36:
288:
634:
measures constituted shocking violations of liberal principles. German liberalism showed no loyalty to the ideas of lawful procedure or of political and cultural freedom which had formerly been its lifeblood. With few exceptions the German liberals were hypnotized by the national state, which they wished to imbue with a uniform pattern of culture. They were unable to recognize that the
Kulturkampf was bound to undermine the belief in the
1480:
1465:
1444:
1433:
1418:
1386:
1371:
1350:
1339:
1324:
1303:
1292:
1277:
1256:
1245:
1230:
1209:
1198:
1183:
1162:
1151:
1136:
1115:
1104:
1089:
1057:
1042:
1010:
995:
964:
949:
918:
877:
836:
821:
1491:
1397:
1068:
1021:
974:
928:
887:
846:
683:, the party gradually became more conservative, although it was generally split between a more liberal wing that sought to strengthen ties with the dissident liberals to their left and a right-wing that came to support more protectionist policies and close relations with the Conservatives and the imperial government.
391:(under the constitution, the minister-president was responsible to the king, not parliament). They believed that if they accepted the Indemnity Law, they would be in a better position to press for greater freedom. This, the first National Liberal faction in the Prussian parliament was formed on 17 November around
633:
nly those laws that separated state and church could be defended from a liberal point of view. Full state control over schools was a liberal ideal. It was also logical to introduce the obligatory civil marriage law and entrust civil agencies with the keeping of vital statistics. But all the other
386:
At voting time on 3 September, the political division of the liberals was confirmed when 19 National
Liberal deputies opted for his Indemnity Law. While the Liberals who opposed the bill argued that Bismarck was asking them to compromise on constitutional government, the bill’s supporters believed
515:, created and the numerous regional currencies replaced with the Goldmark. The liberal economic policies, although temporarily unpopular in the recession of the 1870s, laid the groundworks for the economic boom the German nation experienced at the turn of the 19th century.
382:
on 3 July, many of the liberals finally put aside their differences due to their support for
Bismarck's highly successful foreign policy. Seizing the opportunity, he introduced a bill that subsequently formalized his circumvention of parliamentary budgetary rights.
642:
David
Blackbourn says the liberal attacks on the Catholic Church "left a political legacy that was the opposite of what liberals wanted. It made them beholden to Bismarck; and helped consolidate political Catholicism in Germany".
703:
of the imperial government, although they also called for reform at home. Following the war, the party broke up. Stresemann led the main body of the party, including most of its moderate and conservative elements, into the
210:
475:
The
National Liberals' period of great dominance was between 1871 and 1879, when they were Bismarck's chief allies in the Reichstag where they were avid supporters of the anti-Catholic
493:
parliament with 119 seats. The
Reichstag faction remained the political centre of power as the party never attained a large number of members. Chairman of National Liberal Party was
271:. Although that cleavage later proved fatal for its unity, the National Liberals managed to remain the pivotal party in the decades after unification by cooperating with both the
1832:
292:
652:
550:. The shift was so important that it has been characterized as Bismarck's conservative turn. This meant an enduring shift of the Chancellor to the
2170:
255:. While supporting the common ideals of liberalism and nationalism, the party contained two wings, which reflected the conflicting claims of its
2165:
1873:
1863:
455:). The key points of the party manifesto focused on national unification and Bismarck's policies, which resulted in the emergence of a German
2145:
2140:
1825:
554:, which changed the political climate of the fledgling nation and soured relations between Bismarck and a number of leading German liberals.
1878:
771:
582:
403:
2135:
367:" speech. In the following years, he aimed to reconcile with his opponents by strengthening Prussian hegemony, which culminated in the
808:
1818:
2120:
1968:
1948:
712:
507:
and their guidance of
Bismarck's domestic policies, especially in regards to national economics and the legal foundations of the
1928:
1858:
415:
2160:
2130:
1662:
Anderson, Margaret
Lavinia. "Voter, Junker, Landrat, Priest: The Old Authorities and the New Franchise in Imperial Germany,"
2125:
1841:
188:
2150:
2056:
1868:
680:
2155:
1643:
720:
343:
2023:
1758:
1933:
1506:
500:
The stabilization of the new state was in a large degree only feasible because of
National Liberals' support as
543:
approach. However, these policies violated the liberal principles of both the
National Liberals and the more
347:
64:
1810:
2089:
2033:
1452:
1405:
1358:
1311:
1264:
1217:
1170:
1123:
1076:
1029:
982:
936:
895:
594:
486:
137:
1958:
1802:
854:
1554:
Flynn, John F. (1988). "At the Threshold of Dissolution: The National Liberals and Bismarck 1877/1878".
2061:
1963:
233:
2018:
570:
490:
388:
379:
252:
1691:
Gross, Michael B. "Kulturkampf and unification: German liberalism and the war against the Jesuits."
1943:
1792:
708:
566:
130:
1742:
von Strandmann, Hartmut Pogge. "Domestic origins of Germany's colonial expansion under Bismarck."
2084:
2079:
2028:
2013:
2005:
1938:
1531:
716:
598:
562:
460:
364:
312:
300:
276:
142:
52:
489:
held on 3 March 1871, the party reached 30.1% of the votes, becoming the strongest group in the
2071:
1991:
1896:
618:
248:
1633:
511:. Weights and measurements were standardized, a common German market and a national bank, the
414:
as well as from the other states of the Confederation, emerging as the largest faction in the
1923:
1906:
1888:
1777:
1521:
547:
528:
396:
339:
272:
226:
159:
119:
1526:
705:
494:
419:
308:
193:
60:
451:
8:
2051:
1978:
656:
551:
482:
407:
406:
held on 12 February 1867. They gathered support from the Prussian annexed territories of
368:
332:
328:
304:
183:
56:
601:
once again ensured a parliamentary majority for Bismarck until his resignation in 1890.
1579:
1571:
574:
558:
438:
244:
149:
35:
523:
In 1879, Bismarck's alliance with the National Liberals broke over his abandonment of
1953:
1915:
1639:
1583:
1511:
696:
676:
544:
464:
353:: In 1862, he had overruled the Liberal opposition in parliament using the so-called
350:
1563:
434:
320:
72:
355:
700:
375:
260:
229:
214:
557:
The National Liberals lost their status as the dominant party in 1880, when the
418:. An inaugural declaration was adopted on 12 June. The first party chairman was
1567:
695:, most of the National Liberals, including such leaders of their left wing as
287:
2114:
1840:
1731:
Sheehan, James J. "Political Leadership in the German Reichstag, 1871-1918."
664:
611:
540:
532:
508:
442:
426:
392:
360:
316:
296:
237:
68:
48:
1766:
The Splintered Party: National Liberalism in Hessen and the Reich, 1867-1918
1680:
Dorpalen, Andreas. "Emperor Frederick III and the German Liberal Movement,"
659:. The National Liberals came to be closely associated with the interests of
359:("Gap Theory") to justify proceeding with taxes for military reforms of the
2099:
2094:
2043:
660:
622:
539:
associations exerted pressure on Bismarck who increasingly favoured a more
504:
456:
411:
1675:
Practicing democracy: Elections and political culture in Imperial Germany
692:
672:
668:
606:
590:
477:
446:
1709:
Mork, Gordon R. "Bismarck and the 'Capitulation' of German Liberalism,"
1736:
1725:
1720:
O'Boyle, Lenore. "Liberal Political Leadership in Germany, 1867-1884."
1714:
1696:
1685:
1667:
1575:
1516:
578:
524:
512:
336:
1747:
291:
Leading politicians of the National Liberal Party from left to right:
1850:
586:
615:
536:
256:
155:
387:
opposition was fruitless because Bismarck had the firm support of
655:
became chairman of National Liberal Party. He followed chairman
638:(government by law) and to divide the German people profoundly.
597:, a right-wing cartel of National Liberals, Conservatives and
173:
1704:
The German Idea of Freedom: History of a Political Tradition
402:
The National Liberal Party was founded in the course of the
263:
heritage: one emphasized the power of the state through the
610:, Bismarck deserted the liberals, came to terms with a new
1635:
Populists and Patricians: Essays in Modern German History
719:. The far-right wing of the National Liberals joined the
679:. Increasingly threatened by the growing strength of the
251:, the National Liberals became the dominant party in the
565:
split off and merged with the Progress Party into the
267:, and the other emphasized the civil liberties of the
1874:
Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)
569:by 1884. The remaining partisans approached to the
1879:Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (MSPD)
1864:Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (SDAP)
1606:Bismarck and the Development of Germany, Volume II
425:The party strongly advocated the interests of the
1656:
2112:
1631:
1826:
711:. Its left wing merged with the left-liberal
346:during a constitutional conflict sparked by
663:, maintaining strong relations with mighty
1859:General German Workers' Association (ADAV)
1833:
1819:
1608:. Princeton University Press. p. 167.
34:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
646:
614:and started working politically with the
470:
1869:Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)
1755:Electoral Politics in Wilhelmine Germany
625:examines the contradictions between the
286:
240:which flourished between 1867 and 1918.
1603:
531:. In the economic crisis following the
2171:Political parties of the German Empire
2113:
1620:A History of Modern Germany: 1840-1945
1590:
2166:Political parties established in 1867
1814:
1553:
2146:German nationalist political parties
2141:Defunct political parties in Germany
573:, later the strongest supporters of
726:
13:
14:
2182:
2136:Defunct liberal political parties
2062:German Social Reform Party (DSRP)
1959:National-Social Association (NSV)
1768:(Harvard University Press, 1976).
344:Prussian House of Representatives
307:; bottom row from left to right:
1969:Progressive People's Party (FVP)
1949:Free-minded People's Party (FVP)
1489:
1479:
1478:
1464:
1463:
1443:
1442:
1432:
1431:
1417:
1416:
1395:
1385:
1384:
1370:
1369:
1349:
1348:
1338:
1337:
1323:
1322:
1302:
1301:
1291:
1290:
1276:
1275:
1255:
1254:
1244:
1243:
1229:
1228:
1208:
1207:
1197:
1196:
1182:
1181:
1161:
1160:
1150:
1149:
1135:
1134:
1114:
1113:
1103:
1102:
1088:
1087:
1066:
1056:
1055:
1041:
1040:
1019:
1009:
1008:
994:
993:
972:
963:
962:
948:
947:
926:
917:
916:
885:
876:
875:
844:
835:
834:
820:
819:
667:advocacy groups as well as with
331:parliamentary group arose among
2019:German Conservative Party (DkP)
1944:German Free-minded Party (DFsP)
1929:Democratic People's Party (DVP)
1666:(1993) 98#5 pp. 1448–1474
1507:Contributions to liberal theory
581:starting in 1898, which pushed
2121:Centre-right parties in Europe
2090:Bavarian Peasants' League (BB)
1657:References and further reading
1625:
1612:
1547:
1490:
1396:
1067:
1020:
973:
927:
886:
845:
721:German National People's Party
686:
363:, accompanied by his martial "
16:Political party in Germany
1:
2085:German-Hanoverian Party (DHP)
2014:Free Conservative Party (FKP)
404:North German federal election
2161:Protestant political parties
2131:Conservative liberal parties
2034:Conservative Party (Prussia)
2024:Christian Social Party (CSP)
1992:Imperial Liberal Party (LRP)
1987:National Liberal Party (NLP)
1934:German People's Party (DtVP)
1844:until the end of World War I
1842:Political parties in Germany
1673:Anderson, Margaret Lavinia.
7:
2126:Centrist parties in Germany
1924:German Progress Party (DFP)
1803:German National Association
1713:(1971) 43#1 pp. 59–75
1500:
10:
2187:
2151:Liberal parties in Germany
1733:American Historical Review
1684:(1948) 54#1 pp. 1–31
1682:American Historical Review
1664:American Historical Review
1638:. Routledge. p. 160.
713:Progressive People's Party
518:
485:. In the first all-German
374:Upon the victory over the
282:
234:North German Confederation
2070:
2057:German Social Party (DSP)
2052:German Reform Party (DRP)
2042:
2004:
1977:
1914:
1905:
1887:
1849:
1799:
1789:
1782:
1774:
1722:Journal of Modern History
1711:Journal of Modern History
1632:David Blackbourn (2014).
1568:10.1017/S0018246X00012905
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
612:less confrontational Pope
179:
166:
148:
136:
126:
114:
96:
78:
42:
33:
21:
2156:National liberal parties
1693:Central European History
1540:
595:federal election of 1887
567:German Free-minded Party
445:circles of the educated
2029:German Fatherland Party
1784:National Liberal Party
1532:List of liberal parties
717:German Democratic Party
699:, avidly supported the
461:constitutional monarchy
301:Heinrich von Treitschke
219:Nationalliberale Partei
150:Political position
102:; 105 years ago
84:; 157 years ago
53:Heinrich von Treitschke
27:Nationalliberale Partei
1954:Free-minded Union (FV)
1897:Centre Party (Zentrum)
1695:30#4 (1997): 545-566.
1618:Holborn, Hajo (1969).
1604:Pflanze, Otto (2014).
1556:The Historical Journal
675:associations like the
647:Allies of big business
471:Dominance in the 1870s
465:industrialized country
416:North German Reichstag
324:
249:unification of Germany
218:
206:National Liberal Party
24:National Liberal Party
1964:Democratic Union (DV)
1793:German People's Party
1778:German Progress Party
1522:Liberalism in Germany
709:German People's Party
548:German Progress Party
527:by the adoption of a
397:Hans Victor von Unruh
340:German Progress Party
293:Wilhelm Wehrenpfennig
290:
131:German People's Party
120:German Progress Party
46:Wilhelm Wehrenpfennig
2080:Saxon People's Party
1527:Liberalism worldwide
706:conservative liberal
629:and liberal values:
545:left-leaning liberal
495:Rudolf von Bennigsen
420:Rudolf von Bennigsen
380:Battle of Königgrätz
309:Franz von Roggenbach
61:Franz von Roggenbach
733:
657:Johannes von Miquel
589:with Germany until
561:represented by the
483:Anti-Socialist Laws
305:Johannes von Miquel
279:on various issues.
184:Politics of Germany
143:National liberalism
57:Johannes von Miquel
1939:Liberal Union (LV)
1702:Krieger, Leonard.
855:1868 Zollparlament
731:
701:expansionist goals
599:Free Conservatives
575:Alfred von Tirpitz
348:Minister President
325:
277:Free Conservatives
2108:
2107:
2000:
1999:
1809:
1808:
1790:Succeeded by
1746:(1969): 140-159.
1735:(1968): 511-528.
1724:(1956): 338-352.
1512:Liberal democracy
1498:
1497:
697:Gustav Stresemann
677:Pan-German League
481:measures and the
452:BildungsbĂĽrgertum
435:business magnates
351:Otto von Bismarck
323:(woodcut c. 1878)
202:
201:
189:Political parties
127:Succeeded by
2178:
1979:National liberal
1912:
1911:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1800:Preceded by
1787:1867–1918
1775:Preceded by
1772:
1771:
1753:Suval, Stanley.
1744:Past and Present
1650:
1649:
1629:
1623:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1588:
1587:
1551:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1466:
1446:
1445:
1435:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1419:
1399:
1398:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1372:
1352:
1351:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1325:
1305:
1304:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1278:
1258:
1257:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1231:
1211:
1210:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1184:
1164:
1163:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1137:
1117:
1116:
1106:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1090:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1043:
1023:
1022:
1012:
1011:
1004:
997:
996:
976:
975:
966:
965:
958:
951:
950:
930:
929:
920:
919:
912:
889:
888:
879:
878:
871:
848:
847:
838:
837:
830:
823:
822:
790:
734:
730:
727:Election results
681:Social Democrats
653:Ernst Bassermann
487:federal election
433:) dynasties and
369:Seven Weeks' War
335:deputies of the
329:national liberal
321:Ludwig Bamberger
213:
172:
162:
122:
110:
108:
107:15 December 1918
103:
100:15 December 1918
92:
90:
89:12 February 1867
85:
82:12 February 1867
73:Ludwig Bamberger
43:Historic Leaders
38:
19:
18:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2066:
2038:
1996:
1973:
1901:
1883:
1845:
1839:
1805:
1795:
1786:
1780:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1630:
1626:
1617:
1613:
1602:
1591:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1503:
1475:
1472:
1428:
1425:
1381:
1378:
1334:
1331:
1287:
1284:
1240:
1237:
1193:
1190:
1146:
1143:
1099:
1096:
1052:
1049:
1005:
1002:
959:
956:
913:
910:
872:
869:
831:
828:
791:
788:
729:
689:
649:
521:
473:
285:
209:
198:
170:
154:
118:
115:Split from
106:
104:
101:
88:
86:
83:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2184:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1916:Social liberal
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1788:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1764:White, Dan S.
1762:
1751:
1740:
1729:
1718:
1707:
1700:
1689:
1678:
1671:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1644:
1624:
1611:
1589:
1562:(2): 319–340.
1545:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1484:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1440:
1437:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1390:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1346:
1343:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1299:
1296:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1249:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1202:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1155:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1111:
1108:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1064:
1061:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1014:
1006:
1001:
999:
991:
988:
985:
979:
978:
970:
968:
960:
955:
953:
945:
942:
939:
933:
932:
924:
922:
914:
909:
907:
904:
901:
898:
892:
891:
883:
881:
873:
868:
866:
863:
860:
857:
851:
850:
842:
840:
832:
827:
825:
817:
814:
811:
805:
804:
799:
797:
792:
787:
785:
780:
777:
774:
768:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
751:
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389:King Wilhelm I
378:forces at the
365:Blood and Iron
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772:February 1867
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665:industrialist
662:
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583:Great Britain
580:
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571:Conservatives
568:
564:
563:Liberal Union
560:
555:
553:
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546:
542:
541:protectionist
538:
534:
533:Panic of 1873
530:
526:
516:
514:
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509:German Empire
506:
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427:Grand Burgher
423:
421:
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400:
398:
394:
393:Eduard Lasker
390:
384:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
361:Prussian Army
358:
357:
356:LĂĽckentheorie
352:
349:
345:
341:
338:
334:
330:
322:
318:
317:Rudolf Gneist
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:Eduard Lasker
294:
289:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:Nationalstaat
262:
258:
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250:
246:
241:
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238:German Empire
235:
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117:
113:
99:
95:
81:
77:
74:
70:
69:Rudolf Gneist
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
49:Eduard Lasker
45:
41:
37:
32:
20:
2100:Danish Party
2095:Polish Party
2006:Conservative
1986:
1783:
1765:
1754:
1743:
1732:
1721:
1710:
1703:
1692:
1681:
1674:
1663:
1634:
1627:
1619:
1614:
1605:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1536:
801:
794:
782:
715:to form the
690:
661:big business
650:
641:
635:
626:
623:Hajo Holborn
621:. Historian
619:Centre Party
605:
603:
556:
522:
505:ruling party
501:
499:
476:
474:
457:nation state
450:
430:
424:
412:Hesse-Nassau
401:
385:
373:
354:
326:
273:Progressives
268:
264:
242:
222:
205:
203:
160:centre-right
2072:Regionalist
2044:Antisemitic
1486:Opposition
1439:Opposition
1392:Opposition
1345:Opposition
1298:Opposition
1251:Opposition
1204:Opposition
1157:Opposition
1063:Opposition
809:August 1867
693:World War I
687:World War I
673:nationalist
669:imperialist
636:Rechtsstaat
627:Kulturkampf
607:Kulturkampf
604:As for the
591:World War I
577:'s various
478:Kulturkampf
463:and highly
447:bourgeoisie
439:nationalist
437:as well as
269:Rechtsstaat
243:During the
2115:Categories
1517:Liberalism
1457:1,651,115
1410:1,666,705
1363:1,301,473
1222:1,130,842
1175:1,651,288
1034:1,291,161
987:1,440,266
941:1,394,250
900:1,125,942
732:Reichstag
579:Fleet Acts
535:, several
525:free trade
513:Reichsbank
443:Protestant
431:GroĂźbĂĽrger
333:right-wing
313:Karl Braun
261:idealistic
65:Karl Braun
1851:Socialist
1622:. p. 264.
1584:159978280
1003:127 / 397
957:147 / 397
911:117 / 192
870:104 / 192
746:Position
651:In 1905,
593:. In the
587:arms race
559:left-wing
491:Reichstag
429:(German:
371:of 1866.
253:Reichstag
211:‹See Tfd›
194:Elections
174:Pea green
97:Dissolved
1889:Catholic
1748:in JSTOR
1737:in JSTOR
1726:in JSTOR
1715:in JSTOR
1697:in JSTOR
1686:in JSTOR
1668:in JSTOR
1501:See also
1473:45 / 397
1426:56 / 397
1379:50 / 397
1332:48 / 397
1316:997,147
1285:51 / 397
1269:943,410
1238:38 / 397
1191:98 / 397
1144:50 / 397
1128:987,355
1110:Support
1097:45 / 397
1081:617,752
1050:97 / 397
1016:Support
906:Unknown
865:Unknown
862:Unknown
859:Unknown
829:80 / 149
813:414,043
789:78 / 149
776:753,758
616:Catholic
585:into an
537:lobbying
502:de facto
441:-minded
376:Austrian
327:A first
275:and the
257:Hegelian
245:Prussian
236:and the
225:) was a
138:Ideology
1907:Liberal
1757:(1985)
1706:(1957).
1677:(2000).
1576:2639216
691:During
519:Decline
408:Hanover
342:in the
337:liberal
283:Origins
232:of the
227:liberal
167:Colours
105: (
87: (
79:Founded
1759:online
1642:
1582:
1574:
1460:13.53
1413:14.80
1366:13.71
1319:12.86
1272:12.29
1225:15.64
1178:21.90
1131:17.44
1092:10.29
1084:12.12
1037:22.41
990:26.67
944:26.86
903:28.97
816:18.02
779:20.19
743:Seats
740:Votes
529:tariff
215:German
171:
156:Centre
1580:S2CID
1572:JSTOR
1541:Notes
1468:1.27
1421:1.09
1374:0.85
1327:0.57
1280:3.35
1233:6.26
1186:4.46
1139:5.32
1045:4.26
998:0.19
952:2.11
824:2.17
760:± pp
749:Size
737:Date
552:right
459:as a
247:-led
230:party
1640:ISBN
1494:3rd
1453:1912
1447:3rd
1406:1907
1400:4th
1359:1903
1353:4th
1312:1898
1306:3rd
1265:1893
1259:4th
1218:1890
1212:1st
1171:1887
1165:4th
1124:1884
1118:5th
1077:1881
1071:1st
1030:1878
1024:1st
983:1877
977:1st
937:1874
931:1st
896:1871
890:1st
849:1st
763:No.
754:No.
671:and
410:and
395:and
319:and
303:and
259:and
204:The
1564:doi
1483:11
1295:13
1248:60
1201:48
1107:52
1060:30
1013:20
967:30
921:13
880:24
802:New
795:New
783:New
223:NLP
158:to
2117::
1592:^
1578:.
1570:.
1560:31
1558:.
1436:6
1389:2
1342:3
1154:5
839:2
766:±
757:%
723:.
497:.
467:.
422:.
399:.
315:,
311:,
299:,
295:,
221:,
217::
1834:e
1827:t
1820:v
1761:.
1750:.
1739:.
1728:.
1717:.
1699:.
1688:.
1670:.
1648:.
1586:.
1566::
449:(
208:(
109:)
91:)
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