1837:
1720:
1811:
1349:
187:
3209:
746:
3226:
1904:
3286:
3274:
211:
121:
517:
38:
197:
3238:
138:
221:
534:
3298:
1508:
1967:
3250:
1361:
2163:
3262:
3313:
714:
1231:
3007:
1874:, called a Hemdbluse, worn without a shirt, trousers, and a visored service cap. The winter service uniform featured a tunic with four large buttoned-down patch pockets, a black waist belt, the service cap, breeches, shirt, tie, and pants belt; high boots were reserved for officers and NCOs. A long, heavy, belted greatcoat was also part of the winter uniform.
1495:
conscientious objectors. However, fearing that other soldiers would be contaminated by pacifist ideas, the government took care to segregate the construction units from regular conscripts. Moreover, conscripts who chose the alternative service option often faced discrimination later in life, including denial of opportunities for
2049:
denoted by five-pointed silver stars mounted on a gold and silver braided shoulder cord set on a bright red base. All other officers and NCOs wore a four-pointed star. Like many of the armies of the other Warsaw Pact countries, NVA rank insignia followed the Soviet pattern in the arrangement of stars.
1931:; high black boots; and a gray webbing belt with y-strap suspenders. In winter, a quilted stone gray padded suit without a camouflage pattern was worn over the service uniform. Later winter uniforms were also of the same camouflage pattern as the summer variant. The winter uniform also included a fur
1888:
With a few details, the semi-dress uniform was the same for all ranks and was worn for walking-out purposes (i.e. off-duty and off-post). It consisted of a single-breasted tunic without belt, a silver-gray shirt with dark-gray tie, the service cap, long trousers, and black low-quarter shoes. Officers
1007:
the NVA was incorporated in the Warsaw Pact and consisted of army, air force/air defense (Luftstreitkräfte/Luftverteidigung), and the People’s Navy (Volksmarine). At its peak in 1987, the three NVA services had about 156,000 men under arms altogether. Between 1956 and 1990, about 2.5 million male GDR
2072:
The GDR had some seventy decorations for persons or groups it wished to recognize, and it bestowed them liberally. Some, such as battle decorations, were specifically set aside for armed forces personnel, many awarded to soldiers and civilians alike, and others, although ordinarily civilian awards,
2048:
NVA personnel displayed their rank insignia on shoulder boards or shoulder loops on service, semi-dress, and parade uniforms, and subdued sleeve insignia midway between the shoulder and elbow on the left sleeve of the field uniform, coveralls, or other special uniforms. A general officer rank was
1494:
wore uniforms and lived in barracks under military discipline, but were not required to bear arms and received no combat training. In theory, they were to be used only for civilian construction projects. The GDR therefore became the only Warsaw Pact country to provide a non-combat alternative for
1311:
Many former NVA officers feel bitter about their treatment after unification. While receiving only minimal pensions, few have been able to find jobs except as laborers or security guards. Former NVA officers are not permitted to append their NVA rank to their name as a professional title; no such
1794:
wore the same basic uniform. Several later modifications were introduced, but the style and cut remain fundamentally the same. There were a variety of uniforms worn according to the setting (work or social) and season (summer or winter). Most uniforms (service, semi-dress, and parade) were stone
1213:
The manpower of the NVA consisted of some 85,000 soldiers in 1962, climbed to 127,000 by 1967, and remained essentially steady through 1970. In 1987, at the peak of its power, the NVA numbered 175,300 troops. Approximately 50% of this number were career soldiers, while the others were short-term
1200:
that led to the downfall of the GDR's communist government, some NVA forces were placed on alert but were never deployed against protesters. At the same time, the Soviet government ordered its troops in the GDR to remain in barracks. After the forced retirement of SED and state leader
1221:
backgrounds, with few from middle-class or professional families and no representatives of the aristocracy present in the upper echelons. Excepting specialized military or political instruction, most NVA leaders reported primary school as their highest level of formal education.
1470:, one year after the West German military was established, but the GDR held back from this step until 1962. The situation changed when the border was sealed in August 1961, and five months later the government announced a mandatory service term of 18 months for men.
804:
officers held 61; however, very few of them had served in high ranks. The military knowledge and combat experience of these veterans were indispensable in the NVA's early years, although by the 1960s most of these World War II veterans had retired. (The West German
1025:). According to its doctrine, the NVA protected peace and secured the achievements of socialism by maintaining a convincing deterrent to imperialist aggression. The NVA's motto, inscribed on its flag, read: "For the Protection of the Workers and Farmers' Power".
1016:(SED) assured control by appointing loyal party members to top positions and by organizing intensive political education for all ranks. The proportion of SED members in the officer corps rose steadily after the early 1960s, eventually reaching almost 95 percent.
1371:
The NVA was, in relation to its equipment and training, one of the strongest armies in the Warsaw Pact. It was equipped with a large number of modern weapons systems, most of Soviet origin, from which a small portion were given back to the Soviet Union in 1990.
1302:. Retired NVA soldiers and officers received only minimal pensions after unification: a thirty-year veteran would receive a pension smaller than a graduate-student stipend. After the reform of 2005, service in the NVA became known as "served outside of the
1949:
Seasonal considerations and weather governed the kind of work uniforms worn. Generally, reconditioned articles of service uniforms (field, semi-dress, and padded winter uniforms) were dyed black and issued for all types of fatigue and maintenance details.
2029:
Felix
Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment uniforms were nearly identical to those of the NVA and were distinguished primarily by the dark red MfS service color of its insignia and by an honorary cuff-band on the left sleeve bearing the regiment's name. Other
2104:
were among the more important awards. Some, including the Order of Merit and the Star of People's
Friendship, were awarded in three classes. A few were accompanied by substantial monetary premiums. The NVA did not permit military personnel to wear
1852:, steel helmet, white shirt, dark-gray necktie, and a ceremonial dagger worn on the left side and fastened to a silver-gray parade belt. Officers in guards of honor, as well as officers of cadet schools when on parade, carried sabers. In winter, a
2073:
can on occasion be earned by those on military duty. The latter group included decorations for achievement in the arts, literature, production, and work methods. They were awarded to service personnel or specific units that participated in
1889:
also wore the tunic with a white shirt. During periods of warm weather, there was the option of omitting the tunic, and furthermore omitting the tie. A double-breasted jacket was optional for officers and warrant officers.
518:
1398:. The MDSG was privatised in 1994. Much of the materiel was given free of charge to beneficiaries in the new federal states or other departments, to museums, or to friendly nations in the context of military support for
1093:
1334:
2151:, contains a number of museum displays. One of these is devoted to the NVA, which had used part of the complex as a barracks. Many German military museums host former NVA equipment like tanks and aircraft.
1161:(SED), which vetted all officers. Military training (provided by the school system) and the growing militarization of East German society bolstered popular support for the military establishment. From a
2025:
The uniforms of the Border Troops were distinguished from that of the NVA ground force and Air Force/Air
Defense Force by a green armband with large silver letters identifying the wearer's affiliation.
495:
1742:
were introduced. The desire for a separate "German" and "socialist" military tradition, and the consequent founding of the NVA in 1956, introduced new uniforms which strongly resembled those of the
787:. Though the NVA featured a German appearance – including uniforms and ceremonies patterned after older German military traditions – its doctrine and structure showed the strong influence of the
2058:
followed similar shoulder insignia for the naval officers (who also used sleeve insignia) and enlisted ratings except that these were blue and white or yellow (in the case of naval ratings).
1096:
to support the intervention (assigned to 20th Guards Army and 1st Guards Tank Army respectively), becoming the first deployment of German troops outside
Germany for the first time since the
1466:
and public schools mounted intensive recruitment drives, and service in the NVA was often a prerequisite for career advancement. Compulsory military service had been introduced in 1956 in
1085:
535:
1602:
1275:. Most facilities closed, and equipment was either sold or given to other countries. Most of the NVA's 36,000 officers and NCOs were let go, including all officers above the rank of
1799:. Officers' uniforms differed from those of enlisted personnel by better quality and texture cloth. The field and service uniforms were normal attire for most day-to-day functions.
1165:
perspective, the NVA stood as a symbol of Soviet-East German solidarity and became the model communist institution – ideological, hierarchical, and disciplined. The NVA synthesized
1298:
Until 1 March 2005, Germany listed time served in the NVA as time "served in a foreign military". Service in the NVA did not count for points towards federal pensions in the
1003:, in contrast, re-introduced universal military service in 1956.) The GDR introduced conscription in 1962. According to the Parallel History Project on Cooperative Security:
3347:
2191:
1205:
and other conservatives from the ruling
Politburo at the height of the crisis in October 1989, the new SED leadership ruled out using armed force against the protesters.
3070:
Zilian Jr., Frederick. 'From
Confrontation to Cooperation: The Takeover of the National People's (East German) Army by the Bundeswehr,' Praeger, Westport, Conn., 1999,
2330:
3342:
2299:
1601:
In wartime, mobilization of the NVA's reserves would have nearly doubled its strength. GDR authorities also had at their disposal the internal security troops of the
3217:
1759:, in spite of its easily noticeable resemblance to well-known Soviet designs, was actually based on a prototype "B / II" helmet that was initially developed for the
1289:
retained only 3,200 – after a demotion of one rank. In addition, all female soldiers (at this point it was still prohibited for women to become soldiers in the
3372:
1983:
Women wore uniforms consisting of jackets, skirts or slacks, blouses, caps, boots or pumps, and other appropriate items according to season and occasion.
1914:
1738:) were dressed in police blue. With the restructuring of the Barracked Police (CIP) in 1952, khaki uniforms similar in shape and colour to those of the
2840:
Verwendung und
Weitergabe von Waffen, Geräten, Ausrüstungen, Munition und anderen militärischen Gegenständen der ehemaligen Nationalen Volksarmee (NVA)
392:
352:
1406:
secretly sold NVA equipment to several countries, violating international and German laws as well as international treaties. The rest was destroyed.
1487:(construction units) for men of draft age who "refuse military service with weapons on the grounds of religious viewpoints or for similar reasons".
3185:
377:
1115:. The NVA plan for the operation, designated "Operation Centre", called for some 32,000 troops in two divisions, accompanied by the GSFG's Soviet
3362:
2067:
1814:
1785:
578:
224:
1844:
The parade uniform for ground forces officers was the semi-dress/walking-out tunic with all authorized orders, awards and decorations attached,
2272:
1987:
1972:
753:
The German
Democratic Republic (GDR) established the National People's Army on 1 March 1956 (six months after the formation of the West German
1980:
High-ranking officers occasionally wore white uniforms (or white jackets), and staff officers were issued distinctive staff service uniforms.
1954:
are also used by the lower ranks, especially armor and air force personnel. Officers in technical branches supervising fatigue details wore a
1836:
2432:
1774:
With the exceptions of the People's Navy, whose dark-blue uniforms were consistent with the styles of most navies around the world, and the
3357:
1390:(MDSG) was charged with taking custody of and warehousing this equipment. The MDSG employed 1,820 people who were primarily taken from the
190:
2842:[Use and transfer of weapons, devices, equipment, ammunition and other military items of the former National People's Army (NVA)]
1871:
1591:
584:
570:
307:
214:
2727:
2459:
1765:
by the
Institute for Defence Technical Materials Science in Berlin. The helmet had seen trials since 1943, but was not adopted by the
1719:
3290:
3208:
2762:
1150:
588:
2301:
Parteiherrschaft in der
Nationalen Volksarmee: zur Rolle der SED bei der inneren Entwicklung der DDR-Streitkräfte (1956 bis 1971)
2176:
1474:
1116:
2306:
Party rule in the National People's Army: the role of the SED in the internal development of the GDR armed forces (1956 to 1971)
1119:. The plan was regularly updated until 1988, when a less ambitious plan that simply aimed at containing Berlin was substituted.
2043:
1375:
The remaining equipment and materiel was still substantial, including large quantities of replacement parts, medical supplies,
1271:) was set up for the control of units or facilities in the territory of former East Germany, and was led by Lieutenant General
1061:
657:
3001:
David Stone, 'Fighting for the Fatherland: The Story of the German Soldier from 1648 to the Present Day,' Conway, London, 2006
2520:
3138:
3094:
2695:
2419:
1810:
1245:
The NVA disbanded with the dissolution of the East German government in October 1990. Under the process of "Army of Unity" (
3178:
2902:
2393:
1927:, a dark-brown (later a forest green) raindrop camouflage pattern on a stone-gray background; a field cap, service cap, or
17:
2225:
1403:
832:
3332:
1856:, scarf, and gloves were worn. Naval officers wore dark blue uniforms with a peaked cap while ratings wore sailor caps.
3065:
3051:
2795:
2467:
2344:
2313:
2181:
1818:
1784:), who wore their own olive-green fatigue uniforms, all NVA armed services, the Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment, the
1775:
1627:
1512:
1141:
in 1962, the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia, and, for the last time, in late 1989 as protests swept through the GDR.
3337:
2725:
Bickford, Andrew (2009). "Soldiers, Citizens, and the State: East German Army Officers in Post-Unification Germany".
2186:
1616:
1174:
1108:
673:
81:
59:
52:
3225:
1620:
1158:
1028:
The NVA never took part in full-scale combat, although it participated in a support role in the suppression of the
1013:
3352:
3237:
3171:
1133:
The NVA went into a state of heightened combat readiness on several occasions, including the construction of the
1081:
718:
3261:
3075:
2996:
2619:
2101:
2089:
481:
3285:
3242:
3152:
2699:
2396:[National People's Army and Border Troops – GDR – Myth and Reality Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V.].
1478:
1100:. But the East German participation raised Czech ire, and the two divisions were "kept out of sight in the
245:
1462:
Before the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961, military service in the GDR was voluntary, though the
1149:
The NVA operated as a professional volunteer army until 1962, when conscription was introduced. The GDR's
607:
was mandatory for all GDR males aged between 18 and 60 requiring an 18-month service, and it was the only
3273:
3016:
2196:
1911:
The summer field uniform for both officers and enlisted consisted of a jacket and trousers originally in
1376:
1036:, and NVA officers often served as combat advisers in Africa. Some of the first NVA advisors went to the
708:
3266:
3230:
337:
252:
1990:, motorcyclists, and tank troops, wore additional items with their uniforms identifying them as such.
1386:
was a survey and securing of weapons and devices by former members of the NVA. The federally operated
3213:
3022:
2865:
Bowers M, Laurance EJ, Kopte S, Molas-Gallart J, Nassauer O, Dr Wilke P, Prof Dr Wulf H (June 1995).
1496:
1217:
According to a 1973 study, NVA leaders from the late 1950s through the 1960s came predominantly from
1157:
Unified Command. Political control of the armed forces took place through close integration with the
852:
749:
A GDR finial, here for a flag of a Ministry of the Interior (MdI) unit; the NVA had the same in gold.
2483:[According to their self-image, the NVA was the instrument of power of the working class...]
2394:"Nationale Volksarmee und Grenztruppen – DDR – Mythos und WirklichkeitKonrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V."
1348:
186:
3039:(Stanford University Press; 2011); 288 pages; An ethnographic study of former East German officers.
2085:
780:
745:
696:
631:
528:
511:
46:
2975:
The Bundeswehr and the National People's Army: A Comparative Study of German Civil-Military Polity
3278:
1190:
612:
2494:
3148:
1752:, cloth. The dark high-necked collar was later removed, except on the coats from 1974 to 1979.
63:
3125:
794:
During its first year, about 27 percent of the NVA's officer corps had formerly served in the
2953:
Die Geschichte des Deutschen Stahlhelmes: von 1915 bis 1945; seine Geschichte in Wort u. Bild
1903:
1127:
1037:
1033:
3060:, Two armies and one fatherland: the end of the Nationale Volksarmee, Berghahn Books, 1996,
648:. The majority of NATO officers rated the NVA the best military in the Warsaw Pact based on
3367:
2978:
2097:
2074:
1491:
1457:
1399:
1383:
1330:
1138:
680:
665:
616:
435:
297:
210:
2957:
The history of the German steel helmet: from 1915 to 1945; its story in words and pictures
8:
3302:
3057:
2839:
2612:
Fighting for the Fatherland: The Story of the German Soldier from 1648 to the Present Day
2245:
2168:
2003:
1795:
grey, a brownish-grey colour that was conspicuously different from the grey-green of the
1272:
1197:
788:
649:
2703:
1526:
554:
2744:
2559:
2230:
2081:
653:
2866:
2811:
2622:, drawing upon Colonel AD Meek, "Operation Centre", British Army Review, No. 107, 1994
196:
3113:
3071:
3061:
3047:
2992:
2877:
2791:
2748:
2615:
2463:
2340:
2309:
2277:
Lebendiges Museum Online, Stiftung Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
1463:
1333:
near Berlin, which housed the NVA's camouflage and deception center. This became the
1057:
776:
120:
2248:[Deadline – March 1, 1956: Foundation of the National People's Army (NVA)].
883:
367:
233:
2985:
2910:
2736:
2481:
Ihrem Selbstverständnis nach war die NVA das Machtinstrument der Arbeiterklasse ...
1639:
The highest level of leadership for the NVA was the Ministry for National Defense (
1439:
1182:
736:
661:
425:
342:
220:
2449:
2093:
1101:
958:
499:
292:
272:
178:
110:
2914:
2456:
The history of the NVA from the viewpoint of contemporaries and of the historian
3158:
3143:
2767:
2375:
2359:
2130:
1531:(Ground Forces) with an active strength of 108,000 in the following divisions:
1278:
1202:
722:
447:
387:
372:
327:
282:
2740:
1012:
Like the ruling communist parties of other Soviet satellites, the East German
3326:
3011:
2881:
1218:
1186:
1029:
913:
592:
476:
382:
332:
267:
137:
1966:
1840:
NVA generals wearing parade uniforms in a 1984 promotion and awards ceremony
3297:
3249:
2458:]. Potsdamer Schriften zur Militärgeschichte (in German). Vol. 3.
1928:
1849:
1796:
1756:
1507:
1467:
1353:
1097:
1077:
1000:
897:
817:
veterans, who initially comprised the majority of its commissioned ranks.)
784:
692:
656:
leadership. The NVA did not see significant combat but participated in the
604:
545:
541:
452:
407:
2867:
Coping with Surplus Weapons: A Priority for Conversion Research and Policy
1104:" and allowed to travel only at night. In a few days they were withdrawn.
3194:
3163:
2989:
Changing Orders: The Evolution of the World's Armies, 1945 to the Present
2816:
2011:
1739:
1650:
1623:
1580:
1154:
1134:
1112:
1111:(GSFG) high command assigned to the NVA the wartime mission of capturing
1069:
669:
637:
608:
600:
562:
322:
277:
202:
2790:] (in German). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft (WBG).
2763:"East German army unit finds skills still in demand after reunification"
2563:
2547:
2451:
Die Geschichte der NVA aus der Sicht des Zeitzeugen und des Historikers
2203:
1955:
1922:
1749:
1680:
1646:
1393:
1360:
1254:
1065:
820:
756:
728:
686:
596:
287:
238:
1019:
The NVA saw itself as the "instrument of power of the working class" (
2108:
1951:
1935:
or a steel helmet, boots, knitted gray gloves, belt, and suspenders.
1853:
1321:
1235:
1178:
1166:
838:
770:
767:. This formation culminated years of preparation during which former
999:
In its first six years the NVA operated as an all-volunteer force. (
2246:"Stichtag – 1. März 1956: Gründung der Nationalen Volksarmee (NVA)"
1877:
1845:
1162:
1040:
in 1973. During the 1980s at various times the NVA had advisors in
645:
469:
2548:"The East European Response to the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan"
2148:
1410:
767 aircraft (helicopters, fixed wing aircraft), 24 of which were
1329:
One of the few former NVA facilities to remain open was a base in
1153:
controlled the armed forces, but the mobile forces came under the
896:
The following list includes the NVA generals who were awarded the
831:
The following list includes the NVA generals who were awarded the
3010:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1932:
1748:. They were of a similar cut and made of a brownish-gray, called
1732:
The first military units of the Central Training Administration (
1692:
1676:
Kommando Luftstreitkräfte und Luftverteidigungskräfte (KdoLSK/LV)
1668:
1481:, the GDR's National Defence Council authorised the formation of
1299:
1170:
1126:
in support of a possible Soviet invasion, but the declaration of
1041:
713:
2864:
2022:, but later reverted to white except for generals who wore red.
1704:
1343:
1230:
2448:
Sabrow, Martin; von Scheven, Werner (2007). Thoß, Bruno (ed.).
1708:
1664:
1445:
1411:
1364:
1239:
1123:
1053:
1045:
695:), which also absorbed most of its personnel below the rank of
2121:
The two main periodicals of the NVA were the weekly newspaper
1653:. NVA administration was divided into the following commands:
3037:
Fallen Elites: The Military Other in Post-Unification Germany
2376:"Generals & Admirals who were awarded the Knight's Cross"
2144:
2031:
1612:
1073:
148:
3044:
Requiem for an army: the demise of the East German military,
2337:
Ulbricht's Soldiers: The National People's Army 1956 to 1971
2034:
officers wore a similar uniform, but without the cuff-band.
1892:
679:
The NVA was dissolved on 2 October 1990 with the GDR before
3132:
2659:
Requiem for an army: the Demise of the East German Military
1049:
683:, and its facilities and equipment were handed over to the
641:
636:(Barracked People's Police) and under the influence of the
2846:(Report) (in German). deutscher Bundestag. 31 January 1992
2784:
Deutsche Soldaten – eine Kultur- und Mentalitätsgeschichte
2332:
Ulbrichts Soldaten: Die Nationale Volksarmee 1956 bis 1971
1451:
1122:
In the autumn of 1981 the NVA stood ready to intervene in
625:). The NVA reached 175,300 personnel at its peak in 1987.
27:
Armed forces of the German Democratic Republic (1956–1990)
2360:
Generals & Admirals who were awarded the German Cross
2192:
Distinguished Service Medal of the National People's Army
1511:
The logo of the East German museum in Dresden. Today the
2676:
1251:), NVA facilities and equipment were handed over to the
157:(For the protection of the workers' and peasants' power)
2523:[NPA – The National People's Army of the GDR].
1295:) and all soldiers over the age of 55 were discharged.
2959:] (in German). Eschborn: L. Baer (Self-published).
2585:
IISS Military Balance 1981-89, via Tsouras, 1994, 250.
2497:[Service flag of the National People's Army].
1870:
The summer service uniform for officers was a bloused
2664:
1477:. This changed in 1964 when, under pressure from the
3348:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1990
2788:
German soldiers – a history of culture and mentality
2158:
1821:
at the border of the Berlin sector on 14 August 1961
1259:, the federal defense force of the unified Germany.
2903:
Last of MiG-29s offered by Germany arrive in Poland
2418:Parallel History Project on Cooperative Security,
1859:
1597:(Air Forces/Air Defence) with a strength of 58,000
1444:. After 1999, 22 of the 24 aircraft were given to
640:became one of the Warsaw Pact militaries opposing
628:The NVA was formed on 1 March 1956 to succeed the
3343:Military units and formations established in 1956
2447:
1825:
1379:equipment, training devices and simulators, etc.
3324:
2460:Deutschland Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt
1938:
1807:Several basic categories of uniforms were worn:
1473:There was, at first, no alternative service for
2938:The East German Army; Second in the Warsaw Pact
2820:(in German). No. 47/1991. 18 November 1991
2068:Orders, decorations, and medals of East Germany
1786:Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic
652:, thoroughness of training, and the quality of
3149:RFE/RL East German Subject Files: Armed Forces
2633:The diffusion of military technology and ideas
2420:"The GDR in the Warsaw Pact" (28 October 2016)
1907:The field uniform as worn by GDR border troops
551:The NVA was organized into four branches: the
3373:Military units and formations of the Cold War
3179:
1344:Utilization of former NVA materiel after 1990
1173:symbolism, naming its officers' academy, the
1032:of 1968, provided medical support during the
2437:. American University, Foreign Area Studies.
2226:"East German Military: Warsaw Pact's Finest"
2201:
2128:
2122:
2106:
2053:
2017:
2009:
1994:
1940:
1920:
1912:
1894:
1879:
1861:
1827:
1789:
1779:
1766:
1760:
1743:
1733:
1698:
1686:
1674:
1658:
1640:
1631:
1606:
1589:
1578:
1524:
1482:
1391:
1319:
1313:
1312:prohibition applies to rank attained in the
1303:
1290:
1284:
1276:
1266:
1260:
1252:
1246:
1020:
990:
984:
976:
970:
962:
953:
945:
939:
931:
925:
917:
908:
887:
878:
870:
864:
856:
847:
836:
822:
812:
806:
799:
768:
762:
754:
734:
726:
684:
629:
620:
576:
568:
560:
552:
200:
154:Für den Schutz der Arbeiter-und-Bauern-Macht
126:
102:
3046:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1998,
3193:
3186:
3172:
2728:Comparative Studies in Society and History
2593:
2591:
1434:14,335 tons of fuel and cleaning materials
1382:One of the first measures taken after the
1084:in 1968, the GDR government committed the
798:. Of the 82 highest command positions, ex-
136:
119:
3291:Army of the Socialist Republic of Romania
2061:
1585:(People's Navy) with a strength of 18,300
583:(Border Troops). The NVA belonged to the
82:Learn how and when to remove this message
3139:Nationale Volksarmee & the GDR Forum
2935:
2724:
2631:Emily O. Goldman and Leslie C. Eliason,
2521:"NVA – Die Nationale Volksarmee der DDR"
2495:"Dienstflagge der Nationalen Volksarmee"
2297:
1965:
1902:
1835:
1809:
1718:
1534:1st Motor Rifle Division (Potsdam-Eiche)
1506:
1359:
1356:'s armed forces – used for army vehicles
1347:
1229:
744:
712:
589:National Defense Council of East Germany
45:This article includes a list of general
3092:
2972:
2940:. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
2682:
2670:
2588:
2224:Trainor, Bernard E. (8 November 1988).
2223:
2177:Conscientious objection in East Germany
1636:), who were available in times of war.
1572:20th Motor Rifle Division (Bredenfelde)
1540:6th Motor Rifle Division (Königswartha)
1452:Recruitment and conscientious objection
1377:atomic, biological and chemical warfare
1130:(13 December 1981) averted the crisis.
1117:6th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade
775:officers and communist veterans of the
14:
3363:1990 disestablishments in East Germany
3325:
2545:
2518:
2328:
1642:Ministerium für Nationale Verteidigung
1566:17th Motor Rifle Division (Petersroda)
658:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
611:military to offer non-combat roles to
3167:
2614:, Conway, London, 2006, pp. 385–386,
2462:. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 21.
2430:
2339:] (in German). Ch. Links Verlag.
2308:] (in German). Ch. Links Verlag.
1802:
1735:Hauptverwaltung Ausbildung – HVA
1723:Various uniforms worn by NVA officers
1560:10th Motor Rifle Division (Ronneburg)
1438:24 modern MIG-29s became part of the
930:Bernhard Bechler (28 January 1943 as
527:
510:
2950:
2781:
512:[natsi̯oˈnaːləˈfɔlksʔaʁˌmeː]
31:
3358:1956 establishments in East Germany
3078:. Reviewed by Dale R. Herspring in
2217:
2143:The former Nazi holiday complex at
2127:and the monthly soldier's magazine
2044:Ranks of the National People's Army
1660:Kommando Landstreitkräfte (KdoLaSK)
1550:8th Motor Rifle Division (Schwerin)
1404:German Federal Intelligence Service
1388:Materiel Depot Service Gesellschaft
1225:
975:Vincenz Müller (26 January 1942 as
668:in other countries, and manned the
599:30 kilometers (19 mi) east of
24:
3029:
2275:[National People's Army].
2182:Combat Groups of the Working Class
1819:Combat Groups of the Working Class
1776:Combat Groups of the Working Class
1628:Combat Groups of the Working Class
1569:19th Motor Rifle Division (Wulkow)
1513:Bundeswehr Military History Museum
1022:Machtinstrument der Arbeiterklasse
142:Flag of the National People's Army
51:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
3384:
3086:
2519:Wenzke, Rüdiger (31 March 2016).
2187:Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment
2008:NVA personnel initially wore the
1961:
1700:Kommando der Grenztruppen (KdoGT)
1617:Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment
1563:11th Motor Rifle Division (Halle)
1537:4th Motor Rifle Division (Erfurt)
1338:Unit for Camouflage and Deception
1175:Friedrich Engels Military Academy
1109:Group of Soviet Forces in Germany
3311:
3296:
3284:
3272:
3260:
3248:
3236:
3224:
3207:
3144:AHF – Nationale Volksarmee (NVA)
3080:The Journal of Military History,
3005:
2876:(Report). BICC. pp. 37–67.
2270:
2161:
2037:
1878:Semi-dress/walking-out uniform (
1619:) along with the 210,000 strong
1519:The NVA had four main branches:
1159:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
1094:11th Motorised Infantry Division
1014:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
944:Otto Korfes (11 January 1942 as
869:Otto Korfes (22 January 1943 as
833:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
219:
209:
195:
185:
36:
2966:
2944:
2929:
2913:. 4 August 2004. Archived from
2895:
2858:
2832:
2814:[Tanks and Torpedoes].
2804:
2775:
2755:
2718:
2688:
2651:
2638:
2625:
2604:
2579:
2570:
2539:
2512:
2487:
2441:
2424:
2077:or assisted during harvesting.
1993:
1781:Kampfgruppen der Arbeiterklasse
1633:Kampfgruppen der Arbeiterklasse
1502:
719:Guard Regiment Friedrich Engels
674:responsible for numerous deaths
2412:
2386:
2368:
2353:
2322:
2291:
2264:
2238:
2116:
1755:Even the NVA's M-56 "gumdrop"
1208:
1185:, and its highest medal after
989:Hans Wulz (25 January 1943 as
482:Military ranks of East Germany
13:
1:
3159:some formation details on NPA
3153:Blinken Open Society Archives
2646:Building the East German myth
2552:American Intelligence Journal
2434:East Germany: A Country Study
2398:DDR – Mythos und Wirklichkeit
2211:
1714:
1008:citizens performed army duty.
904:during the Second World War.
843:during the Second World War.
3095:"The GDR in the Warsaw Pact"
2936:Forester, Thomas M. (1980).
2700:Embassy of Germany, Canberra
2597:Tsouras, "Changing Orders",
1688:Kommando Volksmarine (KdoVM)
1479:Protestant Church in Germany
585:Ministry of National Defence
7:
3082:July 2000, pp. 912–914
2973:Hancock, M. Donald (1973).
2197:Military history of Germany
2154:
2090:Star of People's Friendship
1727:
1613:Ministry for State Security
1144:
827:officers in the NVA command
709:History of the Volkspolizei
10:
3389:
3243:Czechoslovak People's Army
2991:Facts On File, Inc, 1994.
2065:
2041:
2001:
1455:
1431:303,690 tons of ammunition
779:helped organize and train
706:
702:
546:German Democratic Republic
3309:
3202:
3023:Federal Research Division
2741:10.1017/S0010417509000127
2431:Keefe, Eugene K. (1982).
2252:(in German). 1 March 2016
2138:
2075:civil production projects
1261:
811:was even more reliant on
548:(GDR) from 1956 to 1990.
475:
465:
460:
441:
434:
424:
416:
406:
401:
351:
306:
251:
244:
232:
177:
169:
161:
147:
135:
118:
101:
96:
3338:Former armies by country
2329:Wenzke, Rüdiger (2013).
2298:Hagemann, Frank (2002).
2113:awards and decorations.
2086:Patriotic Order of Merit
1791:Kasernierte Volkspolizei
1608:Kasernierte Volkspolizei
1603:Ministry of the Interior
1422:133,900 wheeled vehicles
1151:National Defense Council
764:Kasernierte Volkspolizei
697:non-commissioned officer
632:Kasernierte Volkspolizei
3267:Hungarian People's Army
3231:Bulgarian People's Army
1893:Field service uniform (
1475:conscientious objectors
1191:Gerhard von Scharnhorst
1107:In the early 1970s the
613:conscientious objectors
66:more precise citations.
3353:Disbanded armed forces
3333:National People's Army
3255:National People's Army
3214:Albanian People's Army
2702:. 2020. Archived from
2546:Burger, Ethan (1983).
2273:"Nationale Volksarmee"
2202:
2129:
2123:
2107:
2062:Awards and decorations
2054:
2018:
2010:
1995:
1977:
1956:laboratory-style smock
1941:
1921:
1913:
1908:
1895:
1880:
1862:
1841:
1828:
1822:
1790:
1780:
1767:
1761:
1744:
1734:
1724:
1699:
1687:
1675:
1659:
1641:
1632:
1607:
1590:
1579:
1525:
1516:
1483:
1425:2,199 artillery pieces
1392:
1368:
1367:in East German service
1357:
1320:
1314:
1304:
1291:
1285:
1277:
1268:Bundeswehrkommando Ost
1267:
1253:
1247:
1242:
1021:
1010:
991:
985:
977:
971:
963:
954:
946:
940:
932:
926:
918:
909:
888:
879:
871:
865:
857:
848:
837:
823:
813:
807:
800:
769:
763:
755:
750:
742:
735:
727:
685:
630:
621:
577:
569:
561:
553:
503:
491:National People's Army
201:
127:
103:
97:National People's Army
2951:Baer, Ludwig (1977).
2812:"Panzer und Torpedos"
2499:runde-ecke-leipzig.de
2380:Axis History Factbook
2364:Axis History Factbook
1969:
1906:
1839:
1813:
1722:
1510:
1492:construction soldiers
1363:
1351:
1326:during the Nazi era.
1233:
1128:martial law in Poland
1038:Republic of the Congo
1005:
855:(17 December 1942 as
748:
723:changing-of-the-guard
716:
691:(the armed forces of
666:communist governments
617:construction soldiers
587:and commanded by the
559:(Ground Forces), the
3279:Polish People's Army
3042:Dale Roy Herspring,
2979:University of Denver
2657:Dale Roy Herspring,
2098:Order of Scharnhorst
1458:Construction soldier
1400:developing countries
1139:Cuban Missile Crisis
961:(21 January 1943 as
681:German reunification
575:(Air Force) and the
504:Nationale Volksarmee
298:Sabine Bergmann-Pohl
128:Nationale Volksarmee
104:Nationale Volksarmee
18:Nationale Volksarmee
3303:Soviet Armed Forces
3099:www.php.isn.ethz.ch
2644:Alan L. Nothnagle,
2576:Tsouras, 1994, 250.
2169:East Germany portal
2147:, on the island of
2004:Corps colours (NPA)
1986:Personnel, such as
1817:and members of the
1645:) headquartered in
1198:Peaceful Revolution
1080:prepared to occupy
789:Soviet Armed Forces
529:[ɛnfaʊˈʔaː]
308:Minister of Defence
3124:has generic name (
2706:on 23 January 2021
2231:The New York Times
2082:Order of Karl Marx
1978:
1909:
1842:
1823:
1803:Uniform categories
1725:
1557:Division (Eggesin)
1547:Division (Dresden)
1517:
1428:1,376,650 firearms
1369:
1358:
1352:The emblem of the
1243:
916:(12 March 1942 as
781:paramilitary units
751:
743:
660:in 1968, deployed
3320:
3319:
3035:Bickford Andrew.
2771:. 16 August 2010.
2685:, pp. 12–13.
1915:Flachtarnenmuster
1896:Felddienstuniform
1860:Service uniform (
1594:/Luftverteidigung
1464:Free German Youth
1265:Eastern Command (
1248:Armee der Einheit
1034:Soviet–Afghan War
886:(7 April 1944 as
777:Spanish Civil War
662:military advisors
487:
486:
442:Foreign suppliers
426:Reserve personnel
92:
91:
84:
16:(Redirected from
3380:
3315:
3314:
3301:
3300:
3289:
3288:
3277:
3276:
3265:
3264:
3253:
3252:
3241:
3240:
3229:
3228:
3212:
3211:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3165:
3164:
3129:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3026:
3009:
3008:
2982:
2961:
2960:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2917:on 23 March 2015
2911:Associated Press
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2871:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2845:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2782:Kutz, M (2006).
2779:
2773:
2772:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2655:
2649:
2642:
2636:
2629:
2623:
2608:
2602:
2595:
2586:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2372:
2366:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2221:
2207:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2134:
2126:
2112:
2057:
2021:
2015:
1998:
1944:
1926:
1918:
1898:
1883:
1865:
1831:
1826:Parade uniform (
1815:GDR borderguards
1793:
1783:
1770:
1764:
1747:
1737:
1702:
1690:
1678:
1662:
1644:
1635:
1610:
1596:
1592:Luftstreitkräfte
1584:
1530:
1527:Landstreitkräfte
1497:higher education
1486:
1397:
1325:
1317:
1307:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1250:
1226:Post-unification
1183:Friedrich Engels
1102:Bohemian forests
1098:Second World War
1024:
994:
988:
980:
974:
966:
957:
949:
943:
935:
929:
921:
912:
891:
882:
874:
868:
860:
851:
842:
826:
816:
810:
803:
774:
766:
760:
740:
737:Unter den Linden
732:
725:ceremony at the
717:Soldiers of the
690:
672:where they were
635:
624:
582:
574:
571:Luftstreitkräfte
566:
558:
555:Landstreitkräfte
539:
538:
537:
531:
522:
521:
520:
514:
509:
498:
461:Related articles
417:Active personnel
343:Rainer Eppelmann
338:Theodor Hoffmann
223:
215:Luftstreitkräfte
213:
206:
199:
191:Landstreitkräfte
189:
179:Service branches
140:
130:
123:
114:
106:
94:
93:
87:
80:
76:
73:
67:
62:this article by
53:inline citations
40:
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32:
21:
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3101:
3089:
3032:
3030:Further reading
3018:Country Studies
3015:
3006:
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2798:
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2776:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2707:
2696:"Army of Unity"
2694:
2693:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2656:
2652:
2643:
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2282:
2280:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2253:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2141:
2119:
2094:Banner of Labor
2070:
2064:
2046:
2040:
2016:as worn by the
2006:
2000:
1973:Fallschirmjäger
1964:
1947:
1901:
1886:
1881:Ausgangsuniform
1868:
1834:
1805:
1797:People's Police
1730:
1717:
1505:
1460:
1454:
1346:
1300:unified Germany
1228:
1211:
1147:
972:Generalleutnant
959:Arno von Lenski
889:Generalleutnant
880:Generalleutnant
829:
821:Notable former
785:People's Police
711:
705:
533:
532:
516:
515:
507:
494:
397:
364:
363:
347:
319:
318:
302:
293:Manfred Gerlach
273:Walter Ulbricht
264:
263:
156:
143:
131:
108:
88:
77:
71:
68:
58:Please help to
57:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3386:
3376:
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3308:
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3305:
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3203:
3200:
3199:
3191:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3130:
3088:
3087:External links
3085:
3084:
3083:
3068:
3066:978-1571810694
3058:Jörg Schönbohm
3055:
3052:978-0847687183
3040:
3031:
3028:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2983:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2943:
2928:
2907:AP Worldstream
2894:
2857:
2831:
2803:
2797:978-3534200139
2796:
2774:
2768:Deutsche Welle
2754:
2735:(2): 260–287.
2717:
2687:
2675:
2663:
2650:
2637:
2624:
2603:
2587:
2578:
2569:
2538:
2511:
2486:
2469:978-3980888240
2468:
2440:
2423:
2411:
2385:
2367:
2352:
2346:978-3862842063
2345:
2321:
2315:978-3861532798
2314:
2290:
2271:Würz, Markus.
2263:
2237:
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2210:
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2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
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2156:
2153:
2140:
2137:
2131:Armeerundschau
2118:
2115:
2102:National Prize
2066:Main article:
2063:
2060:
2042:Main article:
2039:
2036:
2002:Main article:
1999:
1992:
1963:
1962:Other uniforms
1960:
1946:
1942:Arbeitsuniform
1939:Work uniform (
1937:
1900:
1891:
1885:
1876:
1867:
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1833:
1824:
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1801:
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1456:Main article:
1453:
1450:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1345:
1342:
1279:Oberstleutnant
1273:Jörg Schönbohm
1227:
1224:
1210:
1207:
1203:Erich Honecker
1146:
1143:
1082:Czechoslovakia
997:
996:
982:
968:
951:
937:
923:
894:
893:
884:Vincenz Müller
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2967:Bibliography
2956:
2952:
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2937:
2931:
2919:. Retrieved
2915:the original
2906:
2897:
2885:. Retrieved
2873:
2860:
2848:. Retrieved
2834:
2822:. Retrieved
2815:
2806:
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2783:
2777:
2766:
2757:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2708:. Retrieved
2704:the original
2690:
2683:Hancock 1973
2678:
2671:Hancock 1973
2666:
2658:
2653:
2648:(1999) p 176
2645:
2640:
2635:(2003) p 132
2632:
2627:
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2606:
2601:, 1994, 170.
2598:
2581:
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2529:. Retrieved
2524:
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2012:Waffenfarben
2007:
1996:Waffenfarben
1988:paratroopers
1985:
1982:
1979:
1971:
1948:
1929:steel helmet
1919:and then in
1910:
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1869:
1850:riding boots
1843:
1806:
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1600:
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1503:Organization
1489:
1484:Baueinheiten
1472:
1468:West Germany
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1440:
1437:
1387:
1381:
1374:
1370:
1335:
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1310:
1297:
1244:
1216:
1214:conscripts.
1212:
1195:
1148:
1132:
1121:
1106:
1087:
1078:Soviet Union
1027:
1018:
1011:
1006:
1001:West Germany
998:
992:Generalmajor
986:Generalmajor
964:Generalmajor
955:Generalmajor
941:Generalmajor
927:Generalmajor
910:Generalmajor
901:
898:German Cross
895:
872:Generalmajor
866:Generalmajor
853:Wilhelm Adam
849:Generalmajor
830:
795:
793:
752:
693:West Germany
678:
627:
615:, known as "
605:conscription
579:Grenztruppen
567:(Navy), the
550:
542:armed forces
524:
490:
488:
453:Soviet Union
408:Conscription
360:
315:
260:
234:Headquarters
225:Grenztruppen
165:1 March 1956
153:
78:
69:
50:
29:
3368:Warsaw Pact
3195:Warsaw Pact
3135:(in German)
3122:|last=
3054:, 249 pages
2887:24 February
2874:www.bicc.de
2850:24 February
2824:24 February
2817:Der Spiegel
2527:(in German)
2400:(in German)
2279:(in German)
2250:www1.wdr.de
2117:Periodicals
2055:Volksmarine
1757:army helmet
1740:Soviet Army
1651:East Berlin
1581:Volksmarine
1419:2,761 tanks
1238:carrying a
1209:Composition
1196:During the
1155:Warsaw Pact
1135:Berlin Wall
1113:West Berlin
1076:. When the
1070:South Yemen
761:) from the
670:Berlin Wall
644:during the
638:Soviet Army
609:Warsaw Pact
601:East Berlin
563:Volksmarine
540:) were the
323:Willi Stoph
278:Willi Stoph
203:Volksmarine
64:introducing
3327:Categories
3197:militaries
3155:, Budapest
3076:0275965465
2997:0816031223
2921:24 October
2909:(Report).
2620:1844860361
2531:8 November
2504:8 November
2404:4 November
2283:4 November
2256:4 November
2212:References
2204:Bundeswehr
2124:Volksarmee
2100:, and the
1923:Strichtarn
1788:, and the
1750:stone gray
1715:Appearance
1681:Strausberg
1647:Strausberg
1611:) and the
1394:Bundeswehr
1336:Bundeswehr
1318:or in the
1305:Bundeswehr
1292:Bundeswehr
1286:Bundeswehr
1262:Bundeswehr
1255:Bundeswehr
1066:Mozambique
808:Bundeswehr
757:Bundeswehr
729:Neue Wache
687:Bundeswehr
650:discipline
597:Strausberg
508:pronounced
288:Egon Krenz
246:Leadership
239:Strausberg
47:references
3133:NVA Forum
2882:0947-7322
2749:145156837
2558:(1): 18.
2109:Wehrmacht
2019:Wehrmacht
1952:Coveralls
1854:greatcoat
1768:Wehrmacht
1762:Wehrmacht
1745:Wehrmacht
1703:based in
1691:based in
1679:based in
1663:based in
1624:auxiliary
1441:Luftwaffe
1416:208 ships
1322:Waffen-SS
1315:Wehrmacht
1236:Tatra-813
1179:Karl Marx
1167:communist
902:Wehrmacht
839:Wehrmacht
824:Wehrmacht
814:Wehrmacht
801:Wehrmacht
796:Wehrmacht
771:Wehrmacht
741:in Berlin
622:Bausoldat
496:‹See Tfd›
402:Personnel
170:Disbanded
3114:cite web
2564:44326062
2155:See also
1976:uniform.
1933:pile cap
1846:breeches
1728:Uniforms
1189:General
1177:, after
1171:Prussian
1163:Leninist
1145:Ideology
1092:and the
1090:Division
1050:Ethiopia
646:Cold War
470:Cold War
436:Industry
361:See list
316:See list
261:See list
72:May 2010
3216:(until
3104:30 June
2362:in the
1970:An NVA
1693:Rostock
1669:Potsdam
1412:MiG-29s
1331:Storkow
1234:An NVA
1042:Algeria
900:in the
835:in the
783:of the
733:on the
703:History
654:officer
544:of the
466:History
420:176,000
162:Founded
60:improve
3074:
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3050:
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2794:
2747:
2661:(1998)
2618:
2562:
2525:bpb.de
2475:1 June
2466:
2343:
2312:
2139:Relics
1872:jacket
1709:Berlin
1665:Geltow
1555:Panzer
1545:Panzer
1446:Poland
1402:. The
1365:MiG-29
1283:. The
1240:GAZ-63
1124:Poland
1088:Panzer
1072:, and
1054:Guinea
1046:Angola
978:Oberst
947:Oberst
919:Oberst
858:Oberst
500:German
430:47,000
111:German
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2955:[
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2745:S2CID
2710:5 May
2560:JSTOR
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2149:Rügen
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1667:near
1649:near
1621:party
1615:(the
1605:(the
1074:Syria
1062:Libya
981:i.G.)
933:Major
477:Ranks
149:Motto
3218:1968
3126:help
3106:2017
3072:ISBN
3062:ISBN
3048:ISBN
2993:ISBN
2923:2014
2889:2020
2878:ISSN
2852:2020
2826:2020
2792:ISBN
2712:2021
2616:ISBN
2533:2019
2506:2019
2477:2016
2464:ISBN
2406:2019
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2285:2019
2258:2019
2080:The
2052:The
1848:and
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1697:the
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1490:The
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642:NATO
489:The
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