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near
Vithkuq in the Korça region. It was no doubt after the destruction of Vithkuq in 1819 that Veqilharxhi immigrated to Romania in search of a better life. In 1821, he took part in a Wallachian uprising against the Turks. He spent the rest of his life as a lawyer, as far as is known, in the port of BrÄila on the Danube. He died of poisoning in Istanbul, allegedly at the hands of Greek Orthodox fanatics supposedly linked to the patriarch of Constantinople. Whether this is true or not will never be known. However, it is known that the patriarchate was at odds with all expressions of non-Greek nationalism in the Balkans. In a letter in Greek, which Naum Veqilharxhi is reported to have circulated, he pointed to the backwardness and misery of the Albanians as a result of long centuries of Turkish rule and stressed the need for a new Albanian alphabet as a means of overcoming this stagnation and of uniting the country. In 1824 or 1825, Veqilharxhi had already begun working on the 33-letter alphabet of his own invention, which he had printed in an eight-page Albanian spelling book in 1844. This little spelling book was distributed throughout southern Albania, from Korça to Berat, and was received, it appears, with a good deal of enthusiasm. The booklet was augmented to 48 pages in a second edition in 1845 entitled FarĂ© i ri abĂ©tor shqip per djĂ©lm nismetore (A Very New Albanian Spelling Book for Elementary Schoolboys)... Veqilharxhi stands out as the first man of letters in the 19th century to have expressed the ideals of the growing Albanian nationalist movement.
310:
Albanian as a necessary precursor to cultural and political development. Veqilharxhi felt that education in one's mother tongue was important toward acquiring knowledge and "culture". In one preface written to
Albanian schoolboys, he berates Albanian children who did "not know their own heritage; not only are they unable to write in their own language, they cannot even pray to the Lord in the language each of them tasted with his motherâs milk", and for learning only the languages of foreigners and not their own. He urged Albanian boys to study their own language in order to "join the civilized world, prove that our land is idle no longer and show ourselves as men of great honor", and compared the Albanian nation to a "larva" that may one day become a butterfly.
1038:
elementët që e përbëjnë. Dora-dorës, populli shqiptar e pranoi porosinë e Naumit dhe krijoi modelin e tij, sipas të cilit besimet fetare do të praktikoheshin në një mënyrë të veçantë, në mënyrën shqiptare, me tone të ulura, jo vetëm pa ngacmuar bashkëkombësit e feve të tjera, po gjithmonë duke i respektuar ato. Kjo është harmonia fetare ose bashkëjetesa shqiptare që ideoi N. Veqilharxhi dhe që sot, falë urtësisë të popullit tonë, përbën një vlerë të veçantë të tij, si një model referimi për popujt e tjerë ballkanikë, si mënyrën e vetme për një të ardhme të përbashkët më të lumtur."
121:
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963:. C. Hurst & Co.: Bloomington, Indiana, United States. Page 42: "Naum Veqilharxhi, one remarkable personality of the first period of the Albanian national movement, compared the situation of the Albanians with that of a larva that would one day become a butterfly... Naum Veqilharxhi... was the first ideologue of the Albanian national movement.
267:, where it reached great success. It was also circulated in Përmet. On April 22, 1845 Athanas Paskali, one of the notable people of Korçë, along with others sent him a letter requesting as many more copies as possible. Among Albanian historians this publication by Veqilharxhi is considered as the beginning of the Albanian national awakening.
1037:
Meksi, Fedhon. "Veqilharxhi, babai I alfabetit edhe abetares shqiptare". 21 October 2011. Panorama. "N. Veqilharxhi kishte ideuar rikonstruksionin e kombit shqiptar që përfshinte myslimanët dhe të krishterët, vërtetuar tashmë nga historia, dhe si aliazh që është, doli më i fortë dhe më rezistent sesa
381:
This was not the first original script to be developed for the
Albanian language. However, according to Robert Elsie it remains the first one to be printed, though only lithographed, as shown above. The typeface of Vithkuqi is the first known original Albanian script to by cut in type. It was briefly
309:
Veqilharxhi lamented the "backwardness" of his homeland and attributed it to centuries of
Ottoman rule, and argued that a new unifying Albanian alphabet was necessary to overcome the stagnation and unify the country. He was concerned by the lack of Albanian schools, and saw the development of written
937:
Zhelyazkova, Antonina. "Albanian
Identities". International Centre for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations (IMIR): Sofia. Page 24:"It is assumed that the beginning of the Albanian Revival was set by Naum Veqilharxhi's activity and his address to the Orthodox Albanians, which, along with his
675:
Nationalist figure. Naum
Veqilharxhi was one of the earliest men to devote himself to the creation of a new Albanian alphabet and also one of the first to formulate the ideals and objectives of the Albanian nationalist movement in its budding stages. He was born of a family from the village of Bredh
343:
Veqilharxhi conceived of
Albania as a nation with its own language, customs and history, and its own territory. His conception of Albania included a harmony between the different faiths practiced by Albanians, with each faith being practiced by Albanians a little bit differently than it would be by
995:
Meksi, Fedhon. "Veqilharxhi, babai i alfabetit dhe abetares shqiptare". 21 October 2011. "N. Veqilharxhi e kishte tĂ« qartĂ« se âshkollat greke janĂ« tĂ« organizuara pĂ«r tĂ« ndriçuar rininĂ« greke dhe jo pĂ«r ndriçimin e popullit shqiptarâ (Letra dĂ«rguar Jani Calit, 1846). NĂ« kĂ«to kushte Naum
Veqilharxhi
542:
Naum
Veqilharxhi is considered the avant-garde and first ideologue of the National Awakening, because his work results in one of the first attempts for an original Albanian alphabet (1844 and 1845), as well as contains an embryo form of the ideas which would develop later on during the National
1047:
Meksi, Fedhon. "Veqilharxhi, babai i alfabetit dhe abetares shqiptare". 21 October 2011. " Naum
Veqilharxhi përcaktoi drejtimin kryesor të nacionalizmit shqiptar, që do të kishte specifikën e tij. Ai do të përpunohej duke u mbështetur kryesisht mbi gjuhën amtare dhe jo mbi fenë, si në rastin e
938:
primer published in 1845, was the first programme document of the Albanian national movement. In it Veqilharxhi demanded Albanian schools and development of the Albanian language as a first step to the evolution of the Albanian people side by side with the other Balkan nations."
259:("The most Useful and Concise Albanian Alphabet"). Veqilharxhi avoided the use of Latin, Greek or Arabic alphabets and characters because of their religious associations and the possibility of causing divisions among Albanians of different religions. Veqilarxhi's
344:
non-Albanians, which would evolve into the Albanian national ideal of religious harmony. He also helped Albanian nationalism take its ultimate course of using language, rather than religion as other Balkan nationalisms did, as its primary unifier.
972:
Pahumi, Nevila (2007). "Consolidation of Albanian nationalism". University of Michigan. Page 25: "It is safe to assume that Veqilharxhi had probably been influenced by nationalist ideas during the Greek Revolution in which he took
898:
A pioneering effort by one Vekilcharje in about 1850 produced an Albanian alphabet, in which a few small books were printed. It flourished briefly at Korçë, but its creator is believed to have been poisoned by the Greek
301:
Outside of his native land Veqilharxhi in Wallachia was a figure that thrived within the security of the Albanian diaspora where both worlds became linked together, a dynamic that led thereafter to the development of
1017:
Pahumi, Nevila. "Consolidation of Albanian nationalism". Page 25:" The foundations of Albanian nationalism had been laid by one Naum Veqilharxhi or Naum Panajot Bredhi, a native of Vithkuq in the district of
1027:
Pahumi, Nevila. "Consolidation of Albanian Nationalism". University of Michigan. Page 25: "Part of Veqilharxhiâs grander vision saw an Albanian nation, with its own language, customs and history, as well as
274:: the letter is considered to be one of the first written documents to record the main ideas of the Albanian National Awakening movement. His death is thought to have been from poisoning by orders from the
911:
1008:
Meksi, Fedhon. "Veqilharxhi, babai i alfabetit dhe abetares shqiptare". 21 October 2011. "Përveçse ideologu i parë, Naum Veqilharxhi vlerësohet edhe si iluministi i parë i Rilindjes Kombëtare Shqiptare."
321:. In his later years, he warned that "Greek schools are organized to illuminate Greek youth and not to illuminate the Albanian people", and felt that native language education was necessary to prevent
378:. The script by Veqilharxhi, is also known as Vithkuqi script, because of the place of birth of its author. It was briefly used in some parts of Albania, but never managed to become popularised.
374:
by George Venrich, as was recently discovered. Though the script was lithographed, in 1847 it was also cut for typographic use in Vienna, by the Austrian philologists and punchcutter
278:. The cause of his death, and the date or place are unknown. It is believed that he died shortly after the summer of 1846, when the last information on him was published by the
232:. In BrÄila he joined an intellectual organization of Albanians, who considered the development of Albanian language and culture necessary for the Albanian National Awakening.
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Pahumi, Nevila. "The Consolidation of Albanian Nationalism: The League of Prizren 1878-1881". Page 25: "Berat, Korça and Përmet"
275:
270:
In 1845 Veqilharxhi sent a polemic open letter written in the Greek language to his nephew, who had called his patriotic ideas
251:
In 1824 or 1825 he started the creation of his alphabet of the Albanian language. The final version of his thirty-three-letter
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was a primer addressed to Orthodox Albanians, which became the first programme document of the Albanian national movement.
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used by Carl Faulmann at the end of the 19th century. No instance of its usage by any Albanian author is known to date.
996:
ishte i pari që ndjeu nevojën e ngutshme të përhapjes së arsimit në gjuhën amtare për të penguar helenizimin e vendit."
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Veqilharxhi invented an original script for his Albanian primers. The script sometimes considered to be similar to the
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Letters from the original script of Veqilharxhi (red). The missing gj, rr, xh and zh are marked as X.
914:, in Seminari ndĂ«rkombĂ«tar pĂ«r gjuhĂ«n, letĂ«rsinĂ« dhe kulturĂ«n shqiptare (40), Prishtina, p. 296â322.
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Pahumi, Nevila (2007). "Consolidation of Albanian Nationalism". University of Michigan. Pages 24-25
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182:
370:, was most probably developed sometime around 1825. The books by Veqilharxhi were lithographed in
217:
255:, whose characters were invented by Veqilharxhi, was printed as part of primer in 1844-5 titled
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Misha, Piro. "Invention of Nationalism: Myth and Amnesia". In Schwandner Sievers and Fischer,
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DĂ«shmi tĂ« reja pĂ«r vendin e shtypit tĂ« ĂvetarĂ«ve nga Naum Veqilharxhi dhe çështje tĂ« tjera
416:
8:
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Macedonia: A Voyage through History (Vol. 2, From the Fifteenth Century to the Present)
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It has been argued that, in his formative earlier years, Veqilharxhi was influenced by
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709:. East European monographs. Vol. 328. East European Monographs. p. 98.
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media. In a testament from BrÄila, already by 1849 he is mentioned as deceased.
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and the first to formulate its ideals, as well as the first enlightener of the
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Islam in the Balkans: religion and society between Europe and the Arab world
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The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874â1913
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as a lawyer, became wealthy and used his money to promote the ideas of the
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lawyer and scholar. In 1844, he published using a unique alphabet for the
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443:(in Albanian). Vol. 2. Academy of Sciences of Albania. p. 134.
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673:. Scarecrow Press, inc.: Plymouth, United Kingdom. pp. 469â470.
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Naum Veqilharxhi was born on 6 of December 1797 in the village of
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204:) since his father Panajot Bredhi was a supplier to the court of
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56:
48:
923:
Pahumi, Nevila. "Consolidation of Albanian nationalism". Page 25
148:. Veqilharxhi is one of the most prominent figures of the early
328:
Veqilharxhi is considered to be the first written ideologue of
76:
886:. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 114â115.
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Naum Veqilharxhi, the father of Albanian alphabet and ABC-book
706:
From Zalmoxis to Jan Palach: studies in East European history
264:
602:
The Albanian Orthodox Church: A Political History, 1878â1945
636:
Late Enlightenment: Emergence of the Modern 'National Idea'
263:
first distributed in Korçë and later westwards as far as
589:, Bucharest, p. 3 "Pjellë mbë 1797 mbë 6 të Deqembvrit."
558:
Naum Veqilharxhi, babai i alfabetit dhe abetares shqipe.
838:
National development in Romania and southeastern Europe
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Naum Veqilharxhi: Ideologu i Pare i Rilindjes Shqiptar
758:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 139.
347:
818:International journal of the sociology of language
780:
639:. Central European University Press. p. 258.
633:TrencsĂ©nyi, BalĂĄzs; KopeÄek, Michal (2006-06-15).
1004:
1002:
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1141:Albanian people of the Greek War of Independence
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16:Albanian inventor of writing system (1797â1846)
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873:
787:. University of South Carolina Press. p.
152:, and is considered by Albanians as its first
499:A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History
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1126:Activists of the Albanian National Awakening
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531:Naum Veqilharxhi and the birth of the nation
144:with characters he had created himself, the
841:. Center for Romanian Studies. p. 54.
587:Fort i shkurtër e i përdorshim ëvetar shqip
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185:family. His family inherited the name
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961:Albanian Identities: Myth and History
950:
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35:Veqilharxhi in a c. 1844 illustration
1048:nacionalizmave të tjerë ballkanikë."
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598:
526:Naum Veqilharxhi dhe lindja e kombit
565:] (in Albanian), archived from
220:. As a student he took part in the
13:
14:
1162:
475:. London: IB Tauris. p. 20.
348:The original alphabet he invented
224:. A few years later he worked in
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671:Historical Dictionary of Albania
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1059:Tipografia shqiptare 1555â1912
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533:] (in Albanian), Pashtriku
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257:Ăvetari Shqip Fort i ShkurtĂ«r
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1146:Members of the Filiki Eteria
599:Bido, Ardit (October 2020).
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1121:Creators of writing systems
555:Fedhon Meksi (2011-10-21),
439:Islami, Selim (1984). "4".
385:
334:Albanian National Awakening
230:Albanian National Awakening
222:Wallachian uprising of 1821
212:. After the destruction of
150:Albanian National Awakening
10:
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880:Palairet, Michael (2016).
815:Straehle, Carolin (1974).
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294:Bust of Naum Veqilharxhi,
585:Naum Veqilharxhi (1844).
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835:Michelson, Paul (2002).
469:Gawrych, George (2006).
317:and was a member of the
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752:Skendi, Stavro (1967).
218:Danubian Principalities
159:
703:Treptow, Kurt (1992).
496:Elsie, Robert (2012).
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669:Robert Elsie (2010).
441:Historia e Shqiperise
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821:. Mouton. p. 5.
779:Norris, H.T (1993).
690:, pp. 121, 145.
412:Theodhor Haxhifilipi
330:Albanian nationalism
306:by other Albanians.
136:; 1797â1846) was an
1070:Yll Rugova (2022).
1057:Yll Rugova (2022).
910:Yll Rugova (2022).
247:by Naum Veqilharxhi
208:, the ruler of the
134:Naum Panajot Bredhi
44:Naum Panajot Bredhi
1106:Albanian inventors
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336:. Attached to his
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236:Activism and works
210:Pashalik of Janina
206:Ali Pashë Tepelena
1136:People from Korçë
646:978-615-5053-84-9
523:Enis Sulstarova,
509:978-1-78076-431-3
417:Gregory of Durrës
397:Albanian alphabet
368:Armenian alphabet
315:Greek nationalism
253:Vithkuqi alphabet
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304:Albanianism
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55:, southern
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423:References
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280:Wallachian
165:Early life
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1101:Inventors
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138:Albanian
100:Albanian
96:Language
73:Istanbul
1018:Korce."
272:chimera
245:Abetare
214:Vithkuq
201:steward
179:Albania
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296:Korçë
286:Ideas
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175:Korçë
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196:lit.
160:Life
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