Narmer - Knowledge

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enclosure, all of which appear to date to the reigns of Narmer, Hor-Aha, or Djer. Hor-Aha and Djer both have enclosures identified, "making Narmer the most attractive candidate for the builder of this monument". The main objection to its assignment to Narmer is that the enclosure is too big. It is larger than all three of Hor-Aha's put together, while Hor-Aha's tomb is much larger than Narmer's tomb. For all of the clearly identified 1st Dynasty enclosures, there is a rough correlation between the size of the tomb and the size of the enclosure. Identifying the Donkey Enclosure with Narmer would violate that correlation. That leaves Hor-Aha and Djer. The objection to the assignment of the enclosure to Aha is the inconsistency of the subsidiary graves of Hor-Aha's enclosure, and subsidiary graves of the donkeys. In addition, the seeming completeness of the Aha enclosure without the Donkey Enclosure, argues against Hor-Aha. This leaves Djer, whom Bestock considers the most likely candidate. The problems with this conclusion, as identified by Bestock, are that the Donkey Enclosure has donkeys in the subsidiary graves, whereas Djer has humans in his. In addition, there are no large subsidiary graves at Djer's tomb complex that would correspond to the Donkey Enclosure. She concludes that, "the interpretation and attribution of the Donkey Enclosure remain speculative." There are, however, two additional arguments for the attribution to Narmer: First, it is exactly where one would expect to find Narmer's Funerary Enclosure—immediately next to Hor-Aha's. Second, all of the 1st Dynasty tombs have subsidiary graves for humans except that of Narmer, and all of the attributed 1st Dynasty enclosures, except the Donkey Enclosure, have subsidiary graves for humans. But neither Narmer's tomb nor the Donkey Enclosure have known subsidiary graves for humans. The lack of human subsidiary graves at both sites seems important. It is also possible that Narmer had a large funerary enclosure precisely because he had a small tomb. In the absence of finding an object with a Narmer's name on it, any conclusion must be tentative, but it seems that the preponderance of evidence and logic support the identification of the Donkey Enclosure with Narmer.

1328: 13143: 1447: 1467: 1789:. Setting aside the question of whether the First Dynasty began with Narmer or Hor-Aha, to calculate the beginning of Narmer's reign from these estimates, they must be adjusted by the length of Narmer's reign. Unfortunately, there are no reliable estimates of the length of Narmer's reign. In the absence of other evidence, scholars use Manetho's estimate of the length of the reign of Menes, i.e. 62 years. If one assumes that Narmer and Menes are the same person, this places the date for the beginning of Narmer's reign at 62 years earlier than the date for the beginning of the First Dynasty given by the authors who associate the beginning of the First Dynasty with the start of Hor-Aha's reign. Estimates of the beginning of Narmer's reign calculated in this way include 1527: 12580: 11720: 1558: 1850:. In each of these, the king is shown defeating the Libyans, personally killing their chief in a classic "smiting the enemy" pose. In three of these post-Narmer examples, the name of the wife and two sons of the chief are named—and they are the same names for all three scenes from vastly different periods. This proves that all, but the first representation, cannot be recording actual events, but are ritual commemorations of an earlier event. The same might also be true of the first example in Dynasty V. The scene on the Narmer Palette is similar, although it does not name the wife or sons of the Libyan chief. The Narmer Palette could represent the actual event on which the others are based. However, Schulman (following 474: 10352: 1817:, uses this approach, and derive a 65% confidence interval estimate for the beginning of the First Dynasty of c. 3211 – 3045 BC. However, they define the beginning of the First Dynasty as the beginning of the reign of Hor-Aha. There are no radiocarbon dates for Narmer, so to translate this to the beginning of Narmer's reign one must again adjust for the length of Narmer's reign of 62 years, which gives a range of c. 3273–3107 BC for the beginning of Narmer's reign. This is reassuringly close to the range of mainstream Egyptologists using the Historical Method of c. 3114 – 2987 BC. Thus, combining the results of two different methodologies allows to place the accession of Narmer to c. 3273 – 2987 BC. 1917:, and in 2016 in two web articles by Owen Jarus These inscriptions strongly suggest that Neithhotep was Djer's regent for a period of time, but do not resolve the question of whether she was Narmer's queen. In the first of Jarus' articles, he quotes Tallet as saying that Neithhotep "was not the wife of Narmer". However, Tallet, in a personal communication with Thomas C. Heagy explained that he had been misquoted. According to Tallet, she could have been Narmer's wife (Djer's grandmother), but that it is more likely (because Narmer and Hor-Aha are both thought to have had long reigns) that she was in the next generation—for example Djer's mother or aunt. This is consistent with the discussion in 1570: 11315: 1542: 14807: 11024: 14437: 12973: 10987: 10412: 11566: 15159: 1180: 1070: 13200: 619: 11894: 949:. The importance of the unification to ancient Egyptians is shown by the fact that Narmer is shown as the first king on the two necropolis seals, and under the name Menes, the first king in the later King Lists. Although there is archaeological evidence of a few kings before Narmer, none of them are mentioned in any of those sources. It can be accurately said that from the point of view of Ancient Egyptians, history began with Narmer and the unification of Egypt, and that everything before him was relegated to the realm of myth. 1515: 10762: 503: 15149: 10387: 12165: 486: 10972: 886: 37: 14021: 1492: 846: 832: 13912: 10595: 932:. Tax collection is probably documented for Ka and Iry-Hor. The evidence for a role for Scorpion I in Lower Egypt comes from his tomb Uj in Abydos (Upper Egypt), where labels were found identifying goods from Lower Egypt. These are not tax documents, however, so they are probably indications of trade rather than subjugation. There is a substantial difference in the quantity and distribution of inscriptions with the names of those earlier kings in Lower Egypt and 10007: 12234: 701:). This word is sometimes translated as "raging catfish". However, there is no consensus on this reading. Other translations of the adjective before "catfish" include "angry", "fighting", "fierce", "painful", "furious", "bad", "evil", "biting", "menacing", and "stinging". Some scholars have taken entirely different approaches to reading the name that do not include "catfish" in the name at all, but these approaches have not been generally accepted. 784:, shows Narmer wearing the crown of Upper Egypt on one side of the palette, and the crown of Lower Egypt on the other side, giving rise to the theory that Narmer unified the two lands. Since its discovery, however, it has been debated whether the Narmer Palette represents an actual historic event or is purely symbolic. Of course, the Narmer Palette could represent an actual historical event while at the same time having a symbolic significance. 13228: 818: 1676:. For the most part, English speaking authors favor Narmer, while German speaking authors favor Hor-Aha. The most important evidence in favor of Narmer are the two necropolis seal impressions from Abydos, which list Narmer as the first king. Since the publication of the first of the necropolis sealings in 1987, 28 authors have published articles identifying Narmer with Menes compared to 14 who identify Narmer with Hor-Aha. 14254: 11246: 511: 12342: 729:"duckling") has been added to the two symbols for "Narmer" within the serekh. This has been interpreted as meaning "Narmer the masculine"; however, according to Ilona Regulski, "The third sign (the -bird) is not an integral part of the royal name since it occurs so infrequently." Godron suggested that the extra sign is not part of the name, but was put inside the serekh for compositional convenience. 11159: 301: 203: 10982: 1713:" short for Menes. An alternative theory is that the enclosure was a funeral shrine and it represents Hor-Aha burying his predecessor, Menes. Hence Menes was Narmer. Although the label generated a lot of debate, it is now generally agreed that the inscription in the shrine is not a king's name, but is the name of the shrine "The Two Ladies Endure," and provide no evidence for who Menes was. 12337: 11889: 11561: 11154: 10967: 607: 561:(personal or birth name). All of the King Lists which began to appear in the New Kingdom era list the personal names of the kings, and almost all begin with Menes, or begin with divine and/or semi-divine rulers, with Menes as the first "human king". The difficulty is aligning the contemporary archaeological evidence which lists Horus Names with the King Lists that list personal names. 12454: 11416: 10399: 1813:, p. 90, "the calibration curves for the (second half) of the 4th millennium BC show important fluctuations with long possible data ranges as a consequence. It is generally considered a 'bad period' for Radiocarbon dating." Using a statistical approach, including all available carbon 14 dates for the Archaic Period, reduces, but does not eliminate, these inherent problems. 264: 169: 1854:) argues against this on the basis that the Palermo Stone shows predynastic kings wearing the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt suggesting that they ruled a unified Egypt. Hence, the Narmer Palette, rather than showing a historic event during Narmer's reign commemorates the defeat of the Libyans and the unification of Egypt which occurred earlier. 1952:), several generations earlier. In addition, the earlier tombs of Narmer, Ka, and Iry-Hor all have two chambers with no subsidiary chambers, while later tombs in the 1st Dynasty all have more complex structures including subsidiary chambers for the tombs of retainers, who were probably sacrificed to accompany the king in the afterlife. 642:, show Narmer as the first king on each list, followed by Hor-Aha. The Qa'a sealing lists all eight of the kings of what scholars now call the First Dynasty in the correct order, starting with Narmer. These necropolis sealings are strong evidence that Narmer was the first king of the First Dynasty, hence the same person as Menes. 792:

included the name of the king, a description or representation of the event that identified the year, and a description of the attached goods. This year label shows that the Narmer Palette depicts an actual historical event. Support for this conclusion (in addition to Dreyer) includes Wilkinson and Davies &

1956:, pp. 148–150 To avoid confusion, it's important to understand that he classifies Narmer as the last king of the 0 Dynasty rather than the first king of the 1st Dynasty, in part because Narmer's tomb has more in common with the earlier 0 Dynasty tombs than it does with the later 1st Dynasty tombs. 1569: 1990:

Next to Hor-Aha's enclosure is a large, unattributed enclosure referred to as the "Donkey Enclosure" because of the presence of 10 donkeys buried next to the enclosure. No objects were found in the enclosure with a king's name, but hundreds of seal impressions were found in the gateway chamber of the

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the Narmer Palette commemorates a conquest of Libyans that occurred earlier than Narmer, probably during Dynasty 0. Libyans, in this context, were not people who inhabited what is modern Libya, but rather peoples who lived in the north-west Delta of the Nile, which later became a part of Lower Egypt.

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The question of who was Menes—hence, who was the first king of the First Dynasty has been hotly debated. Since 1897, 70 different authors have taken an opinion on whether it is Narmer or Aha. Most of these are only passing references, but there have been several in depth analyses on both sides of the

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have been found in ten sites in Lower Egypt and nine sites in Canaan (see discussion in "Tomb and Artefacts" section). This demonstrates a qualitative difference between Narmer's role in Lower Egypt compared to his two immediate predecessors. There is no evidence in Lower Egypt of any Upper Egyptian

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The scene depicts a ceremony in which captives and plunder are presented to King Narmer, who is enthroned beneath a canopy on a stepped platform. He wears the Red Crown of Lower Egypt, holds a flail, and is wrapped in a long cloak. To the left, Narmer's name is written inside a representation of the

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and the recto of the Narmer Palette. The man, equipped with pharaonic regalia (the crown and scepter), can clearly be identified as a king. Although no name appears in the tableau, Darnell attributes it to Narmer, based on the iconography, and suggests that it might represent an actual visit to the

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has been identified at nine different sites. An Egyptian presence in Canaan predates Narmer, but after about 200 years of active presence in Canaan, Egyptian presence peaked during Narmer's reign and quickly declined afterwards. The relationship between Egypt and Canaan "began around the end of the

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Rather than incorporating both hieroglyphs, Narmer's name is often shown in an abbreviated form with just the catfish symbol, sometimes stylized, even, in some cases, represented by just a horizontal line. This simplified spelling appears to be related to the formality of the context. In every case

2004:, and Kharga Oasis, as well as both inscriptions each from Buto and Tel Ma'ahaz. Sites with more than one inscription are footnoted with either references to the most representative inscriptions, or to sources that are the most important for that site. All of the inscriptions are included in the 791:

discovered a "year label" of Narmer at Abydos, depicting the same event that is depicted on the Narmer Palette. In the First Dynasty, years were identified by the name of the king and an important event that occurred in that year. A "year label" was typically attached to a container of goods and

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Establishing absolute dating for Ancient Egypt relies on two different methods, each of which is problematic. As a starting point, the Historical Method makes use of astronomical events that are recorded in Ancient Egyptian texts, which establishes a starting point in which an event in Egyptian

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Regardless of the nature of Egypt's presence in Canaan, control of trade to (and through) Canaan was important to Ancient Egypt. Narmer probably did not establish Egypt's initial influence in Canaan by a military invasion, but a military campaign by Narmer to re-assert Egyptian authority, or to

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It is likely that all of the kings of Ancient Egypt buried in Umm el-Qa'ab had funerary enclosures in Abydos' northern cemetery, near the cultivation line. These were characterized by large mud brick walls that enclosed space in which funerary ceremonies are believed to have taken place. Eight

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Narmer's tomb has much more in common with the tombs of his immediate predecessors, Ka and Iry-Hor, and other late Predynastic tombs in Umm el-Qa'ab than it does with later 1st Dynasty tombs. Narmer's tomb is 31 sq. meters compared to Hor-Aha, whose tomb is more than three times as large, not

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region by Narmer for a "Following of Horus" ritual. In an interview in 2012, Gatto also describes the king in the inscription as Narmer. However, Hendricks (2016) places the scene slightly before Narmer, based, in part on the uncharacteristic absence of Narmer's royal name in the inscription.

936:(which was reached through Lower Egypt), compared to the inscriptions of Narmer. Ka's inscriptions have been found in three sites in Lower Egypt and one in Canaan. Iry-Hor inscriptions have also been found in two sites in Lower Egypt and one in Canaan. This must be compared to Narmer, whose 1809:, pp. 9–10 who estimates the beginning of the First Dynasty to be c. 3400 BC. However, since he reached this conclusion by disregarding the Middle Kingdom astronomical date, his conclusion is not widely accepted. Radiocarbon Dating has, unfortunately, its own problems: According to 1557: 1005:

The Egyptian presence in Canaan is best demonstrated by the presence of pottery made from Egyptian Nile clay and found in Canaan, as well as pottery made from local clay, but in the Egyptian style. The latter suggests the existence of Egyptian colonies rather than just trade.

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sign of Narmer. The sherd was found on a large circular platform, possibly the foundations of a storage silo on the Halif Terrace. Dated to c. 3000 BCE, mineralogical studies conducted on the sherd conclude that it is a fragment of a wine jar which had been imported from the

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seal impressions, which contain the name of one or more princes, the seal impression has been interpreted by other scholars as showing the name of a prince of Narmer named Menes, hence Menes was Narmer's successor, Hor-Aha, and thus Hor-Aha was Menes. This was refuted by

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The importance that Narmer attached to his "unification" of Egypt is shown by the fact that it is commemorated not only on the Narmer Palette, but on a cylinder seal, the Narmer Year Label, and the Narmer Boxes; and the consequences of the event are commemorated on the

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The nature of Egypt's role in Canaan has been vigorously debated, between scholars who suggest a military invasion and others proposing that only trade and colonization were involved. Although the latter has gained predominance, the presence of fortifications at

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Tassie, G.J.; Hassan, F.A.; Van Wettering, J.; Calcoen, B. (2008), "Corpus of potmarks from the Protodynastic to Early Dynastic cemetery at Kafr Hassan Dawood, Wadi Tumilat, East Delta, Egypt", in Midant-Reynes, B.; Tristant, Y. (eds.),

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The archaeology of the Nile Delta: Problems and priorities. Proceedings of the seminar held in Cairo, 19–22 October 1986, on the occasion of the fifteenth anniversary of the Netherlands Institute of Archaeology and Arabic Studies in

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sign, which is always shown when the full name of Menes is written, again representing the name "Menes". At first glance, this would seem to be strong evidence that Narmer was Menes. However, based on an analysis of other early

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king's presence before Iry-Hor. The archaeological evidence suggest that the unification began before Narmer, but was completed by him through the conquest of a polity in the north-west Delta as depicted on the Narmer Palette.

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is shown on a work of stone or an official seal impression, it has both symbols. But, in most cases, where the name is shown on a piece of pottery or a rock inscription, just the catfish, or a simplified version of it appears.

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Köhler, E. Christiana (2002), "History or ideology? New reflections on the Narmer palette and the nature of foreign relations in Pre- and Early Dynastic Egypt", in van den Brink, Edwin C. M.; Levy, Thomas E. (eds.),

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Photograph of sherd showing Narmer serekh from Nahal Tillah without the chisel sign to spell his name, used with permission of copyright holder, Thomas E. Levy, Levantine and Cyber-Archaeology Laboratory, UC San

1048:, in Upper Egypt, has led some to the conclusion that she was a descendant of the predynastic rulers of Naqada who ruled prior to its incorporation into a united Upper Egypt. It has also been suggested that the 580:", which is interpreted as an abbreviation of Menes. Arguments have been made with regard to each of these documents in favour of Narmer or Hor-Aha being Menes, but in neither case is the argument conclusive. 13142: 1327: 1023:

found in Canaan, a recent reconstruction of a box of Narmer's by Dreyer may have commemorated a military campaign in Canaan. It may also represent just the presentation of tribute to Narmer by Canaanites.

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fifth millennium and apparently came to an end sometime during the Second Dynasty when it ceased altogether." It peaked during Dynasty 0 through the reign of Narmer. Dating to this period are 33 Egyptian

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Hendrickx, Stan; De Meyer, Marleen; Eyckerman, Merel (2014), "On the origin of the royal false beard and its bovine symbolism", in Jucha, Mariusz A; Dębowska-Ludwin, Joanna; Kołodziejczyk, Piotr (eds.),

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dating to Dynasty 0 through early Dynasty 1 period, and built almost entirely using an Egyptian style of construction, demonstrate that there must have also been some kind of Egyptian military presence.

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Pätznick, Jean-Pierre (2009), "Encore et toujours l'Horus Nâr-mer? Vers une nouvelle approche de la lecture et de l'interprétation de ce nom d'Horus", in Régen, Isabelle; Servajean, Frédéric (eds.),

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Kitchen, Kenneth A. (2000), "3.1 Regional and Genealogical Data of Ancient Egypt (Absolute Chronology I) The Historical Chronology of Ancient Egypt, A Current Assessment", in Bietak, Manfred (ed.),

1858:, p. 505 proposes that the Narmer Palette has nothing to do with the unification of Egypt. Instead, she describes it as an example of the "subjecting the enemy" motif which goes back as far as 1354:

and carrying a scepter. He is followed by a man with a fan. He is then preceded by two men with standards, and accompanied by a dog. Apart from the dog motif, this scene is similar to scenes on the

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of Hor-Aha next to an enclosure inside of which are symbols that have been interpreted by some scholars as the name "Menes". The second is the seal impression from Abydos that alternates between a

1319:, along with those of other Predynastic and Early Dynastic kings, has been found at the Wadi 'Ameyra in the southern Sinai, where inscriptions commemorate Egyptian mining expeditions to the area. 5921:

van den Brink, Edwin C. M.; Braun, Eliot (2002), "Wine jars with serekhs from Early Bronze Lod: Appelation vallée du nil contrôlée, but for whom?", in van den Brink, E.C. M.; Yannai, E. (eds.),

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in the Western Delta, exactly the area Narmer conquered to complete the unification of Egypt), and that this was a marriage to consolidate the two regions of Egypt. The fact that her tomb is in

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Levy, T.E.; van den Brink, E.C.M.; Goren, Y.; Alon, D. (1997), "Egyptian-Canaanite interaction at Nahal Tillah, Israel (ca. 4500–3000 B.C.E.): An interim report on the 1994–1995 excavations",

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enclosures have been excavated, two of which have not been definitely identified. While it has yet to be confirmed, one of these unidentified funerary enclosures may have belonged to Narmer.

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compiled a list of 69 Egyptologists who took either position. Forty-one of them have concluded that Menes was Narmer, while 31 have concluded that Menes was Hor-Aha. Three Egyptologists—

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Jucha, M.A. (2008), Chłondicki, M.; Ciałowicz, K.M. (eds.), "Pottery from the grave Polish Excavations at Tell el-Farkha (Ghazala) in the Nile Delta. Preliminary report 2006–2007",

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Arrowheads from Narmer's tomb, Petrie 1905, Royal Tombs II, pl. IV.14. According to Dreyer, these arrowheads are probably from the tomb of Djer, where similar arrowheads were found.

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Egyptologists have long debated whether Menes was the same person as Narmer or Hor-Aha, Narmer's successor. A 2014 study by Thomas C. Heagy published in the Egyptological journal

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includes Narmer inscriptions from Canaan within the context of the overall relations between Canaan and Early Egypt, including descriptions of the sites in which they were found.

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was Menes. The first is the "Naqada Label" found at the site of Naqada, in the tomb of Queen Neithhotep, often assumed to have been the mother of Horus Aha. The label shows a

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also makes the argument that the major shift in tomb construction that began with Hor-Aha, is evidence that Hor-Aha, rather than Narmer was the first king of the 1st Dynasty.

1805:, p. 480 (c. 3062 BC). Considering all six estimates suggests a range of c. 3114 – 2987 BC based on the Historical Method. The exception to the mainstream consensus, is 4510:

Dreyer, G.; Engel, E.M.; Hartung, U.; Hikade, T.; Köler, E.C.; Pumpenmeier, F. (1996), "Umm el-Qaab: Nachuntersuchungen im frühzeitlichen Königsfriedhof, 7./8. Vorbericht",

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Darnell, John Coleman (2015), "The Early Hieroglyphic Annotation in the Nag el-Hamdulab Rock Art Tableaux, and the Following of Horus in the Northwest Hinterland of Aswan",

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Egypt at its origins 2. Proceedings of the International Conference "Origin of the state. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt", Toulouse (France), 5th – 8th September 2005

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Egypt at its origins 2. Proceedings of the international conference "Origin of the state. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt", Toulouse (France), 5th – 8th September 2005

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Campagno, M (2008), "Ethnicity and Changing Relationships between Egyptians and South Levantines during the Early Dynastic Period", in Midant-Reynes; Tristant, Y (eds.),

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that do not refer to a specific king, or are for kings not attested in Abydos. Indicative of the decline of Egyptian presence in the region after Narmer, only one

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have been discovered at several sites, both from pots made in Egypt and imported to Canaan and others made in the Egyptian style out of local materials. Twenty

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raise questions about whether she was really Narmer's wife. Neithhotep is probably the earliest non-mythical woman in history whose name is known to us today.

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was rediscovered in 2009, and its importance only realized then. Among the many inscriptions, tableau 7a shows a man wearing a headdress similar to the

965:(Fr. 7(a))), "Menes made a foreign expedition and won renown." If this is correct (and assuming it refers to Narmer), it was undoubtedly to the land of 11804: 11680: 4212:

Cervelló-Autuori, J. (2008), "The Thinite "Royal Lists": Typology and meaning", in Midant-Reynes, B.; Tristant, Y.; Rowland, J.; Hendrickx, S. (eds.),

440:, and in turn the first king of a unified Egypt. He also had a prominently noticeable presence in Canaan, compared to his predecessors and successors. 1405:

is the third book in the Jeremy Logan series and revolves primarily around the discovery and exploration of a fictional secret burial place of Narmer.

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Dreyer, Günter; Hartung, Ulrich; Pumpenmeier, Frauke (1993), "Umm el-Qaab: Nachuntersuchungen im frühzeitlichen Königsfriedhof, 5./6. Vorbericht",

2010:, which also includes extensive bibliographies for each inscription. Several references discuss substantial numbers of inscriptions. They include: 14436: 11719: 5804:, Mémoires publiés par les membres de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale, vol. 132, Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale 15368: 11535: 546:, and is identified by the majority of Egyptologists as the same person as Narmer – although a vigorous debate also proposes identification with 1757:) is then used until one gets to the reign of the king in question. However, there is uncertainty about the length of reigns, especially in the 1338:

to be Narmer, on the basis of the similarity to the head of Narmer on the Narmer Palette. This has not been generally accepted by Egyptologists.

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attributed to his successor, Hor-Aha, has been found in Canaan. Even this one example is questionable, Wilkinson does not believe there are any

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van den Brink, E.C.M. (1992), "Preliminary Report on the Excavations at Tell Ibrahim Awad, Seasons 1988–1990", in van den Brink, E.C.M. (ed.),

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Jiménez-Serrano, A. (2003), "Chronology and local traditions: The representation of power and the royal name in the Late Predynastic Period",

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in Umm el-Qa'ab, many articles of Narmer's were found in other graves, and objects of other kings were recovered in Narmer's grave. However,

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increase its sphere of influence in the region, is certainly plausible. In addition to the quote by Manetho, and the large number of Narmer

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The date commonly given for the beginning of Narmer's reign is c. 3100 BC. Other mainstream estimates, using both the historical method and

11753: 11749: 11457: 9927: 4952:(2007), "Ober- und Unterägypten: eine dualistische Konstruktion und ihre Anfänge", in Albertz, Rainer; Blöbaum, Anke; Funke, Peter (eds.), 4051:

Baines, John (2008), "On the evolution, purpose, and forms of Egyptian annals", in Engel, Eva-Maria; Müller, Vera; Hartung, Ulrich (eds.),

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history is given an unambiguous absolute date. "Dead reckoning"—adding or subtracting the length of each king's reign (based primarily on

1132:(DAI) have made discoveries of the greatest importance to the history of Early Egypt by their re-excavation of the tombs of Umm el-Qa'ab. 403: 15162: 12200: 12007: 11578: 11541: 11507: 11082: 11078: 10411: 5372: 14806: 11365: 11209: 11074: 11070: 10351: 5968:

van den Brink, E.C.M. (2001), "The pottery-incised serekh-signs of Dynasties 0–1. Part II: Fragments and additional complete vessels",

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Heagy, Thomas C. (2020), "Narmer", in Bagnall, Roger S; Brodersen, Kai; Champion, Craige B; Erskine, Andrew; Huebner, Sabine R (eds.),

914:) surmounted by a falcon. At the bottom is a record of animal and human plunder; 400,000 cattle, 1,422,000 goats, and 120,000 captives. 5186:

Levy, TE; van den Brink, ECM; Goren, Y; Alon, D (1995), "New Light on King Narmer and the Protodynastic Egyptian Presence in Canaan",

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Hayes, Michael (1970), "Chapter VI.Chronology, I. Egypt to the end of the Twentieth Dynasty", in Edwards, I.E.S.; Gadd, C.J. (eds.),

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Tallet, P.; Laisney, D (2012), "Iry-Hor et Narmer au Sud-Sinaï: Un complément à la chronology des expéditions minères égyptiennes",

1120:, repeatedly, from antiquity to modern times, it is amazing that anything useful could be discovered in it. Because of the repeated 12204: 11461: 10214: 2000:

Of these inscriptions, 29 are controversial or uncertain. They include the unique examples from Coptos, En Besor, Tell el-Farkhan,

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Hendrickx, Stan (2006), "II.1 Predynastic-Early Dynastic Chronology", in Hornung, Erik; Krauss, Rolf; Walburton, David A. (eds.),

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Bakr, M.I. (1988), "The new excavations at Ezbet el-Tell, Kufur Nigm; the first season (1984)", in van den Brink, E.C.M. (ed.),

278: 275: 180: 11607: 11361: 11341: 9843: 1781:, p. 487, who places the ascent of Narmer to the throne of Egypt as c. 2950 BC. Several estimates of the beginning of the 11314: 11023: 15316: 15269: 15239: 9823: 5945:

van den Brink, E.C.M. (1996), "The incised serekh-signs of dynasties 0–1, Part I: Complete vessels", in Spencer, A.J. (ed.),

5414: 5176: 4901: 4627: 4430: 4393: 4268: 4154: 4104: 4041: 4022: 4003: 3871: 3825: 3237: 3101: 3082: 3063: 2948: 2842: 2770: 2467: 2436: 2357: 2278: 2247: 2214: 1963: 1948:

counting Hor-Aha's 36 subsidiary graves. According to Deyer, Narmer's tomb is even smaller than the tomb of Scorpion I (tomb

1832: 1152: 796:. Although this interpretation of the year label is the dominant opinion among Egyptologists, there are exceptions including 241: 146: 5802:

La zone minière pharaonique du Sud-Sinaï – II: Les inscriptions pré- et protodynastiques du Ouadi 'Ameyra (CCIS nos 273–335)

105: 9853: 9828: 4167:

Egyptology at the dawn of the twenty-first century: proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Egyptologists, 2000

1040:

is satisfied". This suggests that she was a princess of Lower Egypt (based on the fact that Neith is the patron goddess of

5095:

Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David Alan (2006), "Conclusions", in Hornung, Erik; Krauss, Rolf K.; Warburton, David A. (eds.),

1139:

arrowheads were found. (Petrie says with dismay that "hundreds" of arrowheads were discovered by "the French", presumably

1135:

Despite the chaotic condition of the cemetery, inscriptions on both wood and bone, seal impressions, as well as dozens of

13563: 11058: 10910: 10767: 9818: 7598: 7386: 1036:'s tomb, which led Egyptologists to conclude that she was Narmer's queen and mother of Hor-Aha. Neithhotep's name means " 603:, pp. 42–45; but opinions still vary, and the seal impression cannot be said to definitively support either theory. 14233: 11912: 9807: 8568: 8284: 7152: 6412: 6386: 4171: 3958: 4356:

Dee, Michael; Wengrow, David; Shortland, Andrew; Stevenson, Alice; Brock, Fiona; Flink, Linus Girland; Ramsey, Bronk.

583:

The second document, the seal impression from Abydos, shows the serekh of Narmer alternating with the gameboard sign (

15363: 15358: 6342: 6026: 5602: 4704: 4179: 4095:

Braun, E (2011), "Early Interaction Between Peoples of the Nile Valley and the Southern Levant", in Teeter, E (ed.),

3027: 2130: 1430:, one of siblings Carter and Sadie's parents comes from Narmer's lineage, the other from Ramses the Great (book one, 1151:. The flint knives and fragment of a chair leg were not included in any of Petrie's publications, but are now at the 12579: 3804: 3749: 3718: 3675: 3644: 3589: 3558: 3467: 3436: 3369: 3290: 9873: 6250: 5899:

The Nile Delta in transition: 4th–3rd Millennium B.C., Proceedings of the seminar held in Cairo, 21–24 October 1990

3950: 1195:

and Sinai: altogether 98 inscriptions at 26 sites. At Abydos and Hierakonpolis Narmer's name appears both within a

744:

would be expected, there is a symbol that has been interpreted by several scholars as an animal skin. According to

5348:

de Miroschedji, P.; Sadeq, M. (2000), "Tell es-Sakan, un site du Bronze ancien découvert dans la région de Gaza",

4961:

Kaiser, W.; Dreyer, G. (1982), "Umm el-Qaab: Nachuntersuchungen im frühzeitlichen Königsfriedhof, 2. Vorbericht",

1862:(about 400 years before Narmer), and which represents the ritual defeat of chaos, a fundamental role of the king. 1098: 14227: 9060: 6289: 6275: 6262: 4823:, Kraków: Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków; Archaeologica Foundation, pp. 129–143 1129: 473: 96: 5382:

Newberry, Percy E. (1929), "Menes: the founder of the Egyptian monarchy (circa 3400 B.C.)", in Anonymous (ed.),

1777:, p. 174, who gives the beginning of the reign of Narmer/Menes as 3114 BC, which he rounds to 3100 BC; and 1143:. What happened to them is not clear, but none ended up in the Cairo Museum.) Flint knives and a fragment of an 14300: 13847: 13771: 9110: 8837: 8693: 6133:

Rock drawings of southern Upper Egypt I. Sir Robert Mond Desert Expedition Season 1936–1937, Preliminary Report

5507:

Porat, N (1986–87), "Local Industry of Egyptian Pottery in Southern Palestine during the Early Bronze Period",

5148: 4013:——— (2011), "Political Organization of Egypt in the Predynastic Period", in Teeter, E (ed.), 5851:

Excavating Egypt: great discoveries from the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, University College, London

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Seidlmayer, S (2010), "The Rise of the Egyptian State to the Second Dynasty", in Schulz, R; Seidel, M (eds.),

1280:

have been found in Canaan that may belong to Narmer, but seven of those are uncertain or controversial. These

15152: 15132: 14414: 14321: 14306: 14144: 14014: 13815: 13514: 13199: 10583: 9406: 9196: 9128: 8993: 8860: 8770: 8583: 6701: 6248:. 2001. "Rethinking 'Cattle Cults' in Early Egypt: Towards a Prehistoric Perspective on the Narmer Palette." 5554:, British School of Archaeology in Egypt and Egyptian Research Account, vol. 4, London: Bernard Quaritch 1758: 421: 1342:

First recorded at the end of the 19th century, an important series of rock carvings at Nag el-Hamdulab near

1148: 14953: 14762: 14738: 14138: 13118: 8978: 8915: 8198: 5471:, British School of Archaeology in Egypt and Egyptian Research Account, vol. 61, London: Sheldon Press 1866:

also argues that it has nothing to do with the unification, but has a (very complicated) religious meaning.

36: 1761:

and the Intermediate Periods. Two astrological events are available to anchor these estimates, one in the

1551:

on pottery vessel with stylized catfish and without chisel or falcon, copyright Kafr Hassan Dawood Mission

1533: 14375: 13414: 13213: 12760: 12754: 11001: 10357: 9339: 8448: 8360: 7845: 7622: 7613: 5595:

Pharaonic King-Lists, Annals, and Day-Books: a Contribution to the Study of the Egyptian Sense of History

1483: 5588:. Orientalia Lovaniensia. Leuven-Paris-Walpole, MA: Uitgeverij Peeters and Departement Oosterse Studies. 1705:" name (one of the five names of the king). Hence, the inscription was interpreted as showing that the " 15002: 14858: 14621: 14312: 14122: 13468: 13130: 13098: 13092: 11299: 9168: 8501: 8238: 8065: 7997: 6579: 5384:

Great ones of ancient Egypt: portraits by Winifred Brunton, historical studies by various Egyptologists

1532:

Alabaster statue of a baboon divinity with the name of Narmer inscribed on its base, on display at the

1457: 797: 891:

Narmer Macehead (drawing). The design shows captives being presented to Pharaoh Narmer enthroned in a

15139: 14747: 14633: 14615: 14465: 14127: 13991: 13692: 13507: 12404: 9689: 7460: 4259:

Ciałowicz, KM (2011), "The Predynastic/Early Dynastic Period at Tell el-Farkha", in Teeter, E (ed.),

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chair leg were also discovered in Narmer's tomb, all of which might be part of the original funerary

1121: 389: 5995:. Münchener Universitätsschriften, Philosophische Faklutät. Vol. 49. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern. 1642:—on the list have first concluded that Menes was Hor-Aha, but later concluded that Menes was Narmer. 15125: 14770: 14767: 14690: 14660: 14603: 14589: 13995: 12979: 12717: 12134: 11918: 10761: 7534: 7305: 7167: 5854: 4358:"An absolute chronology for early Egypt using radiocarbon dating and Bayesian statistical modeling" 558: 12972: 6313: 6212:

Violence In the Service of Order: The Religious Framework for Sanctioned Killing In Ancient Egypt.

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Shaw, Ian (2000a), "Introduction: Chronologies and Cultural Change in Egypt", in Shaw, Ian (ed.),

5618: 4676: 4477:

Dreyer, Günter (2011), "Tomb U-J: a royal burial of Dynasty 0 at Abydos", in Teeter, Emily (ed.),

2011: 1520:

Incised inscription on a vessel found at Tarkhan (tomb 414), naming Narmer; Petrie Museum UC 16083

14785: 14713: 14687: 14663: 14657: 14642: 14554: 14490: 14455: 14399: 14348: 13921: 12398: 12179: 11924: 11232: 10690: 9374: 9289: 9266: 7583: 7445: 7382: 7171: 6971: 6787: 3980:

Amiran, R.; Ilan, O.; Aron, C. (1983), "Excavations at Small Tel Malhata: Three Narmer serekhs",

1762: 1371:

by Lester Picker is a fictionalized biography of Narmer. The author consulted with Egyptologist

1089:

in Upper Egypt consists of two joined chambers (B17 and B18), lined in mud brick. Although both

920:

Archaeological evidence suggests that Egypt was at least partially unified during the reigns of

522:?" and "who unified Egypt?" are actually two separate issues. Narmer is often credited with the 14948: 14938: 14728: 14723: 14718: 14678: 14669: 14612: 14592: 14586: 14580: 14577: 14568: 14496: 14493: 14484: 14384: 14363: 13977: 13751: 13683: 13593: 13337: 13331: 12812: 12267: 12126: 11691: 11472: 11012: 10986: 10946: 10589: 10362: 9943: 9878: 9868: 9416: 9395: 9314: 8228: 8088: 7698: 7332: 7292: 7086: 7028: 6912: 6716: 6379: 6273:. 1987. "The Metropolitan Museum Knife Handle and Aspects of Pharaonic Imagery before Narmer." 4088:

The development of royal funerary cult at Abydos: two funerary enclosures from the reign of Aha

1782: 1587: 1452:

A mud jar sealing indicating that the contents came from the estate of Narmer. Originally from

595: 437: 377: 15259: 11565: 10594: 6303: 6019:

The archaeology of early Egypt: social transformations in North-East Africa, 10,000 to 2650 BC

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In quest of ancient settlements and landscapes: Archaeological studies in honour of Ram Gophna

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de Miroschedji, P; Sadeq, M (2008), "Sakan, Tell Es-", in Stern, E; Geva, H; Paris, A (eds.),

4954:

Räume und Grenzen: topologische Konzepte in den antiken Kulturen des östlichen Mittelmeerraums

4805: 618: 15308:

Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History

15229: 15192: 15114: 14991: 14651: 14627: 14583: 14571: 14565: 14562: 14517: 14511: 14487: 14452: 14408: 14396: 14393: 14390: 14378: 14372: 14360: 14354: 14173: 14083: 14080: 14071: 13634: 11711: 9888: 9364: 9329: 9309: 9299: 9261: 7861: 7765: 7119: 1179: 15306: 15158: 10971: 6330: 3953:(2003), "The Royal mortuary enclosures of Abydos and Hierakonpolis", in Hawass, Zahi (ed.), 14559: 14508: 14417: 14411: 14381: 13983: 13936: 13924: 13748: 13689: 13313: 13207: 13030: 12557: 11705: 11226: 10643: 10159: 9883: 9389: 9344: 8717: 8345: 8280: 8133: 8128: 7835: 7830: 7683: 7109: 6897: 6776: 6349: 4305: 1766: 1140: 1090: 1052:

commemorates this wedding. However, the discovery in 2012 of rock inscriptions in Sinai by

564:

Two documents have been put forward as proof either that Narmer was Menes or alternatively

523: 14020: 5062:

The Synchronization of Civilizations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium

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Aegyptus est imago caeli: studies presented to Krzysztof M. Ciałowicz on his 60th birthday

978:

found in Canaan, among which 20 have been attributed to Narmer. Prior to Narmer, only one

8: 15064: 14919: 14624: 14574: 14499: 14449: 14402: 14387: 14366: 14065: 14051: 13939: 13872: 13695: 13586: 13528: 13292: 12965: 12805: 12524: 12329: 12146: 11959: 11275: 10486: 9379: 9354: 9319: 9256: 8631: 8606: 7810: 7805: 7229: 6660: 5099:, Handbuch der Orientalistik. Section 1: The Near and Middle East: – 1:83, Leiden; Boston 1422: 1297: 1272:

During Narmer's reign, Egypt had an active economic presence in southern Canaan. Pottery

60: 5405:

O'Connor, David (2011), "The Narmer Palette: A New Interpretation", in Teeter, E (ed.),

4032:

Baines, J (1995), "Origins of Egyptian Kingship", in O'Connor, D; Silverman, DP (eds.),

1769:(for a discussion of the problems in establishing absolute dates for Ancient Egypt, see 1069: 15290: 15104: 14981: 14542: 14481: 14475: 14003: 13967: 13880: 13861: 13757: 13754: 13707: 13673: 13670: 13625: 13316: 13301: 13286: 12962: 12959: 12950: 12709: 11884: 11612: 10885: 10738: 10655: 10458: 9669: 9656: 9233: 8243: 7815: 7790: 6857: 6632: 6270: 6119: 6090: 5537: 5397: 5337: 5300: 5248: 5240: 5211: 5203: 4850: 4385: 4286: 761: 715:

Two alternative spellings of Narmer's name have also been found. On a mud sealing from

13760: 5087:

Egypt and the Levant: interrelations from the 4th through the early 3rd millennium BCE

4053:

Zeichen aus dem Sand: Streiflichter aus Ägyptens Geschichte zu Ehren von Günter Dreyer

394: 15312: 15265: 15235: 14528: 14502: 14478: 14460: 14260: 14181: 14089: 13958: 13930: 13745: 13713: 13704: 13646: 13643: 13640: 13628: 13616: 13531: 13452: 13304: 13298: 13265: 13259: 12830: 12703: 12567: 12389: 12115: 11714: 11708: 11516: 11484: 11029: 10238: 9724: 9703: 9597: 9564: 9276: 8611: 8233: 8113: 7735: 7663: 7321: 7124: 7114: 7046: 6372: 6140: 6045: 6022: 5954: 5930: 5906: 5882: 5834: 5769: 5745: 5721: 5642: 5598: 5569: 5541: 5410: 5304: 5269: 5252: 5215: 5172: 5128: 5104: 5069: 5008: 4984: 4934: 4897: 4854: 4789: 4765: 4700: 4660: 4623: 4533: 4462: 4426: 4389: 4264: 4244: 4221: 4175: 4150: 4100: 4071: 4037: 4018: 3999: 2126: 1639: 1355: 1236: 748:, it is probably a catfish with a bull's tail, similar to the image of Narmer on the 12692: 5762:

Catalog of Egyptian Antiquities in the British Museum. vol.V. Early Dynastic objects

1722:

Although the catfish portrayed in Narmer's name has sometimes been described as an "

1117: 793: 15188: 15100: 15046: 14977: 14964: 14943: 14908: 14757: 14545: 14514: 14369: 14345: 14113: 14110: 14104: 14059: 13952: 13933: 13927: 13883: 13866: 13710: 13701: 13698: 13622: 13619: 13457: 13342: 12929: 12019: 11953: 11941: 11634: 11181: 10471: 10169: 9903: 9730: 9558: 9324: 9078: 8661: 7958: 7854: 7795: 7219: 7199: 6111: 6082: 5977: 5529: 5357: 5329: 5292: 5232: 5195: 5168: 4870: 4842: 4723: 4690: 4682: 4563: 4548: 4333: 4278: 4198: 4123: 3967:

Amiran, Ruth (1974), "An Egyptian jar fragment with the name of Narmer from Arad",

1723: 1592: 1244: 896: 10206: 5637:, Supplément aux annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte, vol. 3, Cairo 5426:

Verba manent: recueil d'études dédiées à Dimitri Meeks par ses collègues et amis 2

3268: 1978: 1693:" sign surmounted by the signs of the "two ladies", the goddesses of Upper Egypt ( 1372: 788: 745: 721: 15353: 15109: 15095: 15070: 15023: 14986: 14972: 14796: 14645: 14598: 14505: 14470: 14342: 14337: 14265: 14239: 14095: 13970: 13964: 13949: 13942: 13896: 13886: 13719: 13664: 13658: 13655: 13601: 13549: 13385: 13319: 13307: 13295: 13283: 13268: 13247: 13166: 13070: 13067: 13041: 12956: 12935: 12923: 12890: 12884: 12854: 12776: 12586: 11938: 11893: 11847: 11841: 11831: 11621: 10721: 10699: 10466: 10149: 10100: 9912: 9675: 9645: 9604: 9540: 9284: 9214: 9084: 8423: 8078: 7800: 7194: 6832: 6800: 6639: 6200: 6155:

Yadin, Y (1955), "The Earliest record of Egypt Military Penetration into Asia?",

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identified them as being Narmer's. Narmer's tomb is located next to the tombs of

1094: 1082: 1074: 1049: 946: 875: 716: 631: 425: 367: 66: 41: 15148: 10386: 7381: 4481:, Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, pp. 127–136 15007: 14551: 14444: 14333: 14286: 14247: 14190: 14092: 14028: 13946: 13905: 13899: 13889: 13877: 13661: 13649: 13637: 13557: 13446: 13400: 13310: 13280: 13244: 13108: 12953: 12932: 12926: 12917: 12869: 12839: 12821: 12796: 12784: 12696: 12553: 12424: 12275: 12137: 12131: 12034: 12026: 11962: 11935: 11899: 11732: 11499: 11496: 11397: 10805: 10570: 10476: 10453: 10345: 10154: 9771: 9569: 9530: 9248: 9204: 9073: 8157: 8083: 7913: 7785: 7745: 7493: 7345: 7310: 7300: 7234: 7189: 7071: 7066: 6646: 6625: 6591: 6257: 6195:

Masking the Blow: The Scene of Representation In Late Prehistoric Egyptian Art.

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Abydos: Egypt's first pharaohs and the cult of Osiris. New aspects of antiquity

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Dreyer, G. (1987), "Ein Siegel der frühzeitlichen Königsnekropole von Abydos",

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The archaeology and art of Ancient Egypt. Essays in honor of David B. O'Connor

3476: 1909:

In 2012, Pierre Tallet discovered an important new series of rock carvings in

650: 15347: 15302: 15225: 15210: 15082: 15014: 14894: 14539: 14536: 14289: 14283: 14243: 14199: 14107: 14068: 13902: 13841: 13742: 13739: 13667: 13652: 13613: 13610: 13553: 13492: 13374: 13080: 13073: 13050: 12944: 12938: 12902: 12824: 12780: 12737: 12529: 12427: 12421: 12379: 12278: 12081: 12043: 11816: 11702: 11616: 11426: 11377: 11132: 11116: 10809: 10735: 10696: 10670: 10664: 10625: 10566: 10537: 10262: 10179: 10175: 9981: 9450: 9349: 9181: 9151: 8827: 8682: 8539: 8408: 8248: 8223: 8173: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7760: 7567: 7498: 7488: 7350: 7104: 6852: 6795: 6748: 6585: 6544: 6308: 6245: 6190: 6014: 5037:

Kinnaer, Jacques (2003), "The Naqada label and the identification of Menes",

3921: 3653: 1754: 1402: 1392: 1293: 1222: 1086: 1053: 1011: 982:

of Ka and one inscription with Iry-Hor's name have been found in Canaan. The

801: 781: 777: 733: 698: 635: 611: 543: 414: 12164: 5982: 5362: 5283:

Mellaart, James (1979), "Egyptian and Near Eastern chronology: a dilemma?",

4875: 4728: 4338: 4263:, Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, pp. 55–64, 4127: 3684: 1002:

of kings for the rest of the first two dynasties have been found in Canaan.

485: 15255: 15052: 14930: 14864: 14782: 14773: 14704: 14630: 14533: 14277: 14178: 14101: 13955: 13911: 13791: 13716: 13676: 13607: 13604: 13598: 13537: 13489: 13477: 13391: 13368: 13361: 13277: 13271: 13241: 13053: 13025: 13007: 12998: 12947: 12740: 12734: 12728: 12633: 12603: 12409: 12321: 12218: 12155: 12103: 11932: 11657: 11592: 11582: 11493: 11444: 11329: 11309: 11305: 11090: 10954: 10814: 10794: 10747: 10706: 10493: 10448: 10297: 10282: 10164: 9535: 9369: 9359: 9334: 9186: 9136: 9095: 8821: 8733: 8621: 8534: 8514: 8433: 8398: 8393: 8279: 8218: 7928: 7750: 7740: 7703: 7658: 7572: 7562: 7552: 7468: 7184: 7061: 6870: 6811: 6671: 6618: 6523: 6215: 5350:

Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres

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Kinnaer, Jacques (2004), "What is Really Known About the Narmer Palette?",

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Dreyer, G. (2007), "Wer war Menes?", in Hawass, Z.A.; Richards, J. (eds.),

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Dreyer, G (1999), "Abydos, Umm el-Qa'ab", in Bard, KA; Shubert, SB (eds.),

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Cervelló-Autuori, Josep (2003), "Narmer, Menes and the seals from Abydos",

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Schulman, AR (1991–92), "Narmer and the Unification: A Revisionist View",

4686: 2712: 2710: 885: 687: 229: 134: 15067: 15058: 14913: 14867: 14852: 14843: 14837: 14779: 14681: 14639: 14609: 14606: 14548: 14405: 14357: 14268: 14187: 14184: 14167: 14077: 13892: 13835: 13832: 13829: 13804: 13794: 13782: 13631: 13572: 13525: 13501: 13495: 13486: 13480: 13425: 13388: 13371: 13355: 13289: 13274: 13262: 13250: 13221: 13188: 13185: 13047: 13022: 13019: 13013: 12920: 12881: 12878: 12866: 12851: 12848: 12836: 12743: 12731: 12722: 12671: 12665: 12615: 12612: 12600: 12597: 12533: 12510: 12493: 12479: 12470: 12240: 12169: 12159: 12011: 11996: 11990: 11974: 11971: 11874: 11853: 11763: 11726: 11649: 11490: 11280: 11205: 11200: 11193: 11163: 11149: 11112: 10962: 10871: 10786: 10756: 10742: 10511: 10497: 10442: 10377: 10307: 10277: 9639: 9584: 9435: 9384: 9304: 9176: 9068: 9050: 9008: 8919: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8754: 8738: 8711: 8676: 8666: 8601: 8554: 8544: 8529: 8519: 8466: 8428: 8403: 8383: 8373: 8139: 8123: 8098: 8093: 7893: 7820: 7730: 7713: 7668: 7643: 7577: 7557: 7542: 7524: 7254: 7249: 7056: 6883: 6863: 6677: 6611: 6602: 6486: 6221: 4949: 4929:, Göttinger Orientforschungen. 4. Reihe: Ägypten, vol. 29, Wiesbaden 4357: 3696: 1701:). In later contexts, the presence of the "two ladies" would indicate a " 1607: 1602: 1502: 1351: 1289: 1106: 1041: 681:

The complete spelling of Narmer's name consists of the hieroglyphs for a

531: 527: 355: 12233: 6123: 5341: 4565:

Archaic Egypt: Culture and Civilization in Egypt Five Thousand Years Ago

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is a children's book (ages 10–14) about the adventures of Prince Narmer.

15076: 15073: 15055: 15032: 15017: 15011: 14891: 14888: 14846: 14834: 14828: 14813: 14684: 14675: 14672: 14666: 14648: 14618: 14426: 14351: 14292: 14158: 14098: 13961: 13855: 13826: 13823: 13820: 13808: 13800: 13788: 13776: 13522: 13498: 13483: 13419: 13381: 13358: 13352: 13256: 12995: 12827: 12725: 12684: 12674: 12668: 12630: 12627: 12624: 12618: 12606: 12594: 12591: 12561: 12507: 12504: 12317: 12296: 12272: 12248: 12077: 11968: 11965: 11956: 11947: 11866: 11757: 11643: 11598: 11586: 11430: 11268: 11264: 11213: 11034: 10942: 10868: 10864: 10608: 10481: 10431: 10425: 10079: 10057: 10021: 9756: 9710: 9663: 9618: 9590: 9411: 9294: 9219: 9146: 9035: 8850: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8760: 8748: 8728: 8701: 8671: 8651: 8596: 8549: 8524: 8456: 8418: 8388: 8378: 8118: 7918: 7908: 7678: 7673: 7638: 7547: 7519: 7340: 7244: 7239: 7224: 7209: 7017: 7011: 6925: 6653: 6471: 6408: 6094: 5671:

Schulman, A.R. (1976), "The Egyptian seal impressions from 'En Besor",

5244: 5207: 3998:, Belgrade: Faculty of Philosophy, Center for archaeological Research, 3996:

The Relations Between Early Bronze Age I Canaanites and Upper Egyptians

3567: 3256: 2849: 2777: 2707: 1635: 1597: 1033: 929: 845: 831: 554: 441: 429: 330: 13227: 6357: 6021:, Cambridge world archaeology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 5438: 5089:, London ; New York: Leicester University Press, pp. 499–513 4927:

Das System der ägyptischen Hieroglypheninschrift in der 0.-3. Dynastie

4695: 3770: 3727: 3598: 3536: 3070: 2560: 1981:, as the lead author—most of them published in MDAIK beginning in 1977 1726:", based on its fin configuration, it is actually of the non-electric 1163:. According to Dreyer, these arrowheads are probably from the tomb of 15085: 15028: 14885: 14855: 14849: 14840: 14825: 14819: 14801: 14776: 14654: 14636: 14423: 14420: 14280: 14207: 14193: 14164: 14152: 14074: 14045: 13785: 13779: 13544: 13474: 13431: 13428: 13377: 13160: 13077: 13063: 13060: 13016: 13010: 12992: 12914: 12905: 12875: 12872: 12863: 12845: 12842: 12680: 12677: 12541: 12537: 12513: 12461: 12448: 12418: 12313: 12309: 12187: 12047: 11784: 11779: 11775: 11744: 11661: 11638: 11602: 11487: 11410: 11333: 11325: 11292: 11189: 11173: 11145: 11108: 10977: 10935: 10752: 10631: 10517: 9991: 9696: 9611: 9574: 9500: 9494: 9421: 9401: 9118: 9100: 9045: 9025: 8888: 8723: 8706: 8656: 8509: 8476: 8471: 8413: 8212: 8033: 7986: 7938: 7898: 7875: 7648: 7514: 7483: 7137: 7051: 6877: 6758: 6495: 6115: 6065: 5993:

Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen. Münchner Ägyptologische Studien

5792: 5789:

The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology: Characters and Collections

5333: 4618:. Malden, Massachusetts; Oxford, United Kingdom; Carlton, Australia: 4498:

Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo

4489:

Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo

4422: 3854: 3801: 3746: 3715: 3672: 3641: 3617: 3586: 3555: 3507: 3464: 3433: 3366: 3323: 3318: 3287: 1689:

of Hor-Aha. To its right is a hill-shaped triple enclosure with the "

1331: 1301: 1032:

Narmer and Hor-Aha's names were both found in what is believed to be

436:. Many scholars consider him the unifier of Egypt and founder of the 6086: 5236: 5199: 4487:

Dreyer, Günter (2016), "Dekorierte Kisten aus dem Grab des Narmer",

3488: 15035: 14861: 14822: 14816: 14693: 14274: 14271: 14216: 14213: 14155: 14086: 14036: 13999: 13852: 13394: 13253: 13235: 13218: 13156: 13083: 13057: 13004: 12986: 12896: 12771: 12662: 12653: 12641: 12609: 12573: 12549: 12499: 12467: 12443: 12415: 12385: 12373: 12366: 12352: 12346: 12281: 12191: 12173: 12085: 12063: 12059: 11944: 11870: 11699: 11653: 11630: 11625: 11556: 11551: 11520: 11337: 11261: 11257: 11250: 11128: 11049: 10894: 10726: 10716: 10711: 10702: 10638: 10621: 10392: 10339: 10131: 10074: 10063: 10047: 10026: 9766: 9761: 9750: 9717: 9632: 9625: 9579: 9551: 9545: 9510: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9090: 9030: 8873: 8845: 8438: 8368: 8180: 8166: 8146: 8108: 8020: 7965: 7923: 7755: 7725: 7688: 7633: 7478: 7355: 7260: 7204: 7099: 7006: 7000: 6989: 6955: 6839: 6825: 6818: 6805: 6769: 6509: 6073:

Wilkinson, T. A. H. (2000), "Narmer and the concept of the ruler",

5374:

The new Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land

3445: 3299: 2936: 2364: 1409: 1285: 962: 15264:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). 14253: 6260:

2000. "What a King Is This: Narmer and the Concept of the Ruler."

3165: 1977:

Numerous publications with either Werner Kaiser or his successor,

868: 15088: 14916: 14897: 14882: 14876: 14870: 14204: 14149: 14042: 14039: 13987: 13838: 13580: 13519: 13440: 13434: 13175: 13169: 12941: 12911: 12766: 12656: 12621: 12412: 12355: 12256: 12225: 11929: 11478: 11421: 11350: 11245: 11237: 11102: 11037: 10844: 10841: 10826: 10822: 10634: 10628: 10612: 10490: 10115: 10084: 10052: 10042: 9996: 9986: 9966: 9743: 9682: 9525: 9209: 9020: 9014: 9002: 8883: 8878: 8815: 8794: 8639: 8591: 8491: 8481: 8206: 8103: 8073: 8055: 8044: 8027: 7979: 7972: 7903: 7825: 7473: 7281: 7267: 7179: 7130: 7036: 6979: 6930: 6763: 6753: 6733: 6666: 6516: 6395: 5320:

Millet, N. B. (1990), "The Narmer Macehead and Related Objects",

3782: 3524: 1786: 1746: 1694: 1498: 1382: 1381:

by William G. Collins is a thriller about Prince Aha (later king

1248: 1110: 925: 817: 752:

in which he is shown wearing a bull's tail as a symbol of power.

741: 666: 639: 623: 565: 547: 539: 492: 417: 399: 341: 215:

Second Horus name: Hor-Narmer-Tjai (rare—only one example exists)

87: 53: 12341: 6407: 5823: 5123:, Excavations at Saqqara/Fouilles à Saqqarah, vol. 8, Cairo 5121:

La Pyramide à degrés. vol. 4. Inscriptions gravées sur les vases

1205:. At every other site except Coptos, Narmer's name appears in a 693: 585: 14879: 14873: 14831: 14742: 14210: 14161: 13736:

Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")

13534: 13437: 13422: 13406: 13151: 13136: 13001: 12908: 12899: 12833: 12790: 12659: 12650: 12647: 12644: 12545: 12517: 12458: 12349: 12244: 12071: 11950: 11862: 11850: 11481: 11438: 11403: 11384: 11356: 11253: 11185: 11123: 11066: 11018: 10927: 10898: 10854: 10851: 10801: 10731: 10649: 10552: 10527: 10522: 10318: 10292: 10267: 10195: 10105: 9650: 9520: 9157: 9040: 8645: 8616: 8486: 8461: 8253: 8187: 8013: 8006: 7933: 7888: 7882: 7708: 7628: 7214: 7041: 6994: 6948: 6920: 6846: 6565: 6530: 6502: 5849:

Trope, Betsy Teasley; Quirke, Stephen; Lacovara, Peter (2005),

5164: 3390: 3378: 3177: 3051: 1897: 1880: 1698: 1478: 1347: 1218: 1214: 1197: 1192: 1045: 966: 933: 900: 892: 737: 707: 674: 654: 569: 12336: 11888: 11560: 11158: 11153: 10981: 10966: 6169:

Yeivin, S. (1960), "Early contacts between Canaan and Egypt",

4526:

Zawiyet el-Aryan: The cemeteries adjacent to the Layer Pyramid

2746: 2455: 2235: 2166: 2074: 2072: 510: 506:

Reconstruction of the Narmer-Menes Seal impression from Abydos

15079: 15061: 13576: 13182: 13163: 12229: 12140: 12111: 12038: 11770: 11434: 11321: 11240: 11168: 11045: 11041: 10923: 10861: 10857: 10818: 10605: 10547: 10542: 10532: 10505: 10287: 10110: 10069: 9957: 9736: 9515: 9505: 9483: 9141: 8050: 8038: 7951: 7868: 7719: 7653: 7315: 6984: 6942: 6936: 6728: 6687: 6558: 6551: 6537: 6351:

Photos: 5,000-Year Old Hieroglyphs Discovered in Sinai Desert

4893: 4114:

Breasted, James H. (1931), "The predynastic union of Egypt",

3081:

sfn error: no target: CITEREFKaiserDreyer1982pp-215,220–221 (

2975: 2973: 1884: 1473: 1343: 1273: 1144: 1136: 1128:

during the period 1899–1903, and, starting in the 1970s, the

1037: 658: 519: 452: 424:, whose reign began at a date estimated to fall in the range 402:", "stinging catfish", "harsh catfish", or "fierce catfish;" 27: 12453: 11415: 6203:. 1992. "The Narmer Palette and the 'Triumph of Metaphor'." 6038:Ägypten vor den Pyramiden: Münchener Ausgrabungen in Ägypten 5409:, Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 4099:, Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 4017:, Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 3402: 2611: 2548: 2400: 2388: 1417:

update that shares some similarities to the pharaoh's reign.

677:) inside, being the phonetic representation of Narmer's name 606: 14033: 13797: 13724: 13568: 13324: 12435: 12290: 12212: 12053: 11981: 11810: 11696: 11527: 11502: 11390: 11371: 11140: 11098: 11053: 10993: 10931: 10878: 10847: 10776: 10676: 10618: 10615: 10562: 10406: 10398: 10368: 10328: 10312: 10302: 10272: 9976: 9971: 9488: 9478: 8868: 8743: 7944: 7274: 7094: 7076: 6961: 6743: 6738: 6572: 6364: 6344:

Early Egyptian Queen Revealed in 5,000-Year Old Hieroglyphs

5439:"Petrie Museum of Egyptian Art (University College London)" 3758: 3244: 3155: 3153: 3030:

Early Egyptian Queen revealed in 5.000-year-old Hieroglyphs

2924: 2873: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2572: 2474: 2069: 1893: 1252: 1226: 1164: 928:(Narmer's immediate predecessors), and perhaps as early as 630:

Two necropolis sealings, found in 1985 and 1991 in Abydos (

535: 263: 254: 168: 159: 5222: 5185: 4817: 4189:

Cervelló-Autuori, Josep (2005), "Was King Narmer Menes?",

3813: 3690: 3622: 3201: 3076: 2970: 2902: 2900: 2891: 2722: 2443: 1773:, pp. 1–16). Two estimates based on this method are: 1187:

in its full formal format on an alabaster vase from Abydos

12030: 7693: 4479:

Before the pyramids: the origins of Egyptian civilization

3414: 2830: 2533:

G. Dreyer, personal communication to Thomas C Heagy, 2017

2285: 2254: 2005: 1685:

In the upper right hand quarter of the Naqada label is a

1309: 15199:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49. 8914: 6323: 6238:

Takacs, Gabor. 1997. "Note on the Name of King Narmer."

5520:

Quibell, JE (1898). "Slate Palette from Hierakonpolis".

5476: 4738: 4495: 4440:——— (2000), "Egypt's Earliest Event", 4036:, Leiden, New York, Cologne: EJ Brill, pp. 95–156, 3329: 3150: 2960: 2958: 2813: 2789: 2677: 2659: 2297: 2156: 2154: 2089: 2087: 518:

Although highly interrelated, the questions of "who was

11667: 10323: 5812:

Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale

5477:

Petrie, W.M.F.; Wainwright, G.; Gardiner, A.H. (1913),

5023:

Kinnaer, J. (2001), "Aha or Narmer. Which was Menes?",

4748:

Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft

4116:

Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale

3837: 3835: 2985: 2897: 2861: 2647: 2599: 2510: 2486: 2412: 2104: 2102: 767: 15178:

Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.

6102:

Williams, B. (1988), "Narmer and the Coptos Colossi",

3347: 3213: 3189: 2997: 2734: 2635: 2424: 2376: 2309: 2139: 1652:

issues. Recent discussions in favor of Narmer include

1097:

excavated tombs B17 and B18, it was only in 1964 that

952: 12699:

Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu

5736:

Shaw, Ian (2000b), "Chronology", in Shaw, Ian (ed.),

5522:

Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde

5225:

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

5003:, Ägyptologische Abhandlungen, vol. 9, Wiesbaden 4979:, Ägyptologische Abhandlungen, vol. 8, Wiesbaden 3512: 3128: 3126: 3113: 3111: 2955: 2695: 2589: 2587: 2498: 2266: 2190: 2151: 2084: 444:

is thought to be his queen consort or his daughter.

16:

Ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Early Dynastic Period

11767:

Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter

5001:

Die Inschriften der ägyptischen Frühzeit: Supplement

4555:, vol. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 3890: 3832: 3225: 3138: 3089: 2801: 2623: 2536: 2099: 622:

Necropolis seal impression of the Egyptian pharaoh,

10236: 5848: 5635:

Royal excavations at Saqqara and Helwan (1941–1945)

5370: 5347: 4829:Ikram, S.; Rossi, C. (2004), "A new Early Dynastic 3902: 3878: 3859: 3659: 3335: 2758: 1191:Narmer is well attested throughout Egypt, southern 610:Necropolis seal impression of the Egyptian pharaoh 11570:(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) 9942: 6000:von der Way, T. (1989), "Tell el-Fara'in – Buto", 5920: 4562: 3776: 3123: 3108: 3009: 2683: 2584: 2333: 1209:. In Egypt, his name has been found at 17 sites: 1155:(University College London), registration numbers 1116:As the tomb dates back more than 5,000 years, and 3948: 3171: 3039: 2947:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Miroschedji2008 ( 2912: 2178: 2125:(Third ed.). London: McFarland. p. 81. 15345: 6104:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 5685:Schulman, A.R.; Gophna, R. (1981), "An Egyptian 4419:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt 4211: 4188: 4163: 3824:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGatto_et_al._2009 ( 2370: 2356:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDreyer_et_al.1996 ( 2172: 1657: 600: 550:, Narmer's successor, as a primary alternative. 5145:The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary 5094: 4883: 4860: 4746:Helck, W. (1953), "Gab es einen König Menes?", 4653:The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume I, Part I 4317:The Oriental Institute Annual Report, 1996–1997 4297:Murder by the Gods: An Ancient Egyptian Mystery 4139:, Cairo: The American University Press in Cairo 2855: 2716: 2045: 2041: 1875:During the summer of 1994, excavators from the 1778: 1664:. Detailed discussions in favor of Aha include 1379:Murder by the Gods: An Ancient Egyptian Mystery 5829:, OLA, vol. 172, Leuven, pp. 203–235 5684: 5586:A paleographic study of early writing in Egypt 5386:, London: Hodder and Stoughton, pp. 37–53 4760:, Handbuch des Orientalistik 1/3, Leiden; Köln 4736: 4551:(1971), "The early dynastic period in Egypt", 4509: 4491:, vol. 70–71 (2014–2015), pp. 91–104 4345: 4304: 4134: 3979: 3764: 3733: 3573: 2942: 2841:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAnđelković_2011 ( 2617: 2394: 2213:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGarstang1905 ( 589:), together with its phonetic complement, the 534:. Menes is traditionally considered the first 10222: 9928: 6380: 5990: 5967: 5944: 5896: 5877:, Müncher Ägyptologische Studien: – 46, Mainz 5872: 5809: 5597:. Mississauga, Ontario: Benben Publications. 5559: 5310: 4886:Los Primeros Reyes y la Unificación de Egipto 4598:Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte 4595:Godron, G. (1949), "A propos du nom royal ", 3819: 3788: 3396: 2554: 2480: 2351: 2037: 2033: 1790: 553:The issue is confusing because "Narmer" is a 15213:. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS. 15187: 12691:: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk 11284:"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk 5499:The First Pharaoh (The First Dynasty Book 1) 5404: 5391: 5147:. Writings from the Ancient World. Atlanta: 4960: 4890:The first kings and the unification of Egypt 4382:The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt 4379: 3183: 2246:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBorchardt1897 ( 2229:"Naqada Label | the Ancient Egypt Site" 2025: 1962:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDreyer2003 ( 1953: 1863: 1385:), with Narmer included in a secondary role. 1369:The First Pharaoh (The First Dynasty Book 1) 15223: 14440:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon 5999: 5656: 4714:Heagy, Thomas C. (2014), "Who was Menes?", 4235:Charron, Alain (1990), "L'époque thinite", 3482: 2836: 2466:sfn error: no target: CITEREFRaffaele2003 ( 451:believe that Narmer was the same person as 10229: 10215: 9935: 9921: 6387: 6373: 6145:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6050:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5959:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5935:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5911:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5887:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5839:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5774:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5750:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5726:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5702: 5647:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5574:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5560:Quirke, Stephen; Spencer, Jeffery (1992), 5274:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5133:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5118: 5109:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5074:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5013:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4989:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4939:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4828: 4794:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4770:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4665:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4538:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4467:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4249:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4226:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4076:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4012: 3993: 3542: 3451: 2824: 2795: 2769:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDreyer_2016 ( 2277:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKinnear2003 ( 2053: 1831:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSchulman ( 1413:uses Narmer's name for a faction added in 15140:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia 11736:"King of the four quarters of the world" 6233:Ancient Egypt: A Very Short Introduction. 6197:Berkeley: University of California Press. 6072: 6059: 5981: 5862: 5783: 5615:"Database of Early Dynastic Inscriptions" 5361: 4874: 4803: 4779: 4727: 4694: 4637:Hassan, FA (2000), "Kafr Hassan Dawood", 4337: 4258: 4202: 4055:, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pp. 19–40 3870:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGatto_2012 ( 3277:, p. 64(454), pl. 47.454, pl.64.454. 3236:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDreyer1998 ( 3100:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDreyer1988 ( 3062:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKaiser1964 ( 2991: 2979: 2879: 2867: 2728: 2605: 2449: 2241: 2145: 1935: 1810: 736:show the name in a unique way: While the 697:), hence the reading "Narmer" (using the 15311:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. 9797: 6101: 5670: 5583: 5562:The British Museum Book of Ancient Egypt 5506: 5459:Royal tombs of the First Dynasty. Part 2 5449:Royal tombs of the First Dynasty. Part 1 5423: 5381: 5282: 5142: 4977:Die Inschriften der ägyptischen Frühzeit 4584: 4346:Davies, Vivian; Friedman, Renée (1998), 4144: 4113: 3628: 3305: 2930: 2906: 2578: 2516: 2492: 2461: 2418: 2291: 2260: 2208: 2114: 2093: 2078: 2049: 1851: 1806: 1326: 1255:, Tell el-Farkha, and Kafr Hassan Dawood 1178: 1068: 986:earlier than Iry-Hor are either generic 649: 617: 605: 509: 501: 15285: 15283: 15281: 15156: 6337:Database of Early Dynastic Inscriptions 6130: 6035: 6013: 5759: 5592: 5549: 5519: 5264:, translated by Wadell, W.G., Cambridge 5059: 5050: 5036: 5022: 4998: 4974: 4577:Pharaoh: The Boy Who Conquered the Nile 4547: 4350:, New York: Stewart, Taboti & Chang 4323: 4294: 4277: 4234: 4085: 3896: 3841: 3530: 3420: 3274: 3262: 3250: 3219: 3207: 3195: 2783: 2764: 2752: 2665: 2641: 2566: 2406: 2382: 2272: 2196: 2120: 2108: 2021: 2017: 2013:Database of Early Dynastic Inscriptions 1798: 1653: 1389:Pharaoh: The Boy who Conquered the Nile 1167:, where similar arrowheads were found. 732:In addition, two necropolis seals from 251: 156: 15369:Pharaohs of the First Dynasty of Egypt 15346: 15021: 14251: 14049: 11829: 11820:(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) 11724: 10648: 8944: 8309: 7411: 6437: 6269:Williams, Bruce, Thomas J. Logan, and 6168: 5799: 5496: 5486: 5466: 5456: 5446: 5319: 5083: 5053:KMT: A Modern Journal of Ancient Egypt 4636: 4610: 4594: 4574: 4523: 4486: 4476: 4452: 4439: 4416: 4402: 4172:The American University in Cairo Press 4050: 4031: 3966: 3908: 3884: 3865: 3702: 3604: 3518: 3384: 3341: 3330:Petrie, Wainwright & Gardiner 1913 3231: 3159: 3144: 3132: 3117: 3095: 3057: 3015: 2964: 2701: 2678:Dreyer, Hartung & Pumpenmeier 1993 2653: 2629: 2593: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2504: 2435:sfn error: no target: CITEREFRay2003 ( 2339: 2327: 2184: 1957: 1931: 1918: 1914: 1855: 1673: 1482:and name of Narmer, on display at the 1258:1 in the Eastern Desert: Wadi el-Qaash 998:of Hor-Aha outside Egypt and very few 576:of Narmer and the chessboard symbol, " 458: 15301: 15146: 15113: 15108: 15099: 15051: 14990: 14985: 14976: 14971: 14962: 14952: 14947: 14942: 14937: 14928: 14794: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14746: 14737: 14727: 14722: 14711: 14702: 14596: 14331: 14238: 14136: 14126: 14012: 13860: 13769: 13591: 13584: 13542: 13466: 13444: 13412: 13398: 13367: 13351: 13225: 13197: 13173: 13128: 13089: 13034: 12970: 12803: 12788: 12765: 12752: 12715: 12565: 12522: 12396: 12372: 12364: 12327: 12265: 12254: 12224: 12208: 12177: 12144: 12124: 12102: 12069: 11978: 11910: 11898: 11857: 11769: 11761: 11689: 11470: 11224: 11217: 11179: 11106: 11088: 11057: 11010: 10976: 10961: 10953: 10940: 10921: 10909: 10892: 10876: 10839: 10792: 10766: 10688: 10653: 10581: 10405: 10374: 10367: 10356: 10337: 10210: 9916: 9796: 8913: 8278: 7380: 6406: 6368: 6154: 5875:Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten 5735: 5711: 5659:Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar 5509:Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar 5156: 4956:, München: Herbert Utz, pp. 3–28 4910: 4755: 4745: 4713: 4674: 4650: 4560: 4355: 4135:Brewer, D.J.; Friedman, R.F. (1989), 4094: 4090:, Menes, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz 3494: 3045: 3003: 2918: 2807: 2740: 2542: 2315: 2303: 2160: 1814: 1802: 1794: 1774: 1770: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1153:Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology 1077:, which constitute the tomb of Narmer 1059: 15278: 15254: 9449: 5632: 5612: 5377:, Supplementary Volume, vol. 5. 4948: 4924: 4380:Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004), 4060: 3705:, pp. 193–203, fig. 2, pl. 24a. 3485:, pp. 285–286, n.76, fig. 11.7. 3408: 3353: 2689: 2029: 1827: 1243:, Tell Ibrahim Awad, Ezbet el-Tell, 768:Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt 764:, are in the range c. 3273–2987 BC. 5738:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt 5714:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt 5461:, Memoir, vol. 21, London: EEF 5451:, Memoir, vol. 18, London: EEF 5259: 2522: 2430: 1930:For a discussion of Cemetery B see 1113:, who was his immediate successor. 958: 953:Peak of Egyptian presence in Canaan 13: 15234:. Getty Publications. p. 14. 15153:Chronology of the Neolithic period 14805: 14435: 14252: 14234:First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt 14019: 13910: 13226: 13198: 13141: 12971: 12578: 12232: 10593: 6184: 5437: 3959:American University in Cairo Press 3855:http://narmer.org/inscription/6014 3802:http://narmer.org/inscription/4814 3747:http://narmer.org/inscription/6006 3716:http://narmer.org/inscription/0124 3673:http://narmer.org/inscription/6009 3642:http://narmer.org/inscription/0547 3618:http://narmer.org/inscription/0123 3587:http://narmer.org/inscription/4037 3556:http://narmer.org/inscription/6015 3508:http://narmer.org/inscription/6002 3465:http://narmer.org/inscription/0115 3434:http://narmer.org/inscription/0121 3367:http://narmer.org/inscription/0114 3319:http://narmer.org/inscription/0085 3288:http://narmer.org/inscription/0084 2354:, pp. 72–73, fig. 6, pl.4b-c. 1362: 1322: 740:is shown conventionally where the 14: 15380: 14810:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. 13146:Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos 10957:("made the land of Elam submit") 6283: 6224:2003. "The Name of King Narmer." 5143:Leprohon, Ronald Jacques (2013). 4237:L'Égypte des millénaires obscures 4137:Fish and fishing in ancient Egypt 1913:. This discovery was reported in 1793:, p. 179 (c. 3094–3044 BC); 1284:came from eight different sites: 15295: 15248: 15231:Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins 15217: 15203: 15181: 15172: 15157: 15147: 12452: 12340: 12335: 12163: 11892: 11887: 11718: 11564: 11559: 11414: 11313: 11244: 11157: 11152: 11022: 10985: 10980: 10970: 10965: 10760: 10410: 10397: 10385: 10350: 10005: 6251:Cambridge Archaeological Journal 6235:Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5865:Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt 5705:Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs 4362:Proceedings of the Royal society 4149:, vol. 2, Leuven: Peeters, 3914: 3847: 3794: 3739: 3708: 3665: 3634: 3610: 3579: 3548: 3500: 3457: 3426: 3359: 3311: 3280: 2786:, pp. 8–9, pls. XXV, XXVIB. 1883:, discovered an incised ceramic 1568: 1556: 1540: 1525: 1513: 1490: 1465: 1445: 884: 867: 844: 830: 816: 484: 472: 299: 262: 201: 167: 35: 14228:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt 6359:Hierakonpolis: City of the Hawk 6276:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 6263:Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 6075:Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 5119:Lacau, J.P.; Lauer, P. (1959), 4835:Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 4678:Encyclopedia of Ancient History 3941: 3660:de Miroschedji & Sadeq 2000 3607:, pp. 4–12, fig. 20, pl.1. 3265:, pp. 81–84, pl. XII–XIII. 3021: 2569:, pp. 81–84, pl. XII-XIII. 2321: 2221: 2202: 1994: 1984: 1971: 1941: 1924: 1903: 1869: 1838:Schulman describes scenes from 1820: 1801:, p. 48 (c. 3092 BC), and 1738: 1716: 1679: 1645: 1130:German Archaeological Institute 15163:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia 14301:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt 13848:Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt 13772:Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt 12334:"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad" 9944:First Dynasty of Ancient Egypt 5991:von Beckerath, Jürgen (1999). 5873:von Beckerath, Jurgen (1997), 5467:Petrie, W.M. Flinders (1939), 5149:Society of Biblical Literature 3777:van den Brink & Braun 2002 3497:, pp. 132–133, fig. 47.2. 1934:, pp. 110–11, fig. 7 and 1620: 428:. He was the successor to the 1: 15133:Muslim conquest of the Levant 14379:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter 14322:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt 14307:Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt 14145:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt 14015:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt 13816:Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt 13515:Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt 9407:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator 5867:, London: Thames & Hudson 4681:, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 4553:The Cambridge Ancient History 3955:The treasures of the pyramids 3545:, pp. 211–215, fig. 1-2. 2063: 1027: 479:Name of Narmer in full format 408: 112: 13682:Fourth Babylonian dynasty (" 10416:(Uruk influence or control) 6394: 6314:Resources in other libraries 5925:, Tel Aviv, pp. 167–192 4758:Geschichte des alten Ägypten 4457:, CASAE, vol. 34, Cairo 4295:Collins, William G. (2013), 3734:Amiran, Ilan & Aron 1983 1174: 1073:Chambers B17 and B18 in the 526:by means of the conquest of 116:Hor-Narmer (often show in a 7: 14376:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 13415:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt 13214:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt 12761:Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt 12755:Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt 12015:(Vassals of the Akkadians) 11002:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 10403:(Anonymous "King-priests") 10358:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 9340:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 6135:, EES, vol. 26, London 5593:Redford, Donald B. (1986). 4807:Narmer Palette Bibliography 4782:Ancient Egyptian Chronology 4310:"Theban Desert Road Survey" 4308:; Darnell, Deborah (1997). 4066:, Amsterdam, pp. 49–62 3662:, pp. 136–137, fig. 9. 3533:, pp. 10, 25, pl.11.1. 1797:, p. 28 (c. 2987 BC); 1779:Krauss & Warburton 2006 1581: 1484:Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 1334:head of a king, thought by 1201:and without reference to a 780:in the 1897–1898 season at 634:), in or near the tombs of 514:Naqada Label reconstruction 10: 15385: 15168: 15003:Sasanian conquest of Egypt 14430: 14313:Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt 14197: 14171: 14123:Assyrian conquest of Egypt 13469:Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt 13234:Third Babylonian dynasty ( 13131:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt 13093:Second Intermediate Period 11903:(vassal of the Akkadians) 11291: 10436:Early or legendary kings: 8239:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef 7623:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep 7387:Second Intermediate Period 6171:Israel Exploration Journal 6157:Israel Exploration Journal 5949:, London, pp. 140–158 5901:, Tel Aviv, pp. 43–68 5740:, Oxford, pp. 479–483 5534:10.1524/zaes.1898.36.jg.81 5188:The Biblical Archaeologist 4892:] (in Spanish), Jaen, 4847:10.1177/030751330409000112 4616:A History of Ancient Egypt 3765:Schulman & Gophna 1981 3576:, pp. 71–72, fig. 10. 3574:Darnell & Darnell 1997 3387:, pp. 25–26, pl. 16A. 3308:, pp. 35–50, fig. 3a. 2618:Davies & Friedman 1998 2395:Brewer & Friedman 1989 1785:assume that it began with 1458:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1438: 290: 267: 257: 233: 192: 172: 162: 138: 15137: 15130: 15123: 15094: 15044: 15041: 15000: 14959: 14925: 14906: 14748:Parthamaspates of Parthia 14734: 14699: 14558: 14526: 14319: 14298: 14225: 14222: 14128:Assyrian conquest of Elam 14121: 14009: 13975: 13909: 13870: 13734: 13723: 13680: 13508:Third Intermediate Period 13323: 13194: 13038:Second Babylonian dynasty 12983:("Old Babylonian Period") 12749: 12701: 12465: 12433: 12405:Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt 12377: 12361: 12308: 12305: 12288: 12210: 12195: 12154: 12121: 12067: 12051: 12025: 12017: 11988: 11913:First Intermediate Period 11907: 11883: 11839: 11824: 11808: 11783: 11774: 11748: 11743: 11555: 11534: 11515: 11506: 11467: 11442: 11425: 11401: 11388: 11383: 11369: 11354: 11345: 11297: 11273: 11198: 11138: 11121: 11086: 11065: 11059:Early Dynastic Period III 11007: 10991: 10919: 10917: 10906: 10833: 10784: 10774: 10685: 10662: 10578: 10509: 10440: 10423: 10420: 10361: 10334: 10261: 10245: 10188: 10140: 10124: 10093: 10035: 10014: 10003: 9950: 9901: 9803: 9792: 9690:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus 9434: 9380:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos 9275: 9247: 9232: 9195: 9167: 9127: 9109: 9059: 8992: 8977: 8935: 8931: 8909: 8859: 8836: 8769: 8692: 8630: 8582: 8567: 8500: 8447: 8359: 8344: 8300: 8296: 8285:Third Intermediate Period 8274: 8197: 8156: 8064: 7996: 7844: 7612: 7597: 7533: 7507: 7459: 7444: 7402: 7398: 7376: 7331: 7291: 7166: 7151: 7085: 7027: 6970: 6911: 6896: 6786: 6715: 6700: 6601: 6485: 6470: 6428: 6424: 6413:First Intermediate Period 6402: 6309:Resources in your library 6210:Muhlestein, Kerry. 2011. 5863:Tyldesley, Joyce (2006), 5311:Midant-Reynes, B (2000), 5297:10.1017/S0003598X00041958 4589:, Oxford University Press 4283:Chronicle of the Pharaohs 4034:Ancient Egyptian Kingship 3789:Tallet & Laisney 2012 3736:, pp. 75–83, fig.7c. 3411:, pp. 50–51, pl. 1b. 3172:Adams & O'Connor 2003 3060:, pp. 96–102, fig.2. 2555:Quirke & Spencer 1992 2123:African States and Rulers 1938:, pp. 29–32, fig. 2 1534:Ägyptisches Museum Berlin 1261:2 in the Western Desert: 373: 362: 347: 336: 325: 261: 166: 111: 104: 93: 83: 72: 59: 52: 34: 26: 21: 15364:31st-century BC pharaohs 15359:32nd-century BC pharaohs 15126:Muslim conquest of Egypt 14590:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 14421:Cleopatra VII Philopator 13918:Eight Babylonian Dynasty 12980:First Babylonian dynasty 12718:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt 12222:(vassal of the Gutians) 11919:Seventh Dynasty of Egypt 10911:Early Dynastic Period II 9402:Cleopatra VII Philopator 7659:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI 6417: (<3150–2040 BC) 5855:Michael C. Carlos Museum 5584:Regulski, Ilona (2010). 5392:O'Connor, David (2009), 5097:Ancient Egypt Chronology 4884:Jiménez-Serrano (2007), 4833:from the Kharga Oasis", 4804:Hendrickx, Stan (2017), 4569:. London: Penguin Books. 4086:Bestock, Laurel (2009), 3454:, pp. 1–2, pl. 1.1. 2026:Kaiser & Dreyer 1982 1879:expedition, in southern 1613: 1456:, now on display at the 1375:to achieve authenticity. 1109:just before Narmer, and 755: 15211:"Rulers of Mesopotamia" 14954:Province of Mesopotamia 14763:Province of Mesopotamia 14739:Province of Mesopotamia 14714:Roman conquest of Egypt 14555:Antigonus II Mattathias 14349:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 13922:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II 12399:Middle Kingdom of Egypt 11925:Eighth Dynasty of Egypt 11233:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt 10768:Early Dynastic Period I 10691:Second Dynasty of Egypt 9375:Ptolemy XI Alexander II 9290:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 7584:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra 6060:Wilkinson, TAH (1999), 5983:10.3406/ARNIL.2001.1239 5800:Tallet, Pierre (2015), 5716:, Oxford, pp. 1–16 5550:Quibell, J. E. (1900), 5528:: 81–84, pl. XII–XIII. 5497:Picker, Lester (2012), 5487:Petrie, W.M.F. (1914), 5479:Tarkhan I and Memphis V 5457:Petrie, W.M.F. (1901), 5447:Petrie, W.M.F. (1900), 5363:10.3406/CRAI.2000.16103 5313:The Prehistory of Egypt 5157:Lloyd, Alan B (1994) , 4896:: Universidad de Jaen, 4876:10.3406/ARNIL.2003.1141 4750:, 103, n.s. 28: 354–359 4729:10.3406/ARNIL.2014.1071 4585:Gardiner, Alan (1961), 4575:French, Jackie (2007), 4339:10.3406/ARNIL.2015.1087 4299:, CreateSpacePublishing 4239:, Paris, pp. 77–97 4128:10.3406/bifao.1931.1923 2858:, p. 370, Table 8. 2719:, p. 370, table 8. 1709:" name of Hor-Aha was " 1308:, Tel Ma'ahaz, and Tel 1064: 645: 393: 127:Fierce catfish of Horus 14811: 14593:Philip II Philoromaeus 14587:Antiochus XII Dionysus 14581:Demetrius III Eucaerus 14578:Antiochus XI Epiphanes 14569:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 14441: 14409:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 14364:Arsinoe III Philopator 14257: 14025: 13915: 13752:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I 13684:Second Dynasty of Isin 13231: 13204: 13147: 12976: 12859:(Non-dynastic usurpers 12583: 12268:Tenth Dynasty of Egypt 12237: 12127:Ninth Dynasty of Egypt 11692:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt 11473:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt 11300:Second kingdom of Mari 11013:Third Dynasty of Egypt 10947:Dumuzid, the Fisherman 10599: 10590:First Dynasty of Egypt 9417:Ptolemy XIV Philopator 9396:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 9390:Berenice IV Epiphaneia 9345:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes 9315:Arsinoe III Philopator 8229:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef 7699:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw 7639:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V 7230:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb 6131:Winkler, H.A. (1938), 5947:Aspects of early Egypt 5760:Spencer, A.J. (1980), 5430:Université Paul Valéry 4204:10.3406/ARNIL.2005.896 4170:, vol. 2, Cairo: 3994:Anđelković, B (1995), 3543:Ikram & Rossi 2004 3452:Lacau & Lauer 1959 2755:, p. 7, pl. XV.7. 2680:, p. 56, fig. 12. 2464:, pp. 110, n. 46. 2121:Stewart, John (2006). 1672:, pp. 31–37, and 1588:First Dynasty of Egypt 1339: 1188: 1078: 678: 627: 615: 515: 507: 366:Chambers B17 and B18, 222:Manly catfish of Horus 120:with just the catfish) 15197:The Ancient Near East 15115:Byzantine Mesopotamia 15029:Province of Asoristan 14992:Byzantine Mesopotamia 14809: 14802:Province of Asoristan 14584:Philip I Philadelphus 14572:Seleucus VI Epiphanes 14566:Antiochus VIII Grypus 14563:Seleucus V Philometor 14518:Antiochus VII Sidetes 14512:Antiochus VI Dionysus 14439: 14412:Berenice IV Epiphanea 14373:Ptolemy VI Philometor 14361:Ptolemy IV Philopator 14358:Berenice II Euergetis 14355:Ptolemy III Euergetes 14256: 14174:Neo-Babylonian Empire 14084:Marduk-apla-iddina II 14081:Marduk-zakir-shumi II 14072:Marduk-apla-iddina II 14023: 13978:Humban-Tahrid dynasty 13914: 13635:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur 13325:Middle Elamite period 13230: 13202: 13145: 12975: 12582: 12236: 11991:Third kingdom of Mari 11712:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 10787:First kingdom of Mari 10597: 10584:Early Dynastic Period 10426:Proto-Dynastic period 9365:Ptolemy X Alexander I 9330:Ptolemy VI Philometor 9310:Ptolemy IV Philopator 9305:Berenice II Euergetes 9300:Ptolemy III Euergetes 9262:Philip III Arrhidaeus 7771:Khahotepre Sobekhotep 7766:Merhotepre Sobekhotep 7120:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 6258:Wilkinson, Toby A. H. 5552:Hierakonpolis, Part I 4687:10.1002/9781444338386 4587:Egypt of the Pharaohs 4306:Darnell, John Coleman 2945:, pp. 2028–2029. 2409:, pp. 136, n.10. 2371:Cervelló-Autuori 2008 2244:, pp. 1056–1057. 2173:Cervelló-Autuori 2003 1658:Cervelló-Autuori 2005 1330: 1182: 1072: 725:-bird (Gardiner sign 719:, the symbol for the 653: 621: 609: 601:Cervelló-Autuori 2005 513: 505: 466:Comparison of serekhs 422:Early Dynastic Period 65:Somewhere in between 14560:Alexander II Zabinas 14424:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 14400:Ptolemy XI Alexander 14382:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 13937:Marduk-zakir-shumi I 13925:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina 13749:Eulmash-shakin-shumi 13690:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu 13314:Marduk-apla-iddina I 13208:New Kingdom of Egypt 13031:Early Kassite rulers 12325:(Vassals of Ur III) 12306:(Vassals of UR III) 11706:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 11676:Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II 11227:Old Kingdom of Egypt 10160:Den seal impressions 9798:Dynastic genealogies 9422:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 8718:Tutkheperre Shoshenq 8632:High Priests of Amun 8134:Merankhre Mentuhotep 7836:Seheqenre Sankhptahi 7831:Sewadjare Mentuhotep 7684:Khaankhre Sobekhotep 7391: (2040–1550 BC) 7110:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 6064:, London; New York: 6062:Early Dynastic Egypt 6036:Wildung, D. (1981), 4999:Kaplony, P. (1964), 4975:Kaplony, P. (1963), 4739:"The Narmer Catalog" 4639:Egyptian Archaeology 4620:Blackwell Publishing 4561:Emery, W.B. (1961). 4442:Egyptian Archaeology 4147:Egypt at its Origins 2856:Jiménez-Serrano 2007 2717:Jiménez-Serrano 2007 2081:, pp. 308, n.8. 2046:Jiménez-Serrano 2007 2042:Jiménez-Serrano 2003 524:unification of Egypt 398:, may mean "painful 340:Uncertain: probably 329:Uncertain: possibly 15065:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz 14575:Antiochus X Eusebes 14403:Ptolemy XII Auletes 14394:Ptolemy X Alexander 14388:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 14367:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 14052:Neo-Assyrian Empire 13940:Marduk-balassu-iqbi 13873:Neo-Assyrian Empire 13696:Ninurta-nadin-shumi 13587:Syro-Hittite states 13293:Shagarakti-Shuriash 12966:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II 11960:Neferkare Pepiseneb 11859:Akkadian Governors: 10363:Pre-Dynastic period 9320:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 9257:Alexander the Great 8289: (1550–664 BC) 7811:Mershepsesre Ini II 7806:Merkawre Sobekhotep 7200:Neferkare IV Khendu 5689:from Tel Ma'ahaz", 5633:Saad, Z.Y. (1947), 5469:The making of Egypt 5407:Before the Pyramids 5398:Thames & Hudson 5039:Göttinger Miszellen 4524:Dunham, D. (1978), 4386:Thames & Hudson 4261:Before the Pyramids 4097:Before the Pyramids 4015:Before the Pyramids 3922:"Warframe: Updates" 3853:The Narmer Catalog 3800:The Narmer Catalog 3791:, pp. 383–389. 3779:, pp. 167–192. 3745:The Narmer Catalog 3714:The Narmer Catalog 3671:The Narmer Catalog 3640:The Narmer Catalog 3616:The Narmer Catalog 3585:The Narmer Catalog 3554:The Narmer Catalog 3506:The Narmer Catalog 3463:The Narmer Catalog 3432:The Narmer Catalog 3365:The Narmer Catalog 3317:The Narmer Catalog 3286:The Narmer Catalog 3253:, p. 103, n.1. 3210:, pp. 102–104. 3186:, pp. 159–181. 2943:de Miroschedji 2008 2933:, pp. 695–696. 2581:, pp. 403–404. 2433:, pp. 131–138. 2373:, pp. 887–899. 2330:, p. 36, fig.3 2306:, pp. 356–359. 1697:) and Lower Egypt ( 1497:Narmer wearing the 1476:inscribed with the 1423:The Kane Chronicles 1231:10 in Lower Egypt: 1105:, who likely ruled 910:palace facade (the 557:while "Menes" is a 459:Historical identity 15291:Sumerian King List 15105:Palaestina Secunda 14982:Palaestina Secunda 14812: 14543:Alexander Jannaeus 14442: 14432:Hellenistic Period 14258: 14026: 14004:Humban-haltash III 13968:Nabu-shuma-ukin II 13916: 13881:Tukulti-Ninurta II 13862:Kingdom of Samaria 13758:Mar-biti-apla-usur 13755:Shirikti-shuqamuna 13725:Neo-Elamite period 13708:Marduk-shapik-zeri 13693:Itti-Marduk-balatu 13674:Tiglath-Pileser II 13671:Ashur-resh-ishi II 13626:Enlil-kudurri-usur 13317:Zababa-shuma-iddin 13302:Kadashman-Harbe II 13287:Kadashman-Enlil II 13232: 13205: 13148: 12977: 12963:Ashur-rim-nisheshu 12960:Ashur-bel-nisheshu 12951:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I 12710:Siwe-Palar-Khuppak 12584: 12238: 11613:Lugal-kinishe-dudu 10994:Old Elamite period 10886:Mesh-ki-ang-gasher 10739:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 10656:Jemdet Nasr period 10600: 9657:Trebonianus Gallus 8244:Senakhtenre Ahmose 7862:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre 7816:Sewahenre Senebmiu 7791:Sankhenre Sewadjtu 7220:Neferkare V Tereru 7190:Neferkare III Neby 6858:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 6325:The Narmer Catalog 6279:46, no. 4: 245–85. 6271:William J. Murnane 6254:11, no. 1: 91–104. 5857:, Emory University 5501:, Aryeh Publishing 5432:, pp. 307–324 5160:Herodotus: Book II 4756:Helck, W. (1986), 3807:2020-06-14 at the 3752:2017-09-13 at the 3721:2020-06-14 at the 3678:2017-09-13 at the 3647:2017-09-13 at the 3592:2017-09-13 at the 3561:2017-09-13 at the 3470:2017-09-13 at the 3439:2017-09-13 at the 3397:van den Brink 1992 3372:2017-09-13 at the 3293:2017-09-13 at the 3162:, pp. pl.VI.. 2882:, pp. 71–105. 2481:von Beckerath 1999 2352:Dreyer et al. 1996 2211:, p. 62, fig3 2038:van den Brink 2001 2034:van den Brink 1996 1791:von Beckerath 1997 1547:Drawing of Narmer 1340: 1213:4 in Upper Egypt: 1189: 1079: 1060:Tomb and artifacts 762:radiocarbon dating 679: 628: 616: 559:Sedge and Bee name 516: 508: 15341: 15340: 15335: 15334: 15331: 15330: 15318:978-1-62564-606-4 15303:Unger, Merrill F. 15271:978-0-14-193825-7 15241:978-1-60606-649-2 15008:Province of Egypt 14939:Province of Egypt 14719:Province of Egypt 14461:Antigonid dynasty 14261:Achaemenid Empire 14182:Nebuchadnezzar II 14090:Ashur-nadin-shumi 13959:Nabu-shuma-ishkun 13931:Nabu-shuma-ukin I 13746:Kashshu-nadin-ahi 13714:Marduk-ahhe-eriba 13705:Marduk-nadin-ahhe 13647:Asharid-apal-Ekur 13644:Tiglath-Pileser I 13641:Ashur-resh-ishi I 13629:Ninurta-apal-Ekur 13617:Tukulti-Ninurta I 13564:Kingdom of Israel 13532:Osorkon the Elder 13453:Shutrukid dynasty 13338:Igehalkid dynasty 13305:Adad-shuma-iddina 13299:Enlil-nadin-shumi 13266:Kadashman-Enlil I 13260:Kadashman-harbe I 12704:Sukkalmah dynasty 12568:Isin-Larsa period 12390:Shimashki Dynasty 12116:Puzur-Inshushinak 11715:Netjerkare Siptah 11485:Neferirkare Kakai 11030:Egyptian pyramids 10239:Ancient Near East 10204: 10203: 9910: 9909: 9897: 9896: 9788: 9787: 9784: 9783: 9780: 9779: 9704:Claudius Gothicus 9598:Severus Alexander 9565:Septimius Severus 9430: 9429: 9228: 9227: 8973: 8972: 8905: 8904: 8901: 8900: 8897: 8896: 8612:Osorkon the Elder 8563: 8562: 8340: 8339: 8270: 8269: 8266: 8265: 8262: 8261: 8234:Nubkheperre Intef 8114:Sekhemre Shedwast 7736:Sehetepkare Intef 7664:Semenkare Nebnuni 7593: 7592: 7440: 7439: 7372: 7371: 7368: 7367: 7364: 7363: 7147: 7146: 7125:Netjerkare Siptah 7047:Neferirkare Kakai 6892: 6891: 6696: 6695: 6466: 6465: 6290:Library resources 6242:37, no. 1: 53–58. 6231:Shaw, Ian. 2004. 5416:978-1-885923-82-0 5178:978-90-04-04179-0 4925:Kahl, J. (1994), 4903:978-84-8439-357-3 4737:Heagy, Thomas C. 4629:978-0-6311-9396-8 4432:978-0-415-18589-9 4395:978-0-500-05128-3 4319:. Chicago: 66–76. 4287:Thames and Hudson 4279:Clayton, Peter A. 4270:978-1-885923-82-0 4156:978-90-429-1994-5 4106:978-1-885923-82-0 4043:978-90-04-10041-1 4024:978-1-885923-82-0 4005:978-86-80269-17-7 3820:Gatto et al. 2009 3693:, pp. 31–33. 3631:, pp. 25–26. 3423:, pp. 35–37. 3399:, pp. 52–53. 3356:, pp. 26–27. 3174:, pp. 78–85. 3006:, pp. 44–47. 2982:, pp. 26–29. 2894:, pp. 26–35. 2743:, pp. 73–74. 2731:, pp. 63–64. 2668:, pp. 41–44. 2656:, pp. 53–59. 2452:, pp. 23–32. 2318:, pp. 77–78. 2294:, pp. 49–50. 2263:, pp. 47–49. 2163:, pp. 83–84. 1921:, pp. 28–29. 1356:Scorpion Macehead 1304:(Tel Gat), Small 1118:has been pillaged 1081:Narmer's tomb in 383: 382: 319: 318: 315: 314: 311: 310: 307: 306: 294: 293: 286: 285: 282: 281: 249: 248: 245: 244: 213: 212: 209: 208: 196: 195: 188: 187: 184: 183: 154: 153: 150: 149: 15376: 15323: 15322: 15299: 15293: 15287: 15276: 15275: 15252: 15246: 15245: 15224:Thomas, Ariane; 15221: 15215: 15214: 15207: 15201: 15200: 15185: 15179: 15176: 15161: 15151: 15101:Palaestina Prima 15047:Byzantine Empire 14978:Palaestina Prima 14965:Byzantine Empire 14944:Syria Palaestina 14909:Palmyrene Empire 14895:Bahram VI Chobin 14758:Syria Palaestina 14546:Salome Alexandra 14529:Kingdom of Judea 14515:Diodotus Tryphon 14370:Cleopatra I Syra 14346:Ptolemy Keraunos 14114:Ashur-uballit II 14111:Sin-shumu-lishir 14105:Ashur-etil-ilani 14060:Sargonid dynasty 13953:Marduk-apla-usur 13934:Nabu-apla-iddina 13928:Shamash-mudammiq 13884:Ashurnasirpal II 13867:Kingdom of Judah 13711:Adad-apla-iddina 13702:Enlil-nadin-apli 13699:Nebuchadnezzar I 13623:Ashur-nirari III 13620:Ashur-nadin-apli 13458:Shutruk-Nakhunte 13343:Untash-Napirisha 13332:Kidinuid dynasty 12930:Shamshi-Adad III 12638:Dynasty of Larsa 12456: 12344: 12339: 12167: 12020:Shar-Kali-Sharri 11954:Neferkare Tereru 11942:Neferkare Khendu 11896: 11891: 11722: 11681:Kiku-siwe-tempti 11568: 11563: 11418: 11347:Kish III dynasty 11317: 11248: 11161: 11156: 11061:(2600–2340 BCE) 11026: 10989: 10984: 10974: 10969: 10913:(2700–2600 BCE) 10770:(2900–2700 BCE) 10764: 10681:(3100–2700 BCE) 10660:(3100–2900 BCE) 10414: 10401: 10389: 10365:(4000–2900 BCE) 10354: 10253: 10252: 10249: 10248: 10231: 10224: 10217: 10208: 10207: 10170:MacGregor plaque 10009: 10008: 9937: 9930: 9923: 9914: 9913: 9904:List of pharaohs 9794: 9793: 9559:Pescennius Niger 9447: 9446: 9443: 9442: 9355:Ptolemy IX Soter 9325:Cleopatra I Syra 9245: 9244: 9241: 9240: 8990: 8989: 8986: 8985: 8942: 8941: 8933: 8932: 8926: 8925: 8911: 8910: 8662:Djedkhonsuefankh 8580: 8579: 8576: 8575: 8357: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8327: 8322: 8307: 8306: 8298: 8297: 8291: 8290: 8276: 8275: 7869:Qareh Khawoserre 7855:Yakbim Sekhaenre 7796:Mersekhemre Ined 7610: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7457: 7456: 7453: 7452: 7409: 7408: 7400: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7378: 7377: 7164: 7163: 7160: 7159: 6909: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6713: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6483: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6435: 6434: 6426: 6425: 6419: 6418: 6404: 6403: 6389: 6382: 6375: 6366: 6365: 6201:Goldwasser, Orly 6178: 6164: 6150: 6144: 6136: 6126: 6116:10.2307/40000869 6097: 6068: 6055: 6049: 6041: 6040:, Mainz am Rhein 6031: 6009: 5996: 5986: 5985: 5964: 5958: 5950: 5940: 5934: 5926: 5916: 5910: 5902: 5892: 5886: 5878: 5868: 5858: 5844: 5838: 5830: 5819: 5805: 5796: 5785:Stevenson, Alice 5779: 5773: 5765: 5755: 5749: 5741: 5731: 5725: 5717: 5707: 5698: 5680: 5666: 5652: 5646: 5638: 5629: 5627: 5626: 5617:. Archived from 5608: 5589: 5579: 5573: 5565: 5555: 5545: 5515: 5502: 5492: 5482: 5472: 5462: 5452: 5442: 5433: 5419: 5400: 5387: 5378: 5367: 5365: 5344: 5334:10.2307/40000073 5315: 5307: 5279: 5273: 5265: 5260:Manetho (1940), 5255: 5218: 5181: 5152: 5138: 5132: 5124: 5114: 5108: 5100: 5090: 5079: 5073: 5065: 5055: 5046: 5032: 5018: 5012: 5004: 4994: 4988: 4980: 4970: 4957: 4944: 4938: 4930: 4920: 4906: 4879: 4878: 4857: 4824: 4813: 4812: 4799: 4793: 4785: 4775: 4769: 4761: 4751: 4742: 4732: 4731: 4709: 4698: 4670: 4664: 4656: 4646: 4633: 4606: 4590: 4580: 4570: 4568: 4556: 4543: 4537: 4529: 4519: 4505: 4492: 4482: 4472: 4466: 4458: 4448: 4435: 4412: 4398: 4375: 4370: 4368: 4351: 4342: 4341: 4320: 4314: 4300: 4290: 4273: 4254: 4248: 4240: 4231: 4225: 4217: 4207: 4206: 4184: 4159: 4140: 4130: 4109: 4091: 4081: 4075: 4067: 4056: 4046: 4027: 4008: 3989: 3976: 3962: 3961:, pp. 78–85 3949:Adams, Matthew; 3936: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3830: 3829: 3817: 3811: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3691:Levy et al. 1997 3688: 3682: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3483:von der Way 1989 3480: 3474: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3121: 3115: 3106: 3105: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2968: 2962: 2953: 2952: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2895: 2892:Levy et al. 1995 2889: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2531: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2270: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2239: 2233: 2232: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2097: 2091: 2082: 2076: 2057: 1998: 1992: 1988: 1982: 1975: 1969: 1967: 1945: 1939: 1928: 1922: 1907: 1901: 1873: 1867: 1836: 1824: 1818: 1815:Dee & et al. 1742: 1736: 1724:electric catfish 1720: 1714: 1683: 1677: 1649: 1643: 1624: 1593:List of pharaohs 1572: 1560: 1544: 1529: 1517: 1494: 1469: 1449: 1296:, Nahal Tillah ( 1245:Minshat Abu Omar 1157:UC35679, UC52786 897:Ashmolean Museum 888: 871: 848: 834: 820: 778:James E. Quibell 776:, discovered by 691:) and a chisel ( 488: 476: 415:ancient Egyptian 412: 410: 405: 390:Ancient Egyptian 303: 302: 272: 271: 268: 266: 255: 238: 237: 234: 230: 226: 225: 205: 204: 177: 176: 173: 171: 160: 143: 142: 139: 135: 131: 130: 113: 102: 101: 39: 19: 18: 15384: 15383: 15379: 15378: 15377: 15375: 15374: 15373: 15344: 15343: 15342: 15337: 15336: 15327: 15326: 15319: 15300: 15296: 15288: 15279: 15272: 15253: 15249: 15242: 15222: 15218: 15209: 15208: 15204: 15186: 15182: 15177: 15173: 15110:Byzantine Syria 15096:Byzantine Egypt 15071:Farrukh Hormizd 15031: 15027: 15024:Sasanian Empire 15010: 15006: 14987:Byzantine Syria 14973:Byzantine Egypt 14912: 14804: 14800: 14797:Sasanian Empire 14717: 14622:Mithridates III 14602: 14599:Parthian Empire 14532: 14471:Seleucid Empire 14468: 14458: 14434: 14343:Ptolemy I Soter 14341: 14338:Ptolemaic Egypt 14310: 14304: 14264: 14246: 14242: 14240:Kings of Byblos 14231: 14203: 14177: 14148: 14142: 14116: 14096:Mushezib-Marduk 14066:Tiglath-Pileser 14064: 14055: 14032: 14018: 14002: 13998: 13994: 13990: 13986: 13982: 13981: 13973: 13971:Nabu-mukin-zeri 13965:Nabu-nadin-zeri 13950:Marduk-bel-zeri 13943:Baba-aha-iddina 13920: 13897:Adad-nirari III 13887:Shalmaneser III 13876: 13865: 13864: 13851: 13845: 13844: 13842:Menkheperre Ini 13819: 13812: 13811: 13775: 13761:Nabû-mukin-apli 13738: 13727:(1100–540 BCE) 13720:Nabu-shum-libur 13688: 13665:Ashur-nirari IV 13659:Ashurnasirpal I 13656:Shamshi-Adad IV 13602:Ashur-uballit I 13597: 13579: 13575: 13571: 13567: 13561: 13560: 13556: 13552: 13550:Kings of Byblos 13548: 13518: 13511: 13505: 13504: 13473: 13472: 13456: 13450: 13418: 13405: 13404: 13386:Neferneferuaten 13346: 13345: 13341: 13335: 13329: 13328:(1500–1100 BCE) 13320:Enlil-nadin-ahi 13308:Adad-shuma-usur 13296:Kashtiliashu IV 13284:Kadashman-Turgu 13269:Burnaburiash II 13248:Kashtiliash III 13240: 13217: 13211: 13181: 13180:(1600–1260 BCE) 13179: 13149: 13140: 13134: 13122: 13116: 13112: 13106: 13102: 13096: 13076: 13071:Peshgaldaramesh 13066: 13056: 13046: 13042:Sealand Dynasty 13039: 13036: 13035: 13029: 13028: 12991: 12984: 12982: 12957:Ashur-nirari II 12936:Puzur-Ashur III 12924:Shamshi-Adad II 12895: 12893: 12891:Adaside dynasty 12888: 12887: 12862: 12860: 12858: 12857: 12820: 12818: 12816: 12809: 12800: 12794: 12783: 12779: 12777:Kings of Byblos 12775: 12769: 12758: 12721: 12708: 12707: 12689:Uruk VI dynasty 12687: 12636: 12587:Dynasty of Isin 12577: 12571: 12560: 12556: 12552: 12548: 12544: 12540: 12536: 12532: 12528: 12503: 12497: 12490: 12486: 12485: 12484: 12482: 12478: 12474: 12457: 12451: 12447: 12441: 12438: 12408: 12402: 12384: 12345: 12333: 12324: 12320: 12316: 12312: 12295: 12285: 12271: 12255: 12247: 12243: 12239: 12228: 12221: 12217: 12203: 12199: 12190: 12186: 12185: 12183: 12172: 12168: 12162: 12158: 12149:(2150–2000 BCE) 12130: 12114: 12110: 12106: 12100: 12096: 12092: 12088: 12084: 12080: 12076: 12062: 12058: 12046: 12042: 12018: 12014: 12010: 12006: 12002: 12001: 11999: 11994: 11984: 11939:Djedkare Shemai 11928: 11922: 11916: 11902: 11873: 11869: 11865: 11861: 11848:Sargon of Akkad 11846: 11845: 11842:Akkadian Empire 11834:(2340–2150 BCE) 11832:Akkadian Period 11819: 11815: 11803: 11799: 11778: 11766: 11756: 11752: 11735: 11731: 11717: 11695: 11674: 11672: 11660: 11656: 11652: 11641: 11637: 11633: 11624: 11615: 11601: 11597: 11585: 11581: 11569: 11540: 11537: 11531: 11519: 11510: 11477: 11476: 11460: 11456: 11452: 11448: 11437: 11433: 11429: 11420: 11419: 11413: 11409: 11408: 11396: 11395: 11379: 11376: 11364: 11360: 11349: 11340: 11336: 11332: 11328: 11324: 11320: 11319: 11318: 11312: 11308: 11304: 11303: 11295:(2500-539 BCE) 11283: 11279: 11249: 11243: 11236: 11230: 11212: 11208: 11204: 11192: 11188: 11184: 11172: 11166: 11162: 11148: 11144: 11134: 11131: 11127: 11115: 11111: 11101: 11097: 11095: 11081: 11077: 11073: 11069: 11033: 11027: 11021: 11017: 11016: 11000: 10999: 10998:(2700–1500 BCE) 10997: 10945: 10934: 10897:("conqueror of 10883: 10867: 10860: 10850: 10836: 10817: 10813: 10808: 10799: 10790: 10782: 10779: 10759: 10695: 10694: 10680: 10674: 10668: 10659: 10601: 10587: 10574: 10515: 10446: 10435: 10429: 10415: 10409: 10402: 10396: 10390: 10384: 10383: 10382:(4000–3100 BCE) 10381: 10375: 10349: 10343: 10315: 10296: 10286: 10259: 10257: 10241: 10235: 10205: 10200: 10184: 10150:Narmer macehead 10142: 10136: 10120: 10089: 10031: 10010: 10006: 10001: 9946: 9941: 9911: 9906: 9893: 9799: 9776: 9676:Macrianus Minor 9605:Maximinus Thrax 9541:Marcus Aurelius 9440: 9439: 9438: 9426: 9285:Ptolemy I Soter 9271: 9238: 9237: 9236: 9224: 9191: 9163: 9123: 9105: 9085:Psammetichus IV 9055: 8983: 8982: 8981: 8969: 8947: 8938: 8927: 8924:(664 BC–313 AD) 8923: 8922: 8893: 8855: 8832: 8828:Menkheperre Ini 8765: 8688: 8626: 8573: 8572: 8571: 8559: 8496: 8443: 8424:Neferneferuaten 8350: 8349: 8348: 8336: 8335: 8325: 8320: 8319:Pharaohs 8312: 8303: 8292: 8288: 8287: 8258: 8193: 8152: 8079:Sobekhotep VIII 8060: 7992: 7840: 7801:Sewadjkare Hori 7603: 7602: 7601: 7589: 7529: 7503: 7450: 7449: 7448: 7436: 7414: 7405: 7394: 7390: 7389: 7360: 7327: 7287: 7195:Djedkare Shemai 7157: 7156: 7155: 7143: 7081: 7023: 6966: 6902: 6901: 6900: 6888: 6782: 6706: 6705: 6704: 6692: 6597: 6476: 6475: 6474: 6462: 6440: 6431: 6420: 6416: 6415: 6398: 6393: 6320: 6319: 6318: 6298: 6297: 6293: 6286: 6226:Lingua Aegyptia 6205:Lingua Aegyptia 6187: 6185:Further reading 6182: 6138: 6137: 6087:10.2307/3822303 6043: 6042: 6029: 5952: 5951: 5928: 5927: 5904: 5903: 5880: 5879: 5832: 5831: 5767: 5766: 5743: 5742: 5719: 5718: 5640: 5639: 5624: 5622: 5605: 5567: 5566: 5428:, Montpellier: 5417: 5267: 5266: 5237:10.2307/1357702 5200:10.2307/3210465 5179: 5126: 5125: 5102: 5101: 5067: 5066: 5006: 5005: 4982: 4981: 4932: 4931: 4904: 4810: 4787: 4786: 4763: 4762: 4707: 4658: 4657: 4630: 4612:Grimal, Nicolas 4579:, HarperCollins 4531: 4530: 4460: 4459: 4433: 4396: 4366: 4364: 4348:Egypt Uncovered 4312: 4271: 4242: 4241: 4219: 4218: 4182: 4157: 4107: 4069: 4068: 4044: 4025: 4006: 3951:O'Connor, David 3944: 3939: 3930: 3928: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3907: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3869: 3864: 3860: 3852: 3848: 3840: 3833: 3823: 3818: 3814: 3809:Wayback Machine 3799: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3754:Wayback Machine 3744: 3740: 3732: 3728: 3723:Wayback Machine 3713: 3709: 3701: 3697: 3689: 3685: 3680:Wayback Machine 3670: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3649:Wayback Machine 3639: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3594:Wayback Machine 3584: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3563:Wayback Machine 3553: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3472:Wayback Machine 3462: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3441:Wayback Machine 3431: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3395: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3374:Wayback Machine 3364: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3295:Wayback Machine 3285: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3206: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3151: 3143: 3139: 3131: 3124: 3116: 3109: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3034:livescience.com 3026: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2978: 2971: 2963: 2956: 2946: 2941: 2937: 2929: 2925: 2917: 2913: 2905: 2898: 2890: 2886: 2878: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2854: 2850: 2840: 2837:Anđelković 2011 2835: 2831: 2825:Anđelković 2011 2823: 2814: 2806: 2802: 2796:Anđelković 1995 2794: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2751: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2708: 2700: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2600: 2592: 2585: 2577: 2573: 2565: 2561: 2553: 2549: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2523: 2515: 2511: 2503: 2499: 2491: 2487: 2479: 2475: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2417: 2413: 2405: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2338: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2302: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2259: 2255: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2227: 2226: 2222: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2195: 2191: 2183: 2179: 2171: 2167: 2159: 2152: 2144: 2140: 2133: 2119: 2115: 2107: 2100: 2092: 2085: 2077: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2060: 2054:Anđelković 1995 1999: 1995: 1989: 1985: 1976: 1972: 1961: 1946: 1942: 1929: 1925: 1908: 1904: 1874: 1870: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1765:and one in the 1751:Turin King List 1743: 1739: 1721: 1717: 1684: 1680: 1650: 1646: 1632:Flinders Petrie 1625: 1621: 1616: 1584: 1577: 1573: 1564: 1561: 1552: 1545: 1536: 1530: 1521: 1518: 1509: 1495: 1486: 1470: 1461: 1460:, New York City 1450: 1441: 1432:The Red Pyramid 1365: 1363:Popular culture 1336:Flinders Petrie 1325: 1323:Nag el-Hamdulab 1241:Zawyet el'Aryan 1177: 1126:Flinders Petrie 1091:Émile Amélineau 1067: 1062: 1050:Narmer Macehead 1030: 969:where Narmer's 955: 947:Narmer Macehead 918: 917: 916: 915: 906: 905: 904: 889: 880: 879: 878: 876:Narmer Macehead 872: 863: 862: 861:Narmer Macehead 856: 855: 854: 853: 852: 849: 840: 839: 838: 837:Drawing (front) 835: 826: 825: 824: 821: 812: 811: 770: 758: 699:rebus principle 648: 500: 499: 498: 497: 496: 489: 481: 480: 477: 468: 467: 461: 406: 321: 320: 300: 224: 220: 216: 214: 202: 129: 125: 121: 99: 48: 17: 12: 11: 5: 15382: 15372: 15371: 15366: 15361: 15356: 15339: 15338: 15333: 15332: 15329: 15328: 15325: 15324: 15317: 15294: 15277: 15270: 15247: 15240: 15226:Potts, Timothy 15216: 15202: 15180: 15170: 15169: 15166: 15165: 15155: 15144: 15143: 15136: 15129: 15122: 15118: 15117: 15112: 15107: 15098: 15092: 15091: 15050: 15043: 15039: 15038: 15020: 14999: 14995: 14994: 14989: 14984: 14975: 14969: 14968: 14961: 14957: 14956: 14951: 14946: 14941: 14935: 14934: 14927: 14923: 14922: 14905: 14901: 14900: 14793: 14789: 14788: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14751: 14750: 14745: 14736: 14732: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14709: 14708: 14701: 14700:30 BCE–116 CE 14697: 14696: 14634:Mithridates IV 14616:Mithridates II 14595: 14557: 14552:Aristobulus II 14525: 14521: 14520: 14445:Argead dynasty 14429: 14334:Argead dynasty 14330: 14326: 14325: 14317: 14316: 14296: 14295: 14287:Artaxerxes III 14250: 14248:Kings of Sidon 14237: 14224: 14220: 14219: 14196: 14191:Labashi-Marduk 14170: 14135: 14131: 14130: 14125: 14119: 14118: 14093:Nergal-ushezib 14048: 14029:Black Pharaohs 14011: 14007: 14006: 13974: 13947:Ninurta-apla-X 13908: 13906:Ashur-nirari V 13900:Shalmaneser IV 13890:Shamshi-Adad V 13878:Adad-nirari II 13869: 13859: 13768: 13764: 13763: 13733: 13729: 13728: 13722: 13679: 13662:Shalmaneser II 13650:Ashur-bel-kala 13638:Mutakkil-Nusku 13594:Middle Assyria 13590: 13583: 13558:Kings of Sidon 13541: 13465: 13464:1155–1025 BCE 13461: 13460: 13447:Elamite Empire 13443: 13410: 13409: 13401:Hittite Empire 13397: 13365: 13364: 13349: 13348: 13322: 13311:Meli-Shipak II 13281:Nazi-Maruttash 13245:Burnaburiash I 13224: 13196: 13195:1531–1155 BCE 13192: 13191: 13172: 13127: 13087: 13086: 13033: 12969: 12954:Enlil-Nasir II 12933:Ashur-nirari I 12927:Ishme-Dagan II 12918:Sharma-Adad II 12870:Ashur-apla-idi 12861:1735–1701 BCE) 12840:Ashur-apla-idi 12822:Shamshi-Adad I 12817:1808–1736 BCE) 12802: 12797:Yamhad dynasty 12787: 12785:Kings of Sidon 12764: 12751: 12750:1800–1595 BCE 12747: 12746: 12713: 12712: 12700: 12564: 12554:Puzur-Ashur II 12521: 12464: 12431: 12430: 12425:Mentuhotep III 12394: 12393: 12376: 12371: 12363: 12362:2025-1763 BCE 12359: 12358: 12330:Ur III dynasty 12326: 12307: 12304: 12300: 12299: 12287: 12276:Neferkare VIII 12264: 12260: 12259: 12252: 12251: 12223: 12209: 12207: 12194: 12180:Gutian dynasty 12176: 12152: 12151: 12143: 12138:Nebkaure Khety 12132:Meryibre Khety 12123: 12119: 12118: 12101: 12068: 12066: 12050: 12023: 12022: 12016: 11987: 11977: 11963:Neferkamin Anu 11936:Neferkare Neby 11909: 11905: 11904: 11900:Lugal-ushumgal 11897: 11882: 11878: 11877: 11856: 11837: 11836: 11828: 11826: 11822: 11821: 11807: 11794: 11792: 11788: 11787: 11782: 11773: 11768: 11760: 11747: 11742: 11738: 11737: 11733:Lugalannemundu 11723: 11688: 11684: 11683: 11678: 11664: 11647: 11628: 11619: 11610: 11605: 11589: 11576: 11572: 11571: 11554: 11549: 11545: 11544: 11533: 11524: 11523: 11514: 11505: 11500:Djedkare Isesi 11497:Menkauhor Kaiu 11469: 11465: 11464: 11441: 11424: 11400: 11398:Pabilgagaltuku 11387: 11382: 11368: 11357:Akshak dynasty 11353: 11344: 11296: 11290: 11286: 11285: 11272: 11223: 11219: 11218: 11216: 11197: 11182:Enun-dara-anna 11177: 11176: 11137: 11120: 11105: 11087: 11085: 11063: 11062: 11056: 11009: 11005: 11004: 10990: 10975: 10959: 10958: 10951: 10950: 10939: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10914: 10908: 10904: 10903: 10890: 10889: 10875: 10838: 10831: 10830: 10806:Kullassina-bel 10791: 10783: 10772: 10771: 10765: 10687: 10683: 10682: 10661: 10652: 10647: 10598:Narmer Palette 10580: 10579:3100–2900 BCE 10576: 10575: 10508: 10438: 10437: 10422: 10421:3200–3100 BCE 10418: 10417: 10404: 10372: 10371: 10366: 10360: 10355: 10336: 10335:4000–3200 BCE 10332: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10290: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10247: 10246: 10243: 10242: 10237:Rulers of the 10234: 10233: 10226: 10219: 10211: 10202: 10201: 10199: 10198: 10192: 10190: 10186: 10185: 10183: 10182: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10155:Narmer palette 10152: 10146: 10144: 10138: 10137: 10135: 10134: 10128: 10126: 10122: 10121: 10119: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10097: 10095: 10091: 10090: 10088: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10039: 10037: 10036:Queen consorts 10033: 10032: 10030: 10029: 10024: 10018: 10016: 10012: 10011: 10004: 10002: 10000: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9954: 9952: 9948: 9947: 9940: 9939: 9932: 9925: 9917: 9908: 9907: 9902: 9899: 9898: 9895: 9894: 9892: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9813: 9810: 9804: 9801: 9800: 9790: 9789: 9786: 9785: 9782: 9781: 9778: 9777: 9775: 9774: 9772:Maximinus Daza 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9747: 9740: 9733: 9728: 9721: 9714: 9707: 9700: 9693: 9686: 9679: 9672: 9667: 9660: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9636: 9629: 9622: 9615: 9608: 9601: 9594: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9555: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9531:Antoninus Pius 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9455: 9453: 9444: 9441:(30 BC–313 AD) 9432: 9431: 9428: 9427: 9425: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9281: 9279: 9273: 9272: 9270: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9253: 9251: 9242: 9230: 9229: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9205:Artaxerxes III 9201: 9199: 9193: 9192: 9190: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9173: 9171: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9161: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9133: 9131: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9121: 9115: 9113: 9107: 9106: 9104: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9081: 9076: 9074:Petubastis III 9071: 9065: 9063: 9057: 9056: 9054: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9011: 9006: 8998: 8996: 8987: 8975: 8974: 8971: 8970: 8968: 8967: 8962: 8961: 8960: 8957: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8939: 8936: 8929: 8928: 8907: 8906: 8903: 8902: 8899: 8898: 8895: 8894: 8892: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8865: 8863: 8857: 8856: 8854: 8853: 8848: 8842: 8840: 8834: 8833: 8831: 8830: 8825: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8775: 8773: 8767: 8766: 8764: 8763: 8758: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8698: 8696: 8690: 8689: 8687: 8686: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8642: 8636: 8634: 8628: 8627: 8625: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8588: 8586: 8577: 8569:3 Intermediate 8565: 8564: 8561: 8560: 8558: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8506: 8504: 8498: 8497: 8495: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8453: 8451: 8445: 8444: 8442: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8365: 8363: 8354: 8351:(1550–1070 BC) 8342: 8341: 8338: 8337: 8334: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8304: 8301: 8294: 8293: 8272: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8264: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8209: 8203: 8201: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8191: 8184: 8177: 8170: 8162: 8160: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8150: 8143: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8084:Neferhotep III 8081: 8076: 8070: 8068: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8024: 8017: 8010: 8002: 8000: 7994: 7993: 7991: 7990: 7983: 7976: 7969: 7962: 7955: 7948: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7914:Sewadjkare III 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7883:Maaibre Sheshi 7879: 7876:'Ammu Ahotepre 7872: 7865: 7858: 7850: 7848: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7786:Merhotepre Ini 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7746:Sobekhotep III 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7618: 7616: 7607: 7604:(1802–1550 BC) 7599:2 Intermediate 7595: 7594: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7587: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7539: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7511: 7509: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7501: 7496: 7494:Mentuhotep III 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7465: 7463: 7454: 7451:(2040–1802 BC) 7446:Middle Kingdom 7442: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7434: 7429: 7428: 7427: 7424: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7406: 7403: 7396: 7395: 7383:Middle Kingdom 7374: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7366: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7346:Neferkare VIII 7343: 7337: 7335: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7325: 7318: 7313: 7311:Nebkaure Khety 7308: 7303: 7301:Meryibre Khety 7297: 7295: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7285: 7278: 7271: 7264: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7235:Neferkamin Anu 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7176: 7174: 7161: 7158:(2181–2040 BC) 7153:1 Intermediate 7149: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7141: 7134: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7091: 7089: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7079: 7074: 7072:Djedkare Isesi 7069: 7067:Menkauhor Kaiu 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7033: 7031: 7025: 7024: 7022: 7021: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6976: 6974: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6964: 6959: 6952: 6945: 6940: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6917: 6915: 6906: 6903:(2686–2181 BC) 6894: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6881: 6874: 6867: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6843: 6836: 6829: 6822: 6815: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6792: 6790: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6780: 6773: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6721: 6719: 6710: 6707:(3150–2686 BC) 6702:Early Dynastic 6698: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6681: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6657: 6650: 6643: 6636: 6629: 6622: 6615: 6607: 6605: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6595: 6588: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6527: 6520: 6513: 6506: 6499: 6491: 6489: 6480: 6468: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6460: 6455: 6454: 6453: 6450: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6432: 6429: 6422: 6421: 6400: 6399: 6392: 6391: 6384: 6377: 6369: 6363: 6362: 6355: 6347: 6340: 6333: 6328: 6317: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6300: 6299: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6284:External links 6282: 6281: 6280: 6267: 6255: 6246:Wengrow, David 6243: 6236: 6229: 6219: 6208: 6198: 6191:Davis, Whitney 6186: 6183: 6181: 6180: 6166: 6152: 6128: 6099: 6070: 6057: 6033: 6027: 6015:Wengrow, David 6011: 5997: 5988: 5965: 5942: 5918: 5894: 5870: 5860: 5846: 5821: 5807: 5797: 5781: 5757: 5733: 5709: 5700: 5682: 5668: 5654: 5630: 5610: 5603: 5590: 5581: 5557: 5547: 5517: 5504: 5494: 5491:, London: BSAE 5484: 5481:, London: BSAE 5474: 5464: 5454: 5444: 5435: 5421: 5415: 5402: 5389: 5379: 5368: 5356:(1): 123–144, 5345: 5317: 5308: 5280: 5257: 5220: 5183: 5177: 5154: 5140: 5116: 5092: 5081: 5057: 5048: 5034: 5020: 4996: 4972: 4958: 4946: 4922: 4908: 4902: 4881: 4858: 4826: 4815: 4801: 4777: 4753: 4743: 4734: 4711: 4705: 4672: 4648: 4634: 4628: 4608: 4605:: 217–220, 547 4592: 4582: 4572: 4558: 4549:Edwards, I.E.S 4545: 4521: 4507: 4493: 4484: 4474: 4450: 4437: 4431: 4414: 4400: 4394: 4377: 4373:published 2013 4353: 4343: 4321: 4302: 4292: 4275: 4269: 4256: 4232: 4209: 4186: 4180: 4161: 4155: 4142: 4132: 4111: 4105: 4092: 4083: 4058: 4048: 4042: 4029: 4023: 4010: 4004: 3991: 3977: 3964: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3937: 3913: 3901: 3889: 3877: 3858: 3846: 3831: 3812: 3793: 3781: 3769: 3757: 3738: 3726: 3707: 3695: 3683: 3664: 3652: 3633: 3621: 3609: 3597: 3578: 3566: 3547: 3535: 3523: 3511: 3499: 3487: 3475: 3456: 3444: 3425: 3413: 3401: 3389: 3377: 3358: 3346: 3334: 3322: 3310: 3298: 3279: 3267: 3255: 3243: 3224: 3222:, p. 104. 3212: 3200: 3198:, p. 102. 3188: 3176: 3164: 3149: 3137: 3122: 3107: 3088: 3069: 3050: 3038: 3020: 3008: 2996: 2992:Wilkinson 1999 2984: 2980:Tyldesley 2006 2969: 2967:, p. 104. 2954: 2935: 2923: 2911: 2909:, p. 109. 2896: 2884: 2880:Wilkinson 1999 2872: 2868:Wilkinson 1999 2860: 2848: 2829: 2812: 2810:, p. 105. 2800: 2788: 2776: 2757: 2745: 2733: 2729:Ciałowicz 2011 2721: 2706: 2704:, p. 135. 2694: 2682: 2670: 2658: 2646: 2644:, p. 204. 2634: 2622: 2610: 2606:Wilkinson 1999 2598: 2583: 2571: 2559: 2557:, p. 223. 2547: 2545:, p. 174. 2535: 2521: 2519:, p. 310. 2509: 2507:, p. 218. 2497: 2495:, p. 126. 2485: 2473: 2454: 2450:Wilkinson 2000 2442: 2423: 2421:, p. 287. 2411: 2399: 2387: 2385:, p. 207. 2375: 2363: 2344: 2332: 2320: 2308: 2296: 2284: 2265: 2253: 2242:Borchardt 1897 2234: 2220: 2201: 2189: 2177: 2175:, p. 174. 2165: 2150: 2146:Wilkinson 1999 2138: 2131: 2113: 2098: 2083: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2007:Narmer Catalog 1993: 1983: 1970: 1940: 1936:Wilkinson 2000 1923: 1902: 1868: 1819: 1811:Hendrickx 2006 1763:Middle Kingdom 1759:Archaic Period 1737: 1729:Heterobranchus 1715: 1678: 1644: 1640:Stan Hendrickx 1618: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1574: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1555: 1553: 1546: 1539: 1537: 1531: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1512: 1510: 1507:Narmer Palette 1496: 1489: 1487: 1471: 1464: 1462: 1451: 1444: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1418: 1406: 1399:The Third Gate 1396: 1386: 1376: 1364: 1361: 1324: 1321: 1270: 1269: 1259: 1256: 1229: 1176: 1173: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1029: 1026: 954: 951: 908: 907: 890: 883: 882: 881: 873: 866: 865: 864: 860: 859: 858: 857: 851:Drawing (back) 850: 843: 842: 841: 836: 829: 828: 827: 823:Narmer Palette 822: 815: 814: 813: 810:Narmer Palette 809: 808: 807: 806: 774:Narmer Palette 769: 766: 757: 754: 750:Narmer Palette 647: 644: 495:in full format 490: 483: 482: 478: 471: 470: 469: 465: 464: 463: 462: 460: 457: 447:A majority of 381: 380: 375: 371: 370: 364: 360: 359: 349: 345: 344: 338: 334: 333: 327: 323: 322: 317: 316: 313: 312: 309: 308: 305: 304: 297: 295: 292: 291: 288: 287: 284: 283: 280: 279: 276: 259: 258: 252: 250: 247: 246: 243: 242: 211: 210: 207: 206: 199: 197: 194: 193: 190: 189: 186: 185: 182: 181: 164: 163: 157: 155: 152: 151: 148: 147: 109: 108: 100: 97:Royal titulary 95: 94: 91: 90: 85: 81: 80: 74: 70: 69: 63: 57: 56: 50: 49: 46:Narmer Palette 40: 32: 31: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15381: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15352: 15351: 15349: 15320: 15314: 15310: 15309: 15304: 15298: 15292: 15286: 15284: 15282: 15273: 15267: 15263: 15262: 15257: 15256:Roux, Georges 15251: 15243: 15237: 15233: 15232: 15227: 15220: 15212: 15206: 15198: 15194: 15190: 15184: 15175: 15171: 15167: 15164: 15160: 15154: 15150: 15145: 15142: 15141: 15135: 15134: 15128: 15127: 15120: 15119: 15116: 15111: 15106: 15102: 15097: 15093: 15090: 15087: 15084: 15083:Yazdegerd III 15081: 15078: 15075: 15072: 15069: 15066: 15063: 15060: 15057: 15054: 15049: 15048: 15040: 15037: 15034: 15030: 15026: 15025: 15019: 15016: 15015:Sahralanyozan 15013: 15009: 15004: 14997: 14996: 14993: 14988: 14983: 14979: 14974: 14970: 14967: 14966: 14958: 14955: 14950: 14945: 14940: 14936: 14933: 14932: 14924: 14921: 14918: 14915: 14911: 14910: 14903: 14902: 14899: 14896: 14893: 14890: 14887: 14884: 14881: 14878: 14875: 14872: 14869: 14866: 14863: 14860: 14857: 14854: 14851: 14848: 14845: 14842: 14839: 14836: 14833: 14830: 14827: 14824: 14821: 14818: 14815: 14808: 14803: 14799: 14798: 14791: 14790: 14787: 14784: 14781: 14778: 14775: 14772: 14771:Mithridates V 14769: 14768:Sinatruces II 14764: 14759: 14753: 14752: 14749: 14744: 14740: 14733: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14707: 14706: 14698: 14695: 14692: 14691:Artabanus III 14689: 14686: 14683: 14680: 14677: 14674: 14671: 14668: 14665: 14662: 14661:Tiridates III 14659: 14656: 14653: 14650: 14647: 14644: 14641: 14638: 14635: 14632: 14629: 14626: 14623: 14620: 14617: 14614: 14611: 14608: 14605: 14604:Mithridates I 14601: 14600: 14594: 14591: 14588: 14585: 14582: 14579: 14576: 14573: 14570: 14567: 14564: 14561: 14556: 14553: 14550: 14547: 14544: 14541: 14540:Aristobulus I 14538: 14537:John Hyrcanus 14535: 14531: 14530: 14523: 14522: 14519: 14516: 14513: 14510: 14507: 14506:Alexander III 14504: 14501: 14498: 14495: 14492: 14491:Antiochus III 14489: 14486: 14483: 14480: 14477: 14473: 14472: 14467: 14463: 14462: 14457: 14454: 14451: 14450:Alexander III 14447: 14446: 14438: 14433: 14428: 14425: 14422: 14419: 14416: 14413: 14410: 14407: 14404: 14401: 14398: 14395: 14392: 14389: 14386: 14385:Cleopatra III 14383: 14380: 14377: 14374: 14371: 14368: 14365: 14362: 14359: 14356: 14353: 14350: 14347: 14344: 14340: 14339: 14335: 14328: 14327: 14324: 14323: 14318: 14315: 14314: 14309: 14308: 14303: 14302: 14297: 14294: 14291: 14290:Artaxerxes IV 14288: 14285: 14284:Artaxerxes II 14282: 14279: 14276: 14273: 14270: 14267: 14263: 14262: 14255: 14249: 14245: 14244:Kings of Tyre 14241: 14235: 14230: 14229: 14221: 14218: 14215: 14212: 14209: 14206: 14202: 14201: 14200:Median Empire 14195: 14192: 14189: 14186: 14183: 14180: 14176: 14175: 14169: 14166: 14163: 14160: 14157: 14154: 14151: 14147: 14146: 14141: 14140: 14133: 14132: 14129: 14124: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14109: 14108:Sinsharishkun 14106: 14103: 14100: 14097: 14094: 14091: 14088: 14085: 14082: 14079: 14076: 14073: 14070: 14067: 14063: 14061: 14054: 14053: 14047: 14044: 14041: 14038: 14035: 14030: 14022: 14017: 14016: 14008: 14005: 14001: 13997: 13993: 13989: 13985: 13980: 13979: 13972: 13969: 13966: 13963: 13960: 13957: 13954: 13951: 13948: 13945:(five kings) 13944: 13941: 13938: 13935: 13932: 13929: 13926: 13923: 13919: 13913: 13907: 13904: 13903:Ashur-Dan III 13901: 13898: 13894: 13891: 13888: 13885: 13882: 13879: 13875: 13874: 13868: 13863: 13858: 13857: 13854: 13850: 13849: 13843: 13840: 13837: 13834: 13831: 13828: 13825: 13822: 13818: 13817: 13810: 13807: 13806: 13802: 13799: 13796: 13793: 13790: 13787: 13784: 13781: 13778: 13774: 13773: 13766: 13765: 13762: 13759: 13756: 13753: 13750: 13747: 13744: 13743:Ea-mukin-zeri 13741: 13740:Simbar-shipak 13737: 13732:1025–934 BCE 13731: 13730: 13726: 13721: 13718: 13715: 13712: 13709: 13706: 13703: 13700: 13697: 13694: 13691: 13687: 13685: 13678: 13675: 13672: 13669: 13668:Ashur-rabi II 13666: 13663: 13660: 13657: 13654: 13653:Eriba-Adad II 13651: 13648: 13645: 13642: 13639: 13636: 13633: 13630: 13627: 13624: 13621: 13618: 13615: 13614:Shalmaneser I 13612: 13611:Adad-nirari I 13609: 13606: 13603: 13600: 13596: 13595: 13589: 13588: 13582: 13578: 13574: 13570: 13566: 13565: 13559: 13555: 13554:Kings of Tyre 13551: 13547: 13546: 13540: 13539: 13536: 13533: 13530: 13527: 13524: 13521: 13517: 13516: 13510: 13509: 13503: 13500: 13497: 13494: 13493:Ramesses VIII 13491: 13488: 13485: 13482: 13479: 13476: 13471: 13470: 13463: 13462: 13459: 13455: 13454: 13449: 13448: 13442: 13439: 13436: 13433: 13430: 13427: 13424: 13421: 13417: 13416: 13411: 13408: 13403: 13402: 13396: 13393: 13390: 13387: 13384: 13383: 13379: 13376: 13375:Amenhotep III 13373: 13370: 13366: 13363: 13360: 13357: 13354: 13350: 13347: 13344: 13340: 13339: 13334: 13333: 13326: 13321: 13318: 13315: 13312: 13309: 13306: 13303: 13300: 13297: 13294: 13291: 13288: 13285: 13282: 13279: 13276: 13273: 13270: 13267: 13264: 13261: 13258: 13255: 13252: 13249: 13246: 13243: 13239: 13237: 13229: 13223: 13220: 13216: 13215: 13210: 13209: 13201: 13193: 13190: 13187: 13184: 13178: 13177: 13171: 13168: 13165: 13162: 13159: 13158: 13154: 13153: 13144: 13138: 13133: 13132: 13126: 13125: 13121: 13120: 13115: 13111: 13110: 13105: 13101: 13100: 13095: 13094: 13088: 13085: 13082: 13081:Melamkurkurra 13079: 13075: 13074:Ayadaragalama 13072: 13069: 13065: 13062: 13059: 13055: 13052: 13051:Itti-ili-nibi 13049: 13045: 13043: 13032: 13027: 13024: 13021: 13018: 13015: 13012: 13009: 13006: 13003: 13000: 12997: 12994: 12990: 12988: 12981: 12974: 12968: 12967: 12964: 12961: 12958: 12955: 12952: 12949: 12946: 12945:Ashur-shaduni 12943: 12940: 12939:Enlil-nasir I 12937: 12934: 12931: 12928: 12925: 12922: 12919: 12916: 12913: 12910: 12907: 12904: 12903:Sharma-Adad I 12901: 12898: 12894:1700–722 BCE) 12892: 12886: 12883: 12880: 12877: 12874: 12871: 12868: 12865: 12856: 12853: 12850: 12847: 12844: 12841: 12838: 12835: 12832: 12829: 12826: 12825:Ishme-Dagan I 12823: 12814: 12808: 12807: 12798: 12793: 12792: 12786: 12782: 12781:Kings of Tyre 12778: 12773: 12768: 12763: 12762: 12757: 12756: 12748: 12745: 12742: 12739: 12738:Amenemhat III 12736: 12733: 12730: 12727: 12724: 12720: 12719: 12714: 12711: 12706: 12705: 12698: 12694: 12690: 12686: 12682: 12679: 12676: 12673: 12670: 12667: 12664: 12661: 12658: 12655: 12652: 12649: 12646: 12643: 12639: 12635: 12632: 12629: 12626: 12623: 12620: 12617: 12614: 12611: 12608: 12605: 12602: 12599: 12596: 12593: 12589: 12588: 12581: 12575: 12570: 12569: 12563: 12559: 12555: 12551: 12547: 12543: 12539: 12535: 12531: 12530:Puzur-Ashur I 12527: 12526: 12519: 12515: 12512: 12509: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12495: 12489: 12481: 12477: 12472: 12469: 12463: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12437: 12436:Third Eblaite 12432: 12429: 12428:Mentuhotep IV 12426: 12423: 12422:Mentuhotep II 12420: 12417: 12414: 12411: 12407: 12406: 12401: 12400: 12395: 12391: 12387: 12383: 12381: 12375: 12370: 12368: 12360: 12357: 12354: 12351: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12332: 12331: 12323: 12319: 12315: 12311: 12302: 12301: 12298: 12294: 12292: 12286: 12283: 12280: 12279:Wahkare Khety 12277: 12274: 12270: 12269: 12262: 12261: 12258: 12253: 12250: 12246: 12242: 12235: 12231: 12227: 12220: 12216: 12214: 12206: 12202: 12198: 12193: 12189: 12182: 12181: 12175: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12157: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12147:Ur III period 12142: 12139: 12136: 12135:Neferkare VII 12133: 12129: 12128: 12120: 12117: 12113: 12109: 12105: 12099: 12095: 12091: 12087: 12083: 12082:Ur-Ningirsu I 12079: 12075: 12073: 12065: 12061: 12057: 12055: 12049: 12045: 12040: 12036: 12032: 12028: 12024: 12021: 12013: 12009: 12005: 11998: 11993: 11992: 11986: 11983: 11976: 11973: 11970: 11967: 11964: 11961: 11958: 11955: 11952: 11949: 11946: 11943: 11940: 11937: 11934: 11931: 11927: 11926: 11921: 11920: 11915: 11914: 11906: 11901: 11895: 11890: 11886: 11880: 11879: 11876: 11872: 11868: 11864: 11860: 11855: 11852: 11849: 11844: 11843: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11827: 11823: 11818: 11814: 11812: 11806: 11802: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11789: 11786: 11781: 11777: 11772: 11765: 11759: 11755: 11751: 11746: 11740: 11739: 11734: 11730: 11728: 11721: 11716: 11713: 11710: 11707: 11704: 11701: 11698: 11694: 11693: 11686: 11685: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11671: 11669: 11665: 11663: 11659: 11655: 11651: 11648: 11645: 11640: 11636: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11617:Lugal-kisalsi 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11600: 11596: 11594: 11590: 11588: 11584: 11580: 11577: 11574: 11573: 11567: 11562: 11558: 11553: 11550: 11547: 11546: 11543: 11539: 11529: 11526: 11525: 11522: 11518: 11513: 11509: 11504: 11501: 11498: 11495: 11492: 11489: 11486: 11483: 11480: 11475: 11474: 11466: 11463: 11459: 11455: 11451: 11447: 11446: 11440: 11436: 11432: 11428: 11423: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11405: 11399: 11394: 11392: 11386: 11381: 11375: 11373: 11367: 11363: 11359: 11358: 11352: 11348: 11343: 11339: 11335: 11331: 11327: 11323: 11316: 11311: 11307: 11302: 11301: 11294: 11288: 11287: 11282: 11278: 11277: 11271: 11270: 11266: 11263: 11260: 11259: 11255: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11239: 11235: 11234: 11229: 11228: 11221: 11220: 11215: 11211: 11207: 11203: 11202: 11196: 11195: 11191: 11187: 11183: 11178: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11151: 11147: 11143: 11142: 11136: 11130: 11126: 11125: 11119: 11118: 11114: 11110: 11104: 11100: 11094: 11092: 11084: 11080: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11064: 11060: 11055: 11052: 11051: 11047: 11044: 11043: 11039: 11036: 11031: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11014: 11006: 11003: 10996: 10995: 10988: 10983: 10979: 10973: 10968: 10964: 10960: 10956: 10952: 10949: 10948: 10944: 10938: 10937: 10933: 10929: 10925: 10916: 10912: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10896: 10891: 10888: 10887: 10882: 10880: 10874: 10873: 10870: 10866: 10863: 10859: 10856: 10853: 10849: 10846: 10843: 10837: 10832: 10829: 10828: 10824: 10820: 10816: 10811: 10810:Nangishlishma 10807: 10803: 10798: 10796: 10789: 10788: 10781: 10778: 10777:First Eblaite 10773: 10769: 10763: 10758: 10755: 10754: 10750: 10749: 10745: 10744: 10740: 10737: 10736:Seth-Peribsen 10734: 10733: 10729: 10728: 10724: 10723: 10719: 10718: 10714: 10713: 10709: 10708: 10704: 10701: 10698: 10697:Hotepsekhemwy 10693: 10692: 10684: 10678: 10673: 10672: 10667: 10666: 10665:Proto-Elamite 10658: 10657: 10651: 10646: 10645: 10641: 10640: 10636: 10633: 10630: 10627: 10623: 10620: 10617: 10614: 10610: 10607: 10604: 10596: 10592: 10591: 10586: 10585: 10577: 10573: 10572: 10568: 10567:Double Falcon 10565: 10564: 10560: 10559: 10555: 10554: 10550: 10549: 10545: 10544: 10540: 10539: 10535: 10534: 10530: 10529: 10525: 10524: 10520: 10519: 10514: 10513: 10507: 10503: 10500: 10499: 10495: 10492: 10489: 10488: 10484: 10483: 10479: 10478: 10474: 10473: 10469: 10468: 10464: 10461: 10460: 10456: 10455: 10451: 10450: 10445: 10444: 10439: 10433: 10428: 10427: 10419: 10413: 10408: 10400: 10394: 10388: 10380: 10379: 10373: 10370: 10364: 10359: 10353: 10348: 10347: 10342: 10341: 10333: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10255: 10254: 10251: 10250: 10244: 10240: 10232: 10227: 10225: 10220: 10218: 10213: 10212: 10209: 10197: 10194: 10193: 10191: 10187: 10181: 10177: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10147: 10145: 10141:Artefacts and 10139: 10133: 10130: 10129: 10127: 10123: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10098: 10096: 10092: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10065: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10040: 10038: 10034: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10019: 10017: 10013: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9959: 9956: 9955: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9938: 9933: 9931: 9926: 9924: 9919: 9918: 9915: 9905: 9900: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9805: 9802: 9795: 9791: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9752: 9748: 9746: 9745: 9741: 9739: 9738: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9726: 9722: 9720: 9719: 9715: 9713: 9712: 9708: 9706: 9705: 9701: 9699: 9698: 9694: 9692: 9691: 9687: 9685: 9684: 9680: 9678: 9677: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9665: 9661: 9659: 9658: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9641: 9637: 9635: 9634: 9630: 9628: 9627: 9623: 9621: 9620: 9616: 9614: 9613: 9609: 9607: 9606: 9602: 9600: 9599: 9595: 9593: 9592: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9560: 9556: 9554: 9553: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9496: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9456: 9454: 9452: 9448: 9445: 9437: 9433: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9397: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9350:Cleopatra III 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9282: 9280: 9278: 9274: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9254: 9252: 9250: 9246: 9243: 9235: 9231: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9202: 9200: 9198: 9194: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9174: 9172: 9170: 9166: 9160: 9159: 9155: 9153: 9152:Nepherites II 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9134: 9132: 9130: 9126: 9120: 9117: 9116: 9114: 9112: 9108: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9086: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9066: 9064: 9062: 9058: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9016: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9004: 9000: 8999: 8997: 8995: 8991: 8988: 8980: 8976: 8966: 8963: 8958: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8951: 8949: 8943: 8940: 8934: 8930: 8921: 8917: 8912: 8908: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8866: 8864: 8862: 8858: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8843: 8841: 8839: 8835: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8823: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8796: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8776: 8774: 8772: 8768: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8756: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8719: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8699: 8697: 8695: 8691: 8685: 8684: 8683:Psusennes III 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8647: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8637: 8635: 8633: 8629: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8589: 8587: 8585: 8581: 8578: 8574:(1069–664 BC) 8570: 8566: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8540:Ramesses VIII 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8507: 8505: 8503: 8499: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8450: 8446: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8409:Amenhotep III 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8366: 8364: 8362: 8358: 8355: 8347: 8343: 8332: 8329: 8324: 8318: 8317: 8314: 8308: 8305: 8299: 8295: 8286: 8282: 8277: 8273: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8249:Seqenenre Tao 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8224:Sobekemsaf II 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8214: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8200: 8196: 8190: 8189: 8185: 8183: 8182: 8178: 8176: 8175: 8174:Wepwawetemsaf 8171: 8169: 8168: 8164: 8163: 8161: 8159: 8155: 8149: 8148: 8144: 8142: 8141: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8067: 8063: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8046: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8029: 8025: 8023: 8022: 8018: 8016: 8015: 8011: 8009: 8008: 8004: 8003: 8001: 7999: 7995: 7989: 7988: 7984: 7982: 7981: 7977: 7975: 7974: 7970: 7968: 7967: 7963: 7961: 7960: 7956: 7954: 7953: 7949: 7947: 7946: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7884: 7880: 7878: 7877: 7873: 7871: 7870: 7866: 7864: 7863: 7859: 7857: 7856: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7847: 7843: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7781:Merneferre Ay 7779: 7777: 7776:Wahibre Ibiau 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7761:Sobekhotep IV 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7721: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7624: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7615: 7611: 7608: 7600: 7596: 7586: 7585: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7568:Amenemhat III 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7536: 7532: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7506: 7500: 7499:Mentuhotep IV 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7489:Mentuhotep II 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7462: 7458: 7455: 7447: 7443: 7433: 7430: 7425: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7410: 7407: 7401: 7397: 7388: 7384: 7379: 7375: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7351:Wahkare Khety 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7334: 7330: 7324: 7323: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7306:Neferkare VII 7304: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7294: 7290: 7284: 7283: 7279: 7277: 7276: 7272: 7270: 7269: 7265: 7263: 7262: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7162: 7154: 7150: 7140: 7139: 7135: 7133: 7132: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7084: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7026: 7020: 7019: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7002: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6969: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6951: 6950: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6938: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6910: 6907: 6899: 6895: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6879: 6875: 6873: 6872: 6868: 6866: 6865: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6853:Seth-Peribsen 6851: 6849: 6848: 6844: 6842: 6841: 6837: 6835: 6834: 6830: 6828: 6827: 6823: 6821: 6820: 6816: 6814: 6813: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6796:Hotepsekhemwy 6794: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6785: 6779: 6778: 6774: 6772: 6771: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6714: 6711: 6703: 6699: 6689: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6679: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6662: 6658: 6656: 6655: 6651: 6649: 6648: 6644: 6642: 6641: 6637: 6635: 6634: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6616: 6614: 6613: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6604: 6600: 6594: 6593: 6589: 6587: 6586:Double Falcon 6584: 6582: 6581: 6577: 6575: 6574: 6570: 6568: 6567: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6556: 6554: 6553: 6549: 6547: 6546: 6542: 6540: 6539: 6535: 6533: 6532: 6528: 6526: 6525: 6521: 6519: 6518: 6514: 6512: 6511: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6500: 6498: 6497: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6484: 6481: 6477:(pre-3150 BC) 6473: 6472:Protodynastic 6469: 6459: 6456: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6436: 6433: 6427: 6423: 6414: 6410: 6409:Protodynastic 6405: 6401: 6397: 6390: 6385: 6383: 6378: 6376: 6371: 6370: 6367: 6361: 6360: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6348: 6346: 6345: 6341: 6339: 6338: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6326: 6322: 6321: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6278: 6277: 6272: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6259: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6237: 6234: 6230: 6227: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6206: 6202: 6199: 6196: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6176: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6142: 6134: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6047: 6039: 6034: 6030: 6028:9780521835862 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6007: 6003: 5998: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5966: 5962: 5956: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5932: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5908: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5884: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5836: 5828: 5822: 5817: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5777: 5771: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5747: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5723: 5715: 5710: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5644: 5636: 5631: 5621:on 2017-09-02 5620: 5616: 5613:Regulksi, I. 5611: 5606: 5604:0-920168-08-6 5600: 5596: 5591: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5571: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5436: 5431: 5427: 5422: 5418: 5412: 5408: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5376: 5375: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5346: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5318: 5314: 5309: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5291:(207): 6–18, 5290: 5286: 5281: 5277: 5271: 5263: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5231:(307): 1–51, 5230: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5161: 5155: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5130: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5106: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5082: 5077: 5071: 5063: 5058: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5010: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4986: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4964: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4942: 4936: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4914: 4909: 4905: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4859: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4816: 4809: 4808: 4802: 4797: 4791: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4767: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4706:9781405179355 4702: 4697: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4679: 4673: 4668: 4662: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4599: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4559: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4535: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4464: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4246: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4216:, OLA, Leuven 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4181:9789774247149 4177: 4173: 4169: 4168: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4108: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4073: 4065: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4026: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4007: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3946: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3910: 3905: 3898: 3893: 3886: 3881: 3873: 3867: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3843: 3838: 3836: 3827: 3821: 3816: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3797: 3790: 3785: 3778: 3773: 3766: 3761: 3755: 3751: 3748: 3742: 3735: 3730: 3724: 3720: 3717: 3711: 3704: 3699: 3692: 3687: 3681: 3677: 3674: 3668: 3661: 3656: 3650: 3646: 3643: 3637: 3630: 3629:Schulman 1976 3625: 3619: 3613: 3606: 3601: 3595: 3591: 3588: 3582: 3575: 3570: 3564: 3560: 3557: 3551: 3544: 3539: 3532: 3527: 3521:, p. 39. 3520: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3496: 3491: 3484: 3479: 3473: 3469: 3466: 3460: 3453: 3448: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3429: 3422: 3417: 3410: 3405: 3398: 3393: 3386: 3381: 3375: 3371: 3368: 3362: 3355: 3350: 3343: 3338: 3331: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3307: 3306:Williams 1988 3302: 3296: 3292: 3289: 3283: 3276: 3271: 3264: 3259: 3252: 3247: 3239: 3234:, p. 19. 3233: 3228: 3221: 3216: 3209: 3204: 3197: 3192: 3185: 3184:O'Connor 2009 3180: 3173: 3168: 3161: 3156: 3154: 3147:, p. 22. 3146: 3141: 3134: 3129: 3127: 3119: 3114: 3112: 3103: 3098:, p. 19. 3097: 3092: 3084: 3078: 3073: 3065: 3059: 3054: 3047: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3017: 3012: 3005: 3000: 2994:, p. 70. 2993: 2988: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2966: 2961: 2959: 2950: 2944: 2939: 2932: 2931:Campagno 2008 2927: 2920: 2915: 2908: 2907:Porat 1986–87 2903: 2901: 2893: 2888: 2881: 2876: 2870:, p. 71. 2869: 2864: 2857: 2852: 2844: 2839:, p. 31. 2838: 2833: 2827:, p. 31. 2826: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2809: 2804: 2798:, p. 72. 2797: 2792: 2785: 2780: 2772: 2766: 2761: 2754: 2749: 2742: 2737: 2730: 2725: 2718: 2713: 2711: 2703: 2698: 2692:, p. 13. 2691: 2686: 2679: 2674: 2667: 2662: 2655: 2650: 2643: 2638: 2632:, p. 23. 2631: 2626: 2620:, p. 35. 2619: 2614: 2608:, p. 68. 2607: 2602: 2595: 2590: 2588: 2580: 2579:Gardiner 1961 2575: 2568: 2563: 2556: 2551: 2544: 2539: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2518: 2517:Pätznick 2009 2513: 2506: 2501: 2494: 2493:Regulski 2010 2489: 2483:, p. 36. 2482: 2477: 2469: 2463: 2462:Raffaele 2003 2458: 2451: 2446: 2438: 2432: 2427: 2420: 2419:Pätznick 2009 2415: 2408: 2403: 2397:, p. 63. 2396: 2391: 2384: 2379: 2372: 2367: 2359: 2353: 2348: 2341: 2336: 2329: 2324: 2317: 2312: 2305: 2300: 2293: 2292:Newberry 1929 2288: 2280: 2275:, p. 30. 2274: 2269: 2262: 2261:Newberry 1929 2257: 2249: 2243: 2238: 2230: 2224: 2216: 2210: 2209:Garstang 1905 2205: 2199:, p. 13. 2198: 2193: 2186: 2181: 2174: 2169: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2148:, p. 67. 2147: 2142: 2134: 2132:0-7864-2562-8 2128: 2124: 2117: 2111:, p. 16. 2110: 2105: 2103: 2096:, p. 22. 2095: 2094:Leprohon 2013 2090: 2088: 2080: 2079:Pätznick 2009 2075: 2073: 2068: 2055: 2051: 2050:Pätznick 2009 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2009: 2008: 2003: 1997: 1987: 1980: 1979:Günter Dreyer 1974: 1965: 1959: 1955: 1954:O'Connor 2009 1951: 1944: 1937: 1933: 1927: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1906: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1872: 1865: 1864:O'Connor 2011 1861: 1857: 1853: 1852:Breasted 1931 1849: 1845: 1841: 1834: 1829: 1826:According to 1823: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1807:Mellaart 1979 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1783:First Dynasty 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1755:Palermo Stone 1752: 1748: 1741: 1735: 1731: 1730: 1725: 1719: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1682: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1648: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1623: 1619: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1571: 1566: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1543: 1538: 1535: 1528: 1523: 1516: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1493: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1480: 1475: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1448: 1443: 1442: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1424: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1403:Lincoln Child 1400: 1397: 1394: 1393:Jackie French 1390: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1373:Günter Dreyer 1370: 1367: 1366: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1320: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1294:Tell es-Sakan 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1215:Hierakonpolis 1212: 1211: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1186: 1181: 1172: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1076: 1071: 1057: 1055: 1054:Pierre Tallet 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1025: 1022: 1016: 1013: 1012:Tell es-Sakan 1007: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 972: 968: 964: 960: 957:According to 950: 948: 942: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 913: 902: 898: 894: 887: 877: 870: 847: 833: 819: 805: 803: 799: 795: 790: 789:Günter Dreyer 785: 783: 782:Hierakonpolis 779: 775: 765: 763: 753: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 730: 728: 724: 723: 718: 713: 710: 709: 702: 700: 696: 695: 690: 689: 684: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 643: 641: 637: 633: 625: 620: 613: 608: 604: 602: 597: 596:First Dynasty 592: 588: 587: 581: 579: 575: 571: 567: 562: 560: 556: 551: 549: 545: 544:Ancient Egypt 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 512: 504: 494: 487: 475: 456: 454: 450: 449:Egyptologists 445: 443: 439: 438:First Dynasty 435: 431: 430:Protodynastic 427: 423: 419: 416: 401: 397: 396: 391: 387: 379: 376: 372: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 350: 346: 343: 339: 335: 332: 328: 324: 298: 296: 289: 277: 274: 273: 270: 269: 265: 260: 256: 253: 240: 239: 236: 235: 232: 231: 228: 227: 223: 219: 218:Ḥr-nˁr-mr-ṯ3j 200: 198: 191: 179: 178: 175: 174: 170: 165: 161: 158: 145: 144: 141: 140: 137: 136: 133: 132: 128: 124: 119: 115: 114: 110: 107: 103: 98: 92: 89: 86: 82: 78: 75: 71: 68: 64: 62: 58: 55: 51: 47: 43: 38: 33: 29: 25: 20: 15307: 15297: 15261:Ancient Iraq 15260: 15250: 15230: 15219: 15205: 15196: 15183: 15174: 15138: 15131: 15124: 15053:Ardashir III 15045: 15022: 14963: 14931:Roman Empire 14929: 14907: 14865:Yazdegerd II 14795: 14786:Artabanus IV 14783:Vologases VI 14774:Vologases IV 14705:Roman Empire 14703: 14688:Vologases II 14664:Artabanus II 14658:Artabanus II 14643:Tiridates II 14631:Phraates III 14597: 14534:Simon Thassi 14527: 14509:Demetrius II 14497:Antiochus IV 14488:Seleucus III 14482:Antiochus II 14469: 14459: 14456:Alexander IV 14443: 14431: 14415:Ptolemy XIII 14397:Berenice III 14391:Cleopatra IV 14332: 14329:331–141 BCE 14320: 14311: 14305: 14299: 14278:Artaxerxes I 14259: 14226: 14223:539–331 BCE 14198: 14179:Nabopolassar 14172: 14143: 14137: 14134:626–539 BCE 14102:Ashurbanipal 14057: 14056: 14050: 14013: 14010:745–609 BCE 13976: 13956:Eriba-Marduk 13917: 13871: 13846: 13814: 13813: 13803: 13792:Shoshenq III 13770: 13767:911–745 BCE 13735: 13717:Marduk-zer-X 13681: 13677:Ashur-dan II 13608:Arik-den-ili 13605:Enlil-nirari 13599:Eriba-Adad I 13592: 13585: 13562: 13543: 13538:Psusennes II 13513: 13512: 13506: 13490:Ramesses VII 13478:Ramesses III 13467: 13451: 13445: 13413: 13399: 13380: 13369:Amenhotep II 13362:Thutmose III 13336: 13330: 13327: 13278:Kurigalzu II 13272:Kara-hardash 13242:Agum-Kakrime 13233: 13212: 13206: 13174: 13157:'Aper-'Anati 13155: 13150: 13129: 13123: 13117: 13113: 13107: 13103: 13097: 13091: 13090: 13054:Damqi-ilishu 13037: 13026:Samsu-Ditana 13008:Sin-muballit 12999:Sin-muballit 12978: 12948:Ashur-rabi I 12813:Shamshi-Adad 12810: 12804: 12789: 12759: 12753: 12741:Amenemhat IV 12735:Senusret III 12729:Amenemhat II 12716: 12702: 12688: 12637: 12634:Damiq-ilishu 12604:Lipit-Eshtar 12585: 12566: 12523: 12491: 12487: 12471:Shakkanakkus 12434: 12410:Mentuhotep I 12403: 12397: 12378: 12365: 12328: 12322:Puzur-Ishtar 12289: 12284: 12266: 12219:Lugalannatum 12211: 12178: 12145: 12125: 12104:Hishep-Ratep 12070: 12052: 11989: 11979: 11933:Neferkare II 11923: 11917: 11911: 11858: 11840: 11830: 11809: 11762:Invasion by 11725: 11690: 11666: 11658:Enannatum II 11622:E-iginimpa'e 11591: 11583:Igrish-Halam 11494:Nyuserre Ini 11471: 11445:Awan dynasty 11443: 11402: 11389: 11370: 11355: 11346: 11330:Ishtup-Ishar 11310:Iku-Shamagan 11306:Ikun-Shamash 11298: 11276:Ur I dynasty 11274: 11267: 11256: 11231: 11225: 11199: 11180: 11139: 11122: 11107: 11089: 11048: 11040: 11011: 10992: 10955:Enmebaragesi 10941: 10922: 10893: 10884: 10877: 10840: 10835: 10815:En-tarah-ana 10800: 10793: 10785: 10775: 10751: 10748:Neferkasokar 10746: 10741: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10689: 10669: 10663: 10654: 10642: 10637: 10602: 10588: 10582: 10569: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10510: 10501: 10496: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10449:Finger Snail 10447: 10441: 10424: 10393:Anu Ziggurat 10376: 10344: 10338: 10256:Territories/ 10165:Abydos boats 10125:Other people 10062: 9961: 9749: 9742: 9735: 9723: 9716: 9709: 9702: 9695: 9688: 9681: 9674: 9662: 9655: 9638: 9631: 9624: 9617: 9610: 9603: 9596: 9589: 9557: 9550: 9536:Lucius Verus 9493: 9394: 9370:Berenice III 9360:Cleopatra IV 9335:Cleopatra II 9267:Alexander IV 9187:Nectanebo II 9156: 9137:Nepherites I 9096:Artaxerxes I 9083: 9013: 9001: 8984:(664–332 BC) 8964: 8920:Roman Period 8822:Shoshenq VII 8820: 8793: 8753: 8734:Shoshenq III 8716: 8681: 8644: 8622:Psusennes II 8535:Ramesses VII 8515:Ramesses III 8399:Amenhotep II 8394:Thutmose III 8330: 8219:Sobekemsaf I 8211: 8186: 8179: 8172: 8165: 8145: 8138: 8043: 8026: 8021:'Aper-'Anati 8019: 8012: 8005: 7985: 7978: 7971: 7964: 7957: 7950: 7943: 7929:Sekheperenre 7881: 7874: 7867: 7860: 7853: 7751:Neferhotep I 7741:Seth Meribre 7718: 7704:Djedkheperew 7621: 7582: 7573:Amenemhat IV 7563:Senusret III 7553:Amenemhat II 7469:Mentuhotep I 7431: 7320: 7280: 7273: 7266: 7259: 7185:Neferkare II 7136: 7129: 7062:Nyuserre Ini 7016: 6999: 6954: 6947: 6935: 6876: 6871:Neferkasokar 6869: 6862: 6845: 6838: 6831: 6824: 6817: 6810: 6775: 6768: 6724: 6683: 6676: 6659: 6652: 6645: 6638: 6631: 6624: 6619:Finger Snail 6617: 6610: 6590: 6578: 6571: 6564: 6557: 6550: 6543: 6536: 6529: 6522: 6515: 6508: 6501: 6494: 6457: 6358: 6350: 6343: 6336: 6331:HORUS NARMER 6324: 6304:Online books 6294: 6274: 6261: 6249: 6239: 6232: 6225: 6222:Ray, John D. 6216:Archaeopress 6211: 6204: 6194: 6174: 6170: 6160: 6156: 6132: 6107: 6103: 6078: 6074: 6061: 6037: 6018: 6005: 6001: 5992: 5973: 5969: 5946: 5922: 5898: 5874: 5864: 5850: 5826: 5815: 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XI 13496:Ramesses IX 13487:Ramesses VI 13481:Ramesses IV 13426:Ramesses II 13389:Tutankhamun 13372:Thutmose IV 13356:Thutmose II 13290:Kudur-Enlil 13275:Nazi-Bugash 13263:Kurigalzu I 13251:Ulamburiash 13222:Amenhotep I 13203:Tutankhamun 13189:Parshatatar 13186:Shuttarna I 13119:Seventeenth 13048:Ilum-ma-ili 13023:Ammi-saduqa 13020:Ammi-ditana 13014:Samsu-iluna 12921:Erishum III 12882:Adad-salulu 12879:Ipqi-Ishtar 12867:Ashur-dugul 12852:Adad-salulu 12849:Ipqi-Ishtar 12837:Ashur-dugul 12806:Old Assyria 12801:(Amorites) 12744:Sobekneferu 12732:Senusret II 12723:Amenemhat I 12695:Sîn-iribam 12672:Sin-Iqisham 12666:Sin-Iddinam 12616:Erra-imitti 12613:Lipit-Enlil 12601:Ishme-Dagan 12598:Iddin-Dagan 12534:Shalim-ahum 12525:Old Assyria 12511:Yasmah-Adad 12488:Lim Dynasty 12480:Hanun-Dagan 12476:Hitial-Erra 12241:Ur-Ningirsu 12197:Kuda (Uruk) 12170:Ishgum-Addu 12160:Ishtup-Ilum 12012:Ishma-Dagan 11997:Shakkanakku 11975:Neferirkare 11972:Neferkauhor 11875:Ili-ishmani 11854:Manishtushu 11817:Lugalzagesi 11813:III dynasty 11797:Puzur-Nirah 11512:Ishar-Malik 11491:Shepseskare 11281:Mesannepada 11206:Nin-kisalsi 11194:Lugal-kitun 11164:Meskalamdug 11150:Ur-Pabilsag 10963:Aga of Kish 10872:Barsal-nuna 10757:Khasekhemwy 10743:Neferkara I 10722:Weneg-Nebty 10700:Nebra/Raneb 10512:Lower Egypt 10498:Scorpion II 10443:Upper Egypt 10395:, 4000 BCE) 10378:Uruk period 9640:Gordian III 9585:Diadumenian 9385:Cleopatra V 9239:(332–30 BC) 9234:Hellenistic 9177:Nectanebo I 9069:Cambyses II 9051:Psamtik III 9009:Tefnakht II 8811:Takelot III 8806:Osorkon III 8801:Shoshenq VI 8755:Pedubast II 8739:Shoshenq IV 8712:Shoshenq II 8677:Pinedjem II 8667:Menkheperre 8602:Psusennes I 8555:Ramesses XI 8545:Ramesses IX 8530:Ramesses VI 8520:Ramesses IV 8467:Ramesses II 8429:Tutankhamun 8404:Thutmose IV 8384:Thutmose II 8374:Amenhotep I 8346:New Kingdom 8281:New Kingdom 8140:Senusret IV 8124:Dedumose II 8099:Nebiriau II 8094:Nebiryraw I 8089:Mentuhotepi 7894:Khakherewre 7821:Merkheperre 7731:Imyremeshaw 7714:Sedjefakare 7669:Sehetepibre 7644:Ameny Qemau 7578:Sobekneferu 7558:Senusret II 7543:Amenemhat I 7525:Iyibkhentre 7255:Neferirkare 7250:Neferkauhor 7057:Shepseskare 6898:Old Kingdom 6884:Khasekhemwy 6864:Neferkara I 6833:Weneg-Nebty 6678:Scorpion II 6240:Linguistica 6228:11: 131–38. 5853:, Atlanta: 4913:Archeologia 4841:: 211–215, 4655:, Cambridge 4122:: 709–724, 3909:French 2007 3885:Picker 2012 3703:Yeivin 1960 3605:Amiran 1974 3519:Hassan 2000 3385:Dunham 1978 3342:Petrie 1914 3232:Dreyer 1998 3160:Petrie 1901 3145:Petrie 1901 3133:Petrie 1901 3118:Petrie 1900 3096:Dreyer 1988 3058:Kaiser 1964 3016:Tallet 2015 2965:Dreyer 2016 2765:Dreyer 2016 2702:Dreyer 2011 2654:Millet 1990 2630:Baines 2008 2594:Dreyer 2000 2505:Godron 1949 2340:Dreyer 1987 2328:Dreyer 1987 2185:Grimal 1994 1958:Dreyer 2003 1932:Dreyer 1999 1919:Tallet 2015 1915:Tallet 2015 1911:Wadi Ameyra 1856:Köhler 2002 1848:Dynasty XXV 1767:New Kingdom 1674:Dreyer 2007 1608:Upper Egypt 1603:Scorpion II 1503:Lower Egypt 1415:The New War 1352:Upper Egypt 1348:White Crown 1306:Tel Malhata 1290:Ein HaBesor 1107:Upper Egypt 961:(quoted in 772:The famous 532:Upper Egypt 528:Lower Egypt 378:1st dynasty 356:Scorpion II 73:Predecessor 15348:Categories 15077:Khosrow IV 15074:Hormizd VI 15056:Shahrbaraz 15033:Khosrow II 15018:Shahrbaraz 15012:Shahrbaraz 14892:Khosrow II 14889:Hormizd IV 14847:Shapur III 14835:Hormizd II 14829:Bahram III 14814:Ardashir I 14685:Pacorus II 14676:Vonones II 14673:Meherdates 14667:Vardanes I 14652:Orodes III 14649:Phraates V 14628:Sinatruces 14476:Seleucus I 14453:Philip III 14427:Arsinoe IV 14352:Arsinoe II 14293:Darius III 14159:Psamtik II 14099:Esarhaddon 13992:Ummanigash 13962:Nabonassar 13856:Bakenranef 13827:Pedubast I 13824:Takelot II 13821:Harsiese A 13809:Osorkon IV 13801:Shoshenq V 13789:Osorkon II 13777:Shoshenq I 13523:Amenemnisu 13499:Ramesses X 13484:Ramesses V 13432:Amenmesses 13420:Ramesses I 13382:Smenkhkare 13359:Hatshepsut 13353:Thutmose I 13257:Karaindash 12996:Sumu-la-El 12828:Mut-Ashkur 12819:(Amorites) 12726:Senusret I 12685:Rim-Sin II 12675:Silli-Adad 12669:Sin-Eribam 12631:Suen-magir 12628:Ur-du-kuga 12625:Iter-pisha 12619:Enlil-bani 12607:Ur-Ninurta 12595:Shu-Ilishu 12592:Ishbi-Erra 12562:Erishum II 12508:Yahdun-Lim 12505:Yaggid-Lim 12318:Tura-Dagan 12297:Utu-hengal 12273:Meryhathor 12249:Nam-mahani 12215:II dynasty 12184:(21 kings) 12078:Puzer-Mama 12074:II dynasty 12056:IV dynasty 11969:Neferkaure 11966:Qakare Ibi 11957:Neferkahor 11948:Neferkamin 11867:Ilshu-rabi 11758:Ishqi-Mari 11754:Ikun-Ishar 11750:Enna-Dagan 11670:II dynasty 11644:Bara-irnun 11599:Puzur-Suen 11595:IV dynasty 11587:Irkab-Damu 11532:(3 kings) 11458:Ukkutahesh 11431:Meskiagnun 11427:A'annepada 11374:II dynasty 11269:Thamphthis 11265:Shepseskaf 11214:Lugal-dalu 11113:Udulkalama 11093:II dynasty 11035:Sekhemkhet 10943:Lugalbanda 10869:Melem-Kish 10865:En-me-nuna 10650:Canaanites 10644:Horus Bird 10609:Neithhotep 10482:Scorpion I 10432:Naqada III 10080:Seshemetka 10058:Nakhtneith 10022:Neithhotep 9757:Diocletian 9711:Quintillus 9664:Aemilianus 9619:Gordian II 9591:Elagabalus 9412:Arsinoe IV 9295:Arsinoe II 9220:Darius III 9147:Psammuthes 9036:Psamtik II 8851:Bakenranef 8789:Pedubast I 8784:Takelot II 8779:Harsiese A 8761:Osorkon IV 8749:Shoshenq V 8729:Osorkon II 8702:Shoshenq I 8672:Smendes II 8652:Pinedjem I 8597:Amenemnisu 8550:Ramesses X 8525:Ramesses V 8477:Amenmesses 8457:Ramesses I 8419:Smenkhkare 8389:Hatshepsut 8379:Thutmose I 8129:Montuemsaf 8119:Dedumose I 7919:Nebdjefare 7909:Merdjefare 7679:Nedjemibre 7674:Sewadjkare 7548:Senusret I 7520:Qakare Ini 7341:Meryhathor 7245:Neferkaure 7240:Qakare Iby 7225:Neferkahor 7210:Neferkamin 7018:Thamphthis 7012:Shepseskaf 6926:Sekhemkhet 6777:Horus Bird 6654:Scorpion I 6266:86: 24–32. 5976:: 24–100, 5970:Archéo-Nil 5625:2017-03-17 5396:, London: 4869:: 93–142, 4863:Archéo-Nil 4716:Archeo-Nil 4696:1808/11108 4367:31 October 4326:Archeo-Nil 4285:. London: 4191:Archéo-Nil 3931:2022-10-23 3866:Gatto 2012 3495:Jucha 2008 3046:Heagy 2020 3004:Emery 1961 2919:Yadin 1955 2808:Braun 2011 2741:Heagy 2014 2543:Hayes 1970 2316:Heagy 2014 2304:Helck 1953 2161:Heagy 2014 2064:References 1896:valley to 1844:Dynasty VI 1803:Shaw 2000b 1795:Helck 1986 1775:Hayes 1970 1771:Shaw 2000a 1753:, and the 1670:Emery 1961 1666:Helck 1953 1662:Heagy 2014 1636:Kurt Sethe 1628:Archéo-Nil 1598:Naqada III 1300:Terrace), 1149:assemblage 1034:Neithhotep 1028:Neithhotep 930:Scorpion I 555:Horus name 442:Neithhotep 331:Neithhotep 106:Horus name 15189:Hallo, W. 15086:Peroz III 14920:Antiochus 14886:Khosrow I 14856:Shapur IV 14850:Bahram IV 14841:Shapur II 14826:Bahram II 14820:Hormizd I 14777:Osroes II 14655:Vonones I 14637:Orodes II 14613:Artabanus 14281:Darius II 14208:Phraortes 14194:Nabonidus 14165:Ahmose II 14153:Psamtik I 14046:Tanutamun 13895:(regent) 13786:Takelot I 13780:Osorkon I 13545:Phoenicia 13529:Amenemope 13475:Setnakhte 13429:Merneptah 13378:Akhenaten 13161:Sakir-Har 13099:Sixteenth 13078:Akurduana 13064:Gulkishar 13061:Shushushi 13017:Abi-eshuh 13011:Hammurabi 12993:Sumu-abum 12915:Shu-Ninua 12906:Iptar-Sin 12876:Sin-namir 12873:Nasir-Sin 12864:Puzur-Sin 12846:Sin-namir 12843:Nasir-Sin 12697:Sîn-gāmil 12693:Sîn-kāšid 12681:Rim-Sin I 12678:Warad-Sin 12558:Naram-Sin 12542:Erishum I 12538:Ilu-shuma 12514:Zimri-Lim 12462:Indilimma 12449:Ibbit-Lim 12419:Intef III 12382:invasions 12369:invasions 12314:Ili-Ishar 12310:Iddi-ilum 12303:2100 BCE 12293:V dynasty 12263:2125 BCE 12201:Puzur-ili 12188:La-erabum 12122:2150 BCE 12048:Shu-turul 12041:(3 years) 12008:Shu-Dagan 11908:2200 BCE 11885:Naram-Sin 11881:2250 BCE 11825:2340 BCE 11791:2350 BCE 11785:Luh-ishan 11780:Urukagina 11776:Lugalanda 11745:Isar-Damu 11741:2370 BCE 11687:2380 BCE 11662:Enentarzi 11650:Enannatum 11639:Gishakidu 11603:Ur-Zababa 11579:Adub-Damu 11575:2400 BCE 11548:2425 BCE 11542:Napilhush 11530:invasions 11508:Enar-Damu 11488:Neferefre 11468:2450 BCE 11411:Ur-Nanshe 11406:I dynasty 11393:I dynasty 11334:Ikun-Mari 11293:Phoenicia 11289:2500 BCE 11222:2575 BCE 11190:Melamanna 11174:Akalamdug 11146:A-Imdugud 11109:Ur-Nungal 11096:(5 kings) 11083:Baba-Damu 11079:Ibbi-Damu 11008:2600 BCE 10978:Gilgamesh 10936:Iltasadum 10907:2700 BCE 10881:I dynasty 10834:2800 BCE 10797:I dynasty 10753:Hudjefa I 10686:2900 BCE 10632:Semerkhet 10624:(regent) 10611:(regent) 10518:Hedju Hor 10346:Naqada II 10174:Mastabas 10143:monuments 10094:Officials 9992:Semerkhet 9889:Ptolemaic 9697:Gallienus 9612:Gordian I 9575:Caracalla 9501:Vespasian 9495:Vitellius 9277:Ptolemaic 9119:Amyrtaeus 9101:Darius II 9046:Ahmose II 9026:Psamtik I 8965:uncertain 8953:Pharaohs 8889:Tanutamun 8724:Takelot I 8707:Osorkon I 8657:Masaharta 8607:Amenemope 8510:Setnakhte 8472:Merneptah 8414:Akhenaten 8331:uncertain 8213:Nebmaatre 8034:Sakir-Har 7987:Yaqub-Har 7899:Nebefawre 7649:Hotepibre 7515:Segerseni 7484:Intef III 7432:uncertain 7420:Pharaohs 7052:Neferefre 6878:Hudjefa I 6759:Semerkhet 6496:Hedju Hor 6458:uncertain 6446:Pharaohs 6207:2: 67–85. 6177:: 193–203 6110:: 35–59, 6081:: 23–32, 6066:Routledge 6008:: 275–308 5818:: 381-298 5793:UCL Press 5697:: 165–167 5542:192825246 5489:Tarkan II 5328:: 53–59, 5305:162414996 5285:Antiquity 5253:161748881 5216:193496493 4969:: 211–270 4919:: 132–135 4855:190218264 4722:: 59–92, 4423:Routledge 4332:: 19–43, 4197:: 31–46, 3957:, Cairo: 3409:Bakr 1988 3354:Saad 1947 2690:Kahl 2007 2030:Kahl 1994 1887:with the 1860:Naqada Ic 1840:Dynasty V 1501:crown of 1332:Limestone 1315:Narmer's 1302:Tel Erani 1175:Artifacts 1141:Amélineau 787:In 1993, 413:) was an 123:Ḥr-nˁr-mr 84:Successor 15305:(2014). 15258:(1992). 15228:(2020). 15195:(1971). 15036:Kavad II 14862:Bahram V 14823:Bahram I 14817:Shapur I 14694:Osroes I 14625:Orodes I 14619:Gotarzes 14607:Phraates 14272:Darius I 14269:Cambyses 14217:Astyages 14214:Cyaxares 14156:Necho II 14087:Bel-ibni 14037:Shebitku 14000:Indabibi 13853:Tefnakht 13395:Horemheb 13254:Agum III 13236:Kassites 13219:Ahmose I 13084:Ea-gamil 13068:DIŠ+U-EN 13058:Ishkibal 13005:Apil-Sin 12987:Amorites 12897:Bel-bani 12772:Biblical 12663:Nur-Adad 12654:Gungunum 12642:Naplanum 12610:Bur-Suen 12574:Amorites 12550:Sargon I 12500:Amorites 12444:Amorites 12416:Intef II 12386:Kindattu 12374:Ibbi-Sin 12353:Amar-Sin 12347:Ur-Nammu 12282:Merykare 12174:Apil-kin 12086:Pirig-me 12064:Ur-gigir 12060:Ur-nigin 12000:dynasty) 11945:Merenhor 11871:Epirmupi 11700:Userkare 11654:Entemena 11631:Ur-Lumma 11626:Meskigal 11557:Eannatum 11552:Kun-Damu 11536:Shushun- 11521:Enakalle 11380:kushanna 11366:Undalulu 11338:Iblul-Il 11262:Menkaure 11258:Bikheris 11251:Djedefre 11210:Me-durba 11135:shaengur 11129:En-hegal 11117:Labashum 11075:Agur-lim 11071:Abur-lim 11050:Qahedjet 10895:Enmerkar 10727:Wadjenes 10717:Horus Sa 10712:Nubnefer 10703:Nynetjer 10677:Susa III 10639:Sneferka 10622:Merneith 10340:Naqada I 10132:Ahaneith 10075:Serethor 10064:Khenthap 10048:Herneith 10027:Merneith 9951:Pharaohs 9849:21 to 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