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that under God I have placed my chiefest strength and safeguard in the loyal hearts and goodwill of my subjects; and, therefore, I am come amongst you as you see at this time, not for my recreation and disport, but being resolved, in the midst and heat of battle, to live or die amongst you all â to lay down for my God, and for my kingdoms, and for my people, my honour and my blood even in the dust. I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman; but I have the heart and stomach of a king â and of a King of
England too, and think foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any prince of Europe, should dare to invade the borders of my realm; to which, rather than any dishonour should grow by me, I myself will take up arms â I myself will be your general, judge, and rewarder of every one of your virtues in the field. I know already, for your forwardness, you have deserved rewards and crowns, and, we do assure you, on the word of a prince, they shall be duly paid you. In the mean time, my lieutenant general shall be in my stead, than whom never prince commanded a more noble or worthy subject; not doubting but by your obedience to my general, by your concord in the camp, and your valour in the field, we shall shortly have a famous victory over those enemies of my God, of my kingdom, and of my people.
3358:
3199:
2844:. Thus England lost her last possession in France, which she had held for over 500 years. This was undoubtedly a huge blow to Mary's prestige, who is reported as stating "When I am dead and opened, you shall find 'Calais' lying in my heart." England's wealth further suffered, not just from the cost of the war, but also from the reduced revenues from Alum and the Antwerp Cloth Trade, caused by the loss of the port. The Kingdom of Spain had strengthened its hold on the Low Countries, weakening France with no cost to itself, but at great cost to England. Just before Mary's death, Philip and Elizabeth looked to come to an alliance & settlement, between England & Spain, and there is evidence even marriage between Philip & Elizabeth was explored, but the question of faith, and the unequal relationship between the two Kingdoms made this extremely unlikely. Up until now Spain & England had remained in an alliance â one that had lasted for over 70 years.
3187:
3175:
3915:
3163:
3497:
5291:"If the Armada is not as successful as we hoped but yet not entirely defeated, then you may offer England peace on the following terms. The first is that in England the free use and exercise of our Holy Catholic faith shall be permitted to all Catholics, native and foreign, and that those that are in exile shall be permitted to return. The second is that all the place in my Netherlands which the English hold shall be restored to me and the third that they shall recompense me for the injury they have done me, my dominions and my subjects, which will amount to an exceeding great sum. With regard the free exercise of Catholicism, you may point out to them that since freedom of worship is permitted to the huguenots of France, there will be no sacrifice of dignity in allowing the same privilege to Catholics in England." April 1588, Philip II to the Duke of Parma.
4603:
4405:. Their tactics were to fire one cannon volley, ram and grapple the enemy ship, board, then engage in hand-to-hand combat. In contrast, the English style was taking advantage of the wind (the "weather gage") and line-to-line cannon fire from windward, which exposed the opponent ship's hull and rudder as targets. Also instilled was the use of naval cannon to damage enemy ships without the need to board. Until then, the cannon had played a supporting role to the main tactic of ramming and boarding enemy ships. The failure of the Spanish Armada vindicated the English strategy and caused a revolution in naval tactics. The English also had the advantage of fighting close to home, whence they could be easily and frequently resupplied so as not to be weighed down, unlike the Armada ships which were loaded with all the
3346:
3370:
2922:
3521:
3485:
4255:
Spanish commanders also died, many after having arrived in port. Vice
Admiral of the fleet and commander of the Guipuzcoa Squadron, Miguel de Oquendo, suffering from battle wounds and a fever, died at Coruña two days after arriving. Another was the Biscayan squadron commander Juan MartĂnez de Recalde, who also succumbed the same way. The Duke of Medina Sidonia also fell ill on his return and nearly succumbed; he was not blamed by Philip, who allowed him to return home to convalesce. Hutchinson claimed that the number of survivors was just over 50%, but these numbers do not include the Portuguese, the Neapolitans and the galley slaves; while Hanson claimed that fewer than 10,000 men (38%) survived the expedition.
4387:
3215:
4552:
3770:
3570:. The English learned of the Armada's weaknesses during the skirmishes in the English Channel, and concluded it was possible to close in to within 100 yards (90 m) to be able to penetrate the oak hulls of the Spanish warships. They had spent most of their gunpowder in the first engagements and had, after the Isle of Wight, been forced to conserve their heavy shot and powder for an anticipated attack near Gravelines. During all the engagements, the Spanish heavy guns could not easily be reloaded because of their close spacing and the quantities of supplies stowed between decks, as Drake had discovered on capturing the
2903:
3509:
3736:
4576:
4665:, to reject the Whig views and turn attention to the professionalization of the Royal Navy as a critical factor. Twentieth-century historians have focused on technical issues, such as the comparative power of English and Spanish naval guns and the degree of credit for naval battle tactics that is owed to Francis Drake and Charles Howard. Inclement weather in the English Channel and on the oceans at the time has always been cited as a major factor to the outcome. Historian Knerr has reviewed the main trends in
169:
3386:
320:
300:
280:
260:
248:
3992:
3544:
157:
4537:
3116:, where it was proposed to ride into the harbour on the tide and incapacitate the defending ships at anchor. From Plymouth Harbour the Spanish would attack England, but Philip explicitly forbade Medina Sidonia from engaging, leaving the Armada to sail on to the east and towards the Isle of Wight. As the tide turned, 55 English ships set out to confront the Armada from Plymouth under the command of Lord Howard of Effingham, with Sir Francis Drake as vice admiral. The
4413:, the Armada was outnumbered 10:1, and during the 8-hour fight, the English managed to sink one carrack and forced two galleons, a pinnace and an armed merchant, to run aground. Despite those odds, not once did the Armada turn away from a fight; each time it challenged the English fleet, the latter raised its sails to keep its distance. After the final engagement with the English fleet, the Spanish fleet sailed away, retaining its ability to effectively wage war.
4213:
that were unaccounted for. Other historians have done further research; Neil Hanson, Robert
Hutchinson, Colin Martin and Geoffrey Parker all researched the Armada ships that had returned, coming to the same conclusion of between 44 and 51 ships being lost overall, with more detailed breakdowns in the number of ships that set sail along with their fate. That figure represents a third of the fleet having been sunk, captured, wrecked, or scuttled. American historian
330:
3140:, a significant advantage. At daybreak on 31 July, the English fleet engaged the Armada off Plymouth near the Eddystone Rocks. The Armada was in a crescent-shaped defensive formation, convex towards the east. The galleons and great ships were concentrated in the centre and at the tips of the crescent's horns, giving cover to the transports and supply ships in between. Opposing them, the English were in two sections, with Drake to the north in
218:
206:
194:
3841:. Because so many anchors had been abandoned during the escape from the English fireships off Calais, many of the ships were incapable of securing shelter as the fleet reached the coast of Ireland and were driven onto the rocks; local inhabitants looted the ships. The late sixteenth century and especially 1588 was marked by unusually strong North Atlantic storms, perhaps associated with a high accumulation of polar ice off the coast of
3598:
sailors on the upper decks of the
English and Spanish ships to exchange musket fire. A couple of hours into the battle, a few more Armada warships closed in to form wings on either side of the five ships already under attack. After eight hours, the English ships began to run out of ammunition, and some gunners began loading objects such as chains into their cannons. Around 4 pm, the English fired their last shots and pulled back.
4790:
124:
230:
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138:
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and seamanship had foiled the invasion. The
English also benefited from Spain's unworkable strategy that required coordination between the invasion fleet and the Spanish army on shore. The outdated design of the Spanish cannon meant that they were much slower in reloading in a close-range battle, allowing the English to take control. Spain still had numerically larger fleets, but England was catching up.
63:
6019:
5328:"...the widespread suffering and irritation caused by the religious wars Elizabeth fomented, and the indignation caused by her religious persecution, and the execution of Mary Stuart, caused Catholics everywhere to sympathize with Spain and to regard the Armada as a crusade against the most dangerous enemy of the faith," and "Pope Sixtus V agreed to renew the
3399:(Farnese only learned of this on that same afternoon) where Parma's army, reduced by disease to 16,000, was expected to be waiting, ready to join the fleet in barges sent from ports along the Flemish coast. An essential element of the plan of invasion, as it was eventually implemented, was the transportation of a large part of Parma's
6028:, p. 349: "an objective observer would have seen no more than a battered, rather scraggy spinster in her middle fifties perched on a fat white horse, her teeth black, her red wig slightly askew, dangling a toy sword and wearing an absurd little piece of parade armor like something out of a theatrical property box".
4657:, rejected Hume's interpretation and argued that Elizabeth was vacillating and almost lost the conflict by her unwillingness to spend enough to maintain and supply the Royal Navy's fleet of ships. Scientific modern historiography came of age with the publication of two volumes of primary documents by
4254:
Even after arrival the men were near death from disease, as the conditions were very cramped, and most of the ships had run out of food and water. More Armada survivors later died in Spain or on hospital ships in
Spanish harbours from diseases contracted during the voyage. A large number of prominent
3857:
ordered the
English soldiers in Ireland to kill any Spanish prisoners, which was done on several occasions instead of asking for ransom as was common during that period. Reports of the passage of the remnants of the Spanish Armada around Ireland abound with onerous accounts of hardships and survival.
3592:
While Medina
Sidonia was gathering the Armada ships together into their traditional crescent formation the English fleet moved in, and at dawn the flagship with four other ships found themselves facing the entire English fleet. The English provoked Spanish fire while staying out of range. The English
4052:
had just one living from the crew that it had sailed with. Howard wrote to
Burghley, "it would grieve any man's heart to see them that have served so valiantly die so miserably". Hawkins also weighed in and accused Burghley "that by death, by discharging of sick men, and such like, that there may be
3827:
The
Spanish ships were beginning to show wear from the long voyage, and some were kept together by strengthening their damaged hulls with cables. Supplies of food and water ran short. The intention would have been to keep to the west of the coasts of Scotland and Ireland, seeking the relative safety
3756:
My loving people, we have been persuaded by some that are careful of our safety, to take heed how we commit ourselves to armed multitudes for fear of treachery; but, I do assure you, I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving people. Let tyrants fear, I have always so behaved myself,
3636:
which had been holed below the waterline, was forced to run aground at Calais to avoid sinking. On sight of this, Howard ordered a flotilla of ship's boats to carry her by boarding. Moncada was killed during an exchange of small arms fire, a shot to his head from an arquebus. The ship was then taken
3052:
for repairs, leaving 137 ships that sailed for the English Channel. Nearly half of the ships were not built as warships and were used for duties such as scouting and dispatch work, or for carrying supplies, animals and troops. It included 24 purpose-built warships, 44 armed merchantmen, 38 auxiliary
3013:
The appointed commander of the naval forces of the Armada was the highly experienced Marquis of Santa Cruz while Alexander Farnese would be in command of the invasion forces. Unfortunately, Santa Cruz died in February 1588 and the Duke of Medina Sidonia, a high-born courtier, took his place. While a
2989:
was initially consulted by Philip II in 1583. Alexander stressed that three conditions would need to be met to achieve success; absolute secrecy, secure possession and defense of the Dutch provinces, and keep the French from interfering either with a peace agreement or by sowing division between the
4440:
in 1573, that allowed the ships to sail faster, manoeuvre better, and carry more and heavier guns. Whereas before warships had tried to grapple with each other so soldiers could board the enemy ship, they were able to stand off and fire broadside cannonades that could sink the vessel. English ships
4217:
noted that only 66 ships returned to Spain, with another returning later in the year. The losses did not include the smaller vulnerable ships like the pataches and zarbas, of which around seventeen were lost. Even though most of the ships had returned, many of them were severely damaged from either
4212:
examined the fate of each ship creating individual dossiers and claimed that 35 ships were lost. In addition it was noted that of the 122 Armada ships that entered the English Channel, 87 returned from their voyage through the Channel and around the British isles. These figures do not include eight
4077:
took place on 29 November. A second and final thanksgiving took place five days later which saw a royal procession of the Queen in a chariot through the streets of London. Twelve Spanish standards and other trophies which had been captured from the ships of the armada decorated the choir of St Paul
3597:
Armada hulls were exposed to damage below the water line when they changed course later. Many of the Spanish gunners were killed or wounded by the English broadsides, and the task of manning the cannon often fell to foot soldiers who did not know how to operate them. The ships were close enough for
3036:
in 1571. On 21 July 1588 (N.S), the Armada set sail from Lisbon and headed for the English Channel. When it left Lisbon, the fleet was composed of 141 ships, with 10,138 sailors and 19,315 soldiers. There were also 1,545 non-combatants (volunteers, officers' servants, friars, artillerists etc.) The
5332:
of the Queen, and to grant a large subsidy to the Armada but, given the time needed for preparation and actual sailing of the fleet, would give nothing until the expedition should land in England. In this way, he eventually was saved the million crowns, and did not take any proceedings against the
4325:
During the course of the war, the Spanish struggled to gain control of the English Channel or stop the English intervention in Flanders or English privateer transatlantic raids. From their base in Brittany, Spanish corsairs did make several incursions on the English coast and plundered English and
4189:
The news of the disaster brought shock and despair and the nation went into mourning. Its defeat was even more devastating because hopes of its success had been raised by false rumours. These included Drake and Howard being taken prisoner, the Isle of Wight and Plymouth taken and Parma's army even
4023:
The day after her Tilbury speech, Elizabeth ordered the army disbanded, the camp at Tilbury dissolved five days later, then discharged the navy, sending them home without pay. All the while, the costs of this defensive effort were mounting â the total was nearly ÂŁ400,000 â and measures were put in
3960:
By mid-October it was becoming more apparent for the Spanish that few if any more of the remaining missing ships of the armada would return. Even in November three months after the battles through the Channel, a few Spanish ships were still attempting the journey home. One of the last, the Spanish
3938:
upon landing of troops. In France, the Spanish and English ambassadors promoted contradictory narratives in the press, and a Spanish victory was incorrectly celebrated in Paris, Prague, and Venice. It was not until late August that reliable reports of the Spanish defeat arrived in major cities and
3155:
Given the Spanish advantage in close-quarter fighting, the English kept beyond grappling range and bombarded the Spanish ships from a distance with cannon fire. The distance was too great for the manoeuvre to be effective and, at the end of the first day's fighting neither fleet had lost a ship in
3096:
In the beginning of June, Parma had sent Captain Moresin with some pilots to Admiral Sedonia. Upon Moresin's return on 22 June, the report he made to Farnese caused him distress. Medina Sedonia was under the impression that Farnese could simply sail out into the channel with his barges filled with
3084:
had left the fleet before the first encounter with the English fleet. An additional 5 pataches, dispatched to deliver messages to Parma, should be deducted which brings the number to 117 Spanish ships facing the roughly 226-strong English fleet. The Spanish fleet outgunned that of the English with
3799:
On the day after the battle at Gravelines, the disorganized and unmanouvreable Spanish fleet was at risk of running onto the sands of Zeeland because of the prevailing wind. The wind then changed to the south, enabling the fleet to sail north. The English ships under Howard pursued to prevent any
3056:
In the Spanish Netherlands, Alexander Farnese had mustered 30,000 soldiers and ordered hundreds of flyboats built to carry them across the channel while awaiting the arrival of the Armada. Since the element of surprise was long gone, the new plan was to use the cover of the warships to convey the
4303:
None of the objectives were achieved. The attempt to restore the Portuguese Crown from Spain was unsuccessful, and the opportunity to strike a decisive blow against the weakened Spanish Navy was lost. The expedition depleted the financial resources of England's treasury, which had been carefully
3942:
The first rumours of a setback for the armada began to reach Spain when news of the English fireships breaking the Spanish formation at Calais was received, but this was disbelieved. The King noted "I hope God has not permitted so much evil". Nothing was heard for nearly two weeks and it was not
3433:
The Dutch enjoyed an unchallenged naval advantage in these waters, even though their navy was inferior in naval armament. Because Medina Sidonia did not attempt to break the Dutch blockade and Parma would not risk attempting the passage unescorted, the Army of Flanders escaped the trap that Van
3408:
with the Dutch Republic. This problem seems to have been overlooked by the Armada commanders, but it was insurmountable. Communication was more difficult than anticipated, and word came too late that Parma's army had yet to be equipped with sufficient transport or to be assembled in the port, a
3085:
50% more available firepower than the English. The English fleet consisted of the 34 ships of the Royal Fleet, 21 of which were galleons of 200 to 400 tons, and 163 other ships, 30 of which were of 200 to 400 tons and carried up to 42 guns each. Twelve of the ships were privateers owned by
3580:
enemy ships, as had been the practice in naval warfare at the time. Evidence from Armada wrecks in Ireland shows that much of the fleet's ammunition was unused. Their determination to fight by boarding, rather than employing cannon fire at a distance, proved a disadvantage for the Spanish. The
3429:
to drive away the Dutch, but Medina Sidonia would not send them because he feared he would need these ships for his own protection. There was no deep-water port where the fleet might shelter, which had been acknowledged as a major difficulty for the expedition, and the Spanish found themselves
3999:
After the Duke of Parma was certain that the Armada had sailed away from the coast of Flanders and his participation in the invasion project was no longer feasible, he ordered his soldiers to disembark so as to avoid an epidemic of disease. He then assembled his council of war to discuss what
3731:
against any incursion up-river towards London. The result of the English fireship attack and the sea battle of Gravelines had not yet reached England, so Elizabeth went to Tilbury on 18 August to review her forces, arriving on horseback in ceremonial armor to imply to the militia that she was
3852:
Most of the 28 ships lost in the storms were along the jagged steep rocks of the western coast of Ireland. About 5,000 men died by drowning, starvation and slaughter by local inhabitants after their ships were driven ashore on the west coasts of Scotland and Ireland. The English Lord Deputy
3637:
after murderous fighting between the crew, galley slaves and the English. The French meanwhile could do little except to watch as the ship was plundered, but they opened fire to ward off the English who quickly left to join the rest of the fight. The next day, the severely crippled galleon
3014:
competent soldier and distinguished administrator, Medina Sidonia had no naval experience. He wrote to Philip expressing grave doubts about the planned campaign, but his message was prevented from reaching the King by courtiers on the grounds that God would ensure the Armada's success.
4162:
which had run aground were both found to be riddled with holes by cannonballs that had struck below the waterline. Both ships were too damaged to be salvaged and were therefore broken up; the cannons were used by the Dutch in nearby fortresses. The main-topmast rigging banner from the
2998:. Secrecy couldn't be maintained which made the enterprise vastly more complicated. Philip ultimately combined Parma's plan with that of Santa Cruz, initially entertaining a triple attack, starting with a diversionary raid on Scotland, while the main Armada would capture either the
4421:, by 1588, "the capital ships of the Elizabethan navy constituted the most powerful battlefleet afloat anywhere in the world". The English navy yards were leaders in technical innovation, and the captains devised new battle formations and tactics. The sleeker and more manoeuvrable
3403:
as the main invasion force in unarmed barges across the English Channel. These barges would be protected by the large ships of the Armada. However, to get to the Armada, they would have to cross the zone dominated by the Dutch navy, where the Armada could not go due to the ongoing
3445:
as a reinforcement for the Dutch should Parma make any independent move. His arrival gave Howard a total of 140 ships. He also received a small amount of powder and shot, which the Earl of Sussex had collected from fortresses and garrisons on the South Coast, and some victuals.
3836:
was carrying them north and east as they tried to move west, and they eventually turned south much closer to the coast than they thought. Off Scotland and Ireland, the fleet ran into a series of powerful westerly winds which drove many of the damaged ships further towards the
4416:
Most military historians hold that the battle of Gravelines reflected a lasting shift in the balance of naval power in favour of the English, in part because of the gap in naval technology and cannon armament which continued into the next century. In the words of historian
3565:
Before dawn on 8 August, Medina Sidonia struggled to regather his fleet after the fireships scattered it, and was reluctant to sail further east than Gravelines, knowing the danger of running aground on the shoals off Flanders, from which his Dutch enemies had removed the
3357:
4190:
approaching London. The King took the news hard and shut himself away for days. The daily business of government was also brought to an abrupt halt. The King is claimed to have said: "I sent the Armada against men, not God's winds and waves". News of the loss of
2730:, of Spain. Whilst the threat from France remained, England & Spain enjoyed many decades of peace which included a number of strategic marriages to retain the alliance. There were many causes of jealousy between the two royal houses over the years, but the "
2614:. Up to 24 ships were wrecked along the way before the rest managed to get home. Among the factors contributing to the defeat and withdrawal of the Armada were bad weather conditions and the better employment of naval guns and battle tactics by the English.
4245:
Furthermore, Spanish sources state that no more than 11,000 perished. Philip's administrators, bureaucrats and secretaries documented, dated and filed everything that went on in all corners of the Spanish empire, and all those records are still kept in the
4060:
It took some time for the scale of the victory to be realized as news began to filter through by the end of August and beginning of September. As a result, a number of thanksgiving services were held at cathedrals and churches throughout England. At
2970:, led by privateer Francis Drake in April 1587, had captured or destroyed about 30 ships and great quantities of supplies, setting preparations back by a year. There is also evidence that a letter from Elizabeth's security chief and spymaster, Sir
5562:, Whitehall 23 July 1588, Imprinted at London by Chriss Barker, Her Highnesse's Printer, 1588, otherwise states fairly accurately, p. 3, "all the Spanish troops in the Netherlands, and consists of thirty thousand Foot and eighteen hundred Horse."
3318:, the strait separating the Isle of Wight from the English mainland, it could wait there for word from Parma's army; Farnese did not get news of this until 6 August. However, in a full-scale attack, the English fleet broke into four groups with
3285:. Drake had been guiding the English fleet by means of a lantern, which he snuffed out to slip away from the Spanish ships, causing the rest of his fleet to become scattered and disarrayed by dawn. At one point, Howard formed his ships into a
4053:
spared something in the general pay". The men had to rely on the charity of their officers, and Howard set an example by doing what he could out of his own purse to help the sailors. Nevertheless, upwards of 3,000 perished. As a result, the
3668:
Many other Spanish ships were severely damaged, especially the Portuguese and some Spanish Atlantic-class galleons, including some Neapolitan galleys, which bore the brunt of the fighting during the early hours of the battle: the Spanish
3198:
2855:
and illegitimate ruler of England. In the eyes of the Catholic Church, Henry had never officially divorced Catherine, making Elizabeth illegitimate. Philip supported plots to have Elizabeth overthrown in favour of her Catholic cousin and
4551:
3473:
and the principal warships held their positions, but the rest of the fleet cut their anchor cables and scattered in confusion. No Spanish ships were burnt, but the crescent formation had been broken, and the fleet found itself too far
4316:
river. The English and Dutch ultimately failed to disrupt the various fleets of the Indies despite the great number of military personnel mobilized every year. Thus, Spain remained the predominant power in Europe for several decades.
4000:
endeavours his forces could be used for before the onset of winter. In late September, he divided them into three groups; one was sent to the Rhine, one was to remain in the coastal region and one was led by Parma himself against
2942:
In retaliation, Philip planned an expedition to invade England to overthrow Elizabeth and, if the Armada was not entirely successful, at least negotiate freedom of worship for Catholics and financial compensation for war in the
2788:
In comparison, England was only a minor European power with no empire, and it could exercise little influence outside of its shores â although, in alliance with Spain, it had gone to war three times against France during
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3174:
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troops. Parma had continually informed the king that his passage to the channel was blocked by English and Dutch ships, and the only way he could bring his boats out was if the Armada cleared the blockade.
7859:
The International Emblem From Incunabula to the Internet : Selected Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference of the Society for Emblem Studies, 28th Julyâ1st August, 2008, Winchester College
4250:
and the Escorial. The number of men lost was extracted from the paymaster distribution lists. A detailed analysis of the human cost of the campaign reveals that 25,696 men left Coruña and 13,399 returned.
2601:
and forced to scatter. The Armada suffered further losses in the ensuing Battle of Gravelines and was in danger of running aground on the Dutch coast when the wind changed, allowing it to escape into the
5035:, printed for the Navy Records Society, MDCCCXCV, Vol. II, pp. 8â9, Wynter to Walsyngham: indicates that the ships used as fire-ships were drawn from those at hand in the fleet and not hulks from Dover.
4602:
4649:
additionally pointed to elements of English nationalism and the private enterprise of the sea dogs. He also emphasized that the Duke of Medina Sidonia was an incompetent seaman. In the 18th century,
2963:, with the promise of a subsidy should the Armada make land. Substantial support for the invasion was also expected from English Catholics, including wealthy and influential aristocrats and traders.
6950:"In the end as many as two-thirds of the armada's original complement of 30,000 died and for every one killed in battle or perishing of their wounds another six or eight died due to ". Hanson p. 563
3162:
4842:
Although the English attempted the same tactic in Portugal the following year, the army under Norris' command marching on Lisbon expecting Drake to simultaneously attack the city with his ships.
3339:
Starting on 1 August, Sidonia began sending Farnese messages detailing his position and movements. It was not until the following day that Alexander received the first report from the Admiral.
4401:
The Spanish had 117 ships to go up against more than 200 English ships. The opposing forces were experienced in completely different fighting styles. The Spanish style can be studied from the
3496:
3057:
army on barges to a place near London. In all, 55,000 men were to have been mustered, a huge army for that time. On the day the Armada set sail, Elizabeth's ambassador in the Netherlands,
3930:
Continental Europe had been anxiously awaiting news of the Armada all summer. The Spanish postmaster and Spanish agents in Rome promoted reports of Spanish victory in hopes of convincing
4453:
propaganda offensive, and its exploitation boosted national pride which lasted for years. Elizabeth's legend persisted and grew long after her death. It also may have given heart to the
4150:
The Dutch also celebrated the victory and their artists were quick to take on commemorative medals and paintings which were soon circulated within the year. The wrecked Spanish galleons
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4073:
was preached, followed by another on 18 September. As news of the full scale of the disaster came through, and also news of England's victory against Parma at Bergen-op-Zoom, a bigger
4242:
were broken up, the guns and the timber being sold off. As many as half of the fleet were unfit for further service and as a result a number were scuttled, broken up or left to rot.
2879:
Elizabeth finally had Mary executed in February 1587, due to constant plots against the queen carried out in Mary's name. Elizabeth also retaliated against Philip by supporting the
2921:
4575:
4358:
to Spain, where they seized and held Cadiz for two weeks causing economic losses, but failed to seize the treasure fleet. After this, three more armadas were sent by Spain â the
3345:
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3328:
given command over a squadron, and Drake coming with a large force from the south. Medina Sidonia sent reinforcements south and ordered the Armada back to open sea to avoid the
2851:
taking the throne. Unlike Mary, Elizabeth was firmly in the reformist camp and quickly re-implemented many of Edward's reforms. Philip, no longer co-monarch, deemed Elizabeth a
3369:
3256:
and setting in motion a series of mishaps. She began to drift, and was taken off by the current in the opposite direction to the fleet and closer to the English. Drake in the
10646:
4449:
In England, the battle was followed by the distribution of flyers, pamphlets, the striking of victory medals, and numerous joyous celebrations. The victory prompted a huge
3875:
4457:
cause across Europe and the belief that God was behind the Protestants. This was shown by the striking of commemorative medals that bore variations on the inscription, "
4143:
for five years, until his ransom was paid by his family for his release back to Spain. He was not blamed for the loss of his ship and was appointed colonial governor of
2121:
5304:, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1922, pp. 28â32, describes a large privateer fleet of 25 ships commanded by Drake in 1585 that raided about the Spanish Caribbean colonies.
4304:
restored during the long reign of Elizabeth I. Through this lost opportunity, Philip was able to revive his navy the very next year, sending 37 ships with 6,420 men to
2263:
1392:
4202:
3732:
prepared to lead them in the ensuing battle. She gave them her royal address, which survives in at least six slightly different versions. One version is as follows:
4020:
Even though the Spanish armada had failed to invade England it had demonstrated its feasibility and shown that the British Isles overall were vulnerable to attack.
2836:
Philip now persuaded Mary to enter into a disastrous war against France. England landed forces in the Low Countries and with the failing support of Spain, won the
2718:
England had been strategically in alliance with Spain for many decades prior to England and Spain entering into war. In the mid to late 15th century, France under
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until 21 September that the first of the ships of the Armada began to arrive into Spain â the first of eight entered into Coruña which included Medina Sidonia's
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landing on English soil, although by this time his ships were almost out of shot. On 12 August, Howard called a halt to the pursuit at about the latitude of the
551:
252:
4703:, one of the key figures in the Spanish Golden Age of Baroque literature, and one of the most prolific authors in the history of literature, served in the ship
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in 1968. It was the greatest treasure salvaged up until that time. Gold and silver coins, jewelry, armaments and other objects are on permanent display at the
3240:, and they sought to close with the English, but were foiled by the smaller ships' greater manoeuvrability. While the Spanish center manoeuvred to support the
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that had been constructed along the south coast. The same day the English fleet was trapped in Plymouth Harbour by the incoming tide. The Spanish convened a
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to attack at close range, bringing all his guns to bear, but he did not follow through with the manoeuvre and little was achieved. During a lull in battle,
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Alcalå-Zamora, José N. (2004). La empresa de Inglaterra: (la "Armada invencible" : fabulación y realidad). Taravilla: Real Academia de la Historia
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where larger warships with a deeper draught, like the Spanish and English galleons, could not safely enter. Parma expected the Armada to send its light
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off Scotland. The only option left to the Spanish ships was to return to Spain by sailing round the north of Scotland and home via the Atlantic or the
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was the strongest power in western Europe. England still had possessions in what today is called Northern France, and Spain was under constant threat.
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by the Anglo-Dutch garrison, which, in combination with poor weather, forced him to abandon the siege. An attempt to take the Dutch-held island of
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3065:. On 6 July, negotiations were abandoned, and the English fleet stood prepared, if ill-supplied, at Plymouth, awaiting news of Spanish movements.
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of Calais in the rising southwesterly wind to recover its position. The English closed in for battle. Farnese learned of this the following day.
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Casado Soto, JosĂ© L (1991). "Atlantic shipping in sixteenth-century Spain and the 1588 Armada". In RodrĂguez-Salgado, M J; Adams, Simon (eds.).
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2864:. These plans were thwarted when Elizabeth had Mary imprisoned in 1567. Mary was forced to abdicate the crown of Scotland in favour of her son
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1385:
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2951:, the part of the Low Countries that had successfully seceded from Spanish rule, and English attacks on Spanish trade and settlements in the
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3784:. A stylised depiction of key elements of the Armada story: the alarm beacons, Queen Elizabeth at Tilbury, and the sea battle at Gravelines.
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against Spain, as well as funding privateers to raid Spanish ships across the Atlantic. She also negotiated an enduring trade and political
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2628:", and sometimes called the "counter-Armada of 1589", which failed. Three further Spanish armadas were sent against England and Ireland in
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3461:, and cast them downwind among the closely anchored vessels of the Armada. The Spanish feared that these uncommonly large fireships were "
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RodrĂguez-Salgado, M. J. (1991). "Pilots, navigation and strategy in the Gran Armada". In RodrĂguez-Salgado, M. J. and Simon Adams, eds.
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544:
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Israel, J. I. and Parker, G. (1991). "Of Providence and Protestant Winds: the Spanish Armada of 1588 and the Dutch armada of 1688". In
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17:
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on 7 November, the commander trying to find a suitable place to ground her. The crew were taken prisoner and the sick were treated in
3277:(commander of the Squadron of Andalusia) surrendered along with his entire crew. On board, the English seized supplies of much-needed
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Lambert, Andrew (2010). "2 The Defeat of the Spanish Armada 1588. Prose Epic of the modern English nation". In McKeown, Simon (ed.).
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was a dominant political and military power in Europe, with a global empire which became the source of her wealth. It championed the
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4354:, also in Cornwall, took place the following year but ended in failure. In June 1596, England and the United Dutch Provinces sent a
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bore more despair for Philip: not only De Leiva but also his followers from almost every noble house in Spain had drowned with it.
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on the night of 26 October. Of the estimated 1,300 people on board, there were nine survivors. 260 bodies washed ashore, including
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was part of Flanders in the Spanish Netherlands close to the border with France, and was the closest Spanish territory to England.
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2585:, its ships were able to attack the Armada as it sailed up the Channel. Several subordinates advised Medina Sidonia to anchor in
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7241:, p. 68: "The 1588 campaign was a major English propaganda victory, but in strategic terms it was essentially indecisive".
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Tenace, Edward (2003), "A Strategy of Reaction: The Armadas of 1596 and 1597 and the Spanish Struggle for European Hegemony",
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Spanish Armada Prisoners The Story of the Nuestra Señora Del Rosario and Her Crew, and of Other Prisoners in England, 1587â97
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was also repelled. From the armada campaign to Bergen, Parma's forces had lost some 10,000 men killed or dead from disease.
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In the middle of the night of 7â8 August, the English set alight eight fireships, sacrificing warships by filling them with
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three months later. The conflict then wound down with diminishing military actions, finally ending with the signing of the
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3647:. The captain, Don Diego Pimmental, surrendered along with the survivors of his crew. Later that day, the equally crippled
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2840:. Though this brought victory for Spain, England had neglected her French defenses, and France took English Calais in the
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needed for their invasion force to wage a ground-based war. Nevertheless, when the fleets actually came to blows at the
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on 23 September, but was later destroyed by an English agent sent by Francis Walsingham with most of the crew on board.
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depicts an alternate history where the Spanish Armada prevailed against England, leading to a global Spanish empire.
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then closed, firing damaging broadsides into the enemy ships, all the while maintaining a windward position, so the
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3808:. As the Spanish fleet rounded Scotland it on 20 August, it consisted of 110 vessels and most made it around. The
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4425:, with ample cannon, was one of the greatest advances of the century and permanently transformed naval warfare.
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ran aground in between Sluis and Ostend; it was taken by a combination of Dutch ships and English troops led by
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which had been part of Don Diego Flores de Valdes' Castile Squadron which had attempted to surrender to Captain
3469:. Three were intercepted by pataches and towed away, but the remainder bore down on the fleet. Medina Sidonia's
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Martin & Parker give 30,500 and raised to 30,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry on p. 96. Also, the hoax paper
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was accidentally burned within a few days of entering San Sebastian. In addition the severely damaged galleons
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This article is about the Spanish fleet that sailed against England in 1588. For the modern navy of Spain, see
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in the Channel. Instead, the Spanish gunners fired once and then transferred to their main task, which was to
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English translation of Francisco de Cuellar's account of his service in the Armada and on the run in Ireland
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4288:, Portugal, and raise a revolt there against King Philip II (Philip I of Portugal) installing the pretender
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fleet carried 1,500 brass guns and 1,000 iron guns. The full body of the fleet took two days to leave port.
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The Battle of Gravelines and the subsequent chase around the northern coast of Scotland form the climax of
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On 7 August, the Armada anchored off Calais in a tightly packed defensive crescent formation, not far from
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then took possession of the ship. A pinnace was also run aground by her crew to prevent her from sinking.
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to the wreck, attacked the stricken vessel, and took the crew prisoners. A Dutch force of flyboats led by
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earlier in the decade, but the English were aware of it and sought to avoid it by keeping their distance.
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Thompson, I. A. A. "The Appointment of the Duke of Medina Sidonia to the Command of the Spanish Armada",
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History of the United Netherlands: from the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Years' Truce â 1609
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3465:", specialised fireships filled with large gunpowder charges that had been used to deadly effect at the
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in Plymouth was constructed in 1888 to celebrate the tercentenary of the defeat of the Spanish Armada.
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Armada: A Celebration of the Four Hundredth Anniversary of the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588â1988
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3032:. The blessing of the Armada's banner on 25 April 1588, was similar to the ceremony used prior to the
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4685:, a resupply ship during the campaign. In 1600, he was the first Englishman to reach (and settle in)
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1995:
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where they were held prisoner in a barn (today called the 'Spanish Barn') and spared execution. The
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The English and Spanish fleets between Portland Bill and the Isle of Wight on 2â3 August 1588 (N.S.)
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Prior to the undertaking, Pope Sixtus V allowed Philip to collect crusade taxes and granted his men
2624:. The following year, England organized a similar large-scale campaign against Spain, known as the "
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was wrecked on the coast of Ireland and gave a remarkable account of his experiences in the fleet,
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3010:. Farnese would then follow with a large army from the Low Countries crossing the English Channel.
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3536:"Battle of Gravelines (1588)" redirects here. For the battle in the Italian War of 1551â1559, see
2593:, but he refused to deviate from his instructions to join with Parma. Although the Armada reached
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fleet manoeuvres to harass the Spaniards, but there is no evidence for the success of that plan.
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Destroy the battered Spanish Atlantic fleet, which was being repaired in ports of northern Spain
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The Armada has often featured in fictional accounts of the reign of Elizabeth I. Examples are:
4645:) (1590), which argued that God decisively favoured the Protestant cause. In the 17th century,
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1950:
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contains a heavily fictionalized retelling of the Spanish Armada and the Battle of Gravelines.
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noting that it held 397 Spanish prisoners of war for fourteen days during the Armada campaign
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largely intact, while awaiting communication from Parma, it was attacked at night by English
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2101:
1970:
1955:
1875:
1808:
1783:
1778:
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1359:
1282:
1252:
1242:
1163:
1148:
1098:
1058:
1038:
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Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545â1592): v. III
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with the loss of 275 men â the Spanish only managing to rescue a boatload of survivors. The
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History of the United Netherlands from the Death of William the Silent to the Synod of Dort
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4169:, part of which depicts Christ on the cross, was taken, hung and displayed in the choir of
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process that would take at least six days. As Medina Sidonia waited at anchor, Dunkirk was
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The Return of the Armadas: the Later Years of the Elizabethan War against Spain, 1595â1603
8155:
After the Armada: Elizabethan England and the Struggle for Western Europe : 1588â1595
7954:
Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545â1592): v. V
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8:
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9208:
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7374:. Publications of the Navy Records Society; v. 1â2. Printed for the Navy Records Society.
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coast forced four galleys and one galleon to turn back, and other ships had to put in to
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Knerr, Douglas. "Through the "Golden Mist": a Brief Overview of Armada Historiography."
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7325:
7305:
4355:
3816:, heavily damaged during the Gravelines engagement, had struggled North and limped into
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872:
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Douglas Knerr, "Through the "Golden Mist": a Brief Overview of Armada Historiography."
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The number of ships lost has been debated. A detailed study by Spanish naval historian
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The English pursue the Spanish fleet east of Plymouth on 31 July â 1 August 1588 (N.S.)
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2908:
2750:
2735:
2633:
2629:
2551:
2535:
2383:
1653:
1598:
1586:
1506:
1481:
882:
877:
217:
205:
193:
129:
9837:
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8363:
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3849:". More ships and sailors were lost to cold and stormy weather than in direct combat.
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Newman, Aubrey N.; Johnson, David T.; Jones, P. M. (1985). "The Eighteenth Century".
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Historical Dictionary of the Elizabethan World; Britain, Ireland, Europe, and America
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4496:
4465:'. There were also more lighthearted medals struck, such as the one with the play on
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Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545â1592)
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Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545â1592)
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Late on 7 August, Howard was reinforced by a squadron under Lord Edward Seymour and
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Drake and the Tudor Navy: With a History of the Rise of England as a Maritime Power
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addressed the suggestion to Philip II of taking advantage of it to attack England.
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983:
928:
308:
304:
288:
268:
10704:
8736:
7369:
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became known as the "Great Spaniard" but was lost in a wreck in November 1588 off
2777:, greatly expanding the empire. Philip became the first monarch who ruled over an
329:
10769:
Law of coartaciĂłn (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
10519:
10459:
10373:
10281:
10155:
10135:
10100:
9882:
9852:
9791:
9401:
9391:
9287:
9172:
9064:
9021:
8781:
8689:
8560:
8375:
7278:
7135:
Parker, Geoffrey (August 1996). "The 'Dreadnought' Revolution of Tudor England".
6598:
5760:
5329:
4803:
4500:
4488:
4480:
4477:('he came, he saw, he fled'). The wind that scattered the Armada has been called
4140:
4036:
swept through the crews and many died of disease and starvation after landing at
3817:
3744:
3466:
3129:
3045:
2872:
was in the summer of 1583 when, flushed with pride of his victory in the Azores,
2826:
2539:
2299:
2274:
2091:
1788:
1768:
1758:
1643:
1623:
1556:
1307:
1302:
1232:
1043:
1023:
938:
768:
691:
88:
10428:
8382:
The story of the Armada battles with pictures from the House of Lords tapestries
7354:
A discourse concerninge the Spanishe fleete inuadinge Englande in the yeare 1588
4653:
praised the leadership of Queen Elizabeth. However, the Whig historians, led by
4643:
A discourse concerninge the Spanishe fleete inuadinge Englande in the yeare 1588
4506:
One of the greatest finds of the Spanish Armada was the remains of the wreck of
4495:, when Britain again faced a substantial danger of foreign invasion. During the
3735:
3385:
2821:
ascended the throne in 1553. Three years later Mary married Philip II, becoming
529:
10363:
10160:
9912:
9735:
9621:
9595:
9580:
9461:
9056:
9050:
8954:
8721:
8635:
8585:
8463:
8417:
5132:. In RodrĂguez-Salgado, M. J. and Adams, Simon (eds.). "England, Spain and the
4795:
4732:, which in 1925 became the first novel to be adapted into a radio drama by the
4666:
4662:
4646:
4582:
4515:
4461:" â with "Jehovah" in Hebrew letters ('God blew, and they are scattered'), or '
4347:
4270:
4264:
4066:
4001:
3991:
3846:
3801:
3728:
3594:
3577:
3438:
3286:
3113:
3058:
2979:
2948:
2865:
2746:
2667:
2625:
2618:
2563:
2523:
2036:
1521:
1277:
918:
818:
778:
229:
161:
143:
8868:
8136:
6708:
5779:
The Anglo-Dutch moment. Essays on the Glorious Revolution and its world impact
4326:
Dutch ships. The Spanish launched a number of small scale attacks such as the
3543:
2829:
influence over church affairs. Her attempts led to more than 260 people being
10792:
9927:
8777:
8694:
8503:
8321:
8318:. 'The Dreadnought Revolution of Tudor England', 82 (1996): pp. 269â300.
4590:
4519:
4470:
4454:
4069:
a series of thanksgiving services took place, the first on 30 August where a
4054:
3950:
3931:
3871:
3861:
3450:
3156:
action. The English caught up with the Spanish fleet after a day of sailing.
3062:
3041:
2999:
2956:
2944:
2822:
2774:
2590:
1370:
210:
173:
4499:
RAF fighter pilots attracted world attention as the "new Elizabethans". The
10699:
10689:
10418:
9957:
9811:
9636:
9152:
8928:
8610:
8458:
7471:
Elizabeth's Sea Dogs: How England's Mariners Became the Scourge of the Seas
5764:
5756:
5421:
4781:
4700:
4492:
3821:
3748:
3724:
3644:
3620:
3314:
If the Armada could create a temporary base in the protected waters of the
3299:
exploded, lighting a portion of the ship on fire. The Spanish attempted to
3237:
3137:
3117:
2880:
2758:
2707:
1945:
1441:
31:
10010:
9600:
9426:
8995:
8873:
4750:
4566:
4562:
4523:
4114:
3833:
3762:
3740:
3462:
3003:
2848:
2810:
2782:
2766:
2739:
2555:
1733:
9590:
7743:
The Confident Hope of a Miracle: The True History of the Spanish Armada'
7038:
6953:
4866:
Mattingly p. 401: "the defeat of the Spanish armada really was decisive"
4428:
English shipwrights introduced novel designs, first demonstrated in the
4370:(33 ships) sent in October 1601 to Ireland, ended with the surrender at
3192:
The English engage the Spanish fleet near Plymouth on 31 July 1588 (N.S)
3100:
The fleet was sighted in England on 29 July (N.S), when it appeared off
3049:
2650:
10464:
9198:
8478:
8147:
8091:
6716:
4650:
3658:
3559:
3329:
3132:
with the Armada upwind to the west. To execute its attack, the English
3101:
3029:
3007:
2798:
2790:
2586:
8058:
The Spanish Armada of 1588: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography.
6692:
4366:(140 ships), with a number captured or sunk by the English fleet. The
3180:
The Spanish and English fleets near Plymouth on 30â31 July 1588 (N.S.)
9431:
9188:
9088:
8863:
8765:
8699:
8285:. Souvenir Press, London, 1963. 2nd ed., Grafton Books, London, 1988.
5315:
4487:
The memory of the victory over the Armada was evoked during both the
4343:
4033:
3968:
3954:
3842:
3838:
3829:
3805:
3654:
3300:
3278:
3221:(commander of the Squadron of Andalusia) to Francis Drake aboard the
2995:
2952:
2603:
2598:
2567:
464:
92:
7628:. Vol. II. Madrid: Est. tipogrĂĄfico "Sucesores de Rivadeneyra".
7157:
7026:
6859:
6461:
State papers relating to the defeat of the Spanish Armada, anno 1588
6446:
State papers relating to the defeat of the Spanish Armada, anno 1588
6372:
6173:
5033:
State Papers Relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, Anno 1588
3232:
The English fleet and the Armada engaged once more on 1 August, off
3068:
Only 122 ships from the Spanish fleet entered the Channel; the four
2813:
taking place in Europe, especially during the reign of Henry's son,
9605:
8483:
7617:. Vol. I. Madrid: Est. tipogrĂĄfico "Sucesores de Rivadeneyra".
7074:
6786:
4406:
4335:
4331:
4305:
4132:
4100:
3980:
3858:
One of the costliest wrecks was that of the ship Spanish galleass
3624:
3567:
3470:
3422:
3410:
3253:
3105:
2960:
2805:
as a political exercise over his desire to divorce his first wife,
2754:
2719:
2607:
2578:
2571:
2547:
6883:
6194:"Captain Cuellar's adventures in Connacht & Ulster, A.D. 1588"
6075:"Elizabeth I and the Spanish Armada: A Painting and its Afterlife"
5930:
5928:
4269:
The following year the English with Dutch conscripts launched the
3705:. The Spanish plan to join with Parma's army had been frustrated.
3514:
English fireships launched at the Spanish armada off Calais (N.S.)
3168:
The Spanish fleet off the coast of Cornwall on 29 July 1588 (N.S.)
10763:
10734:
9244:
9229:
8386:
8378:â a learning resource and teachers notes from the British Library
7307:
History of Plymouth: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time
6998:
Armada Española desde la Unión de los Reinos de Castilla y Aragón
6798:
4694:
4594:
4527:
4511:
4484:, a phrase also used for later invasions of England that failed.
4371:
4118:
4057:
was set up, its purpose to help pay pensions to disabled seamen.
4037:
3953:
harbour and Miguel de Oquendo brought five more into the port of
3608:
3426:
3418:
3396:
3081:
3077:
3073:
2611:
2582:
357:
8212:
El Duque de Lerma: realeza y privanza en la España de Felipe III
7196:
7086:
6762:
5417:
Why we must thank the Turks, not Drake, for defeating the Armada
9700:
9254:
9249:
9026:
7724:
Francis Drake, privateer: contemporary narratives and documents
6659:
5925:
5913:
5073:
The Eighteenth Century Annual Bulletin of Historical Literature
4973:
4971:
4617:
4339:
4313:
4296:
4285:
4201:
in the mid-1880s claimed that 63 in total were lost. Historian
4174:
4070:
4029:
4025:
4009:
3976:
3502:
The fireship attack on the Spanish Armada, 7 August 1588 (N.S.)
3454:
3417:. The Dutch flyboats mainly operated in the shallow waters off
3333:
3315:
3109:
3069:
2852:
2594:
2534:, an aristocrat without previous naval experience appointed by
2527:
7664:
English Armada: The Greatest Naval Disaster in English History
7184:
6932:
6871:
6738:
6647:
6563:
6403:
6401:
6399:
5720:
The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain, 660â1649
5621:
5619:
5604:
5498:
3209:
2606:. Pursued by the English, the Spanish ships returned home via
62:
10741:
9015:
8679:
8106:
Elizabeth I's Final Years Her Favourites and Her Fighting Men
8088:
The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain 660â1649
7840:
The Spanish Armada: The Great Enterprise against England 1588
6384:
6278:
6009:
6007:
6005:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5834:"Military Science in Western Europe in the Sixteenth Century"
5344:
10 things you (probably) didn't know about the Spanish Armada
5003:
5001:
4962:
The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 13, Companion Volume
4686:
4585:
on carriage and other armament from the Spanish Armada ship,
4136:
3972:
3935:
3282:
2986:
319:
299:
279:
259:
247:
8051:
Commander of the Armada: The Seventh Duke of Medina Sidonia.
7951:
7932:
7062:
6491:
5978:
5873:
5731:
5706:
5685:
5649:
5637:
5598:
5583:
5571:
5458:
5446:
5434:
5262:
4968:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4907:
4905:
4892:
4890:
4661:
in 1894. This enabled the leading naval scholar of the day,
3907:, flight through Scotland, surviving a second shipwreck and
3828:
of the open sea. There being no way of accurately measuring
9084:
8999:
7326:"Girona gold: How a diver discovered 400-year-old treasure"
6527:
6396:
6341:
6304:
6236:
6123:
5940:
5616:
5392:"The Spanish Armada in Lisbon: preparing to invade England"
4144:
2947:. Through this endeavour, English material support for the
8977:
7050:
6965:
6901:
Gracia Rivas, Manuel (1991). "The Medical Services of the
6607:
6503:
6463:. Vol. II. London: Navy Records Society. p. 163.
6079:
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society: Sixth Series
6002:
5850:
5522:
5086:
4998:
3967:, carrying some 200 sick and wounded survivors, came into
2809:. Over time, England became increasingly aligned with the
2734:" was the ultimate cause of the alliance breaking between
2726:
of England therefore formed a strategic relationship with
8283:
From Merciless Invaders: The Defeat of the Spanish Armada
7371:
State papers relating to the defeat of the Spanish Armada
6822:
6774:
6750:
6479:
6448:. Vol. II. London: Navy Records Society. p. 96.
6425:
5477:. London: Simon & Schuster UK Ltd. pp. 248â252.
5171:
5043:
5041:
4917:
4902:
4887:
4733:
3601:
Five Spanish and Portuguese ships were lost: the 605 ton
3458:
3413:
by a Dutch fleet of 30 flyboats under Lieutenant-Admiral
2868:. The first documented suggestion of what was called the
7208:
6515:
6413:
6148:
5549:(Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press), pp. 12â13.
5346:". BBC History Extra, April 2005. Retrieved 5 April 2020
5147:
5098:
5071:
Aubrey N. Newman, David T. Johnson, P. M. Jones (1985).
4884:
Vego p. 148: "the decisive defeat of the Spanish armada"
4224:, sank after they had cast anchor in Santander, and the
3949:. Over the next few days Diego Flores took 22 more into
3719:
Because of the potential invasion from the Netherlands,
3375:
The battle off the Isle of Wight on 4 August 1588 (N.S.)
3351:
The English and Spanish fleets on 1â2 August 1588 (N.S.)
8269:
England & the Spanish Armada: The Necessary Quarrel
7280:
The Good Fight Battle of Britain Propaganda and The Few
7014:
6977:
6603:. Vol. 1. Harper & Brothers. pp. 534â536.
6467:
5277:
Spain 1474â1700:The Triumphs and Tribulations of Empire
3336:, without being able to wait for word of Parma's army.
2581:. Faster and more maneuverable than the larger Spanish
7176:
Parker, Geoffrey (May 1988). "Why the Armada Failed".
6635:
6575:
6248:
6143:
The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History 1300â1850
5667:
5655:
5510:
5038:
4522:(part of the National Museums of Northern Ireland) in
4391:
Day seven of the battle with the Armada, 7 August 1588
3266:
during the night and she was taken in action; Admiral
2577:
The Spanish were opposed by an English fleet based in
8732:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
7897:
England and the Spanish Armada: The Necessary Quarrel
7220:
6920:
6905:". In RodrĂguez-Salgado, M. J. and Simon Adams, eds.
6810:
6551:
6539:
6360:
6260:
5990:
5966:
5159:
3040:
The Armada was delayed by bad weather. Storms in the
7989:
Martin, Colin (with appendices by Wignall, Sydney):
7661:
7163:
7080:
7044:
7032:
6959:
6865:
6845:(in Spanish). Madrid: Editorial Naval. p. 320.
6323:
5232:
Sovereign Ladies: The Six Reigning Queens of England
5110:
5053:
5013:
4843:
4771:
7509:
Early modern England 1485â1714: a narrative history
6843:
La sanidad en la jornada de Ingblaterra (1587â1588)
6346:. Vol. V. Los Angeles: MJV. pp. 242â243.
4875:
Parker & Martin p. 5: "an unmitigated disaster"
4639:
Expeditionis Hispaniorum in Angliam vera Descriptio
10809:Naval battles of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585â1604)
8215:(in Spanish). Marcial Pons Historia. p. 305.
8065:
7705:Time to Finish the Game The English and the Armada
7104:
3307:came up. The Spanish evacuated the vessel and the
3225:during the attack of the Spanish Armada, 1588, by
2769:. This was expanded further in 1580 when Portugal
2550:, and escort an invasion force that would land in
7993:(with appendices by Sydney Wignall), Viking, 1975
7634:The Spanish Story of the Armada, and Other Essays
7594:The Spanish Armada: The Experience of War in 1588
7591:
6804:
6693:"The Spanish Story of the 1588 Armada Reassessed"
6690:
6378:
6179:
6166:Winston S. Churchill, "The New World", vol. 3 of
5889:Drake: The Life and Legend of an Elizabethan Hero
5697:Mcdermott. England and the Spanish Armada. p. 260
5474:Drake, The Life and Legend of an Elizabethan Hero
5326:. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
4754:(1971) is an account of the defeat of the Armada.
4362:(126â140 ships) was scattered by a storm, as was
3788:
3108:. The news was conveyed to London by a system of
2742:, and this led to war between the two countries.
2617:The expedition was the largest engagement of the
559:
10790:
8096:Rodriguez-Salgado, M. J. and Adams, Simon, eds.
7781:A Guide to Battles Decisive Conflicts in History
6170:, (1956) Dodd, Mead & Co., New York, p. 130.
4299:if possible so as to establish a permanent base.
3885:, knight and member of the Council of Thirteen (
9276:
7490:European Warfare, 1494â1660 Warfare and History
7130:
7128:
5803:. Vol. 1586â89. London: John Murray. 4194.
4947:Artillery: An Illustrated History of Its Impact
4463:He blew with His winds, and they were scattered
4046:'s crew of 500, more than 200 had died and the
3581:manoeuver had been effective in the battles of
3526:The battle off Gravelines, 8 August 1588 (N.S.)
2522:'Great and Most Fortunate Navy') was a
402:19,315 soldiers (90% Spaniards, 10% Portuguese)
8098:England, Spain, and the Gran Armada, 1585â1604
7991:Full Fathom Five: Wrecks of the Spanish Armada
7621:
7610:
7434:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 63.
6889:
6877:
6653:
6626:"Queen Elizabeth â Against the Spanish Armada"
6309:. Vol. V. Los Angeles: MJV. p. 229.
5362:. Oxford and New York: Routledge. p. 45.
4218:the storms or English gunfire. One hulk, the
4015:
2793:'s reign. The last of these conflicts was the
1400:
8921:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
8402:
8339:The Enterprise of England: The Spanish Armada
7006:
6996:
6907:England, Spain and the Gran Armada, 1585â1604
6679:England, Spain and the Gran Armada, 1585â1604
5892:. London: Simon & Schuster. p. 259.
5546:The Invincible Armada and Elizabethan England
4704:
4237:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4164:
4157:
4151:
4122:
4104:
4094:
4088:
4082:
3962:
3944:
3886:
3859:
3809:
3708:
3682:
3676:
3670:
3648:
3638:
3627:
3602:
3571:
3490:The pursuit to Calais, 4â6 August 1588 (N.S.)
3290:
3261:
3241:
2817:. Edward died childless, and his half-sister
2701:
1386:
545:
8596:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
8174:Naval Strategy and Operations in Narrow Seas
8146:, Vol. 12, No. 2. (1969), pp. 197â216.
7970:
7952:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020e).
7933:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020c).
7636:(1899), by a leading historian of the 1890s
7556:England, Spain and the Gran Armada 1585â1604
7202:
7125:
7092:
7068:
6917:. p. 212. The lowest estimate is 9,000 dead.
6840:
6768:
6569:
6533:
6497:
6407:
6242:
6129:
5946:
5934:
5919:
5625:
5560:The English Mercurie published by Authoritie
5007:
4977:
4911:
4896:
3252:collided with a number of ships, losing her
2847:Mary's death in 1558 led to her half-sister
8248:The Voyage of the Armada: The Spanish Story
8034:Parker, Geoffrey. "Why the Armada Failed."
7956:. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc.
7937:. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc.
7553:
7180:. Vol. 38, no. 5. pp. 26â33.
6665:
6342:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020).
6305:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020).
6222:. Yale University Press. pp. 153â154.
6054:The Longman Anthology of British Literature
6013:
5861:
5799:Motley, John Lothrop (1860). "XVII. 1587".
5610:
5528:
5504:
5092:
4932:
4381:
4139:. Pedro de Valdés was held prisoner in the
3700:
3694:
3688:
3548:Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 8 August 1588
3210:Actions off Portland Bill and Isle of Wight
2757:cause and its global possessions stretched
2675:
2566:, and prevent attacks by English and Dutch
2517:
8409:
8395:
8359:The Story of the Tobermory Spanish Galleon
7797:
7506:
7452:Armada 1588 The Spanish Assault on England
7190:
6971:
6938:
6792:
6744:
6613:
6431:
6390:
5294:
4739:John Brunner's 1962 science fiction novel
3146:with 11 ships, and Howard to the south in
2833:, earning her the nickname "Bloody Mary".
1393:
1379:
552:
538:
10715:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
8015:
7894:
6828:
6780:
6485:
6458:
6443:
6419:
6217:
6168:A History of the English-Speaking Peoples
6154:
6025:
5984:
5539:
5537:
5104:
4693:becoming one of the first of few Western
4629:For 150 years, writers relied heavily on
4350:were raided and torched. Another smaller
4258:
2781:, and he did so from his chambers in the
2706:is still the Spanish term for the modern
120:
10720:Colonial universities in the Philippines
8262:Ireland: Graveyard of the Spanish Armada
7971:Martin, Colin; Parker, Geoffrey (1999).
7899:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
7818:Ireland: Graveyard of the Spanish Armada
7699:
7367:
7107:Annual Bulletin of Historical Literature
6521:
6068:
6066:
5383:
5274:
5268:
5235:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p.
4385:
3990:
3913:
3768:
3734:
3542:
3384:
3236:. A change of wind gave the Spanish the
3213:
2532:Alonso de GuzmĂĄn, Duke of Medina Sidonia
9711:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
8152:
8103:
8068:The Guinness Book of Military Anecdotes
7856:
7837:
7721:
7572:
7541:Invasion: Defending Britain from Attack
7468:
7449:
7399:
7276:
7020:
6983:
6366:
6254:
5996:
5825:
5673:
5661:
5574:, v. V pp. 164, 167, 199â200.
5222:
5130:The Medical Services of the Gran Armada
5047:
4992:Spain, 1469â1714: A Society of Conflict
4672:
3531:
3136:upwind of the Armada, thus gaining the
2974:, to her ambassador in Constantinople,
2640:, but these likewise ended in failure.
14:
10791:
10664:
8122:
7996:
7913:
7778:
7740:
7642:
7429:
7350:
7238:
7226:
7214:
7175:
7134:
7056:
7011:, vol. III, chapter III. Madrid. p. 51
6641:
6593:
6581:
6557:
6545:
6509:
6266:
6060:. Third ed. New York: Pearson Longman.
5972:
5798:
5743:
5534:
5396:British Historical Society of Portugal
5355:
5349:
5313:
5228:
5203:
5177:
5165:
4542:Armada Medal, bearing the inscription
4459:1588. Flavit Jehovah et Dissipati Sunt
4334:on 26 July 1595, where over two days,
3934:to release his promise of one million
3921:by Spanish painter Jose Gartner (1892)
3832:, the Spanish were not aware that the
3723:assembled a force of 4,500 militia at
3380:
3128:On 30 July, the English fleet was off
3123:
2874:Ălvaro de BazĂĄn, Marquis of Santa Cruz
10663:
10559:
10558:
9682:
9560:
9275:
9134:
9102:
9039:
8976:
8891:
8814:
8754:
8668:
8657:
8429:
8428:
8390:
8208:
8063:
7875:
7759:
7487:
7303:
7008:Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval
6926:
6816:
6756:
6335:
6329:
6072:
6063:
5885:
5516:
5470:
5464:
5425:, 1 June 2004. Retrieved 5 April 2020
5153:
5116:
5059:
5019:
4989:
4713:
2779:empire upon which the sun did not set
1374:
533:
27:Fleet sailing against England in 1588
8992:Captaincy General of the Philippines
8484:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
8171:
7283:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 7.
6191:
5389:
5208:. New York: Basic Books. p. 3.
4748:The fifth episode of the BBC series
4320:
3919:Destruction of the Invincible Armada
10695:Indochristian painting in New Spain
8815:
7680:
7666:. Oxford: Bloomsbury. p. 253.
7662:Gorrochategui Santos, Luis (2018).
6473:
6279:Historic England Research Records.
6085:. Cambridge University Press: 129.
5831:
5279:. Bristol: Heinemann. p. 286.
3780:painting, previously attributed to
3303:the ship, but this failed when the
3024:List of ships of the Spanish Armada
2955:would end. Philip was supported by
2785:by means of written communication.
24:
9662:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
9135:
8416:
8369:Elizabeth I and the Spanish Armada
8202:
7592:FernĂĄndez-Armesto, Felipe (1988).
7507:Bucholz, R O; Key, Newton (2009).
7119:10.1111/j.1467-8314.1985.tb00698.x
5136:, 1585â1604". Barnes & Noble.
4944:
3925:
3774:Elizabeth I and the Spanish Armada
3657:. The English troops sortied from
25:
10860:
8892:
8755:
8636:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
8352:
7918:. Durham: Duke University Press.
5963:, Episode 4, "The Spanish Armada"
5874:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
5732:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
5707:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
5686:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
5650:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
5638:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
5599:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
5584:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
5572:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
5459:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
5447:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
5435:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020c
5263:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
4959:
4624:
4364:the third sent the following year
4135:and eventually sunk to support a
4093:were studied by the English. The
3995:Route taken by the Spanish Armada
3006:to establish a safe anchorage in
2570:against Spanish interests in the
2538:. His orders were to sail up the
10747:Criollos in the colonial society
10675:Spanish missions in the Americas
9797:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
8341:(1988) Sutton Publishing (1995)
8294:The Defeat of the Spanish Armada
7861:. Cambridge Scholars Publisher.
7622:FernĂĄndez Duro, CesĂĄreo (1885).
7611:FernĂĄndez Duro, CesĂĄreo (1884).
7423:
7402:"The real 'John Blackthorne' of
7393:
7378:
7361:
7344:
7318:
7310:. Plymouth: W. Benden. pp.
7297:
7270:
7244:
7169:
7098:
6995:FernĂĄndez Duro, CesĂĄreo (1972).
6989:
6944:
6895:
6834:
6691:RodrĂguez-Salgado, M. J (1990).
6684:
6671:
6619:
6587:
6452:
6437:
5751:. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd.
5320:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
5314:Pollen, John Hungerford (1907).
5081:10.1111/j.1467-8314.1985.tb00698
4836:
4788:
4774:
4608:Banner from the Spanish galleon
4601:
4574:
4550:
4544:Flavit Jehovah et Dissipati Sunt
4535:
4075:national service of thanksgiving
3721:Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester
3519:
3507:
3495:
3483:
3368:
3356:
3344:
3219:The Surrender of Pedro de Valdés
3197:
3185:
3173:
3161:
2959:, who treated the invasion as a
2920:
2901:
2666:. It is originally derived from
2662:, which is cognate with English
2562:in England, end support for the
328:
318:
298:
278:
258:
246:
228:
216:
204:
192:
167:
155:
136:
122:
61:
10774:Great PotosĂ Mint Fraud of 1649
8658:
8046:. Summary by leading historian.
7975:. Manchester University Press.
7442:
7400:Ridgway, Claire (16 May 2020).
6298:
6272:
6211:
6185:
6160:
6135:
6106:
6052:Damrosh, David, et al. (2006).
6046:
6031:
5952:
5879:
5816:
5807:
5792:
5771:
5737:
5712:
5691:
5552:
5437:, v. III pp. 161â162.
5409:
5336:
5307:
5197:
5183:
5122:
5065:
5025:
4983:
4691:United East India Company (VOC)
3715:Speech to the Troops at Tilbury
2825:of Spain and began to reassert
2558:. Its purpose was to reinstate
2530:in late May 1588, commanded by
9103:
8826:Captaincy General of Guatemala
8534:Franco-Spanish War (1635â1659)
7683:Elizabeth: The Forgotten Years
7432:The BBC: The First Fifty Years
7151:10.1080/00253359.1996.10656603
6040:Elizabeth: The Forgotten Years
5781:. Cambridge University Press,
4953:
4938:
4878:
4869:
4860:
4081:The captured Spanish galleons
3789:Armada in Scotland and Ireland
3441:, which had been stationed in
13:
1:
10725:General Archive of the Indies
9986:Francisco VĂĄzquez de Coronado
9657:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
9642:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
8591:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
8544:War of the Spanish Succession
8509:Anglo-Spanish War (1585â1604)
7802:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
6841:Gracia Rivas, Manuel (1988).
5876:, v. V pp. 226â227.
5640:, v. V pp. 218â219.
5586:, v. V pp. 206â207.
5449:, v. V pp. 165â166.
5265:, v. V pp. 157â158.
5128:Gracia Rivas, Manuel (1991).
4853:
4113:. The 397 crew were taken to
4004:. There, in November, he was
3434:Nassau had in mind for them.
3430:vulnerable as night drew on.
3053:vessels and 34 supply ships.
2745:By the mid sixteenth century
2713:
563:Anglo-Spanish War (1585â1604)
512:
51:Anglo-Spanish War (1585â1604)
9683:
8797:Captaincy General of Yucatan
8727:Union with Holy Roman Empire
8706:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
8621:GermanâSpanish Treaty (1899)
7973:The Spanish Armada (Revised)
7577:. Cornell University Press.
6681:. Barnes & Noble. p. 161
6459:John Knox, Laughton (1894).
6444:John Knox, Laughton (1894).
4273:under Sir Francis Drake and
3986:
3903:, defeat of an English army
3552:Philip James de Loutherbourg
3152:with the bulk of the fleet.
3017:
2680:, 'to arm', used in
2643:
616:Cavendish's circumnavigation
7:
10834:Maritime history of England
9561:
9277:Administrative subdivisions
8474:War of the League of Cognac
8016:Mattingly, Garrett (2005).
7916:The Black Legend in England
7798:Hutchinson, Robert (2013).
7596:. Oxford University Press.
6141:Brian Fagan, Brian (2000),
4767:
4290:Dom AntĂłnio, Prior of Crato
4016:England and the Netherlands
3905:besieging Rosclogher castle
3538:Battle of Gravelines (1558)
810:Spanish Armada (1st Calais
575:Caribbean and South America
502:Five ships sunk or captured
67:Route of the Spanish Armada
10:
10865:
10849:1588 in the Spanish Empire
9991:Diego Velåzquez de Cuéllar
9976:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
9878:Ălvar NĂșñez Cabeza de Vaca
9040:
8776:), Western United States (
8669:
8539:Portuguese Restoration War
7914:Maltby, William S (1971).
7575:Europe Divided (1559â1598)
7368:Laughton, John K. (1894).
7351:Ryther, Augustine (1590).
6218:Pettegree, Andrew (2015).
6114:"The Battle of Gravelines"
5749:Life of Sir Walter Raleigh
5718:Rodgers, N. A. M. (2004),
5543:Garrett Mattingly (1963),
4709:during the Spanish Armada.
4262:
4248:National Archives of Spain
4106:Nuestra Señora del Rosario
4084:Nuestra Señora del Rosario
4006:repelled with heavy losses
3792:
3712:
3709:Elizabeth's Tilbury speech
3672:Nuestra Señora del Rosario
3573:Nuestra Señora del Rosario
3535:
3249:Nuestra Señora del Rosario
3021:
2932:Trinity College, Cambridge
2513:Grande y FelicĂsima Armada
586:Drake's 1572-73 expedition
351:163 armed merchant vessels
253:7th Duke of Medina Sidonia
29:
18:Naval battle of Gravelines
10829:History of the Royal Navy
10759:Slavery in Spanish Empire
10670:
10659:
10565:
10554:
10452:
10346:
10339:
10224:
10073:
10066:
10059:
10046:Pere d'AlbernĂ i Teixidor
9956:
9825:
9787:Ălvaro de BazĂĄn the Elder
9749:
9693:
9689:
9678:
9647:Barcelona Trading Company
9614:
9571:
9567:
9556:
9460:
9412:New Andalusia (1501â1513)
9382:
9324:
9286:
9282:
9271:
9222:
9181:
9145:
9141:
9130:
9109:
9046:
8987:
8919:Venezuela, part of Guyana
8898:
8821:
8772:, Central United States (
8761:
8675:
8664:
8653:
8504:BruneianâSpanish conflict
8489:Expulsion of the Moriscos
8435:
8424:
8125:English Historical Review
7895:Mcdermott, James (2005).
7685:. Penguin Books Limited.
7454:. Pen & Sword Books.
7164:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
7081:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
7045:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
7033:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
7007:
6960:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
6866:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
6709:10.1017/S0018246X00013431
5302:Admirals of the Caribbean
5204:Parker, Geoffrey (2002).
5191:Oxford English Dictionary
4994:. Routledge. p. 123.
4844:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
4760:Elizabeth: The Golden Age
4444:
4308:where they established a
4078:during the huge service.
3866:, which was driven on to
3795:Spanish Armada in Ireland
2913:National Portrait Gallery
2674:, the past participle of
1412:
908:Low Countries and Germany
571:
435:
339:
182:
111:
71:
60:
48:
43:
10700:Quito painting tradition
10690:Cusco painting tradition
10051:GarcĂa LĂłpez de CĂĄrdenas
10041:JerĂłnimo Luis de Cabrera
9948:Felipe GonzĂĄlez de Ahedo
9868:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
8445:Conquest of the Americas
8374:19 February 2020 at the
8104:Stedall, Robert (2022).
8064:Regan, Geoffrey (1992).
8001:. University of Exeter.
7779:Holmes, Richard (2006).
7726:. Taylor & Francis.
7643:Graham, Winston (1972).
7203:Martin & Parker 1999
7093:Martin & Parker 1999
7069:Martin & Parker 1999
6795:, pp. 202, 276â288.
6769:Martin & Parker 1999
6570:Martin & Parker 1999
6534:Martin & Parker 1999
6498:Martin & Parker 1999
6408:Martin & Parker 1999
6243:Martin & Parker 1999
6192:Hugh, Allingham (1897).
6130:Martin & Parker 1999
5947:Martin & Parker 1999
5935:Martin & Parker 1999
5920:Martin & Parker 1999
5734:, v. V p. 224.
5709:, v. V p. 221.
5688:, v. V p. 223.
5652:, v. V p. 220.
5626:Martin & Parker 1999
5601:, v. V p. 225.
5461:, v. V p. 170.
5275:Pendrill, Colin (2002).
5229:Waller, Maureen (2006).
5008:Martin & Parker 1999
4978:Martin & Parker 1999
4912:Martin & Parker 1999
4897:Martin & Parker 1999
4829:
4514:divers off the coast of
4395:Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom
4382:Technological revolution
4292:to the Portuguese throne
4184:
4177:. It now resides in the
3909:ultimate return to Spain
3876:Alonso MartĂnez de Leiva
3087:Lord Howard of Effingham
819:English Armada (Corunna
591:Drake's circumnavigation
10485:Comuneros (New Granada)
10262:Balearic Islands (1558)
9981:HernĂĄn PĂ©rez de Quesada
9908:Ruy LĂłpez de Villalobos
9863:Miguel LĂłpez de Legazpi
9777:GarcĂa de Toledo Osorio
8641:Western Sahara conflict
8631:Independence of Morocco
8571:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
8514:Piracy in the Caribbean
8499:French Wars of Religion
8209:Feros, Antonio (2002).
8137:10.1093/ehr/118.478.855
8092:excerpt and text search
7876:Lewis, Michael (1960).
7838:Konstam, Angus (2009).
7820:, Anvil Books Ltd, 1967
7762:Survivors of the Armada
7632:Froude, James Anthony.
7511:. John Wiley and Sons.
7469:Bicheno, Hugh. (2012).
7304:Worth, Richard (1890).
6145:, New York: Basic Books
6058:The Early Modern Period
5886:Coote, Stephen (2003).
5471:Coote, Stephen (2003).
4040:. For instance, of the
4024:motion to mitigate it.
3727:, Essex, to defend the
3311:promptly captured her.
3093:and Sir Francis Drake.
2732:French Wars of Religion
2526:fleet that sailed from
518:ships lost(10 scuttled)
478:English Channel actions
442:English Channel actions
353:(30 more than 200 tons)
10730:Colonial Spanish Horse
10404:Colonia del Sacramento
9627:Spanish treasure fleet
9204:Royal Decree of Graces
8172:Vego, Milan N (2013).
8144:The Historical Journal
8038:1988 38 (May): 26â33.
7997:Martin, Paula (1988).
7760:Hardy, Evelyn (1966).
7722:Hampden, John (1972).
7558:. Barnes & Noble.
7488:Black, Jeremy (2005).
7450:Barratt, John (2006).
7252:"Europe â MSN Encarta"
7003:Naval Museum of Madrid
6997:
6972:Bucholz & Key 2009
6909:. Barnes & Noble.
6805:RodrĂguez-Salgado 1990
6697:The Historical Journal
6379:FernĂĄndez-Armesto 1988
6180:FernĂĄndez-Armesto 1988
5745:Tytler, Patrick Fraser
5722:, Penguin, pp. 263â269
5317:"Spanish Armada"
5206:Success is never final
4705:
4398:
4259:English Counter-Armada
4238:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4165:
4158:
4152:
4123:
4105:
4095:
4089:
4083:
3996:
3963:
3945:
3939:were widely believed.
3922:
3887:
3860:
3810:
3785:
3767:
3752:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3649:
3639:
3632:, the flagship of Don
3628:
3603:
3572:
3555:
3392:
3291:
3262:
3242:
3229:
3080:and the 10 Portuguese
2842:Siege of Calais (1558)
2811:Protestant reformation
2702:
2676:
2671:
2659:
2512:
396:2,431 artillery pieces
183:Commanders and leaders
9888:Vasco NĂșñez de Balboa
9848:Juan SebastiĂĄn Elcano
9163:Council of the Indies
8524:SpanishâMoro conflict
8494:OttomanâHabsburg wars
8454:Treaty of Tordesillas
8233:(1972; reprint 2001)
8153:Wernham, R.B (1984).
8090:vol 1 (1999) 691 pp;
7741:Hanson, Neil (2011).
7573:Elliott, J H (1982).
7535:online edition vol. 2
7531:online edition vol. 1
6220:The Invention of News
6073:Hearn, Karen (2005).
5356:Wagner, John (1999).
5342:Hutchinson, Robert. "
5323:Catholic Encyclopedia
5300:Hart, Francis RuĂel,
4990:Kamen, Henry (2014).
4669:over five centuries.
4510:, found by a team of
4389:
4203:José Luis Casado Soto
3994:
3917:
3901:on the run in Ireland
3772:
3754:
3738:
3693:; and the Portuguese
3546:
3388:
3217:
2978:, sought to initiate
2885:alliance with Morocco
2870:Enterprise of England
2838:Battle of St. Quentin
2509:Enterprise of England
491:Battle of Gravelines:
452:Battle of Gravelines:
436:Casualties and losses
10839:Invasions of England
10685:Mesoamerican Codices
10409:Comuneros (Paraguay)
10247:Siege of Castelnuovo
9833:Christopher Columbus
9652:Consulate of the Sea
9632:Casa de ContrataciĂłn
9223:Titles and positions
8616:SpanishâAmerican War
8606:Liberal constitution
8449:Asia and the Pacific
8020:. Houghton Mifflin.
7701:Hadfield, Alice Mary
7625:La Armada invencible
7614:La Armada invencible
7543:, Boxtree Ltd, 2002
7430:Briggs, Asa (1985).
6595:Motley, John Lothrop
6281:"San Pedro El Mayor"
6112:Hilliard, Nicholas.
5846:on 28 February 2007.
5832:Swanger, W. Jherek.
5031:John Knox Laughton,
4824:The English Mercurie
4742:Times Without Number
4673:Notable participants
4411:Battle of Gravelines
3897:Francisco de Cuéllar
3845:, a feature of the "
3532:Battle of Gravelines
2862:Mary, Queen of Scots
2357:2nd Cape St. Vincent
2247:2nd 's-Hertogenbosch
2154:1st Cape St. Vincent
2097:1st 's-Hertogenbosch
2013:1st English Channel
1829:Ten Years, 1588â1598
838:2nd Gibraltar Strait
833:1st Gibraltar Strait
729:Vila Franca do Campo
390:38 auxiliary vessels
387:44 armed merchantmen
10414:Cartagena de Indias
10036:Diego de Mazariegos
10006:Pere Fages i Beleta
9873:SebastiĂĄn de Ocampo
9354:Provincias Internas
9326:Captaincies General
9240:Municipal president
9209:School of Salamanca
8980:Spanish East Indies
8959:Misiones Orientales
8831:Spanish West Indies
8795:, Central America (
8742:Pyrénées-Orientales
8695:Union with Portugal
8586:Napoleonic invasion
8566:War of Jenkins' Ear
8304:. Gollancz (1988).
8264:(Anvil Books, 1967)
8231:The Spanish Armadas
8157:. Clarendon Press.
7645:The Spanish Armadas
7525:Corbett, Julian S.
7277:Campion, G (2016).
7205:, pp. 253â254.
7193:, pp. 217â224.
7095:, pp. 213â214.
7059:, pp. 855â882.
7047:, pp. 258â259.
6962:, pp. 245â246.
6941:, pp. 203â204.
6892:, pp. 137â138.
6890:FernĂĄndez Duro 1884
6878:FernĂĄndez Duro 1884
6771:, pp. 258â259.
6759:, pp. 228â230.
6747:, pp. 276â288.
6668:, pp. 120â122.
6654:FernĂĄndez Duro 1884
6512:, pp. 526â527.
6476:, pp. 144â148.
6393:, pp. 215â216.
6381:, pp. 268â269.
6182:, pp. 255â263.
5987:, pp. 328â329.
5960:Battlefield Britain
5937:, pp. 190â191.
5922:, pp. 189â190.
5822:Lewis (1960), p.164
5813:Lewis (1960), p.166
5613:, pp. 114â116.
5507:, pp. 113â117.
5180:, pp. 258â261.
5156:, pp. 208â209.
4475:Venit, Vidit, Fugit
4360:second sent in 1596
4352:raid on Cawsand bay
4328:Raid on Mount's Bay
4147:from 1602 to 1608.
4063:St Paul's Cathedral
3855:William FitzWilliam
3812:San Juan de Sicilia
3663:Justinus van Nassau
3415:Justinus van Nassau
3390:Justinus van Nassau
3381:Fireships at Calais
3124:Action off Plymouth
2831:burned at the stake
2807:Catherine of Aragon
2803:English Reformation
2347:3rd English Channel
2167:Twelve Years' Truce
2149:2nd English Channel
2057:1st Schenckenschans
1911:3rd Geertruidenberg
1846:2nd Geertruidenberg
1552:1st Geertruidenberg
1119:3rd Geertruidenberg
1069:2nd Geertruidenberg
934:1st Geertruidenberg
712:2nd Puerto Caballos
640:1st Puerto Caballos
621:Spanish West Indies
483:2 galleons captured
407:Spanish Netherlands
235:Justinus van Nassau
103:Anglo-Dutch victory
10844:Invasions by Spain
10710:Academia AntĂĄrtica
10665:Other civil topics
10031:PĂĄnfilo de NarvĂĄez
9933:SebastiĂĄn VizcaĂno
9898:Andrés de Urdaneta
9858:Juan Ponce de LeĂłn
9843:Ferdinand Magellan
9817:Bernardo de GĂĄlvez
9716:Indian auxiliaries
9214:Trial of residence
9194:Laws of the Indies
8978:Asia and Oceania (
8839:Dominican Republic
8289:Mattingly, Garrett
8281:McKee, Alexander.
8267:McDermott, James.
7827:1989 49(1): 5â13.
7816:Kilfeather T. P.:
7800:The Spanish Armada
7681:Guy, John (2016).
7258:on 28 October 2009
6037:Guy, John (2016).
5390:Shepherd, Andrew.
4819:The Armada Service
4714:In popular culture
4659:John Knox Laughton
4635:Petruccio Ubaldini
4633:'s translation of
4614:Museum De Lakenhal
4399:
4310:base of operations
4284:Make a landing at
4277:with three tasks:
4179:Museum De Lakenhal
4127:was later sent to
3997:
3964:San Pedro El Mayor
3923:
3786:
3753:
3558:The small port of
3556:
3393:
3230:
3227:John Seymour Lucas
3120:was John Hawkins.
2972:Francis Walsingham
2909:Philip II of Spain
2893:Opposing monarchs
2536:Philip II of Spain
2280:2nd Schenkenschans
2222:2nd Bergen op Zoom
1841:1st Bergen op Zoom
521:11,000â20,000 dead
496:More than 600 dead
10804:Conflicts in 1588
10786:
10785:
10782:
10781:
10655:
10654:
10560:Spanish conquests
10550:
10549:
10546:
10545:
10542:
10541:
10538:
10537:
10335:
10334:
10016:Pedro de Alvarado
10001:Gaspar de PortolĂ
9996:Pedro de Valdivia
9971:Francisco Pizarro
9923:NicolĂĄs de Ovando
9918:Alonso de Ercilla
9893:Alonso de Salazar
9726:Ships of the line
9674:
9673:
9670:
9669:
9552:
9551:
9548:
9547:
9267:
9266:
9263:
9262:
9126:
9125:
9122:
9121:
9098:
9097:
9055:Northern Africa (
9051:Equatorial Guinea
9035:
9034:
8972:
8971:
8887:
8886:
8810:
8809:
8801:Spanish Caribbean
8774:Spanish Louisiana
8750:
8749:
8685:Crown of Castille
8649:
8648:
8626:Spanish Civil War
8601:AdamsâOnĂs Treaty
8581:Nootka Convention
8529:Thirty Years' War
8519:Eighty Years' War
8440:Catholic Monarchs
8430:Timelineâimmersed
8337:Whiting J. R. S.
8314:Parker, Geoffrey
8300:Padfield, Peter.
8260:Kilfeather T. P.
8229:Graham, Winston.
8108:. Pen and Sword.
8086:Rodger, N. A. M.
8056:Rasor, Eugene L.
7707:. Phoenix House.
7539:Cruikshank, Dan:
7410:The Tudor Society
7390:1989 49(1): 5â13.
7217:, pp. 75â87.
6572:, pp. 87â92.
6043:. Viking. p. 119.
5519:, pp. 87â91.
4980:, pp. 60â63.
4809:Armada Tapestries
4683:Richarde Dyffylde
4497:Battle of Britain
4403:Battle of Lepanto
4321:Course of the war
4215:Garrett Mattingly
3893:Order of Santiago
3782:Nicholas Hilliard
3687:; the Neapolitan
3406:Eighty Years' War
3034:Battle of Lepanto
2940:
2939:
2928:Queen Elizabeth I
2795:Siege of Boulogne
2773:thus forming the
2682:Romance languages
2622:Anglo-Spanish War
2521:
2505:Invincible Armada
2494:
2493:
1404:Eighty Years' War
1368:
1367:
528:
527:
393:31 supply vessels
285:Miguel de Oquendo
107:
106:
55:Eighty Years' War
16:(Redirected from
10856:
10661:
10660:
10627:Chibchan Nations
10556:
10555:
10525:Santiago de Cuba
10384:Guadalupe Island
10344:
10343:
10071:
10070:
10064:
10063:
10026:Diego de Almagro
9903:Antonio de Ulloa
9807:Ambrosio Spinola
9802:Pedro de Zubiaur
9772:Alfonso d'Avalos
9762:Antonio de Leyva
9706:Army of Flanders
9691:
9690:
9680:
9679:
9569:
9568:
9558:
9557:
9284:
9283:
9273:
9272:
9143:
9142:
9132:
9131:
9100:
9099:
9073:Peñón of Algiers
9037:
9036:
8974:
8973:
8889:
8888:
8812:
8811:
8794:
8752:
8751:
8666:
8665:
8655:
8654:
8576:Seven Years' War
8549:Queen Anne's War
8426:
8425:
8411:
8404:
8397:
8388:
8387:
8316:Mariner's Mirror
8226:
8187:
8168:
8139:
8131:(478): 855â882,
8119:
8083:
8072:. Canopy Books.
8071:
8049:Pierson, Peter.
8031:
8012:
7986:
7967:
7948:
7929:
7910:
7891:
7872:
7853:
7825:American Neptune
7813:
7794:
7775:
7756:
7745:. Random House.
7737:
7718:
7696:
7677:
7658:
7638:full text online
7629:
7618:
7607:
7588:
7569:
7522:
7503:
7484:
7465:
7436:
7435:
7427:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7416:
7397:
7391:
7387:American Neptune
7382:
7376:
7375:
7365:
7359:
7358:
7348:
7342:
7341:
7339:
7337:
7322:
7316:
7315:
7301:
7295:
7294:
7274:
7268:
7267:
7265:
7263:
7254:. Archived from
7248:
7242:
7236:
7230:
7224:
7218:
7212:
7206:
7200:
7194:
7188:
7182:
7181:
7173:
7167:
7161:
7155:
7154:
7138:Mariner's Mirror
7132:
7123:
7122:
7102:
7096:
7090:
7084:
7078:
7072:
7066:
7060:
7054:
7048:
7042:
7036:
7030:
7024:
7018:
7012:
7010:
7009:
7000:
6993:
6987:
6981:
6975:
6969:
6963:
6957:
6951:
6948:
6942:
6936:
6930:
6924:
6918:
6899:
6893:
6887:
6881:
6875:
6869:
6863:
6857:
6856:
6838:
6832:
6826:
6820:
6814:
6808:
6802:
6796:
6790:
6784:
6778:
6772:
6766:
6760:
6754:
6748:
6742:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6731:
6688:
6682:
6675:
6669:
6666:Casado Soto 1991
6663:
6657:
6651:
6645:
6639:
6633:
6623:
6617:
6611:
6605:
6604:
6591:
6585:
6579:
6573:
6567:
6561:
6555:
6549:
6543:
6537:
6531:
6525:
6519:
6513:
6507:
6501:
6495:
6489:
6483:
6477:
6471:
6465:
6464:
6456:
6450:
6449:
6441:
6435:
6429:
6423:
6417:
6411:
6405:
6394:
6388:
6382:
6376:
6370:
6364:
6358:
6357:
6339:
6333:
6327:
6321:
6320:
6302:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6291:
6285:Heritage Gateway
6276:
6270:
6264:
6258:
6252:
6246:
6240:
6234:
6233:
6215:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6204:
6189:
6183:
6177:
6171:
6164:
6158:
6152:
6146:
6139:
6133:
6127:
6121:
6110:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6099:
6070:
6061:
6050:
6044:
6035:
6029:
6023:
6017:
6014:Casado Soto 1991
6011:
6000:
5994:
5988:
5982:
5976:
5970:
5964:
5956:
5950:
5944:
5938:
5932:
5923:
5917:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5906:
5883:
5877:
5871:
5865:
5862:Casado Soto 1991
5859:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5839:. Archived from
5838:
5829:
5823:
5820:
5814:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5796:
5790:
5775:
5769:
5768:
5741:
5735:
5729:
5723:
5716:
5710:
5704:
5698:
5695:
5689:
5683:
5677:
5671:
5665:
5659:
5653:
5647:
5641:
5635:
5629:
5623:
5614:
5611:Casado Soto 1991
5608:
5602:
5596:
5587:
5581:
5575:
5569:
5563:
5556:
5550:
5541:
5532:
5529:Casado Soto 1991
5526:
5520:
5514:
5508:
5505:Casado Soto 1991
5502:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5491:
5468:
5462:
5456:
5450:
5444:
5438:
5432:
5426:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5353:
5347:
5340:
5334:
5327:
5319:
5311:
5305:
5298:
5292:
5290:
5272:
5266:
5260:
5251:
5250:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5201:
5195:
5187:
5181:
5175:
5169:
5163:
5157:
5151:
5145:
5126:
5120:
5114:
5108:
5102:
5096:
5093:Casado Soto 1991
5090:
5084:
5069:
5063:
5057:
5051:
5045:
5036:
5029:
5023:
5017:
5011:
5005:
4996:
4995:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4966:
4965:
4957:
4951:
4950:
4942:
4936:
4933:Casado Soto 1991
4930:
4915:
4909:
4900:
4894:
4885:
4882:
4876:
4873:
4867:
4864:
4847:
4840:
4814:Invisible armada
4798:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4784:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4724:Charles Kingsley
4708:
4631:Augustine Ryther
4605:
4578:
4554:
4539:
4493:Second World War
4451:David vs Goliath
4434:in 1570 and the
4423:full-rigged ship
4378:in August 1604.
4376:Treaty of London
4241:
4235:
4229:
4223:
4211:
4171:St Peters Church
4168:
4161:
4155:
4126:
4108:
4098:
4092:
4086:
3966:
3948:
3890:
3884:
3865:
3815:
3765:
3704:
3698:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3674:
3652:
3642:
3631:
3606:
3575:
3523:
3511:
3499:
3487:
3467:Siege of Antwerp
3457:, gunpowder and
3401:Army of Flanders
3372:
3360:
3348:
3320:Martin Frobisher
3294:
3281:and 50,000 gold
3276:
3265:
3245:
3201:
3189:
3177:
3165:
2976:William Harborne
2949:United Provinces
2924:
2905:
2890:
2889:
2858:heir presumptive
2705:
2679:
2542:, join with the
2519:
2516:
2503:(often known as
2460:2nd San Salvador
2455:1st San Salvador
2428:2nd Saint Martin
2398:1st Saint Martin
1407:
1405:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1372:
1371:
1350:Irish West Coast
1238:'s-Hertogenbosch
717:Santiago de Cuba
581:San Juan de UlĂșa
566:
564:
554:
547:
540:
531:
530:
517:
514:
474:2,000â3,000 dead
332:
323:
322:
313:
305:Diego de Medrano
303:
302:
293:
283:
282:
273:
263:
262:
251:
250:
233:
232:
221:
220:
209:
208:
197:
196:
172:
171:
170:
160:
159:
158:
142:
140:
139:
132:
128:
126:
125:
79:JulyâAugust 1588
73:
72:
65:
41:
40:
21:
10864:
10863:
10859:
10858:
10857:
10855:
10854:
10853:
10819:1588 in England
10789:
10788:
10787:
10778:
10754:Old inquisition
10666:
10651:
10561:
10534:
10490:Trinidad (1797)
10460:La Noche Triste
10448:
10444:San Juan (1797)
10394:San Juan (1595)
10331:
10220:
10060:Notable battles
10055:
10021:MartĂn de UrsĂșa
9952:
9883:Alonso de Ojeda
9853:Juan de la Cosa
9838:PinzĂłn brothers
9821:
9792:John of Austria
9767:MartĂn de Goiti
9745:
9685:
9666:
9610:
9563:
9544:
9456:
9452:Terra Australis
9447:RĂo de la Plata
9392:Castilla de Oro
9378:
9320:
9316:RĂo de la Plata
9278:
9259:
9218:
9177:
9173:Santa Hermandad
9137:
9118:
9114:Terra Australis
9105:
9094:
9061:Spanish Morocco
9042:
9031:
9022:Northern Taiwan
8983:
8968:
8939:RĂo de la Plata
8894:
8883:
8817:
8816:Central America
8806:
8788:
8757:
8746:
8690:Crown of Aragon
8671:
8660:
8645:
8561:Bourbon Reforms
8431:
8420:
8415:
8376:Wayback Machine
8355:
8223:
8205:
8203:Further reading
8200:
8184:
8165:
8116:
8080:
8060:(1992). 277 pp.
8053:(1989). 304 pp.
8028:
8009:
7983:
7964:
7945:
7926:
7907:
7888:
7869:
7850:
7810:
7791:
7772:
7753:
7734:
7715:
7693:
7674:
7655:
7604:
7585:
7566:
7519:
7500:
7481:
7462:
7445:
7440:
7439:
7428:
7424:
7414:
7412:
7398:
7394:
7383:
7379:
7366:
7362:
7349:
7345:
7335:
7333:
7324:
7323:
7319:
7302:
7298:
7291:
7275:
7271:
7261:
7259:
7250:
7249:
7245:
7237:
7233:
7225:
7221:
7213:
7209:
7201:
7197:
7191:Hutchinson 2013
7189:
7185:
7174:
7170:
7162:
7158:
7133:
7126:
7103:
7099:
7091:
7087:
7079:
7075:
7067:
7063:
7055:
7051:
7043:
7039:
7031:
7027:
7019:
7015:
6994:
6990:
6982:
6978:
6970:
6966:
6958:
6954:
6949:
6945:
6939:Hutchinson 2013
6937:
6933:
6925:
6921:
6900:
6896:
6888:
6884:
6876:
6872:
6864:
6860:
6853:
6839:
6835:
6827:
6823:
6815:
6811:
6803:
6799:
6793:Hutchinson 2013
6791:
6787:
6779:
6775:
6767:
6763:
6755:
6751:
6745:Hutchinson 2013
6743:
6739:
6729:
6727:
6689:
6685:
6676:
6672:
6664:
6660:
6652:
6648:
6640:
6636:
6624:
6620:
6614:Hutchinson 2013
6612:
6608:
6592:
6588:
6580:
6576:
6568:
6564:
6556:
6552:
6544:
6540:
6532:
6528:
6520:
6516:
6508:
6504:
6496:
6492:
6484:
6480:
6472:
6468:
6457:
6453:
6442:
6438:
6432:Hutchinson 2013
6430:
6426:
6418:
6414:
6406:
6397:
6391:Hutchinson 2013
6389:
6385:
6377:
6373:
6365:
6361:
6354:
6340:
6336:
6328:
6324:
6317:
6303:
6299:
6289:
6287:
6277:
6273:
6265:
6261:
6253:
6249:
6241:
6237:
6230:
6216:
6212:
6202:
6200:
6190:
6186:
6178:
6174:
6165:
6161:
6153:
6149:
6140:
6136:
6128:
6124:
6111:
6107:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6071:
6064:
6051:
6047:
6036:
6032:
6024:
6020:
6012:
6003:
5995:
5991:
5983:
5979:
5971:
5967:
5957:
5953:
5945:
5941:
5933:
5926:
5918:
5914:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5884:
5880:
5872:
5868:
5860:
5851:
5843:
5836:
5830:
5826:
5821:
5817:
5812:
5808:
5797:
5793:
5776:
5772:
5742:
5738:
5730:
5726:
5717:
5713:
5705:
5701:
5696:
5692:
5684:
5680:
5672:
5668:
5660:
5656:
5648:
5644:
5636:
5632:
5624:
5617:
5609:
5605:
5597:
5590:
5582:
5578:
5570:
5566:
5557:
5553:
5542:
5535:
5527:
5523:
5515:
5511:
5503:
5499:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5469:
5465:
5457:
5453:
5445:
5441:
5433:
5429:
5414:
5410:
5400:
5398:
5388:
5384:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5354:
5350:
5341:
5337:
5333:heretic queen."
5330:excommunication
5312:
5308:
5299:
5295:
5287:
5273:
5269:
5261:
5254:
5247:
5227:
5223:
5216:
5202:
5198:
5188:
5184:
5176:
5172:
5164:
5160:
5152:
5148:
5127:
5123:
5115:
5111:
5103:
5099:
5091:
5087:
5070:
5066:
5058:
5054:
5046:
5039:
5030:
5026:
5018:
5014:
5006:
4999:
4988:
4984:
4976:
4969:
4958:
4954:
4943:
4939:
4931:
4918:
4910:
4903:
4895:
4888:
4883:
4879:
4874:
4870:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4850:
4841:
4837:
4832:
4804:Armada Memorial
4794:
4789:
4787:
4780:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4716:
4675:
4655:James A. Froude
4627:
4620:
4606:
4597:
4579:
4570:
4555:
4546:
4540:
4501:Armada Memorial
4489:Napoleonic Wars
4481:Protestant Wind
4447:
4419:Geoffrey Parker
4384:
4323:
4275:Sir John Norris
4267:
4261:
4205:
4187:
4141:Tower of London
4109:was brought to
4049:Elizabeth Jonas
4018:
3989:
3928:
3926:Return to Spain
3878:
3797:
3791:
3766:
3761:
3745:Armada Portrait
3717:
3711:
3634:Hugo de Moncada
3541:
3534:
3527:
3524:
3515:
3512:
3503:
3500:
3491:
3488:
3383:
3376:
3373:
3364:
3361:
3352:
3349:
3270:
3268:Pedro de Valdés
3212:
3205:
3202:
3193:
3190:
3181:
3178:
3169:
3166:
3130:Eddystone Rocks
3126:
3026:
3020:
2992:Catholic League
2934:
2925:
2916:
2906:
2783:Escorial Palace
2716:
2703:Armada Española
2646:
2589:and occupy the
2540:English Channel
2497:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2474:
2379:Bay of Matanzas
2316:European waters
2201:
2163:
2133:European waters
2041:
2027:Gulf of AlmerĂa
2007:European waters
1825:
1815:European waters
1668:
1628:
1593:European waters
1491:
1426:
1423:
1421:List of battles
1408:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1369:
1364:
1288:ChĂąteau-Laudran
1199:Schenckenschans
878:Cape Finisterre
848:Gulf of AlmerĂa
785:European waters
635:Bay of Honduras
567:
562:
560:
558:
524:
515:
505:
489:
470:
450:
431:
412:31,800 soldiers
375:
352:
335:
325:Pedro de Valdés
317:
309:
297:
289:
277:
269:
265:Juan de Recalde
257:
245:
239:
227:
215:
203:
191:
178:
168:
166:
156:
154:
148:
137:
135:
123:
121:
95:
89:English Channel
66:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10862:
10852:
10851:
10846:
10841:
10836:
10831:
10826:
10821:
10816:
10814:1588 in Europe
10811:
10806:
10801:
10799:Spanish Armada
10784:
10783:
10780:
10779:
10777:
10776:
10771:
10766:
10761:
10756:
10751:
10750:
10749:
10739:
10738:
10737:
10727:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10707:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10682:
10677:
10671:
10668:
10667:
10657:
10656:
10653:
10652:
10650:
10649:
10644:
10639:
10634:
10629:
10624:
10619:
10614:
10609:
10608:
10607:
10602:
10597:
10592:
10582:
10577:
10572:
10570:Canary Islands
10566:
10563:
10562:
10552:
10551:
10548:
10547:
10544:
10543:
10540:
10539:
10536:
10535:
10533:
10532:
10527:
10522:
10517:
10512:
10507:
10502:
10497:
10492:
10487:
10482:
10477:
10472:
10467:
10462:
10456:
10454:
10450:
10449:
10447:
10446:
10441:
10436:
10431:
10426:
10424:TĂșpac Amaru II
10421:
10416:
10411:
10406:
10401:
10396:
10391:
10386:
10381:
10376:
10371:
10369:BogotĂĄ savanna
10366:
10361:
10356:
10350:
10348:
10341:
10337:
10336:
10333:
10332:
10330:
10329:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10309:
10304:
10299:
10294:
10289:
10284:
10279:
10277:Spanish Armada
10274:
10269:
10264:
10259:
10254:
10249:
10244:
10239:
10234:
10228:
10226:
10222:
10221:
10219:
10218:
10213:
10208:
10203:
10198:
10193:
10188:
10183:
10178:
10173:
10171:White Mountain
10168:
10166:Cape Celidonia
10163:
10161:English Armada
10158:
10153:
10148:
10143:
10138:
10133:
10128:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10108:
10103:
10098:
10093:
10088:
10083:
10077:
10075:
10068:
10061:
10057:
10056:
10054:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10008:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9962:
9960:
9954:
9953:
9951:
9950:
9945:
9940:
9938:Juan FernĂĄndez
9935:
9930:
9925:
9920:
9915:
9913:Diego Columbus
9910:
9905:
9900:
9895:
9890:
9885:
9880:
9875:
9870:
9865:
9860:
9855:
9850:
9845:
9840:
9835:
9829:
9827:
9823:
9822:
9820:
9819:
9814:
9809:
9804:
9799:
9794:
9789:
9784:
9779:
9774:
9769:
9764:
9759:
9753:
9751:
9747:
9746:
9744:
9743:
9741:Army of Africa
9738:
9733:
9728:
9723:
9721:Spanish Armada
9718:
9713:
9708:
9703:
9697:
9695:
9687:
9686:
9676:
9675:
9672:
9671:
9668:
9667:
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9649:
9644:
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9629:
9624:
9622:Manila galleon
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9609:
9608:
9603:
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9472:
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9279:
9269:
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9258:
9257:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9237:
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9226:
9224:
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9211:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9185:
9183:
9179:
9178:
9176:
9175:
9170:
9165:
9160:
9155:
9149:
9147:
9139:
9138:
9136:Administration
9128:
9127:
9124:
9123:
9120:
9119:
9117:
9116:
9110:
9107:
9106:
9096:
9095:
9093:
9092:
9057:Western Sahara
9053:
9047:
9044:
9043:
9033:
9032:
9030:
9029:
9024:
9019:
8988:
8985:
8984:
8970:
8969:
8967:
8966:
8955:Banda Oriental
8936:
8922:
8899:
8896:
8895:
8885:
8884:
8882:
8881:
8876:
8871:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8851:
8846:
8828:
8822:
8819:
8818:
8808:
8807:
8805:
8804:
8770:Coastal Alaska
8762:
8759:
8758:
8748:
8747:
8745:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8704:
8703:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8676:
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8672:
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8661:
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8646:
8644:
8643:
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8623:
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8608:
8603:
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8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8442:
8436:
8433:
8432:
8422:
8421:
8418:Spanish Empire
8414:
8413:
8406:
8399:
8391:
8385:
8384:
8379:
8366:
8361:
8354:
8353:External links
8351:
8350:
8349:
8335:
8319:
8312:
8298:
8286:
8279:
8265:
8258:
8244:Howarth, David
8241:
8227:
8222:978-8495379399
8221:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8198:
8196:978-8495983374
8188:
8183:978-1136317941
8182:
8169:
8164:978-0198227533
8163:
8150:
8140:
8120:
8115:978-1399083188
8114:
8101:
8100:(1991) 308 pp.
8094:
8084:
8079:978-1558594418
8078:
8061:
8054:
8047:
8032:
8027:978-0618565917
8026:
8013:
8008:978-0859893053
8007:
7994:
7987:
7982:978-1901341140
7981:
7968:
7963:979-8689560397
7962:
7949:
7944:979-8688759655
7943:
7930:
7925:978-0822302506
7924:
7911:
7906:978-0300106985
7905:
7892:
7887:978-7240009789
7886:
7878:Spanish Armada
7873:
7868:978-1443820066
7867:
7854:
7849:978-1846034961
7848:
7842:. Bloomsbury.
7835:
7821:
7814:
7809:978-0297866374
7808:
7795:
7790:978-0191501173
7789:
7783:. OUP Oxford.
7776:
7771:978-7240009727
7770:
7757:
7752:978-1446423226
7751:
7738:
7733:978-0817357030
7732:
7719:
7714:978-7240009710
7713:
7697:
7692:978-0241963647
7691:
7678:
7673:978-1350016996
7672:
7659:
7654:978-0002218429
7653:
7640:
7630:
7619:
7608:
7602:
7589:
7584:978-8484326694
7583:
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7551:
7537:
7523:
7518:978-1405162753
7517:
7504:
7499:978-1134477081
7498:
7485:
7480:978-1844861743
7479:
7466:
7461:978-1781597033
7460:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7438:
7437:
7422:
7392:
7377:
7360:
7343:
7317:
7296:
7290:978-0230291645
7289:
7269:
7243:
7231:
7219:
7207:
7195:
7183:
7168:
7166:, p. 123.
7156:
7145:(3): 269â300.
7124:
7097:
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7073:
7071:, p. 201.
7061:
7049:
7037:
7035:, p. 253.
7025:
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7013:
6988:
6986:, p. 254.
6976:
6974:, p. 145.
6964:
6952:
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6931:
6929:, p. 168.
6919:
6894:
6882:
6880:, p. 138.
6870:
6868:, p. 246.
6858:
6851:
6833:
6831:, p. 333.
6829:Mattingly 2005
6821:
6819:, p. 230.
6809:
6807:, p. 474.
6797:
6785:
6783:, p. 367.
6781:Mattingly 2005
6773:
6761:
6749:
6737:
6703:(2): 461â478.
6683:
6670:
6658:
6656:, p. 140.
6646:
6644:, p. 480.
6634:
6618:
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6606:
6586:
6584:, p. 454.
6574:
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6538:
6526:
6524:, p. 198.
6514:
6502:
6500:, p. 237.
6490:
6488:, p. 259.
6486:Mattingly 2005
6478:
6466:
6451:
6436:
6434:, p. 216.
6424:
6422:, p. 216.
6420:Mattingly 2005
6412:
6410:, p. 254.
6395:
6383:
6371:
6359:
6353:979-8689560397
6352:
6334:
6332:, p. 111.
6322:
6316:979-8689560397
6315:
6297:
6271:
6269:, p. 494.
6259:
6257:, p. 172.
6247:
6245:, p. 239.
6235:
6229:978-0300212761
6228:
6210:
6184:
6172:
6159:
6157:, p. 369.
6155:Mattingly 2005
6147:
6134:
6132:, p. 244.
6122:
6105:
6092:978-0521849951
6091:
6062:
6045:
6030:
6026:Mattingly 2005
6018:
6016:, p. 120.
6001:
5989:
5985:Mattingly 2005
5977:
5975:, p. 453.
5965:
5951:
5949:, p. 188.
5939:
5924:
5912:
5899:978-0743220071
5898:
5878:
5866:
5864:, p. 119.
5849:
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5806:
5791:
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5724:
5711:
5699:
5690:
5678:
5676:, p. 151.
5666:
5664:, p. 150.
5654:
5642:
5630:
5628:, p. 185.
5615:
5603:
5588:
5576:
5564:
5551:
5533:
5531:, p. 116.
5521:
5509:
5497:
5484:978-0743220071
5483:
5463:
5451:
5439:
5427:
5415:Ezard, John. "
5408:
5382:
5369:978-1579582692
5368:
5348:
5335:
5306:
5293:
5286:978-0435327330
5285:
5267:
5252:
5246:978-0312338015
5245:
5221:
5214:
5196:
5182:
5170:
5168:, p. 563.
5158:
5146:
5121:
5119:, p. 208.
5109:
5107:, p. 426.
5105:Mattingly 2005
5097:
5095:, p. 122.
5085:
5064:
5062:, p. 182.
5052:
5050:, p. 262.
5037:
5024:
5022:, p. 184.
5012:
4997:
4982:
4967:
4960:Burke, Peter.
4952:
4945:Kinard, Jeff.
4937:
4935:, p. 117.
4916:
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4799:
4796:England portal
4785:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4757:The 2007 film
4755:
4746:
4737:
4726:'s 1855 novel
4715:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4698:
4689:via the Dutch
4681:served on the
4674:
4671:
4667:historiography
4663:Julian Corbett
4647:William Camden
4626:
4625:Historiography
4623:
4622:
4621:
4607:
4600:
4598:
4580:
4573:
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4556:
4549:
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4516:Portballintrae
4446:
4443:
4383:
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4322:
4319:
4301:
4300:
4293:
4282:
4271:Counter-Armada
4265:English Armada
4263:Main article:
4260:
4257:
4199:Fernandez Duro
4186:
4183:
4131:where she was
4017:
4014:
4002:Bergen-op-Zoom
3988:
3985:
3961:hospital ship
3927:
3924:
3847:Little Ice Age
3802:Firth of Forth
3793:Main article:
3790:
3787:
3759:
3751:, Bedfordshire
3729:Thames Estuary
3713:Main article:
3710:
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3528:
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3518:
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3492:
3489:
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3439:William Wynter
3382:
3379:
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3377:
3374:
3367:
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3362:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3343:
3287:line of battle
3260:sailed to the
3211:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3172:
3170:
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3125:
3122:
3114:council of war
3059:Valentine Dale
3019:
3016:
2985:The Prince of
2980:Ottoman Empire
2938:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2926:
2919:
2917:
2907:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2827:Roman Catholic
2751:King Philip II
2747:Habsburg Spain
2715:
2712:
2684:as a noun for
2645:
2642:
2626:English Armada
2564:Dutch Republic
2554:and overthrow
2501:Spanish Armada
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2486:Historiography
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
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2423:Southern Chile
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2256:2nd Maastricht
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2211:Western Europe
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2022:Bayona Islands
2019:
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1678:Western Europe
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1638:Western Europe
1635:
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1609:Haarlemmermeer
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598:
593:
588:
583:
577:
576:
572:
569:
568:
557:
556:
549:
542:
534:
526:
525:
523:
522:
519:
509:
504:
503:
500:
497:
493:
488:
487:
484:
480:
475:
469:
468:
461:
458:
454:
449:
448:
444:
438:
437:
433:
432:
430:
429:
426:
417:
416:
413:
404:
403:
400:
399:10,138 sailors
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
378:
376:
374:
373:
370:
361:
360:
354:
349:
345:
342:
341:
337:
336:
334:
333:
315:
295:
275:
255:
242:
240:
238:
237:
225:
213:
201:
199:Charles Howard
188:
185:
184:
180:
179:
177:
176:
164:
151:
149:
147:
146:
144:Dutch Republic
133:
117:
114:
113:
109:
108:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
87:
85:
81:
80:
77:
69:
68:
58:
57:
46:
45:
44:Spanish Armada
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10861:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10824:Tudor England
10822:
10820:
10817:
10815:
10812:
10810:
10807:
10805:
10802:
10800:
10797:
10796:
10794:
10775:
10772:
10770:
10767:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10752:
10748:
10745:
10744:
10743:
10740:
10736:
10733:
10732:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10706:
10705:Tapada limeña
10703:
10701:
10698:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10678:
10676:
10673:
10672:
10669:
10662:
10658:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10620:
10618:
10615:
10613:
10610:
10606:
10603:
10601:
10598:
10596:
10593:
10591:
10588:
10587:
10586:
10583:
10581:
10578:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10568:
10567:
10564:
10557:
10553:
10531:
10528:
10526:
10523:
10521:
10518:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10483:
10481:
10478:
10476:
10473:
10471:
10468:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10458:
10457:
10455:
10451:
10445:
10442:
10440:
10437:
10435:
10432:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10417:
10415:
10412:
10410:
10407:
10405:
10402:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10382:
10380:
10377:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10352:
10351:
10349:
10345:
10342:
10338:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10297:Montes Claros
10295:
10293:
10290:
10288:
10285:
10283:
10280:
10278:
10275:
10273:
10270:
10268:
10265:
10263:
10260:
10258:
10255:
10253:
10250:
10248:
10245:
10243:
10240:
10238:
10237:Vienna (1529)
10235:
10233:
10230:
10229:
10227:
10223:
10217:
10214:
10212:
10209:
10207:
10204:
10202:
10199:
10197:
10194:
10192:
10189:
10187:
10184:
10182:
10179:
10177:
10174:
10172:
10169:
10167:
10164:
10162:
10159:
10157:
10154:
10152:
10149:
10147:
10144:
10142:
10139:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10102:
10099:
10097:
10094:
10092:
10089:
10087:
10084:
10082:
10079:
10078:
10076:
10072:
10069:
10065:
10062:
10058:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9966:Hernån Cortés
9964:
9963:
9961:
9959:
9958:Conquistadors
9955:
9949:
9946:
9944:
9941:
9939:
9936:
9934:
9931:
9929:
9928:Juan de Ayala
9926:
9924:
9921:
9919:
9916:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9891:
9889:
9886:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9876:
9874:
9871:
9869:
9866:
9864:
9861:
9859:
9856:
9854:
9851:
9849:
9846:
9844:
9841:
9839:
9836:
9834:
9831:
9830:
9828:
9824:
9818:
9815:
9813:
9810:
9808:
9805:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9795:
9793:
9790:
9788:
9785:
9783:
9782:Duke of Savoy
9780:
9778:
9775:
9773:
9770:
9768:
9765:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9754:
9752:
9748:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9698:
9696:
9692:
9688:
9681:
9677:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9623:
9620:
9619:
9617:
9613:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9581:Dollar (Peso)
9579:
9578:
9576:
9574:
9570:
9566:
9559:
9555:
9541:
9540:Santo Domingo
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9467:
9465:
9463:
9459:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9417:New Andalusia
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9389:
9387:
9385:
9381:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9364:Santo Domingo
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9332:
9331:
9329:
9327:
9323:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9293:
9291:
9289:
9288:Viceroyalties
9285:
9281:
9274:
9270:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9227:
9225:
9221:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9186:
9184:
9180:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9161:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9150:
9148:
9144:
9140:
9133:
9129:
9115:
9112:
9111:
9108:
9101:
9090:
9086:
9082:
9078:
9074:
9070:
9066:
9062:
9058:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9048:
9045:
9038:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9017:
9013:
9009:
9005:
9001:
8997:
8993:
8990:
8989:
8986:
8981:
8975:
8964:
8960:
8956:
8952:
8948:
8944:
8940:
8937:
8934:
8930:
8926:
8923:
8920:
8916:
8912:
8908:
8904:
8901:
8900:
8897:
8893:South America
8890:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8852:
8850:
8847:
8844:
8840:
8836:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8823:
8820:
8813:
8802:
8798:
8792:
8787:
8783:
8779:
8778:Spanish Texas
8775:
8771:
8767:
8764:
8763:
8760:
8756:North America
8753:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8737:Franche-Comté
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8717:
8713:
8709:
8705:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8682:
8681:
8678:
8677:
8674:
8667:
8663:
8656:
8652:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8550:
8547:
8546:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8437:
8434:
8427:
8423:
8419:
8412:
8407:
8405:
8400:
8398:
8393:
8392:
8389:
8383:
8380:
8377:
8373:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8356:
8348:
8344:
8340:
8336:
8334:
8330:
8326:
8323:
8322:Wernham A. B.
8320:
8317:
8313:
8311:
8307:
8303:
8299:
8296:
8295:
8290:
8287:
8284:
8280:
8278:
8274:
8270:
8266:
8263:
8259:
8257:
8253:
8249:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8236:
8232:
8228:
8224:
8218:
8214:
8213:
8207:
8206:
8197:
8193:
8189:
8185:
8179:
8176:. Routledge.
8175:
8170:
8166:
8160:
8156:
8151:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8138:
8134:
8130:
8126:
8121:
8117:
8111:
8107:
8102:
8099:
8095:
8093:
8089:
8085:
8081:
8075:
8070:
8069:
8062:
8059:
8055:
8052:
8048:
8045:
8041:
8037:
8036:History Today
8033:
8029:
8023:
8019:
8014:
8010:
8004:
8000:
7995:
7992:
7988:
7984:
7978:
7974:
7969:
7965:
7959:
7955:
7950:
7946:
7940:
7936:
7931:
7927:
7921:
7917:
7912:
7908:
7902:
7898:
7893:
7889:
7883:
7879:
7874:
7870:
7864:
7860:
7855:
7851:
7845:
7841:
7836:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7822:
7819:
7815:
7811:
7805:
7801:
7796:
7792:
7786:
7782:
7777:
7773:
7767:
7764:. Constable.
7763:
7758:
7754:
7748:
7744:
7739:
7735:
7729:
7725:
7720:
7716:
7710:
7706:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7688:
7684:
7679:
7675:
7669:
7665:
7660:
7656:
7650:
7646:
7641:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7626:
7620:
7616:
7615:
7609:
7605:
7599:
7595:
7590:
7586:
7580:
7576:
7571:
7567:
7561:
7557:
7552:
7550:
7546:
7542:
7538:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7520:
7514:
7510:
7505:
7501:
7495:
7492:. Routledge.
7491:
7486:
7482:
7476:
7472:
7467:
7463:
7457:
7453:
7448:
7447:
7433:
7426:
7411:
7407:
7405:
7396:
7389:
7388:
7381:
7373:
7372:
7364:
7356:
7355:
7347:
7332:. 27 May 2017
7331:
7327:
7321:
7313:
7309:
7308:
7300:
7292:
7286:
7282:
7281:
7273:
7257:
7253:
7247:
7240:
7235:
7229:, p. 75.
7228:
7223:
7216:
7211:
7204:
7199:
7192:
7187:
7179:
7178:History Today
7172:
7165:
7160:
7152:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7139:
7131:
7129:
7120:
7116:
7113:(1): 93â109.
7112:
7108:
7101:
7094:
7089:
7083:, p. 27.
7082:
7077:
7070:
7065:
7058:
7053:
7046:
7041:
7034:
7029:
7022:
7017:
7004:
6999:
6992:
6985:
6980:
6973:
6968:
6961:
6956:
6947:
6940:
6935:
6928:
6923:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6898:
6891:
6886:
6879:
6874:
6867:
6862:
6854:
6848:
6844:
6837:
6830:
6825:
6818:
6813:
6806:
6801:
6794:
6789:
6782:
6777:
6770:
6765:
6758:
6753:
6746:
6741:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6687:
6680:
6674:
6667:
6662:
6655:
6650:
6643:
6638:
6631:
6627:
6622:
6615:
6610:
6602:
6601:
6596:
6590:
6583:
6578:
6571:
6566:
6560:, p. 36.
6559:
6554:
6548:, p. 38.
6547:
6542:
6536:, p. 38.
6535:
6530:
6523:
6522:Hadfield 1964
6518:
6511:
6506:
6499:
6494:
6487:
6482:
6475:
6470:
6462:
6455:
6447:
6440:
6433:
6428:
6421:
6416:
6409:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6392:
6387:
6380:
6375:
6369:, p. 48.
6368:
6363:
6355:
6349:
6345:
6338:
6331:
6326:
6318:
6312:
6308:
6301:
6286:
6282:
6275:
6268:
6263:
6256:
6251:
6244:
6239:
6231:
6225:
6221:
6214:
6199:
6195:
6188:
6181:
6176:
6169:
6163:
6156:
6151:
6144:
6138:
6131:
6126:
6119:
6115:
6109:
6094:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6069:
6067:
6059:
6056:, Volume 1B:
6055:
6049:
6042:
6041:
6034:
6027:
6022:
6015:
6010:
6008:
6006:
5999:, p. 41.
5998:
5993:
5986:
5981:
5974:
5969:
5962:
5961:
5955:
5948:
5943:
5936:
5931:
5929:
5921:
5916:
5901:
5895:
5891:
5890:
5882:
5875:
5870:
5863:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5842:
5835:
5828:
5819:
5810:
5802:
5795:
5789:. pp. 349â351
5788:
5784:
5780:
5774:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5740:
5733:
5728:
5721:
5715:
5708:
5703:
5694:
5687:
5682:
5675:
5670:
5663:
5658:
5651:
5646:
5639:
5634:
5627:
5622:
5620:
5612:
5607:
5600:
5595:
5593:
5585:
5580:
5573:
5568:
5561:
5555:
5548:
5547:
5540:
5538:
5530:
5525:
5518:
5513:
5506:
5501:
5486:
5480:
5476:
5475:
5467:
5460:
5455:
5448:
5443:
5436:
5431:
5424:
5423:
5418:
5412:
5397:
5393:
5386:
5371:
5365:
5361:
5360:
5352:
5345:
5339:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5318:
5310:
5303:
5297:
5288:
5282:
5278:
5271:
5264:
5259:
5257:
5248:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5233:
5225:
5217:
5215:0-465-05477-3
5211:
5207:
5200:
5193:
5192:
5186:
5179:
5174:
5167:
5162:
5155:
5150:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5125:
5118:
5113:
5106:
5101:
5094:
5089:
5082:
5078:
5075:69 (1), 108.
5074:
5068:
5061:
5056:
5049:
5044:
5042:
5034:
5028:
5021:
5016:
5010:, p. 94.
5009:
5004:
5002:
4993:
4986:
4979:
4974:
4972:
4963:
4956:
4949:. p. 92.
4948:
4941:
4934:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4914:, p. 65.
4913:
4908:
4906:
4899:, p. 40.
4898:
4893:
4891:
4881:
4872:
4863:
4859:
4846:, p. 123
4845:
4839:
4835:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4786:
4783:
4772:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4707:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4679:William Adams
4677:
4676:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4604:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4591:Ulster Museum
4588:
4584:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4565:â it holds a
4564:
4560:
4553:
4548:
4545:
4538:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4520:Ulster Museum
4517:
4513:
4509:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4476:
4472:
4471:Julius Caesar
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4432:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4356:second Armada
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4243:
4240:
4239:San Francisco
4234:
4228:
4222:
4216:
4209:
4204:
4200:
4195:
4193:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4167:
4160:
4154:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4091:
4085:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4058:
4056:
4055:Chatham Chest
4051:
4050:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3993:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3965:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3940:
3937:
3933:
3932:Pope Sixtus V
3920:
3916:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3872:County Antrim
3869:
3864:
3863:
3856:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3814:
3813:
3807:
3803:
3796:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3764:
3758:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3716:
3706:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3684:La MarĂa Juan
3679:
3673:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3613:Robert Crosse
3610:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3587:Ponta Delgada
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3563:
3561:
3553:
3550:, painted by
3549:
3545:
3539:
3522:
3517:
3510:
3505:
3498:
3493:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3391:
3387:
3371:
3366:
3359:
3354:
3347:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3295:'s gunpowder
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3200:
3195:
3188:
3183:
3176:
3171:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3064:
3063:Bay of Biscay
3060:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3042:Bay of Biscay
3038:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3001:
3000:Isle of Wight
2997:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2968:raid on CĂĄdiz
2964:
2962:
2958:
2957:Pope Sixtus V
2954:
2950:
2946:
2945:Low Countries
2933:
2929:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2823:queen consort
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2775:Iberian Union
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2591:Isle of Wight
2588:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2544:Duke of Parma
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2322:2nd Gibraltar
2320:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2270:5th Rheinberg
2268:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2237:2nd Oldenzaal
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2159:1st Gibraltar
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2122:4th Rheinberg
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2087:3rd Rheinberg
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1996:1st Oldenzaal
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1966:2nd Rheinberg
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1926:2nd Luxemburg
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1916:2nd Coevorden
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1906:1st Luxemburg
1904:
1902:
1901:1st Coevorden
1899:
1897:
1896:2nd Steenwijk
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1821:Ponta Delgada
1819:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1799:1st Rheinberg
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:1st Steenwijk
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1159:2nd Rheinberg
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1124:2nd Coevorden
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1114:1st Coevorden
1112:
1110:
1109:2nd Steenwijk
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1049:1st Rheinberg
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
979:1st Steenwijk
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
911:
907:
906:
903:
902:Gulf of CĂĄdiz
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
886:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
858:Bay of Biscay
856:
854:
853:Barbary Coast
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
822:
817:
815:
813:
808:
806:
804:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
784:
783:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
726:
722:
721:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
671:
667:
662:
660:
658:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
634:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
611:St. Augustine
609:
607:
604:
602:
601:Santo Domingo
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
574:
573:
570:
565:
555:
550:
548:
543:
541:
536:
535:
532:
520:
511:
510:
508:
501:
498:
495:
494:
492:
485:
482:
481:
479:
476:
473:
466:
462:
459:
456:
455:
453:
447:No ships lost
446:
445:
443:
440:
439:
434:
427:
424:
423:
422:
421:
414:
411:
410:
409:
408:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
382:
381:
377:
371:
368:
367:
366:
365:
359:
355:
350:
347:
346:
344:
343:
338:
331:
326:
321:
316:
314:
312:
306:
301:
296:
294:
292:
286:
281:
276:
274:
272:
266:
261:
256:
254:
249:
244:
243:
241:
236:
231:
226:
224:
219:
214:
212:
211:Francis Drake
207:
202:
200:
195:
190:
189:
187:
186:
181:
175:
165:
163:
153:
152:
150:
145:
134:
131:
119:
118:
116:
115:
110:
102:
99:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:
82:
78:
75:
74:
70:
64:
59:
56:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
10680:Architecture
10575:The Americas
10439:Newfoundland
10429:TĂșpac Katari
10419:Cuerno Verde
10354:Tenochtitlan
10276:
10186:Valenciennes
9943:Luis Fajardo
9812:Blas de Lezo
9757:Duke of Alba
9720:
9637:Spanish Road
9475:Buenos Aires
9384:Governorates
9153:Ayuntamiento
9146:Organization
8611:Carlist Wars
8459:Italian Wars
8338:
8324:
8315:
8301:
8292:
8282:
8268:
8261:
8247:
8230:
8211:
8173:
8154:
8143:
8128:
8124:
8105:
8097:
8087:
8067:
8057:
8050:
8035:
8017:
7998:
7990:
7972:
7953:
7934:
7915:
7896:
7880:. Batsford.
7877:
7858:
7839:
7824:
7817:
7799:
7780:
7761:
7742:
7723:
7704:
7682:
7663:
7644:
7633:
7624:
7613:
7593:
7574:
7555:
7540:
7526:
7508:
7489:
7470:
7451:
7443:Bibliography
7431:
7425:
7413:. Retrieved
7409:
7403:
7395:
7385:
7380:
7370:
7363:
7353:
7346:
7334:. Retrieved
7329:
7320:
7306:
7299:
7279:
7272:
7260:. Retrieved
7256:the original
7246:
7234:
7222:
7210:
7198:
7186:
7177:
7171:
7159:
7142:
7136:
7110:
7106:
7100:
7088:
7076:
7064:
7052:
7040:
7028:
7021:Elliott 1982
7016:
6991:
6984:Hampden 1972
6979:
6967:
6955:
6946:
6934:
6922:
6906:
6902:
6897:
6885:
6873:
6861:
6842:
6836:
6824:
6812:
6800:
6788:
6776:
6764:
6752:
6740:
6728:. Retrieved
6700:
6696:
6686:
6678:
6673:
6661:
6649:
6637:
6629:
6621:
6609:
6599:
6589:
6577:
6565:
6553:
6541:
6529:
6517:
6505:
6493:
6481:
6469:
6460:
6454:
6445:
6439:
6427:
6415:
6386:
6374:
6367:Wernham 1984
6362:
6343:
6337:
6325:
6306:
6300:
6288:. Retrieved
6284:
6274:
6262:
6255:Barratt 2006
6250:
6238:
6219:
6213:
6201:. Retrieved
6197:
6187:
6175:
6167:
6162:
6150:
6142:
6137:
6125:
6117:
6108:
6096:. Retrieved
6082:
6078:
6057:
6053:
6048:
6039:
6033:
6021:
5997:Stedall 2022
5992:
5980:
5968:
5958:
5954:
5942:
5915:
5903:. Retrieved
5888:
5881:
5869:
5841:the original
5827:
5818:
5809:
5800:
5794:
5778:
5773:
5748:
5739:
5727:
5719:
5714:
5702:
5693:
5681:
5674:Konstam 2009
5669:
5662:Konstam 2009
5657:
5645:
5633:
5606:
5579:
5567:
5559:
5554:
5545:
5524:
5512:
5500:
5488:. Retrieved
5473:
5466:
5454:
5442:
5430:
5422:The Guardian
5420:
5411:
5401:10 September
5399:. Retrieved
5395:
5385:
5373:. Retrieved
5358:
5351:
5338:
5321:
5309:
5301:
5296:
5276:
5270:
5231:
5224:
5205:
5199:
5189:
5185:
5173:
5161:
5149:
5133:
5129:
5124:
5112:
5100:
5088:
5072:
5067:
5055:
5048:Bicheno 2012
5032:
5027:
5015:
4991:
4985:
4961:
4955:
4946:
4940:
4880:
4871:
4862:
4838:
4782:Spain portal
4758:
4749:
4740:
4729:Westward Ho!
4728:
4717:
4701:Lope de Vega
4682:
4642:
4638:
4628:
4609:
4586:
4559:Spanish Barn
4558:
4543:
4507:
4505:
4486:
4478:
4474:
4458:
4448:
4436:
4430:
4427:
4415:
4400:
4390:
4324:
4302:
4268:
4253:
4244:
4196:
4191:
4188:
4149:
4096:San Salvador
4090:San Salvador
4080:
4059:
4048:
4042:
4022:
4019:
3998:
3959:
3941:
3929:
3918:
3868:Lacada Point
3851:
3826:
3822:Isle of Mull
3798:
3778:Apothecaries
3773:
3755:
3749:Woburn Abbey
3725:West Tilbury
3718:
3678:San Salvador
3667:
3645:Francis Vere
3621:Blankenberge
3616:
3600:
3591:
3564:
3557:
3547:
3448:
3436:
3432:
3394:
3338:
3330:Owers shoals
3324:
3322:of the ship
3313:
3308:
3304:
3292:San Salvador
3257:
3247:
3238:weather gage
3231:
3222:
3218:
3154:
3148:
3142:
3138:weather gage
3127:
3118:rear admiral
3099:
3095:
3091:John Hawkins
3067:
3055:
3039:
3027:
3012:
2984:
2965:
2941:
2881:Dutch Revolt
2878:
2869:
2846:
2835:
2787:
2744:
2728:Ferdinand II
2717:
2708:Spanish Navy
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2663:
2649:
2647:
2616:
2576:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2498:
2433:
2432:
2408:2nd Salvador
2390:
2369:1st Salvador
2362:
2361:
2337:Lizard Point
2315:
2314:
2295:2nd Roermond
2264:1st Roermond
2210:
2209:
2185:
2184:
2173:
2172:
2139:Dover Strait
2107:Hoogstraaten
2077:Lekkerbeetje
2050:
2049:
2014:
2012:
1861:2nd Deventer
1834:
1833:
1689:2nd Mechelen
1677:
1676:
1659:1st Deventer
1637:
1636:
1517:1st Mechelen
1500:
1499:
1447:Valenciennes
1442:Beeldenstorm
1435:
1434:
1340:Carrigafoyle
1258:
1254:
1225:
897:Dover Strait
884:
820:
811:
809:
802:
739:Newfoundland
697:2nd San Juan
682:1st San Juan
669:
665:
656:
632:
506:
490:
486:397 captured
477:
471:
451:
441:
419:
418:
406:
405:
379:
363:
362:
310:
290:
270:
223:John Hawkins
112:Belligerents
49:Part of the
36:
32:Spanish Navy
10647:Philippines
10612:El Salvador
10232:Capo d'Orso
10116:St. Quentin
10091:Rome (1527)
9750:Strategists
9500:Guadalajara
9427:New Navarre
9422:New Castile
9407:La Luisiana
9359:Puerto Rico
9349:Philippines
9306:New Granada
8996:Philippines
8957:(Uruguay),
8953:(Bolivia),
8903:New Granada
8843:Puerto Rico
8789: [
8659:Territories
8479:Encomiendas
7647:. Collins.
7415:24 December
7239:Holmes 2006
7227:Maltby 1971
7215:Maltby 1971
7057:Tenace 2003
6903:Gran Armada
6642:Hanson 2011
6582:Hanson 2011
6558:Martin 1988
6546:Martin 1988
6510:Hanson 2011
6290:12 November
6267:Hanson 2011
6198:archive.org
6118:BBC History
5973:Hanson 2011
5178:Graham 1972
5166:Hanson 2011
5134:Gran Armada
4751:Elizabeth R
4567:Blue Plaque
4563:Torre Abbey
4524:Stranmillis
4437:Dreadnought
4368:last Armada
4206: [
4115:Torre Abbey
4043:Bonaventure
3879: [
3834:Gulf Stream
3820:bay on the
3763:Elizabeth I
3741:Elizabeth I
3690:San Lorenzo
3629:San Lorenzo
3619:, sank off
3463:hellburners
3309:Golden Hind
3305:Golden Hind
3271: [
3030:indulgences
3004:Southampton
2771:was annexed
2767:Philippines
2765:and to the
2759:from Europe
2740:Elizabeth I
2686:armed force
2560:Catholicism
2556:Elizabeth I
2511:, Spanish:
2434:East Indies
2374:Puerto Rico
2242:4th Groenlo
2197:Playa Honda
2186:East Indies
2169:, 1609â1621
2127:3rd Groenlo
2072:San Andreas
1976:2nd Groenlo
1936:1st Groenlo
1871:Knodsenburg
1856:2nd Zutphen
1804:1st Zutphen
1759:3rd Antwerp
1744:Steenbergen
1734:2nd Antwerp
1644:1st Antwerp
1619:Reimerswaal
1582:Schoonhoven
1572:Mookerheyde
1472:Heiligerlee
1360:Castlehaven
1248:Hoogstraten
1214:San Andreas
1169:2nd Groenlo
1139:1st Groenlo
1094:Knodsenburg
1079:2nd Zutphen
1054:1st Zutphen
1014:Steenbergen
954:Schoonhoven
863:Mount's Bay
814:Gravelines)
796:Pantelleria
631:Hispaniola
596:SĂŁo Vicente
499:800 wounded
460:400 wounded
457:50â100 dead
384:24 warships
348:34 warships
10793:Categories
10317:Somosierra
10307:Manila Bay
10181:Nördlingen
10121:Gravelines
9601:Columnario
9573:Currencies
9490:ConcepciĂłn
9462:Audiencias
9437:New Toledo
9402:La Florida
9235:Corregidor
9199:Papal bull
9104:Antarctica
9012:Micronesia
8469:Golden Age
8347:0862994764
8333:0198204434
8310:0575037296
8277:0731701275
8256:0002115751
8239:0141390204
8018:The Armada
7603:0198229267
7565:0389209554
7549:0752220292
7473:. Conway.
7336:1 November
6927:Hardy 1966
6915:0389209554
6852:8473410394
6817:Lewis 1960
6757:Lewis 1960
6630:SparkNotes
6330:Black 2005
6203:1 November
5905:5 December
5787:0521390753
5517:Lewis 1960
5490:16 October
5375:16 October
5194:, 'armada'
5154:Lewis 1960
5142:0389209554
5117:Lewis 1960
5060:Lewis 1960
5020:Lewis 1960
4854:References
4651:David Hume
4455:Protestant
4233:San Marcos
4227:Santa Anna
4166:San Matteo
4159:San Felipe
4133:dry docked
3946:San Martin
3895:. Captain
3702:SĂŁo Filipe
3696:SĂŁo Mateus
3650:San Felipe
3604:Maria Juan
3560:Gravelines
3102:the Lizard
3044:along the
3022:See also:
3008:The Solent
2801:began the
2799:Henry VIII
2791:Henry VIII
2714:Background
2619:undeclared
2599:fire ships
2587:the Solent
2568:privateers
2117:2nd Lingen
2082:Nieuwpoort
2062:Zaltbommel
2001:1st Lingen
1981:Bredevoort
1664:Borgerhout
1567:Valkenburg
1542:IJsselmeer
1532:Middelburg
1487:Le Quesnoy
1462:Oosterweel
1323:2nd Calais
1253:Ardenburg
1219:Nieuwpoort
1204:Zaltbommel
1174:Bredevoort
969:Borgerhout
949:Valkenburg
924:Middelburg
887:West Wales
801:1st CĂĄdiz
779:2nd Azores
774:Las Palmas
764:2nd Flores
759:1st Flores
754:1st Azores
707:Portobello
664:La Guaira
425:55,000 men
415:170 barges
372:16,000 men
10622:Nicaragua
10600:Guatemala
10510:Pichincha
10495:Chacabuco
10434:Pensacola
10379:Mataquito
10359:Cajamarca
10340:New World
10312:Trafalgar
10216:Alhucemas
10096:Landriano
10081:Comuneros
10067:Old World
10011:Joan OrpĂ
9731:Royalists
9505:Guatemala
9432:New Spain
9369:Venezuela
9344:Guatemala
9301:New Spain
9296:Columbian
9189:Exequatur
9089:Cape Juby
8943:Argentina
8766:New Spain
8700:Gibraltar
8464:Habsburgs
8044:0018-2753
7833:0003-0155
7330:BBC.co.uk
6730:7 January
6725:161344071
6098:8 October
4610:San Mateo
4587:La Girona
4508:La Girona
4467:the words
4431:Foresight
4344:Mousehole
4295:Take the
4192:La Girona
4153:San Mateo
4111:Dartmouth
4034:dysentery
3987:Aftermath
3969:Hope Cove
3955:Guipuzcoa
3891:) of the
3862:La Girona
3843:Greenland
3839:lee shore
3830:longitude
3818:Tobermory
3806:Irish Sea
3655:Walcheren
3640:San Mateo
3568:sea marks
3455:brimstone
3443:the Downs
3411:blockaded
3279:gunpowder
3243:Santa Ana
3149:Ark Royal
3018:Execution
2996:Huguenots
2953:New World
2930:c. 1585,
2911:c. 1580,
2849:Elizabeth
2815:Edward VI
2736:Philip II
2724:Henry VII
2648:The word
2644:Etymology
2604:North Sea
2507:, or the
2482:Aftermath
2418:ItamaracĂĄ
2403:1st Unare
2389:Trujillo
2352:The Downs
2327:2nd CĂĄdiz
2310:4th Hulst
2305:3rd Hulst
2290:3rd Venlo
2285:4th Breda
2260:2nd Venlo
2232:3rd Breda
2205:1621â1648
2144:2nd Sluis
2112:3rd Sluis
2102:2nd Grave
2045:1599â1609
2032:1st CĂĄdiz
1991:Ootmarsum
1971:1st Meurs
1956:2nd Hulst
1921:Groningen
1876:1st Hulst
1851:2nd Breda
1809:1st Sluis
1784:1st Venlo
1779:1st Grave
1739:Eindhoven
1714:Noordhorn
1709:1st Breda
1672:1579â1588
1632:1576â1579
1614:Zuiderzee
1587:Zierikzee
1577:Oudewater
1495:1572â1576
1477:Jemmingen
1452:Wattrelos
1430:1566â1572
1261:2nd Sluis
1257:Oostberg
1243:2nd Grave
1228:2nd Meurs
1189:Oldenzaal
1184:Ootmarsum
1149:2nd Hulst
1129:Groningen
1099:1st Hulst
1059:1st Sluis
1034:1st Grave
1009:Eindhoven
989:Noordhorn
883:Cornwall
873:2nd CĂĄdiz
843:Berlengas
677:Guadalupe
655:Trinidad
645:San Mateo
606:Cartagena
516: 44
465:fireships
428:137 ships
369:197 ships
93:North Sea
10632:Colombia
10617:Honduras
10530:Asomante
10515:Ayacucho
10505:Carabobo
10480:Curalaba
10257:Ceresole
10151:Gembloux
10111:MĂŒhlberg
9826:Mariners
9684:Military
9606:Doubloon
9591:MaravedĂ
9535:Santiago
9442:Paraguay
9168:Germania
9008:Caroline
8963:Malvinas
8947:Paraguay
8907:Colombia
8849:Trinidad
8716:Sardinia
8556:Bourbons
8372:Archived
8250:(1981).
8148:in JSTOR
7703:(1964).
6597:(1888).
6474:Guy 2016
5765:6949907M
5747:(1833).
5144:. p. 212
4768:See also
4706:San Juan
4491:and the
4407:materiel
4336:Penzance
4332:Cornwall
4306:Brittany
4221:Doncella
4101:Studland
4087:and the
3981:Plympton
3760:â
3659:Flushing
3625:galleass
3471:flagship
3427:pataches
3423:Flanders
3297:magazine
3254:bowsprit
3234:Portland
3106:Cornwall
3082:caravels
3078:pataches
3050:A Coruña
3046:Galician
2994:and the
2915:, London
2866:James VI
2763:Americas
2755:Catholic
2720:Louis XI
2654:is from
2608:Scotland
2583:galleons
2579:Plymouth
2572:Americas
2548:Flanders
2440:MormugĂŁo
2393:Campeche
2384:Abrolhos
2363:Americas
2017:Flanders
1986:Enschede
1961:Turnhout
1946:2nd Lier
1891:Caudebec
1881:Nijmegen
1866:Delfzijl
1729:1st Lier
1654:Rijmenam
1649:Gembloux
1599:Flushing
1482:Jodoigne
1345:Smerwick
1298:Caudebec
1179:Enschede
1154:Turnhout
1104:Nijmegen
1089:Delfzijl
1084:Deventer
974:Mechelen
964:Rijmenam
959:Gembloux
892:Sesimbra
749:Santiago
734:Terceira
723:Atlantic
668:Caracas
507:Overall:
472:Disease:
358:flyboats
340:Strength
174:Portugal
91:and the
84:Location
53:and the
10764:Asiento
10735:Mustang
10595:YucatĂĄn
10590:Chiapas
10470:Tucapel
10302:Passaro
10252:Algiers
10242:Preveza
10211:Tetouan
10206:Vitoria
10196:Bitonto
10136:Antwerp
10131:Lepanto
10086:Bicocca
9562:Economy
9485:Charcas
9480:Caracas
9374:YucatĂĄn
9245:Regidor
9230:Alcalde
9158:Cabildo
9065:Tripoli
9004:Mariana
8951:Charcas
8927:(Peru,
8911:Ecuador
8874:Bonaire
8869:Curazao
8854:Jamaica
8782:Florida
8271:(1990)
7533:; also
7529:(1898)
7262:8 April
6717:2639468
5757:3656130
4695:samurai
4595:Belfast
4581:Bronze
4528:Belfast
4512:Belgian
4372:Kinsale
4312:on the
4129:Chatham
4124:Rosario
4119:Torquay
4038:Margate
3615:of the
3609:carrack
3595:heeling
3583:Lepanto
3476:leeward
3419:Zeeland
3397:Dunkirk
3301:scuttle
3263:Rosario
3258:Revenge
3223:Revenge
3143:Revenge
3110:beacons
3076:, five
3070:galleys
2961:crusade
2853:heretic
2797:. King
2656:Spanish
2612:Ireland
2552:England
2524:Spanish
2520:
2450:Malacca
2413:Cabañas
2342:Dunkirk
2227:Fleurus
2192:Ternate
1719:Niezijl
1604:Borsele
1547:Alkmaar
1537:Haarlem
1527:Naarden
1507:Brielle
1417:Origins
1355:Kinsale
1334:Ireland
1313:Morlaix
1024:Antwerp
994:Niezijl
929:Haarlem
868:Cawsand
823:Lisbon)
805:Algarve
791:Scheldt
744:Bermuda
702:Tabasco
659:Orinoco
311:†
291:†
271:†
130:England
10742:Castas
10500:BoyacĂĄ
10475:Guiana
10465:Iguape
10389:Recife
10327:Mactan
10322:Annual
10287:Rocroi
10282:Leiden
10267:Djerba
10201:Bailén
10156:Ostend
10141:Azores
9736:LegiĂłn
9701:Tercio
9694:Armies
9596:Escudo
9525:PanamĂĄ
9520:Mexico
9515:Manila
9470:BogotĂĄ
9255:Vecino
9250:Syndic
9081:BĂ©jaĂŻa
9041:Africa
9027:Tidore
8915:Panama
8879:Belize
8786:Mexico
8712:Sicily
8708:Naples
8670:Europe
8345:
8331:
8308:
8297:(1959)
8275:
8254:
8237:
8219:
8194:
8180:
8161:
8112:
8076:
8042:
8024:
8005:
7979:
7960:
7941:
7922:
7903:
7884:
7865:
7846:
7831:
7806:
7787:
7768:
7749:
7730:
7711:
7689:
7670:
7651:
7600:
7581:
7562:
7547:
7515:
7496:
7477:
7458:
7404:ShĆgun
7287:
6913:
6849:
6723:
6715:
6350:
6313:
6226:
6089:
5896:
5785:
5763:
5755:
5481:
5366:
5283:
5243:
5212:
5140:
4618:Leiden
4445:Legacy
4397:, 1601
4346:, and
4340:Newlyn
4314:Blavet
4297:Azores
4286:Lisbon
4175:Leiden
4071:sermon
4067:London
4030:scurvy
4026:Typhus
4010:Tholen
3977:Bodmin
3951:Laredo
3936:ducats
3776:; the
3743:, the
3739:Queen
3681:, and
3554:(1796)
3334:Calais
3316:Solent
3283:ducats
3246:, the
3134:tacked
3072:, one
2761:, the
2749:under
2677:armÄre
2672:armÄta
2660:armada
2651:armada
2636:, and
2595:Calais
2528:Lisbon
2470:Cavite
2465:Manila
2275:Leuven
2217:JĂŒlich
2180:Aachen
2092:Ostend
2037:Azores
1951:Calais
1774:Boksum
1764:Arnhem
1724:Lochem
1704:Kollum
1557:Leiden
1467:Dahlen
1457:Lannoy
1328:Amiens
1318:Crozon
1273:Arques
1267:France
1233:Ostend
1194:Lingen
1029:Arnhem
999:Lochem
984:Kollum
939:Leiden
828:Bayona
687:Panama
650:Recife
626:Havana
380:Armada
327:
307:
287:
267:
141:
127:
100:Result
10637:Chile
10605:Petén
10580:Aztec
10399:Bahia
10374:Penco
10364:Cusco
10292:Downs
10272:Tunis
10191:Ceuta
10176:Breda
10126:Malta
10106:Tunis
10101:Pavia
9615:Trade
9530:Quito
9495:Cusco
9334:Chile
9069:Tunis
9016:Palau
8933:Chile
8864:Aruba
8859:Haiti
8793:]
8722:Milan
8680:Spain
6721:S2CID
6713:JSTOR
6081:. 6.
5844:(PDF)
5837:(PDF)
4830:Notes
4687:Japan
4583:saker
4393:, by
4210:]
4185:Spain
4137:wharf
4117:near
3973:Devon
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