilic character of carbon nanotube networks"
7559:
7276:
4612:"Gram-scale CCVD synthesis of double-walled carbon nanotubes"
4541:"A review on Carbon nano-tubes – A new era of nanotechnology"
3238:
2813:
2759:
2571:
Computer simulated microstructures with agglomeration regions
2126:
when placed under compressive, torsional, or bending stress.
2014:
1814:
carbon nanotube can be considered to be the organic compound
32:
14152:"Filamentous growth of carbon through benzene decomposition"
10744:
10164:"Reconfigurable Carbon Nanotube Multiplexed Sensing Devices"
8576:
7725:
Flavel BS, Kappes MM, Krupke R, Hennrich F (23 April 2013).
7065:
7000:"Thermal conductivity of carbon nanotube networks: a review"
5172:
Noyce SG, Vanfleet RR, Craighead HG, Davis RC (March 2019).
3083:
image of bundles of multiwalled carbon nanotube piercing an
2730:
861:(that is, the circumference of the nanotube), and the angle
465:
13124:
12059:"Carbon nanotube tape stays sticky in extreme temperatures"
11228:"Smart Slides for Optical Monitoring of Cellular Processes"
9139:
6566:
6065:
5657:"Semiconducting properties of cup-stacked carbon nanotubes"
5481:"Colossal paramagnetic moments in metallic carbon nanotori"
5230:
5171:
5073:
3034:
2914:
2388:
Thermal transport in nanostructures § Carbon nanotubes
1909:
572:
will end up on opposite edges of the strip, over two atoms
68:
14259:
Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Metals
13127:"Materials: carbon nanotubes in an ancient Damascus sabre"
12554:. ReinforcedPlastics.com. 19 February 2009. Archived from
11983:
9308:
9140:
Stando G, Łukawski D, Lisiecki F, Janas D (January 2019).
7976:
Lyu M, Meany B, Yang J, Li Y, Zheng M (26 December 2019).
7724:
7253:
6515:
6464:
5874:
4970:
4609:
3986:
3899:
Sharma M, Alessandro P, Cheriyamundath S, Lopus M (2024).
3817:
3730:"Individual single-wall carbon nanotubes as quantum wires"
1975:
13847:
13821:"ccupational exposure to carbon nanotubes and nanofibers"
13659:
13600:
11726:
10942:
9439:
9384:
9186:
8625:
5784:
5782:
5736:
3863:
3150:
2989:
2362:
2094:
448:
444:
355:. Two broad classes of carbon nanotubes are recognized:
11791:
10885:
10224:
9740:
Jin H, Heller DA, Kim JH, Strano MS (10 December 2008).
9089:
8698:
5788:
4971:
Harris PJ, Suarez-Martinez I, Marks NA (December 2016).
2013:
In theory, a nanotorus is a carbon nanotube bent into a
921:
Nanotube of the (2,2) type, the narrowest "armchair" one
14445:
Selection of free-download articles on carbon nanotubes
13518:
10820:
10632:
10403:
9105:(51). Washington, D.C.: ACS Publications: 19717–19720.
8283:
7319:
5839:
3439:
3437:
3435:
2966:
with improved heat and oil aging stability; conductive
2774:
452:
work to characterise and find applications for SWCNTs.
14217:
12726:
Electric & Hybrid Vehicle Technology International
12552:"Pirahna USV built using nano-enhanced carbon prepreg"
11225:
10404:
Kim J, Campbell AS, de Ávila BE, Wang J (April 2019).
9618:
8514:
7505:
Nish A, Hwang JY, Doig J, Nicholas RJ (October 2007).
6731:
Kevin Welsher, Sarah P. Sherlock, Hongjie Dai (2011).
6603:
6358:
5779:
5360:"Dynamic friction force in a carbon peapod oscillator"
4610:
Flahaut E, Bacsa R, Peigney A, Laurent C (June 2003).
4089:
Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences
3494:
2878:
Utilizing carbon nanotubes as the channel material of
933:
Nanotube of the (3,0) type, the narrowest "zigzag" one
685:
are integers. And, conversely, each pair of integers (
640:
be the vector from C1 to C5. Then, for any other atom
12506:"Jack Andraka, the Teen Prodigy of Pancreatic Cancer"
12403:
11944:
11625:
Dong J, Salem DP, Sun JH, Strano MS (24 April 2018).
11578:
Hong G, Diao S, Antaris AL, Dai H (14 October 2015).
11419:
Xu B, Wu X, Kim M, Wang P, Wang Y (28 January 2021).
10341:"Protein-targeted corona phase molecular recognition"
10338:
9794:
9548:
9486:
8515:
Nißler R, Ackermann J, Ma C, Kruss S (19 July 2022).
8467:
8284:
Liu H, Nishide D, Tanaka T, Kataura H (10 May 2011).
8030:
7504:
6604:
Itkis ME, Borondics F, Yu A, Haddon RC (April 2006).
5576:
4225:
3101:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
3093:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2133:
observation of radial elasticity suggested that even
1675:
Tube types that are "degenerate" for being too narrow
1580:
1397:
1339:{\displaystyle d\approx 78.3{\sqrt {((n+m)^{2}-nm)}}}
1285:
1254:
1234:
1102:
27:
Allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure
12946:
Liu G, Wang H, Ren T, Chen Y, Liu S (January 2024).
12334:
12220:"Applications of nanomaterials in highway pavements"
10575:
10103:
8942:"SRM 2483 – Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes (Raw Soot)"
8348:
3774:
3618:
3432:
2718:
In addition, the surface of carbon nanotubes can be
1920:
between shells, and its value is about 1.5 nN.
1834:
of CNTs was achieved in 2013, grown on a conductive
1739:
are too small, the structure described by the pair (
432:(including nanomedicine), and other applications of
13589:
Carbon Nanotube Yarn Rotates Electric Motors at LUT
13483:
12594:
12226:(2(2), 23–29) – via Atatürk University Press.
11533:"Near-infrared fluorophores for biomedical imaging"
11467:
9257:
9005:
U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology
8946:
U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology
6962:
6652:
5706:
5525:
5279:
4715:
4032:
3727:
3684:
14010:
11671:
11624:
11577:
9739:
9684:
9221:
8776:
8774:
8572:
8570:
8568:
8566:
8406:
8404:
8402:
8400:
6858:
6802:Paul W. Barone, Seunghyun Baik, Daniel A. Heller,
6160:
6121:"Electronic and transport properties of nanotubes"
6118:
4758:
4309:
4129:
3443:
3053:. Also, CNT-based yarns could replace copper as a
2040:-like. The fundamental advantage of an integrated
1648:
1512:
1338:
1268:
1240:
1213:
1003:vector (that is, with the direction of the vector
14198:
14149:
13718:
13006:"BÜFA releases line of novel conductive gelcoats"
12404:Belkin A, Hubler A, Bezryadin A (February 2015).
11113:
10281:
8742:
8239:"Enrichment of Single Chirality Carbon Nanotubes"
8085:
7614:
5116:
5064:
4581:
4491:"Densest array of carbon nanotubes grown to date"
4446:
4262:
3553:
3403:
2852:
2273:conductance of a single ballistic quantum channel
1863:uses single-wall or multi-wall in its documents.
15569:
12460:
12293:
11947:"Carbon nanotubes as optical biomedical sensors"
10635:"HIV Detection via a Carbon Nanotube RNA Sensor"
7771:
7450:Chen F, Wang B, Chen Y, Li LJ (1 October 2007).
7187:
7185:
7038:
5919:
5478:
5129:Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part A
5069:
5067:
3859:
3857:
3229:In 2020, during an archaeological excavation of
2973:
2527:
2396:along the tube, exhibiting a property known as "
2322:monatomic vacancies induce magnetic properties.
1777:high-resolution transmission electron microscopy
1757:high-resolution transmission electron microscopy
940:
817:≥ 0; that is, where the direction of the vector
14288:
10949:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
10816:
10814:
10812:
10810:
10808:
10506:
10504:
10406:"Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring"
9555:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
9380:
9378:
8783:Metrology and Standardization of Nanotechnology
8771:
8563:
8397:
7615:Arnold MS, Stupp SI, Hersam MC (1 April 2005).
7226:
6738:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
6324:Bockrath M (1 March 2006). "The weakest link".
6272:
4862:
4825:
4819:
3940:
2950:have found use in long lasting, faster charged
1953:three-dimensional carbon nanotube architectures
13554:International Review of Electrical Engineering
12945:
12659:
11530:
9544:
9542:
9540:
9065:International Organization for Standardization
9035:International Organization for Standardization
8920:National Institute of Standards and Technology
8907:
8905:
8884:International Organization for Standardization
8851:International Organization for Standardization
8820:International Organization for Standardization
8413:"Biosensing with Fluorescent Carbon Nanotubes"
8179:
7975:
7865:
7772:Huang X, Mclean RS, Zheng M (1 October 2005).
7449:
6422:
6420:
5742:
5479:Liu L, Guo GY, Jayanthi CS, Wu SY (May 2002).
4086:
2833:") is often commercially sold as double-sided
2691:Selective chemistry of single-walled nanotubes
2237:. Carbon nanotubes are thus being explored as
777:). It follows that many possible positions of
15323:
14874:
14475:
13954:
12748:"Graphene Nanotubes Make Polyamide Paintable"
11531:Hong G, Antaris AL, Dai H (10 January 2017).
7182:
5654:
5357:
4132:"Smallest carbon nanotube is 3 a in diameter"
3854:
3165:. Monthioux and Kuznetsov mentioned in their
2785:
2619:respectively, coupled with energy dispersive
1923:
1070:
320:
48:Rotating single-walled zigzag carbon nanotube
14059:
13525:Colloid and Interface Science Communications
13241:
12294:Nechausov S, Miriyev A (15 September 2024).
12119:
10805:
10501:
10460:
9680:
9678:
9375:
7260:Nanosystems: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics
6997:
5983:
5981:
5021:
4662:
4344:
4338:
2798:, using CNT technology in a number of their
2647:inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
2173:Unlike graphene, which is a two-dimensional
14112:
14110:
14108:
14106:
14104:
13950:
13948:
13946:
13237:
13235:
11418:
9614:
9612:
9537:
8902:
7669:
7147:
7104:
6417:
5619:
5474:
5472:
5174:"High surface-area carbon microcantilevers"
4186:
3680:
3678:
3676:
2936:) baseball bats, golf clubs, car parts, or
2392:All nanotubes are expected to be very good
544:the tube. One says that the tube is of the
15330:
15316:
15290:
14881:
14867:
14482:
14468:
14275:
14150:Oberlin A, Endo M, Koyama T (March 1976).
14006:
14004:
13927:. PCI Mag. 16 October 2016. Archived from
12719:
12065:. American Chemical Society. 10 July 2019.
11268:"Smart Nanotubes - Gas sensor development"
10157:
10155:
8236:
7866:Ao G, Khripin CY, Zheng M (23 July 2014).
7355:
6653:Star A, Lu Y, Bradley K, Grüner G (2004).
5702:
5700:
5322:
4082:
4080:
3982:
3980:
3936:
3934:
3214:at IBM of methods to specifically produce
3112:end-product, did not exert such toxicity.
3107:(RELs) of 1 μg/m for carbon nanotubes and
3067:Health and safety hazards of nanomaterials
2980:Potential applications of carbon nanotubes
2907:has also built a 54' maritime vessel, the
2533:sensing schemes, enhanced sensitivity of
2177:, carbon nanotubes are either metallic or
2137:can deform two adjacent nanotubes. Later,
2027:are a relatively new hybrid that combines
1842:surface that was coated with co-catalysts
1724:Possibly degenerate chiral tube type (2,1)
1461:
1457:
1405:
1401:
374:sheet rolled up to form a hollow cylinder.
327:
313:
14888:
14371:
14011:Monthioux M, Kuznetsov VL (August 2006).
13974:
13832:
13804:
13799:. No. 65. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication.
13746:
13736:
13695:
13685:
13636:
13626:
13565:
13536:
13452:
13215:
13150:
13101:
13087:
12981:
12963:
12896:"Graphene goes industrial without a bang"
12871:
12853:
12662:"Nanotechnology: A Guide to Nano-Objects"
12437:
12311:
12270:
12194:
12137:
12079:. nanoScience instruments. Archived from
11913:
11872:
11768:
11444:
11243:
11147:
11043:
10986:
10968:
10919:
10862:
10788:
10770:
10666:
10609:
10552:
10461:Barone PW, Strano MS (11 December 2006).
10437:
10380:
10315:
10258:
10080:
10023:
10005:
9964:
9820:
9675:
9592:
9574:
9520:
9326:
8780:
8667:
8594:
8444:
8325:
8213:
7426:
7416:
7194:Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
7095:
7023:
6872:
6778:
6768:
6750:
6687:
6629:
6392:
6300:
6290:
6225:
6079:
6022:
5978:
5945:
5902:
5892:
5378:
5256:
5224:
5207:
5197:
5148:
5099:
4779:
4684:
4585:The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
4559:
4423:
4366:
3632:
3571:
3530:
3520:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3004:reliability concerns that plague today's
2479:Vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays
2471:as a catalyst. These catalysts provide a
2314:quoted as saying, "This allows you to do
2090:Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes
1435:
14489:
14101:
13943:
13232:
12043:. European Plastics News. Archived from
11177:Journal of the American Chemical Society
9609:
9446:Journal of the American Chemical Society
8702:Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
8243:Journal of the American Chemical Society
7982:Journal of the American Chemical Society
7872:Journal of the American Chemical Society
7566:Journal of the American Chemical Society
7191:
6697:Journal of the American Chemical Society
6655:"Nanotube Optoelectronic Memory Devices"
6323:
5469:
4404:Journal of the American Chemical Society
4219:
4028:
4026:
3673:
3074:
2880:carbon nanotube field-effect transistors
2758:
2729:
2680:
2566:
2164:
2093:
1974:
1957:
1927:
1870:
1786:
1015:). The only types of nanotubes that are
510:
494:
43:
40:image of a single-walled carbon nanotube
31:
14425:Nanocarbon: From Graphene to Buckyballs
14252:
14001:
13388:Nanoparticles for Flexible Batteries".
12568:
12328:
11902:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
10892:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
10467:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
10152:
8874:
8872:
8417:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
6724:
6426:
5928:"Quantum Transport in Carbon Nanotubes"
5697:
4077:
3977:
3931:
3811:
3399:
3397:
3159:Journal of Physical Chemistry Of Russia
2822:synthesizes carbon nanotubes to create
2249:of a single-walled carbon nanotube is 2
1114:
1083:one can also compute the circumference
624:vectors that connect the graphene atom
483:Armchair nanotube, configuration (4, 4)
14:
15570:
15146:Differential technological development
14116:
13913:
13794:
13719:Barbarino M, Giordano A (March 2021).
13274:
13052:
12032:
11016:ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
8785:. Wiley-VCH Verlag. pp. 151–174.
6795:
6119:Charlier JC, Blase X, Roche S (2007).
5987:
5526:Huhtala M, Kuronen A, Kaski K (2002).
5424:
5165:
4964:
4897:
4891:
3357:
3346:
3323:Optical properties of carbon nanotubes
2332:Optical properties of carbon nanotubes
1875:Triple-walled armchair carbon nanotube
455:
15603:Discovery and invention controversies
15311:
14862:
14463:
12745:
12588:
12038:
8914:"Carbon Nanotube Reference Materials"
8911:
8140:
6913:
4856:
4303:
4023:
3768:
2181:along the tubular axis. For a given (
1970:
1712:Degenerate "armchair" tube type (1,1)
1667:
1531:) is the clockwise angle between the
634:can be the vector from C1 to C3, and
471:Zigzag nanotube, configuration (8, 0)
14255:Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Metally
14188:from the original on 9 October 2022.
14053:
14049:from the original on 9 October 2022.
12700:
12217:
8869:
7227:Schulz MJ, Shanov VN, Yun Y (2009).
7153:
7110:
6509:
6458:
5414:from the original on 9 October 2022.
5017:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4815:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4652:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4571:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4483:
4176:from the original on 9 October 2022.
3547:
3394:
3060:
2540:
1861:International Standards Organization
1087:, which is the length of the vector
600:, which correspond to the same atom
15235:Future-oriented technology analysis
11798:The Journal of Physical Chemistry C
7670:Green AA, Hersam MC (17 May 2011).
6852:
4538:
3721:
3123:, which submitted the application.
2769:measurement of electronic changes,
2233:, current densities are limited by
2068:) type, and this dependence is non-
1818:, which was synthesized in 2008 by
1700:Degenerate "zigzag" tube type (2,0)
1688:Degenerate "zigzag" tube type (1,0)
733:atoms. If it is applied to a pair (
24:
15337:
14994:High-temperature superconductivity
13090:"Sharpest cut from nanotube sword"
12503:
12041:"Amroy aims to become nano-leader"
4925:
4919:
3612:
3071:Toxicology of carbon nanomaterials
2662:Canadian National Research Council
2600:For single-wall carbon nanotubes,
1662:
1470:
1467:
1464:
693:) defines a possible position for
25:
15619:
14392:
7053:10.1016/j.compscitech.2004.11.003
7041:Composites Science and Technology
5765:10.1038/scientificamerican1200-62
5358:Su H, Goddard WA, Zhao Y (2006).
4759:Zavalniuk V, Marchenko S (2011).
3282:Carbon nanotubes in photovoltaics
2992:. Carbon nanotubes were found in
2280:electronic properties of graphene
1659:which must evaluate to integers.
897:Chiral nanotube of the (3,1) type
548:or configuration, or simply is a
15376:
15289:
15106:Self-reconfiguring modular robot
14399:
14331:
14269:
14246:
14211:
14192:
14143:
13888:
13841:
13813:
13788:
13763:
13712:
13653:
13594:
13582:
13545:
13512:
13477:
13416:
13373:
13355:Journal of Materials Chemistry A
13346:
13303:
13268:
13175:
13118:
13081:
13046:
13024:
12998:
12939:
12914:
12888:
12829:
12804:
12779:
12739:
12713:
12694:
12653:
12631:
12562:
12544:
12523:
12497:
12454:
12397:
12379:
12287:
12230:
12211:
12154:
12113:
12087:
12069:
12051:
11977:
11938:
11889:
11824:
11785:
11720:
11665:
11618:
11571:
11524:
11461:
11412:
11349:
11310:
11285:
11260:
11219:
11164:
11107:
11060:
11003:
10936:
10879:
10738:
10683:
10626:
10569:
10454:
10397:
10332:
10275:
10218:
10097:
10040:
9981:
9916:
9853:
9788:
9733:
9480:
9433:
9302:
9277:
9251:
9215:
9180:
9133:
9083:
9053:
9023:
8993:
8964:
8934:
8839:
8807:
8736:
8692:
8619:
8508:
8461:
8342:
8277:
8237:Zheng M, Semke ED (1 May 2007).
8230:
8173:
8134:
8079:
8024:
7969:
7906:
7859:
6922:Journal of Nanoparticle Research
5233:"A novel hybrid carbon material"
4493:. KurzweilAI. 27 September 2013.
3016:(FET). The first intermolecular
2639:prompt gamma activation analysis
2613:transmission electron microscopy
2597:available for carbon nanotubes.
2131:transmission electron microscope
2102:image of carbon nanotube bundles
1717:
1705:
1693:
1681:
1380:are related to the type indices
926:
914:
902:
890:
490:
476:
464:
366:) have diameters around 0.5–2.0
294:
282:
67:
14517:Lonsdaleite (hexagonal diamond)
12926:www.european-rubber-journal.com
12463:Environmental Chemistry Letters
7812:
7765:
7718:
7663:
7608:
7553:
7498:
7443:
7384:
7349:
7313:
7270:
7247:
7220:
7059:
7032:
6998:Kumanek B, Janas D (May 2019).
6991:
6956:
6646:
6597:
6560:
6446:
6352:
6317:
6266:
6205:
6154:
6112:
6059:
6016:
5868:
5833:
5648:
5613:
5570:
5536:Computer Physics Communications
5519:
5418:
5351:
5316:
5273:
4752:
4709:
4656:
4603:
4575:
4532:
4497:
4440:
4391:
4256:
4180:
4123:
3892:
2909:Piranha Unmanned Surface Vessel
2743:applications, and many others.
2725:
2489:
2197:, the nanotube is metallic; if
1866:
1614:
1613:
580:of the graphene. The line from
55:Part of a series of articles on
14999:High-temperature superfluidity
13390:Advanced Engineering Materials
13246:. Springer. pp. 138–140.
12720:Billington J (4 August 2022).
12660:Gullapalli S, Wong MS (2011).
11951:Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
10288:Science Translational Medicine
3488:
3103:has determined non-regulatory
2917:is using carbon nanotubes for
2853:Applications under development
2794:have been in partnership with
2633:, and was characterized using
2413:and about 750 °C in air.
2354:
1454:
1412:
1331:
1313:
1300:
1297:
1206:
1188:
1175:
1172:
1159:
1124:
360:Single-walled carbon nanotubes
13:
1:
15262:Technology in science fiction
14240:10.1016/S0008-6223(99)00199-2
14076:Journal of Physical Chemistry
13827:. No. 65. 14 July 2020.
13825:Current Intelligence Bulletin
13797:Current Intelligence Bulletin
13666:Particle and Fibre Toxicology
13607:Particle and Fibre Toxicology
13332:10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.256805
12669:Chemical Engineering Progress
12571:"EUV Pellicles Finally Ready"
11537:Nature Biomedical Engineering
11323:Biosensors and Bioelectronics
11232:Advanced Functional Materials
11120:Nature Biomedical Engineering
10582:Nature Biomedical Engineering
8147:Materials Chemistry Frontiers
7176:10.1016/S0008-6223(03)00336-1
6244:10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.057001
5642:10.1016/j.diamond.2012.01.034
5622:Diamond and Related Materials
5557:10.1016/S0010-4655(02)00432-0
5505:10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.217206
5447:10.1088/0957-4484/21/3/035704
5345:10.1016/S0009-2614(00)00307-9
4449:Chemistry: A European Journal
4159:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.125502
3917:10.1080/1061186X.2024.2309575
3651:10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.215502
3334:
3319:(nanotube modelling software)
3188:Pennsylvania State University
2974:Potential/Future applications
2921:in semiconductor lithography.
2871:delaying thermal degradation.
2826:ultra-absorptive black paint.
2746:
2708:through chemical attachment.
2528:Advantages of monochiral CNTs
2443:Synthesis of carbon nanotubes
2336:Carbon nanotubes have useful
2160:
2083:
2055:
1803:substrates using an improved
941:Chirality and mirror symmetry
378:Multi-walled carbon nanotubes
38:scanning tunneling microscopy
14179:10.1016/0022-0248(76)90115-9
14040:10.1016/j.carbon.2006.03.019
13538:10.1016/j.colcom.2015.02.001
12357:10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03986
12300:Chemical Engineering Journal
11690:10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03756
10708:10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03732
10300:10.1126/scitranslmed.aar2680
10188:10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00856
9886:10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02865
9645:10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b05159
9166:10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.08.206
8652:10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01727
8533:10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01321
8486:10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00168
8141:Janas D (21 December 2017).
7004:Journal of Materials Science
5684:10.1016/j.carbon.2008.11.005
5092:10.1016/j.carbon.2012.10.035
4913:10.1016/0379-6779(96)80097-x
4850:10.1016/0375-9601(92)90978-u
4695:10.1126/science.289.5479.602
4213:10.1016/j.carbon.2017.07.036
4055:10.1126/science.273.5274.483
3466:10.1126/science.287.5453.637
3426:10.1016/0022-0248(76)90115-9
3133:Timeline of carbon nanotubes
3081:scanning electron microscope
3039:electrically conducting yarn
2617:scanning electron microscopy
2584:
2436:
2100:scanning electron microscopy
2025:Graphenated carbon nanotubes
1023:,0) "zigzag" tubes and the (
981:), which is different from (
447:, and Bethune and others at
424:(replacing or complementing
7:
14253:Missing (1982). "Missing".
12643:news.nationalgeographic.com
12569:LaPedus M (22 March 2021).
12218:Tiza MT (6 December 2022).
11596:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00008
10065:10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00926
8104:10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00835
6985:10.1016/j.physe.2016.12.011
5397:10.1088/0957-4484/17/22/026
4929:European Physical Journal B
4885:10.1103/physrevlett.79.4453
3797:10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.1579
3590:10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.4613
3244:
3105:recommended exposure limits
2829:"Gecko tape" (also called "
2796:Zyvex Performance Materials
2643:neutron activation analysis
2562:
2036:(< 10) to thicker, more
1853:
1779:inside double-walled CNTs.
1775:using aberration-corrected
10:
15624:
15393:Electromagnetic propulsion
15267:Technology readiness level
15203:Technological unemployment
14848:Aggregated diamond nanorod
14364:10.1038/s41598-020-76720-z
13687:10.1186/s12989-021-00440-z
13628:10.1186/s12989-020-00392-w
13506:10.1103/PhysRevB.92.085428
12771:: CS1 maint: url-status (
12746:Moore S (31 August 2020).
12675:(5): 28–32. Archived from
12255:10.1038/s41598-024-62594-y
12167:ACS Applied Nano Materials
12139:10.1038/s43246-024-00548-7
11963:10.1016/j.addr.2013.07.015
11857:10.1038/s41467-020-15299-5
11425:Journal of Applied Physics
11335:10.1016/j.bios.2022.114642
11132:10.1038/s41551-022-00860-y
10847:10.1038/s41467-020-19718-5
10651:10.1021/acssensors.9b00025
8722:10.1016/j.jcis.2017.03.051
7397:Nanoscale Research Letters
7088:10.1103/PhysRevB.77.033418
7025:10.1007/s10853-019-03368-0
6385:10.1038/s41467-021-23038-7
6098:10.1103/PhysRevB.95.121408
5862:10.1103/PhysRevB.76.195436
4950:10.1140/epjb/e2011-20313-9
3707:10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.631
3501:Nanoscale Research Letters
3130:
3126:
3064:
2977:
2786:Other current applications
2684:
2635:thermogravimetric analysis
2455:900-1100 °C and high
2440:
2385:
2381:
2329:
2325:
2087:
1924:Junctions and crosslinking
1825:
1071:Circumference and diameter
865:between the directions of
15542:
15516:
15485:
15464:
15428:
15385:
15374:
15345:
15285:
15250:Technological singularity
15210:Technological convergence
15128:
15081:
15026:Multi-function structures
14949:
14903:
14896:
14818:
14748:
14687:
14654:
14646:(cyclo[18]carbon)
14604:
14525:
14497:
14159:Journal of Crystal Growth
13967:10.1007/978-3-642-31421-6
13252:10.1007/978-3-319-73558-0
13067:10.1007/s00170-017-1320-z
12575:Semiconductor Engineering
12483:10.1007/s10311-012-0356-4
12313:10.1016/j.cej.2024.153759
10422:10.1038/s41587-019-0045-y
10007:10.3390/molecules28052161
9703:10.1038/s41477-020-0632-4
9271:17 September 2018 at the
9201:10.1007/s10904-016-0365-z
8978:National Research Council
8791:10.1002/9783527800308.ch8
6942:10.1007/s11051-005-8382-9
6427:Trafton A (7 June 2021).
6148:10.1103/RevModPhys.79.677
6128:Reviews of Modern Physics
5964:10.1103/RevModPhys.87.703
5933:Reviews of Modern Physics
5894:10.3390/molecules25132960
3905:Journal of Drug Targeting
3406:Journal of Crystal Growth
2687:Carbon nanotube chemistry
2658:fluorescence spectroscopy
2463:as the carbon source and
2449:chemical vapor deposition
1942:chemical vapor deposition
1918:Lennard-Jones interaction
1805:chemical vapor deposition
1782:
1765:density functional theory
1093:, which turns out to be:
973:(mirror image) has type (
15418:Momentum exchange tether
15041:Molecular nanotechnology
15004:Linear acetylenic carbon
14630:(cyclo[6]carbon)
14614:Linear acetylenic carbon
14062:
14060:Radushkevich LV (1952).
13955:Pacios Pujadó M (2012).
13834:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2013145
13806:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2013145
13576:10.15866/iree.v10i1.5253
12126:Communications Materials
12039:Pagni J (5 March 2010).
11810:10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b03257
8912:Fagan J (5 March 2009).
3277:Carbon nanotube computer
3154:much further than 1991.
3137:Fullerene § History
3085:alveolar epithelial cell
3014:field-effect transistors
2792:Easton-Bell Sports, Inc.
2771:field-effect transistors
2700:and improve interfacial
2655:UV-visible-near infrared
1563:, one can get the type (
748:
271:Nanocrystalline material
247:Nanostructured materials
15215:Technological evolution
15188:Exploratory engineering
14082:: 88–95. Archived from
14072:Журнал Физической Химии
13866:10.1021/acsnano.7b03038
13738:10.3390/cancers13061318
13445:10.1126/science.1228061
13312:Physical Review Letters
13010:www.compositesworld.com
12900:www.compositesworld.com
11643:10.1021/acsnano.8b00980
11549:10.1038/s41551-016-0010
11486:10.1021/acsnano.2c03083
11382:10.1126/science.1072631
10970:10.1073/pnas.2202842119
10594:10.1038/s41551-017-0041
10243:10.1021/acsnano.7b04743
9576:10.1073/pnas.1613541114
9345:10.1126/science.1141316
9146:Applied Surface Science
8049:10.1021/acsnano.8b09579
7418:10.1186/1556-276X-9-393
7358:Chemical Communications
6770:10.1073/pnas.1014501108
6631:10.1126/science.1125695
6538:10.1126/science.1119177
6487:10.1126/science.1081294
6292:10.1073/pnas.0813162106
6214:Physical Review Letters
6183:10.1126/science.1060470
5485:Physical Review Letters
4865:Physical Review Letters
4768:Low Temperature Physics
4619:Chemical Communications
4506:Applied Physics Letters
4187:Torres-Dias AC (2017).
4139:Physical Review Letters
3777:Physical Review Letters
3687:Physical Review Letters
3621:Physical Review Letters
3560:Physical Review Letters
3522:10.1186/1556-276X-9-151
2846:atomic force microscope
2609:absorption spectroscopy
2147:atomic force microscopy
2143:atomic force microscope
1795:The observation of the
1051:> 0. Then the angle
785:— that is, many pairs (
406:electrical conductivity
351:). They are one of the
15588:Transparent electrodes
15547:Non-rocket spacelaunch
15508:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
15225:Technology forecasting
15220:Technological paradigm
15193:Proactionary principle
14674:Carbide-derived carbon
14556:(buckminsterfullerene)
13402:10.1002/adem.201701019
12816:www.floortrendsmag.com
12179:10.1021/acsanm.3c03247
12010:10.1002/cssc.201100070
11915:10.1002/anie.202300682
11245:10.1002/adfm.202309064
11085:10.1002/smll.202101660
11028:10.1021/acsami.3c00828
10904:10.1002/anie.202108373
10479:10.1002/anie.200603138
9949:10.1126/sciadv.aay3771
9813:10.1002/smll.201403276
9237:10.1002/cctc.201701790
8596:10.1002/smll.202206856
8429:10.1002/anie.202112372
8198:10.1002/advs.202200054
7939:10.1002/adma.201304873
7688:10.1002/adma.201100034
7531:10.1038/nnano.2007.290
7125:10.1098/rsta.2004.1437
5811:10.1002/adma.201100547
5722:10.1038/nnano.2008.211
4461:10.1002/chem.202002316
4109:10.1080/20014091104189
3257:Carbide-derived carbon
3224:on a preparative scale
3175:
3088:
2765:
2735:
2572:
2247:electrical conductance
2209:. Thus, all armchair (
2170:
2103:
2076:). In particular, the
1984:
1963:
1933:
1876:
1792:
1650:
1535:-axis and the vector (
1514:
1376:and the circumference
1340:
1270:
1269:{\displaystyle c/\pi }
1242:
1215:
823:lies between those of
717:through its endpoints
528:
508:
49:
41:
15557:Megascale engineering
15151:Disruptive innovation
15014:Metamaterial cloaking
14890:Emerging technologies
13188:Nature Communications
13103:10.1038/news061113-11
12965:10.3390/polym16020226
12707:MIT Technology Review
11837:Nature Communications
10827:Nature Communications
10345:Nature Communications
9505:10.1038/nnano.2010.24
9493:Nature Nanotechnology
8290:Nature Communications
7511:Nature Nanotechnology
6365:Nature Communications
6045:10.1038/nnano.2007.89
6025:Nature Nanotechnology
5710:Nature Nanotechnology
5258:10.1038/nnano.2007.37
5237:Nature Nanotechnology
3328:Organic semiconductor
3171:
3078:
3051:ion-exchange membrane
2952:lithium ion batteries
2762:
2733:
2681:Chemical modification
2570:
2168:
2097:
1978:
1961:
1931:
1874:
1790:
1651:
1555:). Conversely, given
1515:
1341:
1271:
1243:
1216:
514:
498:
301:Technology portal
96:Mechanical properties
47:
35:
15593:Refractory materials
15578:Allotropes of carbon
15472:List of competitions
15441:Lunar space elevator
15198:Technological change
15141:Collingridge dilemma
14491:Allotropes of carbon
14261:] (in Russian).
14078:] (in Russian).
13088:Sanderson K (2006).
12855:10.3390/nano14010120
12649:on 18 November 2006.
12510:Smithsonian Magazine
11678:Analytical Chemistry
11189:10.1021/jacs.3c03336
10696:Analytical Chemistry
10410:Nature Biotechnology
9289:patentscope.wipo.int
8521:Analytical Chemistry
8474:Analytical Chemistry
7994:10.1021/jacs.9b09953
7778:Analytical Chemistry
7206:10.1166/jnn.2004.066
4539:Das S (March 2013).
3287:Colossal carbon tube
3221:Buckminsterfullerene
3195:carbon nanoparticles
2469:nickel tetracarbonyl
2459:~30-50 bar. It uses
2402:thermal conductivity
2398:ballistic conduction
2231:copper interconnects
2135:van der Waals forces
1767:(DFT) calculations.
1578:
1395:
1283:
1252:
1248:of the tube is then
1232:
1100:
656:can be written as a
622:linearly independent
394:thermal conductivity
353:allotropes of carbon
266:Nanoporous materials
129:Buckminsterfullerene
15255:Technology scouting
15230:Accelerating change
15101:Powered exoskeleton
15058:Programmable matter
14936:Smart manufacturing
14931:Molecular assembler
14911:3D microfabrication
14356:2020NatSR..1019786K
14309:1990Natur.347..354K
14232:1999Carbo..37.1873A
14171:1976JCrGr..32..335O
14032:2006Carbo..44.1621M
13931:on 24 November 2016
13900:chem.echa.europa.eu
13678:2021PFTox..18...47F
13619:2020PFTox..17...62F
13498:2015PhRvB..92h5428P
13437:2013Sci...339..182B
13361:(36): 19255–19266.
13324:2001PhRvL..87y6805M
13289:1999PhT....52e..22D
13208:10.1038/ncomms13549
13200:2016NatCo...713549V
13143:2006Natur.444..286R
13061:(9–12): 3805–3808.
12609:2006NanoL...6..562Z
12475:2012EnvCL..10..265T
12422:2015NatSR...5E8323B
12349:2019NanoL..19.1460N
12173:(19): 17986–17995.
12101:. 21 September 2022
12099:Med-Tech Innovation
12083:on 27 October 2011.
12063:Nanowerk Newsletter
12002:2011ChSCh...4..848B
11849:2020NatCo..11.1495S
11804:(19): 10705–10710.
11745:2015NatSR...514167R
11590:(19): 10816–10906.
11437:2021JAP...129d4305X
11374:2002Sci...297..593O
11183:(27): 14776–14783.
11022:(18): 21866–21876.
10961:2022PNAS..11902842E
10955:(22): e2202842119.
10839:2020NatCo..11.5995N
10763:2020Senso..20.5247S
10529:2022NanoA...4.2420Z
10365:10.1038/ncomms10241
10357:2016NatCo...710241B
10237:(11): 10689–10703.
10180:2018NanoL..18.4130X
10122:2017NatMa..16..264W
9941:2019SciA....5.3771J
9878:2019NanoL..19.6604D
9758:2008NanoL...8.4299J
9637:2020NanoL..20.2432W
9567:2017PNAS..114.1789K
9403:2008NanoL...8..591H
9337:2007Sci...316.1465C
9321:(5830): 1465–1468.
9158:2019ApSS..463..227S
9071:on 7 September 2017
9041:on 7 September 2017
8952:on 18 February 2013
8890:on 7 September 2017
8857:on 7 September 2017
8827:on 7 September 2017
8714:2017JCIS..504..115S
8644:2023NanoL..23.6588N
8367:2009NanoL...9.1497T
8302:2011NatCo...2..309L
7988:(51): 20177–20186.
7931:2014AdM....26.2800F
7878:(29): 10383–10392.
7633:2005NanoL...5..713A
7523:2007NatNa...2..640N
7468:2007NanoL...7.3013C
7409:2014NRL.....9..393E
7364:(84): 12662–12664.
7335:2003NanoL...3..309I
7291:2001JVSTA..19.1800B
7168:2003Carbo..41.2607Z
7119:(1823): 2223–2238.
7080:2008PhRvB..77c3418M
7016:2019JMatS..54.7397K
6977:2017PhyE...88..104K
6934:2005JNR.....7..651S
6883:2006NanoL...6...96P
6822:2005NatMa...4...86B
6761:2011PNAS..108.8943W
6704:(48): 15638–15639.
6673:2004NanoL...4.1587S
6622:2006Sci...312..413I
6583:2003NanoL...3.1067F
6530:2005Sci...310.1171C
6524:(5751): 1171–1174.
6479:2003Sci...300..783M
6377:2021NatCo..12.3415L
6236:2006PhRvL..96e7001T
6175:2001Sci...292.2462T
6169:(5526): 2462–2465.
6140:2007RvMP...79..677C
6090:2017PhRvB..95l1408V
6037:2007NatNa...2..207H
5956:2015RvMP...87..703L
5854:2007PhRvB..76s5436J
5803:2011AdM....23.2855F
5757:2000SciAm.283f..62C
5745:Scientific American
5676:2009Carbo..47..731L
5634:2012DRM....23..130S
5599:10.1557/jmr.2012.43
5591:2012JMatR..27.1046P
5549:2002CoPhC.146...30H
5497:2002PhRvL..88u7206L
5439:2010Nanot..21c5704W
5389:2006Nanot..17.5691S
5337:2000CPL...321..169S
5294:1998Natur.396R.323S
5249:2007NatNa...2..156N
5190:2019NanoA...1.1148N
5141:10.1002/jbm.a.35449
5042:2008NanoL...8.3166D
4986:(45): 18849–18854.
4942:2011EPJB...83..487M
4877:1997PhRvL..79.4453M
4842:1992PhLA..172..173C
4790:2011LTP....37..337Z
4730:1996Natur.381..678T
4677:2000Sci...289..602C
4518:2013ApPhL.103g3116S
4455:(65): 14791–14801.
4410:(52): 17646–17647.
4359:2009NanoL...9.3137W
4281:2008NanoL...8..459G
4263:Guan L, Suenaga K,
4242:2003NanoL...3..887H
4205:2017Carbo.123..145T
4151:2004PhRvL..92l5502Z
4101:2001CRSSM..26..145S
4047:1996Sci...273..483T
4001:1993Natur.363..605B
3955:1993Natur.363..603I
3832:1998Natur.391...59W
3789:1992PhRvL..68.1579H
3746:1997Natur.386..474T
3699:1992PhRvL..68..631M
3643:2001PhRvL..87u5502K
3582:2000PhRvL..84.4613B
3554:Berber S, Kwon YK,
3513:2014NRL.....9..151S
3458:2000Sci...287..637Y
3418:1976JCrGr..32..335O
3372:1991Natur.354...56I
3302:Molecular modelling
2946:SWCNTs produced by
2595:reference materials
2431:Stone–Wales defects
2424:. This reduces the
2000:composite materials
1962:3D carbon scaffolds
1571:) by the formulas:
644:with same class as
456:Structure of SWCNTs
422:composite materials
168:Carbon quantum dots
15498:Bradley C. Edwards
15272:Technology roadmap
14974:Conductive polymer
14769:(cyclopropatriene)
14750:hypothetical forms
14571:Fullerene whiskers
14409:has a profile for
14344:Scientific Reports
14117:Eklund PC (2007).
13367:10.1039/c7ta04999d
13034:. 21 February 2022
12410:Scientific Reports
12243:Scientific Reports
11908:(24): e202300682.
11733:Scientific Reports
11480:(8): 11742–11754.
10537:10.1039/D2NA00092J
10517:Nanoscale Advances
8423:(18): e202112372.
8310:10.1038/ncomms1313
8159:10.1039/C7QM00427C
7919:Advanced Materials
7676:Advanced Materials
7370:10.1039/C4CC03271C
5791:Advanced Materials
5693:on 9 January 2015.
5199:10.1039/C8NA00101D
5178:Nanoscale Advances
4992:10.1039/c6nr06461b
3297:Filamentous carbon
3292:Diamond nanothread
3272:Carbon nanoscrolls
3089:
2926:tissue engineering
2905:Zyvex Technologies
2898:The Boeing Company
2820:Surrey NanoSystems
2766:
2736:
2631:elemental analysis
2621:X-ray spectrometry
2573:
2515:. When mixed, two
2465:iron pentacarbonyl
2406:thermal insulation
2394:thermal conductors
2355:nanotube synthesis
2350:Raman spectroscopy
2171:
2104:
1985:
1971:Other morphologies
1964:
1934:
1877:
1816:cycloparaphenylene
1793:
1791:Cycloparaphenylene
1761:Raman spectroscopy
1668:Narrowest examples
1646:
1510:
1336:
1266:
1238:
1211:
658:linear combination
648:, the vector from
529:
515:The basis vectors
509:
289:Science portal
101:Optical properties
50:
42:
15565:
15564:
15305:
15304:
15124:
15123:
15073:Synthetic diamond
14969:Artificial muscle
14951:Materials science
14856:
14855:
14724:(diatomic carbon)
14656:mixed sp/sp forms
14415:
14303:(6291): 354–358.
14226:(11): 1873–1874.
13986:978-3-642-31421-6
13486:Physical Review B
13431:(6116): 182–186.
13261:978-3-319-73557-3
12682:on 13 August 2012
12617:10.1021/nl051861e
12430:10.1038/srep08323
11957:(15): 1933–1950.
11753:10.1038/srep14167
11446:10.1063/5.0039047
11368:(5581): 593–596.
11297:www.zymosense.com
10898:(2): e202108373.
10772:10.3390/s20185247
10702:(11): 4800–4808.
10523:(11): 2420–2427.
10473:(48): 8138–8141.
9807:(32): 3973–3984.
9766:10.1021/nl802010z
9752:(12): 4299–4304.
9458:10.1021/ja1084942
9411:10.1021/nl072996i
9111:10.1021/jp0471857
8981:. 7 November 2014
8800:978-3-527-80030-8
8757:10.1115/1.4043410
8638:(14): 6588–6595.
8527:(28): 9941–9951.
8480:(16): 6446–6455.
8375:10.1021/nl8034866
8255:10.1021/ja071577k
8249:(19): 6084–6085.
7925:(18): 2800–2804.
7884:10.1021/ja504078b
7837:10.1021/nn500756a
7790:10.1021/ac0508954
7784:(19): 6225–6228.
7743:10.1021/nn4004956
7682:(19): 2185–2190.
7641:10.1021/nl050133o
7578:10.1021/ja105722u
7476:10.1021/nl071349o
7462:(10): 3013–3017.
7343:10.1021/nl025926e
7299:10.1116/1.1380721
7240:978-1-59693-280-7
7162:(13): 2607–2611.
7010:(10): 7397–7427.
6891:10.1021/nl052145f
6804:Michael S. Strano
6745:(22): 8943–8948.
6710:10.1021/ja0466311
6681:10.1021/nl049337f
6616:(5772): 413–416.
6591:10.1021/nl034313e
6473:(5620): 783–786.
6285:(18): 7299–7303.
6068:Physical Review B
6002:10.1021/cr030093d
5996:(10): 3643–3696.
5842:Physical Review B
5797:(25): 2855–2860.
5373:(22): 5691–5695.
5288:(6709): 323–324.
5135:(10): 3212–3225.
5050:10.1021/nl801417w
5036:(10): 3166–3170.
4907:(1–3): 249–1254.
4871:(22): 4453–4456.
4829:Physics Letters A
4798:10.1063/1.3592692
4724:(6584): 678–680.
4671:(5479): 602–604.
4621:(12): 1442–1443.
4597:10.1021/jz200687u
4591:(13): 1577–1582.
4526:10.1063/1.4818619
4416:10.1021/ja807126u
4377:10.1021/nl901260b
4324:10.1021/nn401995z
4289:10.1021/nl072396j
4250:10.1021/nl034080r
4041:(5274): 483–487.
3995:(6430): 605–607.
3949:(6430): 603–605.
3878:10.1021/cr100018g
3783:(10): 1579–1581.
3740:(6624): 474–477.
3566:(20): 4613–4616.
3452:(5453): 637–640.
3267:Carbon nanofibers
3109:carbon nanofibers
3061:Safety and health
2541:Functionalization
2342:photoluminescence
2308:superconductivity
2116:specific strength
1949:pillared graphene
1902:functionalization
1644:
1602:
1601:
1508:
1444:
1334:
1241:{\displaystyle d}
1209:
1162:
765:) to the pair (−2
558:armchair nanotube
443:and Ichihashi at
434:materials science
408:while others are
396:because of their
337:
336:
149:Carbon allotropes
16:(Redirected from
15615:
15583:Carbon nanotubes
15524:KC Space Pirates
15429:Related concepts
15380:
15332:
15325:
15318:
15309:
15308:
15293:
15292:
15240:Horizon scanning
15156:Ephemeralization
15116:Uncrewed vehicle
15036:Carbon nanotubes
14901:
14900:
14883:
14876:
14869:
14860:
14859:
14828:Activated carbon
14784:
14783:
14782:
14768:
14767:
14766:
14739:
14738:
14737:
14723:
14722:
14721:
14707:
14706:
14705:
14664:Amorphous carbon
14645:
14644:
14643:
14629:
14628:
14627:
14484:
14477:
14470:
14461:
14460:
14413:
14412:carbon nanotube
14403:
14402:
14386:
14385:
14375:
14335:
14329:
14328:
14317:10.1038/347354a0
14292:
14286:
14285:
14284:
14280:
14273:
14267:
14266:
14250:
14244:
14243:
14215:
14209:
14208:
14207:
14203:
14196:
14190:
14189:
14187:
14156:
14147:
14141:
14140:
14138:
14136:
14131:on 11 March 2017
14130:
14123:
14114:
14099:
14098:
14096:
14094:
14088:
14069:
14057:
14051:
14050:
14048:
14026:(9): 1621–1623.
14017:
14008:
13999:
13998:
13978:
13952:
13941:
13940:
13938:
13936:
13917:
13911:
13910:
13908:
13906:
13892:
13886:
13885:
13860:(9): 8849–8863.
13845:
13839:
13838:
13836:
13817:
13811:
13810:
13808:
13792:
13786:
13785:
13783:
13781:
13767:
13761:
13760:
13750:
13740:
13716:
13710:
13709:
13699:
13689:
13657:
13651:
13650:
13640:
13630:
13598:
13592:
13586:
13580:
13579:
13569:
13567:10.1.1.1005.8294
13549:
13543:
13542:
13540:
13516:
13510:
13509:
13481:
13475:
13474:
13456:
13420:
13414:
13413:
13377:
13371:
13370:
13350:
13344:
13343:
13307:
13301:
13300:
13297:10.1063/1.882658
13272:
13266:
13265:
13239:
13230:
13229:
13219:
13179:
13173:
13172:
13154:
13122:
13116:
13115:
13105:
13085:
13079:
13078:
13050:
13044:
13043:
13041:
13039:
13028:
13022:
13021:
13019:
13017:
13002:
12996:
12995:
12985:
12967:
12943:
12937:
12936:
12934:
12932:
12918:
12912:
12911:
12909:
12907:
12892:
12886:
12885:
12875:
12857:
12833:
12827:
12826:
12824:
12822:
12808:
12802:
12801:
12799:
12797:
12783:
12777:
12776:
12770:
12762:
12760:
12758:
12743:
12737:
12736:
12734:
12732:
12717:
12711:
12710:
12698:
12692:
12691:
12689:
12687:
12681:
12666:
12657:
12651:
12650:
12645:. Archived from
12635:
12629:
12628:
12592:
12586:
12585:
12583:
12581:
12566:
12560:
12559:
12558:on 3 March 2012.
12548:
12542:
12541:
12540:
12536:
12527:
12521:
12520:
12518:
12516:
12501:
12495:
12494:
12458:
12452:
12451:
12441:
12401:
12395:
12394:
12383:
12377:
12376:
12343:(3): 1460–1466.
12332:
12326:
12325:
12315:
12291:
12285:
12284:
12274:
12234:
12228:
12227:
12215:
12209:
12208:
12198:
12158:
12152:
12151:
12141:
12117:
12111:
12110:
12108:
12106:
12091:
12085:
12084:
12073:
12067:
12066:
12055:
12049:
12048:
12047:on 10 July 2011.
12036:
12030:
12029:
11981:
11975:
11974:
11942:
11936:
11935:
11917:
11893:
11887:
11886:
11876:
11828:
11822:
11821:
11789:
11783:
11782:
11772:
11724:
11718:
11717:
11669:
11663:
11662:
11637:(4): 3769–3779.
11622:
11616:
11615:
11584:Chemical Reviews
11575:
11569:
11568:
11528:
11522:
11521:
11465:
11459:
11458:
11448:
11416:
11410:
11409:
11353:
11347:
11346:
11314:
11308:
11307:
11305:
11303:
11289:
11283:
11282:
11280:
11278:
11264:
11258:
11257:
11247:
11223:
11217:
11216:
11168:
11162:
11161:
11151:
11111:
11105:
11104:
11079:(30): e2101660.
11064:
11058:
11057:
11047:
11007:
11001:
11000:
10990:
10972:
10940:
10934:
10933:
10923:
10883:
10877:
10876:
10866:
10818:
10803:
10802:
10792:
10774:
10742:
10736:
10735:
10687:
10681:
10680:
10670:
10645:(5): 1236–1244.
10630:
10624:
10623:
10613:
10573:
10567:
10566:
10556:
10508:
10499:
10498:
10458:
10452:
10451:
10441:
10401:
10395:
10394:
10384:
10336:
10330:
10329:
10319:
10279:
10273:
10272:
10262:
10222:
10216:
10215:
10174:(7): 4130–4135.
10159:
10150:
10149:
10130:10.1038/nmat4771
10110:Nature Materials
10101:
10095:
10094:
10084:
10044:
10038:
10037:
10027:
10009:
9985:
9979:
9978:
9968:
9935:(12): eaay3771.
9929:Science Advances
9920:
9914:
9913:
9872:(9): 6604–6611.
9857:
9851:
9850:
9824:
9792:
9786:
9785:
9737:
9731:
9730:
9682:
9673:
9672:
9631:(4): 2432–2442.
9616:
9607:
9606:
9596:
9578:
9561:(8): 1789–1794.
9546:
9535:
9534:
9524:
9484:
9478:
9477:
9437:
9431:
9430:
9382:
9373:
9372:
9330:
9306:
9300:
9299:
9297:
9295:
9281:
9275:
9267:
9266:
9262:
9255:
9249:
9248:
9231:(5): 1075–1083.
9219:
9213:
9212:
9195:(6): 1301–1308.
9184:
9178:
9177:
9137:
9131:
9130:
9099:J. Phys. Chem. B
9096:
9087:
9081:
9080:
9078:
9076:
9067:. Archived from
9057:
9051:
9050:
9048:
9046:
9037:. Archived from
9027:
9021:
9020:
9018:
9016:
9007:. Archived from
8997:
8991:
8990:
8988:
8986:
8968:
8962:
8961:
8959:
8957:
8948:. Archived from
8938:
8932:
8931:
8929:
8927:
8909:
8900:
8899:
8897:
8895:
8886:. Archived from
8876:
8867:
8866:
8864:
8862:
8853:. Archived from
8843:
8837:
8836:
8834:
8832:
8823:. Archived from
8811:
8805:
8804:
8778:
8769:
8768:
8740:
8734:
8733:
8696:
8690:
8689:
8671:
8623:
8617:
8616:
8598:
8589:(14): e2206856.
8574:
8561:
8560:
8512:
8506:
8505:
8465:
8459:
8458:
8448:
8408:
8395:
8394:
8361:(4): 1497–1500.
8346:
8340:
8339:
8329:
8281:
8275:
8274:
8234:
8228:
8227:
8217:
8192:(14): e2200054.
8186:Advanced Science
8177:
8171:
8170:
8138:
8132:
8131:
8098:(5): 2693–2758.
8092:Chemical Reviews
8083:
8077:
8076:
8043:(2): 2567–2578.
8028:
8022:
8021:
7973:
7967:
7966:
7910:
7904:
7903:
7863:
7857:
7856:
7831:(7): 6756–6764.
7816:
7810:
7809:
7769:
7763:
7762:
7737:(4): 3557–3564.
7722:
7716:
7715:
7667:
7661:
7660:
7612:
7606:
7605:
7557:
7551:
7550:
7502:
7496:
7495:
7447:
7441:
7440:
7430:
7420:
7388:
7382:
7381:
7353:
7347:
7346:
7317:
7311:
7310:
7285:(4): 1800–1805.
7274:
7268:
7267:
7251:
7245:
7244:
7233:. Artech House.
7224:
7218:
7217:
7189:
7180:
7179:
7151:
7145:
7144:
7108:
7102:
7101:
7099:
7063:
7057:
7056:
7036:
7030:
7029:
7027:
6995:
6989:
6988:
6960:
6954:
6953:
6917:
6911:
6910:
6876:
6874:cond-mat/0512624
6856:
6850:
6849:
6830:10.1038/nmat1276
6809:Nature Materials
6799:
6793:
6792:
6782:
6772:
6754:
6728:
6722:
6721:
6691:
6685:
6684:
6667:(9): 1587–1591.
6650:
6644:
6643:
6633:
6601:
6595:
6594:
6577:(8): 1067–1071.
6564:
6558:
6557:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6462:
6456:
6450:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6439:
6424:
6415:
6414:
6396:
6356:
6350:
6349:
6338:10.1038/nphys252
6321:
6315:
6314:
6304:
6294:
6270:
6264:
6263:
6229:
6227:cond-mat/0509466
6209:
6203:
6202:
6158:
6152:
6151:
6125:
6116:
6110:
6109:
6083:
6063:
6057:
6056:
6020:
6014:
6013:
5990:Chemical Reviews
5985:
5976:
5975:
5949:
5923:
5917:
5916:
5906:
5896:
5872:
5866:
5865:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5786:
5777:
5776:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5704:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5686:. Archived from
5661:
5652:
5646:
5645:
5617:
5611:
5610:
5585:(7): 1046–1053.
5574:
5568:
5567:
5566:on 27 June 2008.
5565:
5559:. Archived from
5532:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5476:
5467:
5466:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5382:
5380:cond-mat/0611671
5364:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5331:(1–2): 169–174.
5325:Chem. Phys. Lett
5320:
5314:
5313:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5260:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5211:
5201:
5184:(3): 1148–1154.
5169:
5163:
5162:
5152:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5103:
5071:
5062:
5061:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5016:
4977:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4783:
4765:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4738:10.1038/381678a0
4713:
4707:
4706:
4688:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4627:10.1039/b301514a
4616:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4563:
4545:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4427:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4370:
4353:(9): 3137–3141.
4342:
4336:
4335:
4318:(7): 6156–6161.
4307:
4301:
4300:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4136:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4084:
4075:
4074:
4030:
4021:
4020:
4009:10.1038/363605a0
3984:
3975:
3974:
3963:10.1038/363603a0
3938:
3929:
3928:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3872:(9): 5366–5397.
3866:Chemical Reviews
3861:
3852:
3851:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3754:10.1038/386474a0
3725:
3719:
3718:
3682:
3671:
3670:
3636:
3634:cond-mat/0106578
3616:
3610:
3609:
3575:
3573:cond-mat/0002414
3551:
3545:
3544:
3534:
3524:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3441:
3430:
3429:
3401:
3392:
3391:
3380:10.1038/354056a0
3355:
3225:
3006:Cu interconnects
3002:electromigration
2675:light scattering
2651:Raman scattering
2535:biocompatibility
2409:2800 °C in
2316:electrochemistry
2235:electromigration
2139:nanoindentations
2108:tensile strength
1721:
1709:
1697:
1685:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1637:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1546:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1485:
1474:
1473:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1428:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1321:
1320:
1296:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1196:
1195:
1171:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1136:
1135:
1123:
1121:
1117:
949:if it has type (
930:
918:
906:
894:
829:(inclusive) and
480:
468:
390:tensile strength
329:
322:
315:
299:
298:
287:
286:
238:Titanium dioxide
77:Carbon nanotubes
71:
52:
51:
21:
15623:
15622:
15618:
15617:
15616:
15614:
15613:
15612:
15568:
15567:
15566:
15561:
15538:
15512:
15493:Yuri Artsutanov
15481:
15460:
15424:
15403:Carbon nanotube
15381:
15372:
15341:
15336:
15306:
15301:
15281:
15120:
15077:
14979:Femtotechnology
14964:Amorphous metal
14945:
14892:
14887:
14857:
14852:
14814:
14805:Metallic carbon
14781:
14778:
14777:
14776:
14774:
14765:
14762:
14761:
14760:
14758:
14744:
14736:
14733:
14732:
14731:
14729:
14720:
14717:
14716:
14715:
14713:
14708:(atomic carbon)
14704:
14701:
14700:
14699:
14697:
14683:
14669:Carbon nanofoam
14650:
14642:
14639:
14638:
14637:
14635:
14626:
14623:
14622:
14621:
14619:
14600:
14565:
14555:
14521:
14511:Diamond (cubic)
14493:
14488:
14434:
14421:
14420:
14419:
14404:
14400:
14395:
14390:
14389:
14336:
14332:
14293:
14289:
14282:
14274:
14270:
14251:
14247:
14216:
14212:
14205:
14197:
14193:
14185:
14154:
14148:
14144:
14134:
14132:
14128:
14121:
14115:
14102:
14092:
14090:
14089:on 5 March 2016
14086:
14067:
14064:
14058:
14054:
14046:
14015:
14009:
14002:
13987:
13953:
13944:
13934:
13932:
13919:
13918:
13914:
13904:
13902:
13894:
13893:
13889:
13846:
13842:
13819:
13818:
13814:
13793:
13789:
13779:
13777:
13769:
13768:
13764:
13717:
13713:
13658:
13654:
13599:
13595:
13587:
13583:
13550:
13546:
13517:
13513:
13482:
13478:
13421:
13417:
13387:
13383:
13378:
13374:
13351:
13347:
13308:
13304:
13273:
13269:
13262:
13240:
13233:
13180:
13176:
13152:10.1038/444286a
13123:
13119:
13086:
13082:
13051:
13047:
13037:
13035:
13030:
13029:
13025:
13015:
13013:
13004:
13003:
12999:
12944:
12940:
12930:
12928:
12920:
12919:
12915:
12905:
12903:
12894:
12893:
12889:
12834:
12830:
12820:
12818:
12810:
12809:
12805:
12795:
12793:
12785:
12784:
12780:
12764:
12763:
12756:
12754:
12744:
12740:
12730:
12728:
12718:
12714:
12699:
12695:
12685:
12683:
12679:
12664:
12658:
12654:
12637:
12636:
12632:
12593:
12589:
12579:
12577:
12567:
12563:
12550:
12549:
12545:
12538:
12528:
12524:
12514:
12512:
12502:
12498:
12459:
12455:
12402:
12398:
12385:
12384:
12380:
12333:
12329:
12292:
12288:
12235:
12231:
12216:
12212:
12159:
12155:
12118:
12114:
12104:
12102:
12093:
12092:
12088:
12077:"Nanotube Tips"
12075:
12074:
12070:
12057:
12056:
12052:
12037:
12033:
11982:
11978:
11943:
11939:
11894:
11890:
11829:
11825:
11790:
11786:
11725:
11721:
11670:
11666:
11623:
11619:
11576:
11572:
11529:
11525:
11466:
11462:
11417:
11413:
11354:
11350:
11315:
11311:
11301:
11299:
11291:
11290:
11286:
11276:
11274:
11272:Smart Nanotubes
11266:
11265:
11261:
11224:
11220:
11169:
11165:
11112:
11108:
11065:
11061:
11008:
11004:
10941:
10937:
10884:
10880:
10819:
10806:
10743:
10739:
10688:
10684:
10631:
10627:
10574:
10570:
10509:
10502:
10459:
10455:
10402:
10398:
10337:
10333:
10280:
10276:
10223:
10219:
10160:
10153:
10102:
10098:
10045:
10041:
9986:
9982:
9921:
9917:
9858:
9854:
9793:
9789:
9738:
9734:
9683:
9676:
9617:
9610:
9547:
9538:
9485:
9481:
9438:
9434:
9383:
9376:
9307:
9303:
9293:
9291:
9283:
9282:
9278:
9273:Wayback Machine
9264:
9256:
9252:
9220:
9216:
9185:
9181:
9138:
9134:
9094:
9088:
9084:
9074:
9072:
9059:
9058:
9054:
9044:
9042:
9029:
9028:
9024:
9014:
9012:
9011:on 1 April 2015
8999:
8998:
8994:
8984:
8982:
8970:
8969:
8965:
8955:
8953:
8940:
8939:
8935:
8925:
8923:
8910:
8903:
8893:
8891:
8878:
8877:
8870:
8860:
8858:
8845:
8844:
8840:
8830:
8828:
8813:
8812:
8808:
8801:
8779:
8772:
8741:
8737:
8697:
8693:
8624:
8620:
8575:
8564:
8513:
8509:
8466:
8462:
8409:
8398:
8347:
8343:
8282:
8278:
8235:
8231:
8178:
8174:
8139:
8135:
8084:
8080:
8029:
8025:
7974:
7970:
7911:
7907:
7864:
7860:
7817:
7813:
7770:
7766:
7723:
7719:
7668:
7664:
7613:
7609:
7558:
7554:
7517:(10): 640–646.
7503:
7499:
7448:
7444:
7389:
7385:
7354:
7350:
7318:
7314:
7275:
7271:
7252:
7248:
7241:
7225:
7221:
7190:
7183:
7152:
7148:
7109:
7105:
7064:
7060:
7047:(3–4): 491–51.
7037:
7033:
6996:
6992:
6961:
6957:
6918:
6914:
6857:
6853:
6800:
6796:
6729:
6725:
6692:
6688:
6651:
6647:
6602:
6598:
6565:
6561:
6514:
6510:
6463:
6459:
6451:
6447:
6437:
6435:
6425:
6418:
6357:
6353:
6322:
6318:
6271:
6267:
6210:
6206:
6159:
6155:
6123:
6117:
6113:
6064:
6060:
6021:
6017:
5986:
5979:
5924:
5920:
5873:
5869:
5838:
5834:
5787:
5780:
5741:
5737:
5716:(10): 626–631.
5705:
5698:
5690:
5659:
5653:
5649:
5618:
5614:
5575:
5571:
5563:
5530:
5524:
5520:
5477:
5470:
5423:
5419:
5411:
5362:
5356:
5352:
5321:
5317:
5278:
5274:
5229:
5225:
5170:
5166:
5121:
5117:
5072:
5065:
5026:
5022:
5014:
4975:
4969:
4965:
4924:
4920:
4896:
4892:
4861:
4857:
4824:
4820:
4812:
4763:
4757:
4753:
4714:
4710:
4686:10.1.1.859.7671
4661:
4657:
4649:
4614:
4608:
4604:
4580:
4576:
4568:
4561:10.1.1.413.7576
4543:
4537:
4533:
4502:
4498:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4445:
4441:
4396:
4392:
4368:10.1.1.454.2744
4343:
4339:
4308:
4304:
4261:
4257:
4224:
4220:
4185:
4181:
4173:
4134:
4128:
4124:
4085:
4078:
4031:
4024:
3985:
3978:
3939:
3932:
3897:
3893:
3862:
3855:
3826:(6662): 59–62.
3816:
3812:
3773:
3769:
3726:
3722:
3683:
3674:
3617:
3613:
3552:
3548:
3493:
3489:
3442:
3433:
3402:
3395:
3366:(6348): 56–58.
3356:
3347:
3337:
3332:
3262:Carbon nanocone
3247:
3223:
3139:
3129:
3073:
3065:Main articles:
3063:
3012:intermolecular
2982:
2976:
2855:
2839:synthetic setae
2806:Amroy Europe Oy
2788:
2749:
2728:
2693:
2685:Main articles:
2683:
2589:There are many
2587:
2565:
2543:
2530:
2492:
2461:carbon monoxide
2445:
2439:
2390:
2384:
2367:photo-detectors
2334:
2328:
2302:
2262:
2255:
2189:) nanotube, if
2163:
2112:elastic modulus
2092:
2086:
2058:
2046:charge capacity
2019:magnetic moment
1988:Carbon nanobuds
1973:
1926:
1869:
1856:
1832:highest density
1828:
1785:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1670:
1665:
1663:Physical limits
1636:
1589:
1587:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1544:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1463:
1462:
1446:
1439:
1424:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1360:The tilt angle
1316:
1312:
1295:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1228:. The diameter
1191:
1187:
1170:
1153:
1149:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1073:
943:
938:
937:
936:
935:
934:
931:
923:
922:
919:
911:
910:
907:
899:
898:
895:
751:
550:zigzag nanotube
503:where the atom
493:
488:
487:
486:
485:
484:
481:
473:
472:
469:
458:
341:carbon nanotube
333:
293:
281:
178:Aluminium oxide
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
15621:
15611:
15610:
15605:
15600:
15598:Space elevator
15595:
15590:
15585:
15580:
15563:
15562:
15560:
15559:
15554:
15549:
15543:
15540:
15539:
15537:
15536:
15534:LiftPort Group
15531:
15526:
15520:
15518:
15514:
15513:
15511:
15510:
15505:
15503:Jerome Pearson
15500:
15495:
15489:
15487:
15483:
15482:
15480:
15479:
15474:
15468:
15466:
15462:
15461:
15459:
15458:
15456:Space fountain
15453:
15448:
15443:
15438:
15432:
15430:
15426:
15425:
15423:
15422:
15421:
15420:
15410:
15408:Nanotechnology
15405:
15400:
15395:
15389:
15387:
15383:
15382:
15375:
15373:
15371:
15370:
15365:
15360:
15355:
15349:
15347:
15343:
15342:
15339:Space elevator
15335:
15334:
15327:
15320:
15312:
15303:
15302:
15300:
15299:
15286:
15283:
15282:
15280:
15279:
15274:
15269:
15264:
15259:
15258:
15257:
15252:
15247:
15242:
15237:
15232:
15222:
15217:
15212:
15207:
15206:
15205:
15195:
15190:
15185:
15184:
15183:
15178:
15173:
15168:
15158:
15153:
15148:
15143:
15138:
15132:
15130:
15126:
15125:
15122:
15121:
15119:
15118:
15113:
15111:Swarm robotics
15108:
15103:
15098:
15093:
15087:
15085:
15079:
15078:
15076:
15075:
15070:
15065:
15060:
15055:
15053:Picotechnology
15050:
15049:
15048:
15043:
15038:
15031:Nanotechnology
15028:
15023:
15018:
15017:
15016:
15006:
15001:
14996:
14991:
14986:
14981:
14976:
14971:
14966:
14961:
14955:
14953:
14947:
14946:
14944:
14943:
14938:
14933:
14928:
14923:
14918:
14913:
14907:
14905:
14898:
14894:
14893:
14886:
14885:
14878:
14871:
14863:
14854:
14853:
14851:
14850:
14845:
14840:
14835:
14830:
14824:
14822:
14816:
14815:
14813:
14812:
14810:Penta-graphene
14807:
14802:
14797:
14792:
14787:
14779:
14771:
14763:
14754:
14752:
14746:
14745:
14743:
14742:
14734:
14726:
14718:
14710:
14702:
14693:
14691:
14685:
14684:
14682:
14681:
14676:
14671:
14666:
14660:
14658:
14652:
14651:
14649:
14648:
14640:
14632:
14624:
14616:
14610:
14608:
14602:
14601:
14599:
14598:
14593:
14563:
14553:
14544:
14539:
14531:
14529:
14523:
14522:
14520:
14519:
14514:
14506:
14504:
14495:
14494:
14487:
14486:
14479:
14472:
14464:
14458:
14457:
14452:
14447:
14442:
14437:
14432:
14428:
14405:
14398:
14397:
14396:
14394:
14393:External links
14391:
14388:
14387:
14330:
14287:
14268:
14245:
14210:
14200:JP 1982-58,966
14191:
14165:(3): 335–349.
14142:
14100:
14052:
14000:
13985:
13942:
13912:
13887:
13840:
13812:
13787:
13762:
13711:
13652:
13593:
13581:
13544:
13511:
13476:
13415:
13396:(6): 1701019.
13385:
13381:
13372:
13345:
13318:(25): 256805.
13302:
13267:
13260:
13231:
13174:
13117:
13080:
13045:
13023:
13012:. 26 July 2024
12997:
12938:
12913:
12902:. 26 July 2024
12887:
12828:
12803:
12778:
12752:Plastics Today
12738:
12712:
12693:
12652:
12630:
12603:(3): 562–567.
12587:
12561:
12543:
12522:
12496:
12469:(3): 265–273.
12453:
12396:
12393:. 27 May 2014.
12378:
12327:
12286:
12229:
12210:
12153:
12112:
12086:
12068:
12050:
12031:
11996:(7): 848–863.
11976:
11937:
11888:
11823:
11784:
11719:
11684:(1): 916–923.
11664:
11617:
11570:
11523:
11460:
11411:
11348:
11309:
11284:
11259:
11218:
11163:
11126:(3): 267–275.
11106:
11059:
11002:
10935:
10878:
10804:
10737:
10682:
10625:
10568:
10500:
10453:
10416:(4): 389–406.
10396:
10331:
10274:
10217:
10151:
10116:(2): 264–272.
10096:
10039:
9980:
9915:
9852:
9787:
9732:
9697:(4): 404–415.
9674:
9608:
9536:
9499:(4): 302–309.
9479:
9452:(3): 567–581.
9432:
9397:(2): 591–595.
9374:
9301:
9276:
9250:
9214:
9179:
9132:
9082:
9052:
9022:
8992:
8963:
8933:
8901:
8868:
8838:
8806:
8799:
8770:
8735:
8691:
8618:
8562:
8507:
8460:
8396:
8341:
8276:
8229:
8172:
8133:
8078:
8023:
7968:
7905:
7858:
7811:
7764:
7717:
7662:
7627:(4): 713–718.
7607:
7572:(4): 652–655.
7552:
7497:
7442:
7383:
7348:
7329:(3): 309–314.
7312:
7269:
7246:
7239:
7219:
7200:(4): 307–316.
7181:
7146:
7103:
7058:
7031:
6990:
6955:
6928:(6): 651–657.
6912:
6851:
6794:
6723:
6686:
6645:
6596:
6559:
6508:
6457:
6445:
6416:
6351:
6332:(3): 155–156.
6326:Nature Physics
6316:
6265:
6204:
6153:
6134:(2): 677–732.
6111:
6074:(12): 121408.
6058:
6031:(4): 207–208.
6015:
5977:
5940:(3): 703–764.
5918:
5867:
5848:(19): 195436.
5832:
5778:
5735:
5696:
5670:(3): 731–736.
5647:
5612:
5569:
5518:
5491:(21): 217206.
5468:
5427:Nanotechnology
5417:
5367:Nanotechnology
5350:
5315:
5272:
5243:(3): 156–161.
5223:
5164:
5115:
5063:
5020:
4963:
4936:(4): 487–492.
4918:
4890:
4855:
4836:(3): 173–176.
4818:
4774:(4): 337–342.
4751:
4708:
4655:
4602:
4574:
4554:(3): 774–781.
4531:
4496:
4482:
4439:
4390:
4337:
4302:
4275:(2): 459–462.
4255:
4236:(7): 887–889.
4218:
4179:
4145:(12): 125502.
4122:
4095:(3): 145–249.
4076:
4022:
3976:
3930:
3911:(3): 287–299.
3891:
3853:
3810:
3767:
3720:
3693:(5): 631–634.
3672:
3627:(21): 215502.
3611:
3546:
3487:
3431:
3412:(3): 335–349.
3393:
3344:
3343:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3128:
3125:
3062:
3059:
2994:Damascus steel
2986:nanotechnology
2978:Main article:
2975:
2972:
2938:damascus steel
2930:
2929:
2922:
2912:
2902:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2842:
2827:
2817:
2803:
2787:
2784:
2748:
2745:
2727:
2724:
2698:hydrophobicity
2682:
2679:
2593:standards and
2586:
2583:
2578:micromechanics
2564:
2561:
2542:
2539:
2529:
2526:
2491:
2488:
2441:Main article:
2438:
2435:
2426:mean free path
2386:Main article:
2383:
2380:
2330:Main article:
2327:
2324:
2300:
2260:
2253:
2179:semiconducting
2162:
2159:
2088:Main article:
2085:
2082:
2057:
2054:
1996:field emitters
1972:
1969:
1940:as well as by
1925:
1922:
1868:
1865:
1855:
1852:
1827:
1824:
1784:
1781:
1723:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1521:
1520:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1347:
1346:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1237:
1222:
1221:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1072:
1069:
945:A nanotube is
942:
939:
932:
925:
924:
920:
913:
912:
908:
901:
900:
896:
889:
888:
887:
886:
885:
750:
747:
492:
489:
482:
475:
474:
470:
463:
462:
461:
460:
459:
457:
454:
430:nanotechnology
410:semiconductors
386:
385:
375:
335:
334:
332:
331:
324:
317:
309:
306:
305:
304:
303:
291:
276:
275:
274:
273:
268:
263:
258:
250:
249:
243:
242:
241:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
162:
161:
154:
153:
152:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
123:
122:
116:
115:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
80:
79:
73:
72:
64:
63:
57:
56:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15620:
15609:
15608:Nanomaterials
15606:
15604:
15601:
15599:
15596:
15594:
15591:
15589:
15586:
15584:
15581:
15579:
15576:
15575:
15573:
15558:
15555:
15553:
15550:
15548:
15545:
15544:
15541:
15535:
15532:
15530:
15527:
15525:
15522:
15521:
15519:
15517:Organizations
15515:
15509:
15506:
15504:
15501:
15499:
15496:
15494:
15491:
15490:
15488:
15484:
15478:
15477:Elevator:2010
15475:
15473:
15470:
15469:
15467:
15463:
15457:
15454:
15452:
15449:
15447:
15444:
15442:
15439:
15437:
15434:
15433:
15431:
15427:
15419:
15416:
15415:
15414:
15411:
15409:
15406:
15404:
15401:
15399:
15398:Counterweight
15396:
15394:
15391:
15390:
15388:
15384:
15379:
15369:
15366:
15364:
15361:
15359:
15356:
15354:
15351:
15350:
15348:
15346:Main articles
15344:
15340:
15333:
15328:
15326:
15321:
15319:
15314:
15313:
15310:
15298:
15297:
15288:
15287:
15284:
15278:
15277:Transhumanism
15275:
15273:
15270:
15268:
15265:
15263:
15260:
15256:
15253:
15251:
15248:
15246:
15243:
15241:
15238:
15236:
15233:
15231:
15228:
15227:
15226:
15223:
15221:
15218:
15216:
15213:
15211:
15208:
15204:
15201:
15200:
15199:
15196:
15194:
15191:
15189:
15186:
15182:
15179:
15177:
15174:
15172:
15169:
15167:
15164:
15163:
15162:
15159:
15157:
15154:
15152:
15149:
15147:
15144:
15142:
15139:
15137:
15134:
15133:
15131:
15127:
15117:
15114:
15112:
15109:
15107:
15104:
15102:
15099:
15097:
15094:
15092:
15089:
15088:
15086:
15084:
15080:
15074:
15071:
15069:
15066:
15064:
15061:
15059:
15056:
15054:
15051:
15047:
15046:Nanomaterials
15044:
15042:
15039:
15037:
15034:
15033:
15032:
15029:
15027:
15024:
15022:
15019:
15015:
15012:
15011:
15010:
15009:Metamaterials
15007:
15005:
15002:
15000:
14997:
14995:
14992:
14990:
14987:
14985:
14982:
14980:
14977:
14975:
14972:
14970:
14967:
14965:
14962:
14960:
14957:
14956:
14954:
14952:
14948:
14942:
14939:
14937:
14934:
14932:
14929:
14927:
14924:
14922:
14921:3D publishing
14919:
14917:
14914:
14912:
14909:
14908:
14906:
14904:Manufacturing
14902:
14899:
14895:
14891:
14884:
14879:
14877:
14872:
14870:
14865:
14864:
14861:
14849:
14846:
14844:
14841:
14839:
14836:
14834:
14831:
14829:
14826:
14825:
14823:
14821:
14817:
14811:
14808:
14806:
14803:
14801:
14798:
14796:
14793:
14791:
14788:
14786:
14785:(prismane C8)
14772:
14770:
14756:
14755:
14753:
14751:
14747:
14741:
14727:
14725:
14711:
14709:
14695:
14694:
14692:
14690:
14686:
14680:
14677:
14675:
14672:
14670:
14667:
14665:
14662:
14661:
14659:
14657:
14653:
14647:
14633:
14631:
14617:
14615:
14612:
14611:
14609:
14607:
14603:
14597:
14596:Glassy carbon
14594:
14591:
14590:
14585:
14584:
14579:
14578:
14573:
14572:
14567:
14566:
14558:
14557:
14548:
14545:
14543:
14540:
14538:
14537:
14533:
14532:
14530:
14528:
14524:
14518:
14515:
14513:
14512:
14508:
14507:
14505:
14503:
14502:
14496:
14492:
14485:
14480:
14478:
14473:
14471:
14466:
14465:
14462:
14456:
14453:
14451:
14448:
14446:
14443:
14441:
14438:
14436:
14429:
14426:
14423:
14422:
14417:
14416:
14408:
14383:
14379:
14374:
14369:
14365:
14361:
14357:
14353:
14349:
14345:
14341:
14334:
14326:
14322:
14318:
14314:
14310:
14306:
14302:
14298:
14291:
14278:
14272:
14264:
14260:
14256:
14249:
14241:
14237:
14233:
14229:
14225:
14221:
14214:
14201:
14195:
14184:
14180:
14176:
14172:
14168:
14164:
14160:
14153:
14146:
14127:
14120:
14113:
14111:
14109:
14107:
14105:
14085:
14081:
14077:
14073:
14065:
14056:
14045:
14041:
14037:
14033:
14029:
14025:
14021:
14014:
14007:
14005:
13996:
13992:
13988:
13982:
13977:
13972:
13968:
13964:
13960:
13959:
13951:
13949:
13947:
13930:
13926:
13922:
13916:
13901:
13897:
13891:
13883:
13879:
13875:
13871:
13867:
13863:
13859:
13855:
13851:
13844:
13835:
13830:
13826:
13822:
13816:
13807:
13802:
13798:
13791:
13776:
13772:
13766:
13758:
13754:
13749:
13744:
13739:
13734:
13730:
13726:
13722:
13715:
13707:
13703:
13698:
13693:
13688:
13683:
13679:
13675:
13671:
13667:
13663:
13656:
13648:
13644:
13639:
13634:
13629:
13624:
13620:
13616:
13612:
13608:
13604:
13597:
13590:
13585:
13577:
13573:
13568:
13563:
13559:
13555:
13548:
13539:
13534:
13530:
13526:
13522:
13515:
13507:
13503:
13499:
13495:
13492:(8): 085428.
13491:
13487:
13480:
13472:
13468:
13464:
13460:
13455:
13450:
13446:
13442:
13438:
13434:
13430:
13426:
13419:
13411:
13407:
13403:
13399:
13395:
13391:
13376:
13368:
13364:
13360:
13356:
13349:
13341:
13337:
13333:
13329:
13325:
13321:
13317:
13313:
13306:
13298:
13294:
13290:
13286:
13282:
13278:
13277:Physics Today
13271:
13263:
13257:
13253:
13249:
13245:
13238:
13236:
13227:
13223:
13218:
13213:
13209:
13205:
13201:
13197:
13193:
13189:
13185:
13178:
13170:
13166:
13162:
13158:
13153:
13148:
13144:
13140:
13137:(7117): 286.
13136:
13132:
13128:
13121:
13113:
13109:
13104:
13099:
13095:
13091:
13084:
13076:
13072:
13068:
13064:
13060:
13056:
13049:
13033:
13027:
13011:
13007:
13001:
12993:
12989:
12984:
12979:
12975:
12971:
12966:
12961:
12957:
12953:
12949:
12942:
12927:
12923:
12917:
12901:
12897:
12891:
12883:
12879:
12874:
12869:
12865:
12861:
12856:
12851:
12847:
12843:
12842:Nanomaterials
12839:
12832:
12817:
12813:
12807:
12792:
12788:
12782:
12774:
12768:
12753:
12749:
12742:
12727:
12723:
12716:
12708:
12704:
12697:
12678:
12674:
12670:
12663:
12656:
12648:
12644:
12640:
12634:
12626:
12622:
12618:
12614:
12610:
12606:
12602:
12598:
12591:
12576:
12572:
12565:
12557:
12553:
12547:
12534:
12530:
12526:
12511:
12507:
12500:
12492:
12488:
12484:
12480:
12476:
12472:
12468:
12464:
12457:
12449:
12445:
12440:
12435:
12431:
12427:
12423:
12419:
12415:
12411:
12407:
12400:
12392:
12388:
12382:
12374:
12370:
12366:
12362:
12358:
12354:
12350:
12346:
12342:
12338:
12331:
12323:
12319:
12314:
12309:
12305:
12301:
12297:
12290:
12282:
12278:
12273:
12268:
12264:
12260:
12256:
12252:
12248:
12244:
12240:
12233:
12225:
12221:
12214:
12206:
12202:
12197:
12192:
12188:
12184:
12180:
12176:
12172:
12168:
12164:
12157:
12149:
12145:
12140:
12135:
12131:
12127:
12123:
12116:
12100:
12096:
12090:
12082:
12078:
12072:
12064:
12060:
12054:
12046:
12042:
12035:
12027:
12023:
12019:
12015:
12011:
12007:
12003:
11999:
11995:
11991:
11987:
11980:
11972:
11968:
11964:
11960:
11956:
11952:
11948:
11941:
11933:
11929:
11925:
11921:
11916:
11911:
11907:
11903:
11899:
11892:
11884:
11880:
11875:
11870:
11866:
11862:
11858:
11854:
11850:
11846:
11842:
11838:
11834:
11827:
11819:
11815:
11811:
11807:
11803:
11799:
11795:
11788:
11780:
11776:
11771:
11766:
11762:
11758:
11754:
11750:
11746:
11742:
11738:
11734:
11730:
11723:
11715:
11711:
11707:
11703:
11699:
11695:
11691:
11687:
11683:
11679:
11675:
11668:
11660:
11656:
11652:
11648:
11644:
11640:
11636:
11632:
11628:
11621:
11613:
11609:
11605:
11601:
11597:
11593:
11589:
11585:
11581:
11574:
11566:
11562:
11558:
11554:
11550:
11546:
11542:
11538:
11534:
11527:
11519:
11515:
11511:
11507:
11503:
11499:
11495:
11491:
11487:
11483:
11479:
11475:
11471:
11464:
11456:
11452:
11447:
11442:
11438:
11434:
11431:(4): 044305.
11430:
11426:
11422:
11415:
11407:
11403:
11399:
11395:
11391:
11387:
11383:
11379:
11375:
11371:
11367:
11363:
11359:
11352:
11344:
11340:
11336:
11332:
11328:
11324:
11320:
11313:
11298:
11294:
11288:
11273:
11269:
11263:
11255:
11251:
11246:
11241:
11237:
11233:
11229:
11222:
11214:
11210:
11206:
11202:
11198:
11194:
11190:
11186:
11182:
11178:
11174:
11167:
11159:
11155:
11150:
11145:
11141:
11137:
11133:
11129:
11125:
11121:
11117:
11110:
11102:
11098:
11094:
11090:
11086:
11082:
11078:
11074:
11070:
11063:
11055:
11051:
11046:
11041:
11037:
11033:
11029:
11025:
11021:
11017:
11013:
11006:
10998:
10994:
10989:
10984:
10980:
10976:
10971:
10966:
10962:
10958:
10954:
10950:
10946:
10939:
10931:
10927:
10922:
10917:
10913:
10909:
10905:
10901:
10897:
10893:
10889:
10882:
10874:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10856:
10852:
10848:
10844:
10840:
10836:
10832:
10828:
10824:
10817:
10815:
10813:
10811:
10809:
10800:
10796:
10791:
10786:
10782:
10778:
10773:
10768:
10764:
10760:
10756:
10752:
10748:
10741:
10733:
10729:
10725:
10721:
10717:
10713:
10709:
10705:
10701:
10697:
10693:
10686:
10678:
10674:
10669:
10664:
10660:
10656:
10652:
10648:
10644:
10640:
10636:
10629:
10621:
10617:
10612:
10607:
10603:
10599:
10595:
10591:
10587:
10583:
10579:
10572:
10564:
10560:
10555:
10550:
10546:
10542:
10538:
10534:
10530:
10526:
10522:
10518:
10514:
10507:
10505:
10496:
10492:
10488:
10484:
10480:
10476:
10472:
10468:
10464:
10457:
10449:
10445:
10440:
10435:
10431:
10427:
10423:
10419:
10415:
10411:
10407:
10400:
10392:
10388:
10383:
10378:
10374:
10370:
10366:
10362:
10358:
10354:
10350:
10346:
10342:
10335:
10327:
10323:
10318:
10313:
10309:
10305:
10301:
10297:
10293:
10289:
10285:
10278:
10270:
10266:
10261:
10256:
10252:
10248:
10244:
10240:
10236:
10232:
10228:
10221:
10213:
10209:
10205:
10201:
10197:
10193:
10189:
10185:
10181:
10177:
10173:
10169:
10165:
10158:
10156:
10147:
10143:
10139:
10135:
10131:
10127:
10123:
10119:
10115:
10111:
10107:
10100:
10092:
10088:
10083:
10078:
10074:
10070:
10066:
10062:
10058:
10054:
10050:
10043:
10035:
10031:
10026:
10021:
10017:
10013:
10008:
10003:
9999:
9995:
9991:
9984:
9976:
9972:
9967:
9962:
9958:
9954:
9950:
9946:
9942:
9938:
9934:
9930:
9926:
9919:
9911:
9907:
9903:
9899:
9895:
9891:
9887:
9883:
9879:
9875:
9871:
9867:
9863:
9856:
9848:
9844:
9840:
9836:
9832:
9828:
9823:
9822:1721.1/102316
9818:
9814:
9810:
9806:
9802:
9798:
9791:
9783:
9779:
9775:
9771:
9767:
9763:
9759:
9755:
9751:
9747:
9743:
9736:
9728:
9724:
9720:
9716:
9712:
9708:
9704:
9700:
9696:
9692:
9691:Nature Plants
9688:
9681:
9679:
9670:
9666:
9662:
9658:
9654:
9650:
9646:
9642:
9638:
9634:
9630:
9626:
9622:
9615:
9613:
9604:
9600:
9595:
9590:
9586:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9568:
9564:
9560:
9556:
9552:
9545:
9543:
9541:
9532:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9514:
9510:
9506:
9502:
9498:
9494:
9490:
9483:
9475:
9471:
9467:
9463:
9459:
9455:
9451:
9447:
9443:
9436:
9428:
9424:
9420:
9416:
9412:
9408:
9404:
9400:
9396:
9392:
9388:
9381:
9379:
9370:
9366:
9362:
9358:
9354:
9350:
9346:
9342:
9338:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9320:
9316:
9312:
9305:
9290:
9286:
9280:
9274:
9270:
9260:
9254:
9246:
9242:
9238:
9234:
9230:
9226:
9218:
9210:
9206:
9202:
9198:
9194:
9190:
9183:
9175:
9171:
9167:
9163:
9159:
9155:
9151:
9147:
9143:
9136:
9128:
9124:
9120:
9116:
9112:
9108:
9104:
9100:
9093:
9086:
9070:
9066:
9062:
9056:
9040:
9036:
9032:
9026:
9010:
9006:
9002:
8996:
8980:
8979:
8973:
8967:
8951:
8947:
8943:
8937:
8922:
8921:
8915:
8908:
8906:
8889:
8885:
8881:
8875:
8873:
8856:
8852:
8848:
8842:
8826:
8822:
8821:
8816:
8810:
8802:
8796:
8792:
8788:
8784:
8777:
8775:
8766:
8762:
8758:
8754:
8751:(3): 030903.
8750:
8746:
8739:
8731:
8727:
8723:
8719:
8715:
8711:
8707:
8703:
8695:
8687:
8683:
8679:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8661:
8657:
8653:
8649:
8645:
8641:
8637:
8633:
8629:
8622:
8614:
8610:
8606:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8588:
8584:
8580:
8573:
8571:
8569:
8567:
8558:
8554:
8550:
8546:
8542:
8538:
8534:
8530:
8526:
8522:
8518:
8511:
8503:
8499:
8495:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8475:
8471:
8464:
8456:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8438:
8434:
8430:
8426:
8422:
8418:
8414:
8407:
8405:
8403:
8401:
8392:
8388:
8384:
8380:
8376:
8372:
8368:
8364:
8360:
8356:
8352:
8345:
8337:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8319:
8315:
8311:
8307:
8303:
8299:
8295:
8291:
8287:
8280:
8272:
8268:
8264:
8260:
8256:
8252:
8248:
8244:
8240:
8233:
8225:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8207:
8203:
8199:
8195:
8191:
8187:
8183:
8176:
8168:
8164:
8160:
8156:
8152:
8148:
8144:
8137:
8129:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8109:
8105:
8101:
8097:
8093:
8089:
8082:
8074:
8070:
8066:
8062:
8058:
8054:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8038:
8034:
8027:
8019:
8015:
8011:
8007:
8003:
7999:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7983:
7979:
7972:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7952:
7948:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7932:
7928:
7924:
7920:
7916:
7909:
7901:
7897:
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7889:
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7881:
7877:
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7869:
7862:
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7850:
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7838:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7822:
7815:
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7799:
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7791:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7775:
7768:
7760:
7756:
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7748:
7744:
7740:
7736:
7732:
7728:
7721:
7713:
7709:
7705:
7701:
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7693:
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7685:
7681:
7677:
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7666:
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7654:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7638:
7634:
7630:
7626:
7622:
7618:
7611:
7603:
7599:
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7591:
7587:
7583:
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7571:
7567:
7563:
7556:
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7544:
7540:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7520:
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7508:
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7493:
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7481:
7477:
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7469:
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7461:
7457:
7453:
7446:
7438:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7402:
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7394:
7387:
7379:
7375:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7352:
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7340:
7336:
7332:
7328:
7324:
7316:
7308:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7273:
7265:
7261:
7257:
7250:
7242:
7236:
7232:
7231:
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7207:
7203:
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7186:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7150:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7107:
7098:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7074:(3): 033418.
7073:
7069:
7062:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7035:
7026:
7021:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6994:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6959:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6916:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6867:(1): 96–100.
6866:
6862:
6855:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6810:
6805:
6798:
6790:
6786:
6781:
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6771:
6766:
6762:
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6748:
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6740:
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6727:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6699:
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6682:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6661:
6656:
6649:
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6637:
6632:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6600:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6571:
6563:
6555:
6551:
6547:
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6504:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6488:
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6480:
6476:
6472:
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6454:
6449:
6434:
6430:
6423:
6421:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6386:
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6378:
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6366:
6362:
6355:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6320:
6312:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6269:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6220:(5): 057001.
6219:
6215:
6208:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6164:
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6141:
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6115:
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6099:
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6087:
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6062:
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6019:
6011:
6007:
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5999:
5995:
5991:
5984:
5982:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5934:
5929:
5922:
5914:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5871:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5836:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5785:
5783:
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5770:
5766:
5762:
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5750:
5746:
5739:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5703:
5701:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
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5669:
5665:
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5639:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5616:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5579:J. Mater. Res
5573:
5562:
5558:
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5546:
5542:
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5537:
5529:
5522:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5475:
5473:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5433:(3): 035704.
5432:
5428:
5421:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5361:
5354:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5319:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5302:10.1038/24521
5299:
5295:
5291:
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5283:
5276:
5268:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5250:
5246:
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5219:
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5205:
5200:
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5179:
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5168:
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5119:
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5059:
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5009:
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4922:
4914:
4910:
4906:
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4902:
4894:
4886:
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4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4859:
4851:
4847:
4843:
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4822:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
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4762:
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4747:
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4735:
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4727:
4723:
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4700:
4696:
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4682:
4678:
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4670:
4666:
4659:
4648:
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4640:
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4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4578:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4542:
4535:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4512:(7): 073116.
4511:
4507:
4500:
4492:
4486:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
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4356:
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4333:
4329:
4325:
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4317:
4313:
4306:
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4259:
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4230:
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4114:
4110:
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4098:
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4083:
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4072:
4068:
4064:
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4048:
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4036:
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4027:
4018:
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3998:
3994:
3990:
3983:
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3968:
3964:
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3895:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3860:
3858:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3840:10.1038/34139
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3814:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
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3599:
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3506:
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3498:
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3479:
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3400:
3398:
3389:
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3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3329:
3326:
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3321:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
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3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
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3278:
3275:
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3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3216:single-walled
3213:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3179:Morinobu Endo
3174:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3134:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3097:nanomaterials
3094:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2835:adhesive tape
2832:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:manufactures
2807:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2744:
2741:
2732:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2714:
2713:nanoparticles
2709:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2656:
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2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2579:
2569:
2560:
2556:
2554:
2553:sulfuric acid
2549:
2538:
2536:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2506:
2500:
2496:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2434:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2323:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2240:
2239:interconnects
2236:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2207:semiconductor
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2167:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2007:carbon peapod
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1977:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1938:arc discharge
1930:
1921:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1873:
1864:
1862:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1789:
1780:
1778:
1773:
1770:The thinnest
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1720:
1708:
1696:
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1660:
1641:
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1398:
1391:
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1379:
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1369:
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1363:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1292:
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1279:
1278:
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1263:
1259:
1255:
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1227:
1203:
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1197:
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1184:
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1167:
1164:
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1132:
1128:
1118:
1110:
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1103:
1096:
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1078:
1068:
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1038:
1034:
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1022:
1018:
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1008:
1007:
1002:
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992:
988:
984:
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976:
972:
968:
964:
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956:
952:
948:
929:
917:
905:
893:
884:
882:
881:
876:
875:
870:
869:
864:
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854:
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846:
842:
838:
834:
833:
828:
827:
822:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
746:
744:
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736:
732:
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724:
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715:
710:
709:
704:
700:
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692:
688:
684:
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676:
675:
671:
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659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
638:
633:
632:
627:
623:
619:
618:
613:
612:
606:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
561:
559:
555:
554:armchair type
551:
547:
542:
537:
534:
526:
525:
520:
519:
513:
506:
502:
497:
491:Basic details
479:
467:
453:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
426:carbon fibres
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
398:nanostructure
395:
391:
383:
379:
376:
373:
369:
365:
361:
358:
357:
356:
354:
350:
346:
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318:
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297:
292:
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285:
280:
279:
278:
277:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
256:Nanocomposite
254:
253:
252:
251:
248:
245:
244:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
218:Iron–platinum
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
164:
163:
160:
159:nanoparticles
156:
155:
150:
147:
145:
144:Health impact
142:
140:
137:
135:
134:C70 fullerene
132:
130:
127:
126:
125:
124:
121:
118:
117:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
83:
82:
81:
78:
75:
74:
70:
66:
65:
62:
61:Nanomaterials
59:
58:
54:
53:
46:
39:
34:
30:
19:
15465:Competitions
15446:Orbital ring
15413:Space tether
15402:
15386:Technologies
15353:Construction
15294:
15181:Robot ethics
15096:Nanorobotics
15063:Quantum dots
15035:
14843:Carbon fiber
14833:Carbon black
14819:
14800:Cubic carbon
14749:
14688:
14655:
14605:
14587:
14581:
14576:
14575:
14569:
14560:
14550:
14549:, including
14534:
14526:
14509:
14498:
14411:
14350:(1): 19786.
14347:
14343:
14333:
14300:
14296:
14290:
14271:
14262:
14258:
14254:
14248:
14223:
14219:
14213:
14194:
14162:
14158:
14145:
14133:. Retrieved
14126:the original
14091:. Retrieved
14084:the original
14079:
14075:
14071:
14055:
14023:
14019:
13957:
13933:. Retrieved
13929:the original
13924:
13915:
13903:. Retrieved
13899:
13890:
13857:
13853:
13843:
13824:
13815:
13796:
13790:
13778:. Retrieved
13774:
13765:
13728:
13724:
13714:
13669:
13665:
13655:
13610:
13606:
13596:
13584:
13557:
13553:
13547:
13528:
13524:
13514:
13489:
13485:
13479:
13428:
13424:
13418:
13393:
13389:
13375:
13358:
13354:
13348:
13315:
13311:
13305:
13283:(5): 22–28.
13280:
13276:
13270:
13243:
13191:
13187:
13177:
13134:
13130:
13120:
13093:
13083:
13058:
13054:
13048:
13036:. Retrieved
13026:
13014:. Retrieved
13009:
13000:
12955:
12951:
12941:
12929:. Retrieved
12925:
12916:
12904:. Retrieved
12899:
12890:
12845:
12841:
12831:
12819:. Retrieved
12815:
12806:
12794:. Retrieved
12790:
12781:
12755:. Retrieved
12751:
12741:
12729:. Retrieved
12725:
12715:
12706:
12701:Simonite T.
12696:
12684:. Retrieved
12677:the original
12672:
12668:
12655:
12647:the original
12642:
12633:
12600:
12597:Nano Letters
12596:
12590:
12578:. Retrieved
12574:
12564:
12556:the original
12546:
12525:
12513:. Retrieved
12509:
12499:
12466:
12462:
12456:
12413:
12409:
12399:
12391:nano.byu.edu
12390:
12381:
12340:
12337:Nano Letters
12336:
12330:
12303:
12299:
12289:
12249:(1): 11550.
12246:
12242:
12232:
12223:
12213:
12170:
12166:
12156:
12129:
12125:
12115:
12103:. Retrieved
12098:
12089:
12081:the original
12071:
12062:
12053:
12045:the original
12034:
11993:
11989:
11979:
11954:
11950:
11940:
11905:
11901:
11891:
11840:
11836:
11826:
11801:
11797:
11787:
11739:(1): 14167.
11736:
11732:
11722:
11681:
11677:
11667:
11634:
11630:
11620:
11587:
11583:
11573:
11540:
11536:
11526:
11477:
11473:
11463:
11428:
11424:
11414:
11365:
11361:
11351:
11326:
11322:
11312:
11300:. Retrieved
11296:
11287:
11275:. Retrieved
11271:
11262:
11235:
11231:
11221:
11180:
11176:
11166:
11123:
11119:
11109:
11076:
11072:
11062:
11019:
11015:
11005:
10952:
10948:
10938:
10895:
10891:
10881:
10830:
10826:
10757:(18): 5247.
10754:
10750:
10740:
10699:
10695:
10685:
10642:
10638:
10628:
10585:
10581:
10571:
10520:
10516:
10470:
10466:
10456:
10413:
10409:
10399:
10351:(1): 10241.
10348:
10344:
10334:
10291:
10287:
10277:
10234:
10230:
10220:
10171:
10168:Nano Letters
10167:
10113:
10109:
10099:
10059:(1): 54–64.
10056:
10053:Biochemistry
10052:
10042:
9997:
9993:
9983:
9932:
9928:
9918:
9869:
9866:Nano Letters
9865:
9855:
9804:
9800:
9790:
9749:
9746:Nano Letters
9745:
9735:
9694:
9690:
9628:
9625:Nano Letters
9624:
9558:
9554:
9496:
9492:
9482:
9449:
9445:
9435:
9394:
9391:Nano Letters
9390:
9318:
9314:
9304:
9294:17 September
9292:. Retrieved
9288:
9279:
9253:
9228:
9224:
9217:
9192:
9188:
9182:
9149:
9145:
9135:
9102:
9098:
9085:
9073:. Retrieved
9069:the original
9064:
9055:
9043:. Retrieved
9039:the original
9034:
9025:
9013:. Retrieved
9009:the original
9004:
8995:
8983:. Retrieved
8975:
8966:
8954:. Retrieved
8950:the original
8945:
8936:
8924:. Retrieved
8917:
8892:. Retrieved
8888:the original
8883:
8859:. Retrieved
8855:the original
8850:
8841:
8829:. Retrieved
8825:the original
8818:
8809:
8782:
8748:
8744:
8738:
8705:
8701:
8694:
8635:
8632:Nano Letters
8631:
8621:
8586:
8582:
8524:
8520:
8510:
8477:
8473:
8463:
8420:
8416:
8358:
8355:Nano Letters
8354:
8344:
8293:
8289:
8279:
8246:
8242:
8232:
8189:
8185:
8175:
8153:(1): 36–63.
8150:
8146:
8136:
8095:
8091:
8081:
8040:
8036:
8026:
7985:
7981:
7971:
7922:
7918:
7908:
7875:
7871:
7861:
7828:
7824:
7814:
7781:
7777:
7767:
7734:
7730:
7720:
7679:
7675:
7665:
7624:
7621:Nano Letters
7620:
7610:
7569:
7565:
7555:
7514:
7510:
7500:
7459:
7456:Nano Letters
7455:
7445:
7400:
7396:
7386:
7361:
7357:
7351:
7326:
7323:Nano Letters
7322:
7315:
7282:
7278:
7272:
7263:
7259:
7249:
7229:
7222:
7197:
7193:
7159:
7155:
7149:
7116:
7112:
7106:
7071:
7068:Phys. Rev. B
7067:
7061:
7044:
7040:
7034:
7007:
7003:
6993:
6968:
6964:
6958:
6925:
6921:
6915:
6864:
6861:Nano Letters
6860:
6854:
6816:(1): 86–92.
6813:
6807:
6797:
6742:
6736:
6726:
6701:
6695:
6689:
6664:
6660:Nano Letters
6658:
6648:
6613:
6609:
6599:
6574:
6570:Nano Letters
6568:
6562:
6521:
6517:
6511:
6470:
6466:
6460:
6452:
6448:
6436:. Retrieved
6433:SciTechDaily
6432:
6368:
6364:
6354:
6329:
6325:
6319:
6282:
6278:
6268:
6217:
6213:
6207:
6166:
6162:
6156:
6131:
6127:
6114:
6071:
6067:
6061:
6028:
6024:
6018:
5993:
5989:
5937:
5931:
5921:
5887:(13): 2960.
5884:
5880:
5870:
5845:
5841:
5835:
5794:
5790:
5751:(6): 62–69.
5748:
5744:
5738:
5713:
5709:
5688:the original
5667:
5663:
5650:
5625:
5621:
5615:
5582:
5578:
5572:
5561:the original
5543:(1): 30–37.
5540:
5534:
5521:
5488:
5484:
5430:
5426:
5420:
5370:
5366:
5353:
5328:
5324:
5318:
5285:
5281:
5275:
5240:
5236:
5226:
5181:
5177:
5167:
5132:
5128:
5118:
5083:
5079:
5033:
5030:Nano Letters
5029:
5023:
4983:
4979:
4966:
4933:
4927:
4921:
4904:
4899:
4893:
4868:
4864:
4858:
4833:
4827:
4821:
4771:
4767:
4754:
4721:
4717:
4711:
4668:
4664:
4658:
4618:
4605:
4588:
4584:
4577:
4551:
4547:
4534:
4509:
4505:
4499:
4485:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4407:
4403:
4393:
4350:
4347:Nano Letters
4346:
4340:
4315:
4311:
4305:
4272:
4269:Nano Letters
4268:
4258:
4233:
4229:Nano Letters
4227:
4221:
4196:
4192:
4182:
4142:
4138:
4125:
4092:
4088:
4038:
4034:
3992:
3988:
3946:
3942:
3908:
3904:
3894:
3869:
3865:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3737:
3733:
3723:
3690:
3686:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3563:
3559:
3549:
3504:
3500:
3490:
3449:
3445:
3409:
3405:
3363:
3359:
3339:
3338:
3228:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3192:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3158:
3156:
3147:Sumio Iijima
3142:
3140:
3114:
3090:
3048:
3027:
3022:
3010:
2999:
2983:
2964:rubber parts
2945:
2942:
2934:carbon fiber
2931:
2856:
2767:
2754:
2750:
2737:
2726:Applications
2717:
2710:
2694:
2667:
2625:
2599:
2588:
2574:
2557:
2544:
2531:
2522:
2510:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2490:Purification
2484:
2477:
2446:
2415:
2391:
2360:
2346:fluorescence
2335:
2320:
2312:
2305:
2297:metallocenes
2293:intercalated
2277:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2244:
2229:, where for
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2151:
2128:
2120:
2105:
2074:Kataura plot
2065:
2061:
2059:
2050:
2023:
2012:
2004:
1986:
1965:
1946:
1935:
1914:
1906:double bonds
1894:
1886:
1882:Russian Doll
1880:
1878:
1867:Multi-walled
1859:(MWNT). The
1857:
1831:
1829:
1820:Ramesh Jasti
1811:
1809:
1796:
1794:
1772:freestanding
1771:
1769:
1753:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1658:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1223:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1004:
999:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
944:
879:
878:
873:
872:
867:
866:
862:
857:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
831:
830:
825:
824:
819:
818:
814:
810:
809:) such that
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
781:relative to
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
752:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
713:
712:
707:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
673:
672:
669:
664:
663:
660:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
635:
630:
629:
625:
616:
615:
610:
609:
607:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
562:
557:
553:
549:
545:
538:
530:
523:
522:
517:
516:
504:
500:
438:
387:
381:
377:
363:
359:
344:
340:
338:
193:Cobalt oxide
173:Quantum dots
106:Applications
76:
29:
15552:Spaceflight
15529:LaserMotive
15436:Launch loop
15245:Moore's law
15176:Neuroethics
15171:Cyberethics
14941:Utility fog
14926:Claytronics
14916:3D printing
14795:Haeckelites
14740:(tricarbon)
14689:other forms
14589:Nanoscrolls
13976:10803/84001
13935:24 November
13896:"ECHA CHEM"
13775:www.cdc.gov
13731:(6): 1318.
13094:Nature News
12791:www.ipcm.it
12686:24 November
12580:13 November
12132:(1): 1–11.
12105:6 September
11990:ChemSusChem
11843:(1): 1495.
10833:(1): 5995.
10639:ACS Sensors
10000:(5): 2161.
9259:US 10000382
9225:ChemCatChem
9152:: 227–233.
9075:6 September
9045:6 September
9015:6 September
8985:6 September
8956:6 September
8926:6 September
8894:6 September
8861:6 September
8831:6 September
8708:: 115–123.
7266:(1): 15–24.
6971:: 104–108.
6371:(1): 3415.
5628:: 130–134.
4901:Synth. Met.
4199:: 145–150.
3312:Nano-I-beam
3169:editorial:
3043:resistivity
2875:properties.
2720:fluorinated
2649:, resonant
2453:temperature
1039:) with 0 ≤
969:; then its
961:> 0 and
813:> 0 and
797:,0) and (0,
546:zigzag type
533:cylindrical
414:electronics
15572:Categories
15368:In fiction
15136:Automation
15021:Metal foam
14547:Fullerenes
14414:(Q1778729)
14277:US 4663230
13925:pcimag.com
13780:9 November
13454:1911/70792
12958:(2): 226.
12848:(1): 120.
12533:US 9329021
12504:Tucker A.
12306:: 153759.
11329:: 114642.
11302:9 February
11277:9 February
8296:(1): 309.
7403:(1): 393.
7097:1813/10898
6081:1611.04867
5086:: 90–100.
3507:(1): 151.
3335:References
3307:Nanoflower
3252:Buckypaper
3235:Tamil Nadu
3131:See also:
3018:logic gate
2960:ESD floors
2824:vantablack
2747:Biosensing
2704:to a bulk
2671:viscometry
2641:, induced
2623:analysis.
2548:nanofluids
2517:immiscible
2505:desorption
2473:nucleation
2371:wavelength
2338:absorption
2306:Intrinsic
2161:Electrical
2084:Mechanical
2056:Properties
1992:fullerenes
1897:morphology
1848:molybdenum
1523:where arg(
1276:, that is
1226:picometres
971:enantiomer
368:nanometres
213:Iron oxide
120:Fullerenes
15358:Economics
15166:Bioethics
14984:Fullerene
14577:Nanotubes
13995:199491391
13874:1936-0851
13672:(1): 47.
13613:(1): 62.
13591:. Youtube
13562:CiteSeerX
13560:(1): 12.
13410:139283096
13194:: 13549.
13112:136774602
13075:115751858
12974:2073-4360
12864:2079-4991
12767:cite news
12322:1385-8947
12263:2045-2322
12187:2574-0970
12148:2662-4443
12018:1864-5631
11924:1433-7851
11865:2041-1723
11818:1932-7447
11761:2045-2322
11714:209340238
11698:0003-2700
11651:1936-0851
11604:0009-2665
11557:2157-846X
11518:249956650
11494:1936-0851
11455:0021-8979
11390:0036-8075
11293:"Welcome"
11254:1616-301X
11213:259261621
11197:0002-7863
11140:2157-846X
11093:1613-6810
11036:1944-8244
10979:0027-8424
10912:1433-7851
10855:2041-1723
10781:1424-8220
10732:232188200
10716:0003-2700
10659:2379-3694
10602:2157-846X
10545:2516-0230
10487:1433-7851
10430:1087-0156
10373:2041-1723
10308:1946-6234
10251:1936-0851
10196:1530-6984
10138:1476-1122
10073:0006-2960
10016:1420-3049
9994:Molecules
9957:2375-2548
9910:201019834
9894:1530-6984
9831:1613-6810
9774:1530-6984
9727:215774820
9711:2055-0278
9669:211524215
9653:1530-6984
9585:0027-8424
9513:1748-3387
9466:0002-7863
9419:1530-6984
9353:0036-8075
9328:0707.3246
9245:104164617
9209:101287773
9174:105024629
9119:1520-5207
8976:Canadian
8765:140766023
8686:259356687
8660:1530-6984
8605:1613-6810
8557:250283972
8541:0003-2700
8494:0003-2700
8437:1433-7851
8383:1530-6984
8318:2041-1723
8263:0002-7863
8206:2198-3844
8167:2052-1537
8128:211071215
8112:0009-2665
8057:1936-0851
8018:208498347
8002:0002-7863
7963:205253171
7947:0935-9648
7892:0002-7863
7845:1936-0851
7798:0003-2700
7751:1936-0851
7696:0935-9648
7649:1530-6984
7586:0002-7863
7539:1748-3395
7484:1530-6984
6965:Physica E
6950:138479725
6752:1105.3536
6411:235370395
6346:125902065
6260:119049151
5972:119208985
5947:1403.6113
5881:Molecules
5607:137964473
4980:Nanoscale
4958:119497542
4781:0903.2461
4681:CiteSeerX
4556:CiteSeerX
4477:219983922
4363:CiteSeerX
3848:205003208
3556:Tomanek D
3177:In 1976,
2956:polyamide
2919:pellicles
2901:aircraft.
2844:Tips for
2831:nano tape
2810:Hybtonite
2734:Nano tape
2591:metrology
2585:Metrology
2437:Synthesis
2375:bolometer
2175:semimetal
2070:monotonic
2029:graphitic
1983:structure
1979:A stable
1888:Parchment
1759:(HRTEM),
1634:−
1631:α
1628:
1611:α
1608:
1482:
1476:
1410:
1399:α
1323:−
1290:≈
1264:π
1198:−
1165:≈
1019:are the (
349:nanoscale
183:Cellulose
139:Chemistry
91:Chemistry
86:Synthesis
18:Nanotubes
15091:Domotics
15083:Robotics
15068:Silicene
14989:Graphene
14838:Charcoal
14679:Q-carbon
14606:sp forms
14583:Nanobuds
14542:Graphene
14536:Graphite
14527:sp forms
14382:33188244
14265:: 12–17.
14183:Archived
14135:5 August
14044:Archived
13882:28759202
13854:ACS Nano
13757:33804168
13706:34923995
13647:33287860
13531:: 9–12.
13471:10843825
13463:23307737
13340:11736597
13226:27941752
13161:17108950
13038:7 August
13016:7 August
12992:38257025
12983:10820770
12952:Polymers
12931:7 August
12906:7 August
12882:38202575
12873:10780583
12821:7 August
12796:7 August
12757:7 August
12731:7 August
12625:16522063
12491:95369378
12448:25662746
12416:: 8323.
12373:73450707
12365:30720283
12281:38773242
12272:11109235
12205:37854856
12196:10580240
12026:21751417
11971:23906934
11932:36891826
11883:32198383
11779:26387482
11706:31829619
11659:29614219
11631:ACS Nano
11612:25997028
11565:78795936
11510:35732039
11474:ACS Nano
11406:22623119
11398:12142535
11343:36055131
11205:37367958
11158:35301449
11101:34197026
11054:37128896
11045:10176323
10997:35613050
10930:34608727
10873:33239609
10799:32937986
10724:33703890
10677:31056899
10620:28845337
10563:35746900
10495:17099921
10448:30804534
10391:26742890
10326:30282694
10269:28898055
10231:ACS Nano
10212:49310769
10204:29923734
10146:27798623
10091:30480442
10034:36903408
10025:10004328
9975:31897432
9902:31418577
9847:44726670
9839:25981520
9782:19367966
9719:32296141
9661:32097014
9603:28179565
9531:20208549
9474:21142158
9427:18162002
9361:17556581
9269:Archived
9127:96173424
8730:28531649
8678:37410951
8669:11068083
8613:36610045
8549:35786856
8502:33830740
8455:34978752
8391:19243112
8336:21556063
8271:17458969
8224:35293698
8120:32039585
8073:59224819
8065:30673278
8037:ACS Nano
8010:31783712
7955:24448916
7900:24976036
7853:24896840
7825:ACS Nano
7806:16194082
7759:23540203
7731:ACS Nano
7704:21472798
7657:15826114
7602:23209007
7594:21171609
7547:18654390
7492:17867716
7437:25170330
7378:25204561
7214:15296221
7141:20752554
7133:15370479
6907:14874373
6899:16402794
6846:43558342
6838:15592477
6789:21576494
6718:15571374
6640:16627739
6554:21960183
6546:16293757
6503:36336745
6495:12730598
6403:34099639
6311:19369206
6252:16486971
6199:44987798
6191:11431560
6106:59023024
6053:18654263
6010:16218563
5913:32605124
5819:21538593
5773:11103460
5730:18839003
5513:12059501
5463:12358310
5455:19966399
5409:Archived
5405:18165997
5310:30670931
5267:18654245
5218:36133213
5159:25788440
5110:23436939
5058:18800853
5012:Archived
5008:42241359
5000:27808332
4810:Archived
4806:51932307
4703:10915618
4647:Archived
4643:30627446
4635:12841282
4566:Archived
4469:32572996
4434:19055403
4385:19650638
4332:23806050
4312:ACS Nano
4297:18186659
4265:Iijima S
4171:Archived
4167:15089683
4117:95444574
4071:13284203
3925:38252035
3886:20545303
3805:10045167
3715:10045950
3667:12533685
3659:11736348
3598:10990753
3541:24678607
3482:10758240
3474:10649994
3245:See also
3231:Keezhadi
3163:Cold War
3031:spinning
2968:gelcoats
2702:adhesion
2563:Modeling
2457:pressure
2256:, where
2141:with an
2124:buckling
2078:band gap
2042:graphene
2038:graphite
2034:graphene
1854:Variants
1838:-coated
1836:titanium
1812:shortest
1364:between
1055:between
993:through
957:), with
697:. Given
677:, where
556:, or an
402:strength
372:graphene
261:Nanofoam
228:Platinum
111:Timeline
15451:Skyhook
14959:Aerogel
14820:related
14790:Chaoite
14407:Scholia
14373:7666134
14352:Bibcode
14325:4359360
14305:Bibcode
14228:Bibcode
14167:Bibcode
14093:5 April
14028:Bibcode
13905:10 June
13748:7998467
13725:Cancers
13697:8686255
13674:Bibcode
13638:7720492
13615:Bibcode
13494:Bibcode
13433:Bibcode
13425:Science
13320:Bibcode
13285:Bibcode
13217:5159813
13196:Bibcode
13169:4431079
13139:Bibcode
12605:Bibcode
12515:2 March
12471:Bibcode
12439:4321171
12418:Bibcode
12345:Bibcode
12224:NanoEra
11998:Bibcode
11874:7083911
11845:Bibcode
11770:4585673
11741:Bibcode
11502:1879407
11433:Bibcode
11370:Bibcode
11362:Science
11149:9108893
10988:9295782
10957:Bibcode
10921:9298901
10864:7689463
10835:Bibcode
10790:7570893
10759:Bibcode
10751:Sensors
10668:7556989
10611:5568023
10554:9154020
10525:Bibcode
10439:8183422
10382:4729864
10353:Bibcode
10317:6543545
10294:(461).
10260:5707631
10176:Bibcode
10118:Bibcode
10082:6411385
9966:6920020
9937:Bibcode
9874:Bibcode
9754:Bibcode
9633:Bibcode
9594:5338365
9563:Bibcode
9522:6438196
9399:Bibcode
9369:7476534
9333:Bibcode
9315:Science
9154:Bibcode
8710:Bibcode
8640:Bibcode
8446:9313876
8363:Bibcode
8327:3113293
8298:Bibcode
8215:9108629
7927:Bibcode
7712:5375678
7629:Bibcode
7519:Bibcode
7464:Bibcode
7428:4141964
7405:Bibcode
7331:Bibcode
7307:3846517
7287:Bibcode
7164:Bibcode
7076:Bibcode
7012:Bibcode
6973:Bibcode
6930:Bibcode
6879:Bibcode
6818:Bibcode
6780:3107273
6757:Bibcode
6669:Bibcode
6618:Bibcode
6610:Science
6579:Bibcode
6526:Bibcode
6518:Science
6475:Bibcode
6467:Science
6394:8184849
6373:Bibcode
6302:2678622
6232:Bibcode
6171:Bibcode
6163:Science
6136:Bibcode
6086:Bibcode
6033:Bibcode
5952:Bibcode
5904:7412307
5850:Bibcode
5827:6363504
5799:Bibcode
5753:Bibcode
5672:Bibcode
5630:Bibcode
5587:Bibcode
5545:Bibcode
5493:Bibcode
5435:Bibcode
5385:Bibcode
5333:Bibcode
5290:Bibcode
5245:Bibcode
5209:9418787
5186:Bibcode
5150:4552611
5101:3578711
5038:Bibcode
4938:Bibcode
4873:Bibcode
4838:Bibcode
4786:Bibcode
4746:4332264
4726:Bibcode
4673:Bibcode
4665:Science
4514:Bibcode
4425:2709987
4355:Bibcode
4277:Bibcode
4238:Bibcode
4201:Bibcode
4147:Bibcode
4097:Bibcode
4063:8662534
4043:Bibcode
4035:Science
4017:4321984
3997:Bibcode
3971:4314177
3951:Bibcode
3828:Bibcode
3785:Bibcode
3762:4366705
3742:Bibcode
3695:Bibcode
3639:Bibcode
3606:9006722
3578:Bibcode
3532:4006636
3509:Bibcode
3454:Bibcode
3446:Science
3414:Bibcode
3388:4302490
3368:Bibcode
3317:Ninithi
3127:History
3055:winding
2848:probes.
2800:bicycle
2779:visible
2764:SWCNTs.
2740:polymer
2706:polymer
2606:optical
2513:dextran
2422:phonons
2382:Thermal
2348:), and
2326:Optical
2289:dopants
2271:is the
1981:nanobud
1826:Density
1801:silicon
1797:longest
1749:carbyne
1017:achiral
745:atoms.
620:be two
188:Ceramic
15486:People
15363:Safety
15161:Ethics
15129:Topics
14897:Fields
14380:
14370:
14323:
14297:Nature
14283:
14220:Carbon
14206:
14020:Carbon
13993:
13983:
13880:
13872:
13755:
13745:
13704:
13694:
13645:
13635:
13564:
13469:
13461:
13408:
13338:
13258:
13224:
13214:
13167:
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13131:Nature
13110:
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7545:
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7435:
7425:
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7212:
7156:Carbon
7139:
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6948:
6905:
6897:
6844:
6836:
6787:
6777:
6716:
6638:
6552:
6544:
6501:
6493:
6438:8 June
6409:
6401:
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6344:
6309:
6299:
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6051:
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5825:
5817:
5771:
5728:
5664:Carbon
5605:
5511:
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5308:
5282:Nature
5265:
5216:
5206:
5157:
5147:
5108:
5098:
5080:Carbon
5056:
5006:
4998:
4956:
4804:
4744:
4718:Nature
4701:
4683:
4641:
4633:
4558:
4475:
4467:
4432:
4422:
4383:
4365:
4330:
4295:
4193:Carbon
4165:
4115:
4069:
4061:
4015:
3989:Nature
3969:
3943:Nature
3923:
3884:
3846:
3820:Nature
3803:
3760:
3734:Nature
3713:
3665:
3657:
3604:
3596:
3539:
3529:
3480:
3472:
3386:
3360:Nature
3212:et al.
3167:Carbon
3143:Carbon
3121:OCSiAl
2948:OCSiAl
2673:, and
2418:phonon
2411:vacuum
2365:) and
2284:doping
2227:copper
1844:cobalt
1840:copper
1783:Length
1763:, and
947:chiral
441:Iijima
418:optics
382:MWCNTs
364:SWCNTs
233:Silver
198:Copper
157:Other
14501:forms
14321:S2CID
14257:[
14186:(PDF)
14155:(PDF)
14129:(PDF)
14122:(PDF)
14087:(PDF)
14074:[
14068:(PDF)
14047:(PDF)
14016:(PDF)
13991:S2CID
13467:S2CID
13406:S2CID
13165:S2CID
13108:S2CID
13071:S2CID
12680:(PDF)
12665:(PDF)
12487:S2CID
12369:S2CID
11710:S2CID
11561:S2CID
11543:(1).
11514:S2CID
11402:S2CID
11238:(6).
11209:S2CID
11073:Small
10728:S2CID
10588:(4).
10208:S2CID
9906:S2CID
9843:S2CID
9801:Small
9723:S2CID
9665:S2CID
9365:S2CID
9323:arXiv
9241:S2CID
9205:S2CID
9170:S2CID
9123:S2CID
9095:(PDF)
8918:U.S.
8761:S2CID
8682:S2CID
8583:Small
8553:S2CID
8124:S2CID
8069:S2CID
8014:S2CID
7959:S2CID
7708:S2CID
7598:S2CID
7303:S2CID
7137:S2CID
6946:S2CID
6903:S2CID
6869:arXiv
6842:S2CID
6747:arXiv
6550:S2CID
6499:S2CID
6407:S2CID
6342:S2CID
6256:S2CID
6222:arXiv
6195:S2CID
6124:(PDF)
6102:S2CID
6076:arXiv
5968:S2CID
5942:arXiv
5823:S2CID
5691:(PDF)
5660:(PDF)
5603:S2CID
5581:. 7.
5564:(PDF)
5531:(PDF)
5459:S2CID
5412:(PDF)
5401:S2CID
5375:arXiv
5363:(PDF)
5306:S2CID
5015:(PDF)
5004:S2CID
4976:(PDF)
4954:S2CID
4813:(PDF)
4802:S2CID
4776:arXiv
4764:(PDF)
4742:S2CID
4650:(PDF)
4639:S2CID
4615:(PDF)
4569:(PDF)
4544:(PDF)
4473:S2CID
4174:(PDF)
4135:(PDF)
4113:S2CID
4067:S2CID
4013:S2CID
3967:S2CID
3844:S2CID
3758:S2CID
3663:S2CID
3629:arXiv
3602:S2CID
3568:arXiv
3478:S2CID
3384:S2CID
3239:India
2814:epoxy
2072:(see
2015:torus
1998:. In
1545:atan2
1075:From
749:Types
223:Lipid
15296:List
14378:PMID
14137:2015
14095:2012
13981:ISBN
13937:2016
13907:2024
13878:PMID
13870:ISSN
13782:2022
13753:PMID
13702:PMID
13643:PMID
13459:PMID
13336:PMID
13256:ISBN
13222:PMID
13157:PMID
13040:2024
13018:2024
12988:PMID
12970:ISSN
12933:2024
12908:2024
12878:PMID
12860:ISSN
12823:2024
12798:2024
12773:link
12759:2024
12733:2024
12688:2011
12621:PMID
12582:2022
12517:2021
12444:PMID
12361:PMID
12318:ISSN
12277:PMID
12259:ISSN
12201:PMID
12183:ISSN
12144:ISSN
12107:2024
12022:PMID
12014:ISSN
11967:PMID
11928:PMID
11920:ISSN
11879:PMID
11861:ISSN
11814:ISSN
11775:PMID
11757:ISSN
11702:PMID
11694:ISSN
11655:PMID
11647:ISSN
11608:PMID
11600:ISSN
11553:ISSN
11506:PMID
11498:OSTI
11490:ISSN
11451:ISSN
11394:PMID
11386:ISSN
11339:PMID
11304:2024
11279:2024
11250:ISSN
11201:PMID
11193:ISSN
11154:PMID
11136:ISSN
11097:PMID
11089:ISSN
11050:PMID
11032:ISSN
10993:PMID
10975:ISSN
10926:PMID
10908:ISSN
10869:PMID
10851:ISSN
10795:PMID
10777:ISSN
10720:PMID
10712:ISSN
10673:PMID
10655:ISSN
10616:PMID
10598:ISSN
10559:PMID
10541:ISSN
10491:PMID
10483:ISSN
10444:PMID
10426:ISSN
10387:PMID
10369:ISSN
10322:PMID
10304:ISSN
10265:PMID
10247:ISSN
10200:PMID
10192:ISSN
10142:PMID
10134:ISSN
10087:PMID
10069:ISSN
10030:PMID
10012:ISSN
9971:PMID
9953:ISSN
9898:PMID
9890:ISSN
9835:PMID
9827:ISSN
9778:PMID
9770:ISSN
9715:PMID
9707:ISSN
9657:PMID
9649:ISSN
9599:PMID
9581:ISSN
9527:PMID
9509:ISSN
9470:PMID
9462:ISSN
9423:PMID
9415:ISSN
9357:PMID
9349:ISSN
9296:2018
9115:ISSN
9077:2017
9047:2017
9017:2017
8987:2017
8958:2017
8928:2017
8896:2017
8863:2017
8833:2017
8795:ISBN
8726:PMID
8674:PMID
8656:ISSN
8609:PMID
8601:ISSN
8545:PMID
8537:ISSN
8498:PMID
8490:ISSN
8451:PMID
8433:ISSN
8387:PMID
8379:ISSN
8332:PMID
8314:ISSN
8267:PMID
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