383:. Previous executions were carried out by hanging or by shooting. However, these methods were viewed as brutal and in January 1937, the criminal code was amended to provide execution by gas which at the time was viewed as more civilized and humane. Lithuania considered and rejected execution by poison. Unlike the American or German model the Lithuanian gas chamber, built out of bricks, worked by inputting compressed lethal gas from an external storage cylinder (Černevičiūtė 2014). The first execution was carried on July 27, 1937: Bronius Pogužinskas, age 37, convicted of murder of five people from a Jewish family. Historian Sigita Černevičiūtė counted at least nine executions in the gas chamber, though records are incomplete and fragmentary. Of the nine, eight were convicted of murder. One of these, Aleksandras Maurušaitis, was also convicted of anti-government actions during the
40:
472:
190:
513:
718:
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642:." However, this decision was vacated after California amended its statute to allow death row inmates to choose between lethal injection and the gas chamber. By the late 20th century, most states had switched to methods considered to be more humane, such as lethal injection. California's gas chamber at San Quentin State Prison was converted to an execution chamber for lethal injection.
693:) authorize lethal gas if lethal injection cannot be administered, the condemned committed their crime before a certain date, or the condemned chooses to die in the gas chamber. Alabama, Mississippi, and Oklahoma specify the nitrogen hypoxia method, Arizona specifies the hydrogen cyanide method, and the other states do not specify the type of gas. In October 2010,
413:. Starting in 1937, he supervised execution of prisoners by gassing them in trucks. Providing testimony of this when he was himself arrested by the NKVD in August 1938, Berg stated that he and a team of secret police officers suffocated batches of prisoners with engine fumes in camouflaged cars while transporting them from the
1022:, who was set to be executed by lethal injection. Miller asserted that he had chosen nitrogen hypoxia as his method of execution, as permitted by Alabama law, but the form documenting his choice had been lost. The court decided to stay the execution to allow for further investigation into his claim. On January 25, 2024,
463:. According to him, more than 27 people were loaded to a truck, which moved away from the prison, but soon returned back. "When the doors were opened, black smoke poured out and corpses of people rained down." The corpses were then placed into the basement. Teslia watched such executions during whole week.
1827:
solution: to strip the victims naked, tie them up, plug their mouths and throw them into a closed truck which was disguised as a bread van from the outside. During their transportation the fuel gases came into the truck, and when they were delivered to the farthest ditch the arrestees were already dead."
357:
experiments, in which three or four people, normally a family, are the experimental subjects. After the chambers are sealed and poison is injected through a tube, while scientists observe from above through glass. In a report reminiscent of an earlier account of a family of seven, Kwon claims to have
450:
similar to that in Moscow: "When a closed truck arrived at the place of execution, all convicts were dragged out of cars in an unconscious state. On the way, they were almost killed by exhaust fumes redirected through a special tube into the closed cargo compartment of the truck." Soviet dissident
1014:
announced a switch to nitrogen gas as the state's primary method of execution. After struggling for years to design a nitrogen execution protocol, the State of
Oklahoma announced in February 2020 that it was abandoning the project after finding a reliable source of drugs to carry out the lethal
749:
The hydrogen cyanide gas chamber is considered to be the most dangerous, most complicated, most time-consuming and most expensive method of administering the death penalty. It is also notoriously impossible to halt once initiated, which has occurred in the case of stays, such as in the case of
1826:
of the Moscow Oblast, and he was decently carrying out this assignment: he was driving people to the executions by shooting. But, when he arrived at the Moscow Oblast, three troikas were carrying out their sessions simultaneously, the executioners could not cope with the load. They hit upon a
362:
for as long as they had the strength. Kwon's testimony was supported by documents from Camp 22 describing the transfer of prisoners designated for the experiments. The documents were identified as genuine by Kim Sang Hun, a London-based expert on Korea and human rights activist.
627:, it took 11 minutes for death to occur. The prison warden stated that he would quit if required to conduct another gas chamber execution. Following Harding's execution, Arizona voted that all persons condemned to death after November 1992 would be executed by
2148:
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2451:
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in an improvised gas chamber. In 1940 gas chambers using bottled pure carbon monoxide were established at six killing centres in
Germany. In addition to persons with disabilities, these centres were also used during
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The gas is visible to the condemned, who is advised to take several deep breaths to speed unconsciousness. Nonetheless, the condemned person often convulses and drools and may also urinate, defecate, and vomit.
443:
238:
to murder prisoners transferred from concentration camps in
Germany, Austria, and Poland. Concentration camp inmates continued to be murdered even after the euthanasia program was officially shut down in 1941.
2144:
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to the state of Nevada. Since then, gas chambers have been used as a method of execution of condemned prisoners in the United States and continue to be a legal execution method in three states, seeing
868:
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was executed for murder. The most recent execution via gas chamber was in 1999. By the 1980s, reports of suffering during gas chamber executions had led to controversy over the use of this method.
1623:
410:
2407:
608:, officials cleared the viewing room after 8 minutes while Gray was still alive and gasping for air. The decision to clear the room while he was still alive was criticized by his
2043:
734:
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616:, an attorney specializing in death penalty cases, said, "Jimmy Lee Gray died banging his head against a steel pole in the gas chamber while reporters counted his moans."
2483:
2420:
2944:
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1971:
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In 2018, Alabama approved nitrogen asphyxiation as an execution method and allowed death row inmates a choice of method. In
September 2022, a court stayed the
184:
78:
1565:
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in 1960. The condemned person is strapped into a chair within an airtight chamber, which is then sealed. The executioner activates a mechanism which drops
405:
The invention of mobile gas chambers, based on adapted vans with the storage compartment sealed and exhaust redirected inside, was attributed to Soviet
573:
Since the restoration of the death penalty in the United States in 1976, 11 executions by gas chamber have been conducted. Four were conducted in
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2020:
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watched one family of two parents, a son and a daughter die from suffocating gas, with the parents trying to save the children using
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normally executed its prisoners by shooting them. None of these saw mass use, however, and were strictly for "criminal" purposes.
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1998:
745:, but has been returned to its original designated purpose, with the creation of a new chamber specifically for lethal injection.
529:
525:
422:
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described in his memoirs a story told by his close friend and former prisoner of Gulag Vasil Teslia. He described killings of "
779:
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996:(death from lack of oxygen) without the painful and traumatic feeling of suffocation, or the side effects of poisoning.
974:, after which the body can be removed (with great caution, as pockets of gas can be trapped in the victim's clothing).
658:
578:
221:" program under which the Nazis murdered people with physical and intellectual disabilities, whom the Nazis considered
1963:
1815:
1722:
1694:
1336:
1308:
1023:
590:
17:
1006:
approved a bill allowing nitrogen asphyxiation as an execution method. On March 14, 2018, Oklahoma
Attorney General
638:
in 1992, a federal court declared that "execution by lethal gas under the
California protocol is unconstitutionally
2594:
1967:
1905:
1763:
338:
2100:
1740:
1562:
2929:
1730:Е. Жирнов. «По пути следования к месту исполнения приговоров отравлялись газом». Коммерсантъ Власть, № 44, 2007.
1019:
89:
to suffocate prisoners of war. The scale of these operations was brought to larger public attention in the book
1043:
609:
288:
115:
used gas chambers for civilian, penal use in the 1930s, with the last known execution carried out in 1940. The
442:
Gas vans were also reportedly used in other parts of the Soviet Union. According to high-ranking NKVD officer
2872:
2532:
722:
593:. The first execution via gas chamber since the restoration of the death penalty was in Nevada in 1979, when
341:
and
Majdanek. One destroyed gas chamber at Auschwitz was reconstructed after the war to stand as a memorial.
292:
280:
2985:
639:
359:
315:
296:
31:
387:. The last known execution took place on May 19, 1940, for robbery. The fate of the gas chamber after the
54:
is an apparatus for killing humans or other animals with gas, consisting of a sealed chamber into which a
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2587:
1836:
319:
44:
2980:
2939:
1807:
2636:
2421:"Oklahoma Gov. Mary Fallin signs bill allowing nitrogen asphyxiation as alternative execution method"
2382:
1901:
334:
230:
1888:, "In the underground one can meet only rats") — Нью-Йорк, Издательство «Детинец», 1981, page 403,
1572:, where the experiments are said to have occurred, with Google Earth images Camp 22 and other camps
1533:
1443:
The
Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942
738:
552:
163:
have alleged executions to have been performed by gas chamber in prison camps, often combined with
2269:
1941:
1360:
KGB: The State Within a State. The secret police and its hold on Russia's past, present and future
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2208:
2062:
2016:
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180:
164:
1873:
970:
Following the execution the chamber is purged with air, and any remnant gas is neutralized with
176:
2648:
2292:"Followimng moved for Wednesday PMS and is now available for AMs TODay's TOPIC: Ninth Reprieve"
1819:
1804:
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983:
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had ruled that he could not be executed by gas chamber, but the decision was overturned by the
218:
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1208:
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988:
Nitrogen gas or oxygen-depleted air has been considered for human execution, as it can induce
39:
2769:
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2631:
1473:
1242:
1140:
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989:
540:
led to the development of the first makeshift gas chamber to carry out Jon's death sentence.
384:
222:
103:
99:
536:, on February 8, 1924. An unsuccessful attempt to pump poison gas directly into his cell at
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1409:
1000:
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544:
243:
91:
8:
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2774:
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On the way to the place of their execution, the convicts were poisoned with gas (Russian)
1292:
635:
537:
426:
128:
2444:"Oklahoma says it will begin using nitrogen for all executions in an unprecedented move"
2182:
1108:
Invisible Armies: An Epic
History of Guerrilla Warfare from Ancient Times to the Present
992:. The victim detects little abnormal sensation as the oxygen level falls. This leads to
325:
Most extermination camp gas chambers were dismantled or destroyed in the last months of
2934:
2846:
2702:
2610:
1035:
556:
284:
264:
82:
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2002:
646:
2540:
2337:"Execution by gas in Md. to end next week Killer Hunt's death will be last by method"
1811:
1718:
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1304:
1248:
1214:
1180:
1146:
1112:
1047:
1007:
759:
567:
517:
429:, where the prisoners were subsequently buried. Examining documents related to Berg,
303:. In search of more efficient killing methods, the Nazis experimented with using the
1275:
1071:
225:. Experiments in the gassing of patients were conducted in October 1939 in occupied
2727:
2722:
2712:
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1885:
1729:
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771:
742:
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628:
452:
304:
63:
27:
Sealed room into which gas is pumped in, causing death by poisoning or asphyxiation
645:
As of 2020, the last person to be executed in the gas chamber was German national
2909:
2826:
2264:
2219:
1936:
1869:
1777:
1569:
1347:
1079:
380:
67:
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NKVD; Berg stated that he acted on orders from the higher NKVD administration.
435:
reported that Berg had led of the administrative and economic department of the
2851:
2747:
2717:
2653:
2309:
763:
755:
701:
697:
678:
620:
601:
418:
414:
354:
260:, trucks modified to divert engine exhaust into a sealed interior gas chamber.
252:
95:(2005), although the allegations of scale and sources were heavily questioned.
86:
59:
471:
2969:
2902:
2752:
2544:
2478:
2075:
1768:
1759:
1686:
1328:
1300:
1176:
Lord High
Executioner: An Unashamed Look at Hangmen, Headsmen, and Their Kind
767:
751:
563:
436:
300:
276:
272:
205:
194:
139:
1111:(hardcover 1st ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 99.
322:
camps. Up to 6,000 victims were gassed with Zyklon B each day at Auschwitz.
2663:
1414:
1011:
594:
548:
330:
326:
257:
235:
204:
made extensive use of various types of gas chambers for mass-murder during
201:
143:
116:
2246:"In 1957, He Was Executed for Murder—But Was He a Victim of Circumstance?"
754:. The same event supposedly occurred in the final, completed execution of
2892:
2732:
2707:
2697:
1823:
1003:
613:
605:
532:. The first person to be executed in the United States by lethal gas was
512:
247:
189:
160:
120:
1852:
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2820:
2814:
2809:
2804:
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1856:
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431:
308:
185:
Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust § Use of gas chambers
1772:(ru:Новая газета, спецвыпуск «Правда ГУЛАГа» от 02.08.2010 № 10 (31))
2914:
2887:
2789:
2579:
1744:
376:
372:
213:
148:
112:
1870:НКВД изнутри: Записки чекиста. (NKVD from within. Notes by Chekist )
1853:Хроника событий 1937 года (Chronicle of the events of the year 1937)
1647:"По пути следования к месту исполнения приговоров отравлялись газом"
1509:
Euthanasia in the NS State: The Destruction of Life Unworthy of Life
1234:
226:
2919:
2831:
1622:(in Lithuanian). 15 min (republished from Naujasis Židinys-Aidai).
1389:
The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution
1247:. Images of America (in Estonian). Arcadia Publishing. p. 63.
1132:
993:
686:
666:
662:
311:
153:
98:
In America, the utilization of a gas chamber was first proposed by
1511:] (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag.
770:
beneath the chair; the ensuing chemical reaction generates lethal
2841:
2836:
2784:
2779:
2668:
2626:
2568:
2360:, 2d ed. by Louis J. Palmer, Jr. (page 319)
1362:. (International Affairs, Vol. 72). London: Tauris, 1995, p. 101.
1026:
became the first person to be executed by nitrogen asphyxiation.
971:
690:
650:
624:
533:
447:
400:
350:
124:
737:
Executions in California were carried out in the gas chamber at
142:
large-scale gas chambers designed for mass killing were used by
682:
670:
318:. This method was adopted for mass-murder at the Auschwitz and
55:
2076:"Fierro v. Terhune, 147 F.3d 1158 | Casetext Search + Citator"
1837:Газовые душегубки: сделано в СССР (Gas vans: made in the USSR)
2882:
2506:"Alabama inmate Alan Eugene Miller granted stay of execution"
2474:"Oklahoma Attorney general says state will resume executions"
1505:
Euthanasie im NS-Staat. Die Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens
733:
456:
2232:"Reprieve telephone call comes as Burton Abbott is executed"
1964:"Execution Database | Death Penalty Information Center"
1683:
Night of Stone: Death and Memory in Twentieth-Century Russia
1563:
Video testimonials by former guards and prisoners at Camp 22
1297:
Night of Stone: Death and Memory in Twentieth-Century Russia
1241:
Riddle, J.E.; Loyd, S.M.; Branham, S.L.; Thomas, C. (2012).
1040:
The Last Gasp: The rise and fall of the American gas chamber
1810:(Двести лет вместе), volume=2, Москва, Русский путь, 2002,
685:. Seven states (Alabama, Arizona, California, Mississippi,
460:
406:
268:
132:
119:
allegedly used the method to perform executions during the
2945:
Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations
2531:
Betts, Anna; Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas (25 January 2024).
1884:Григоренко П.Г. В подполье можно встретить только крыс… (
1822:, "I. D. Berg was ordered to carry out the orders of the
1534:"Revealed: the gas chamber horror of North Korea's gulag"
1410:"Revealed: The gas chamber horror of North Korea's gulag"
1391:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995,
1213:. Aspen Paralegal Series. Aspen Publishing. p. 435.
1142:
Capital Punishment: An Indictment by a Death-Row Survivor
950:
937:
901:
888:
863:{\displaystyle {\ce {H2SO4 + 2NaCN -> 2HCN + Na2SO4}}}
856:
843:
807:
794:
1200:
700:
signed a bill rendering gas chambers illegal for use by
353:, described laboratories equipped with gas chambers for
109:, although redundant in practice since the early 1990s.
2358:
Encyclopedia of Capital Punishment in the United States
1240:
1138:
957:{\displaystyle {\ce {H2SO4 + 2KCN -> 2HCN + K2SO4}}}
1645:Жирнов, Евгений; Жирнов, Евгений (11 September 2009).
649:, sentenced to death before 1992, who was executed in
876:
782:
211:
Beginning in 1939, gas chambers were used as part of
2530:
2372: by William Schabas (page 194)
1999:"German executed in Arizona, legal challenge fails"
1616:"Dujų kamera prieškario Lietuvoje 1937–1940 metais"
81:developed a rudimentary method in 1803, during the
1139:Sinclair, B.W.; Sinclair, J.; Prejean, H. (2011).
956:
862:
229:in Poland. Hundreds of prisoners were murdered by
2019:. Death Penalty Information Center. 24 May 2007.
2017:"Some examples of post-Furman botched executions"
1894:
2967:
2370:The Death Penalty As Cruel Treatment And Torture
1902:"Descriptions of Execution Methods: Gas Chamber"
1166:
2410:. Singapore: Asia Industrial Gases Association.
1581:
725:, used only once in 1960 and later replaced by
570:, was on the telephone to stay the execution.
2595:
2408:"Hazards of Inert Gases and Oxygen Depletion"
1375:. Lausanne: Éd. Noir sur Blanc, 2013, p. 236.
62:is introduced. Poisonous agents used include
2137:
1741:Александр ЛИПКОВ, "Я к вам травою прорасту…"
1644:
1613:
1206:
566:was executed as the governor of California,
263:Starting in 1941, gas chambers were used at
2441:
1798:
1755:
1753:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1480:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
655:U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
2602:
2588:
2533:"The Alabama Execution Case: What We Know"
2413:
1783:
1711:Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis
1325:Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis
193:Interior of Majdanek gas chamber, showing
127:. Prisoners were gassed on the way to the
1705:
1703:
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920:
910:
826:
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712:
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1602:
1459:
1440:
1434:
1365:
732:
716:
511:
470:
349:Kwon Hyok, a former head of security at
188:
181:The Holocaust § Extermination camps
38:
2950:Capital punishment for drug trafficking
1531:
977:
661:. The gas chamber was formerly used in
619:During the April 6, 1992, execution of
600:At the September 2, 1983, execution of
526:capital punishment in the United States
475:Gas chamber usage in the United States.
333:troops approached, except for those at
14:
2968:
2609:
2065:, 309 (U.S. 9th Circuit 1996).
2023:from the original on 22 November 2007.
1993:
1991:
1989:
1872:, Moscow: Возвращение, 1995. – p. 78,
1764:Н. Петров. «Человек в кожаном фартуке»
1734:
1700:
1282:from the original on 25 February 2011.
104:legislated reintroduction with inert N
2583:
2310:"Gas chamber | execution device"
2151:from the original on 10 December 2019
1974:from the original on 4 September 2021
1912:from the original on 12 November 2010
1626:from the original on 27 November 2016
1614:Černevičiūtė, Sigita (8 April 2014).
1575:
1210:Intro Penology & Corrections - 1E
1172:
2955:Capital punishment for homosexuality
2389:from the original on 2 February 2015
2385:. Death Penalty Information Center.
2123:"State-by-State Execution Protocols"
2034:Weil, Elizabeth (11 February 2007).
2033:
1649:. p. 56 – via Kommersant.
1502:
1496:
1484:from the original on 3 December 2017
1278:. Death Penalty Information Center.
1104:
551:were executed in the gas chamber at
146:from the late 1930s, as part of the
2431:from the original on 29 March 2016.
2383:"Descriptions of Execution Methods"
2375:
2145:"Agriculture and Markets Law § 374"
2046:from the original on 21 April 2017.
2001:. CNN. 4 March 1999. Archived from
1986:
1582:Olenka Frenkiel (30 January 2004).
1532:Barnett, Antony (31 January 2004).
1373:La grande terreur en URSS 1937–1938
1207:Hansen, L.L.; Hansen, L.P. (2022).
1145:. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 27.
299:used exhaust fumes from stationary
24:
2125:. Death Penalty Information Center
2103:. Death Penalty Information Center
1671:from the original on 10 July 2015.
1422:from the original on 14 March 2018
1371:Tomasz Kizny, Dominique Roynette.
1069:
1029:
177:Extermination camp § Gassings
85:, filling ships' cargo holds with
25:
3002:
2878:Most recent executions by country
2561:
2486:from the original on 9 March 2021
2347:from the original on 5 July 2015.
2316:from the original on 28 June 2015
2189:from the original on 10 July 2015
1590:from the original on 23 June 2009
1086:from the original on 31 July 2020
741:. It was modified for the use of
267:in Poland for the mass-murder of
2567:
2454:from the original on 31 May 2020
2036:"The needle and the damage done"
1968:Death Penalty Information Center
1906:Death Penalty Information Center
1544:from the original on 24 May 2020
1179:. Open Road Media. p. 160.
707:
524:Gas chambers have been used for
466:
446:, they were used in the city of
2976:Infrastructure of the Holocaust
2930:Religion and capital punishment
2524:
2498:
2466:
2435:
2401:
2363:
2351:
2329:
2302:
2284:
2268:. 25 March 1957. Archived from
2252:
2238:
2224:
2202:
2175:
2172:by Clifton D. Bryant – Page 499
2163:
2115:
2093:
2068:
2050:
2027:
2009:
1956:
1940:. 25 March 1957. Archived from
1924:
1890:Full text of the book (Russian)
1878:
1862:
1846:
1830:
1653:
1638:
1556:
1525:
1402:
1378:
1352:
1020:execution of Alan Eugene Miller
394:
170:
1441:Browning, Christopher (2005).
1314:
1286:
1268:
1098:
1063:
1044:University of California Press
914:
820:
389:occupation by the Soviet Union
344:
13:
1:
2873:Enforcement or use by country
2442:Mark Berman (18 March 2018).
2183:"The Death Penalty's Future?"
2058:Fierro, Ruiz, Harris v. Gomez
1868:Шрейдер М.П. (Shreider M.P.)
1105:Boot, Max (15 January 2013).
1057:
723:New Mexico State Penitentiary
379:within the First Fort of the
159:More recently, escapees from
1042:(Kindle edition). Berkeley:
366:
360:mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
316:Auschwitz concentration camp
279:. Gas vans were used at the
244:invasion of the Soviet Union
32:Gas chamber (disambiguation)
7:
2800:Hanged, drawn and quartered
2170:Handbook of Death and Dying
1859:, №42, 22.10.2012, page 10.
1661:"Человек в кожаном фартуке"
704:and other animal shelters.
659:United States Supreme Court
634:Following the execution of
45:Majdanek concentration camp
10:
3007:
1808:Two Hundred Years Together
981:
721:The former gas chamber at
398:
375:operated a gas chamber in
281:Chełmno extermination camp
174:
73:
29:
2865:
2677:
2617:
2260:"Race in the Death House"
1932:"Race in the Death House"
1076:Haiti: An Island Luminous
1010:and Corrections Director
766:) pellets into a bath of
520:uses by state and numbers
421:prisons in Moscow to the
391:in June 1940 is unclear.
231:carbon monoxide poisoning
2619:Current judicial methods
2209:"The History Channel" –
1792:, by Yevgeniy Zhirnov,
739:San Quentin State Prison
553:San Quentin State Prison
287:extermination camps at
275:, and other victims of
165:medical experimentation
2572:Quotations related to
2101:"Methods of Execution"
1855:, by Evgeniy Zhirnov,
1820:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
1818:, p. 297 According to
1805:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
1478:Holocaust Encyclopedia
1276:"Methods of Execution"
1072:"A War Within the War"
1015:injection executions.
984:Inert gas asphyxiation
958:
864:
746:
730:
713:Using hydrogen cyanide
653:on March 3, 1999. The
555:for their role in the
521:
509:
219:involuntary euthanasia
198:
123:, including by use of
47:
1681:Catherine Merridale.
1584:"Within prison walls"
990:nitrogen asphyxiation
959:
865:
736:
720:
621:Donald Eugene Harding
543:On December 3, 1948,
515:
474:
385:1935 Suvalkija strike
246:, mass executions by
192:
138:Most notably, during
100:Allan McLane Hamilton
42:
1743:, Alexander Lipkov,
1503:Klee, Ernst (1983).
1474:"Gassing Operations"
1024:Kenneth Eugene Smith
978:Excluding all oxygen
874:
780:
695:Governor of New York
152:, and later for its
30:For other uses, see
2986:Execution equipment
2763:Republican marriage
2692:Damnatio ad bestias
2512:. 20 September 2022
2448:The Washington Post
2063:77 f.3d 301
2005:on 11 October 2008.
1839:by Dmitry Sokolov,
1709:Timothy J. Colton.
1293:Catherine Merridale
1244:Nevada State Prison
1070:Mobley, Christina.
1036:Christianson, Scott
952:
939:
903:
890:
858:
845:
809:
796:
636:Robert Alton Harris
538:Nevada State Prison
427:Butovo firing range
265:extermination camps
129:Butovo firing range
2935:Wrongful execution
2847:Suffocation in ash
2703:Blowing from a gun
2611:Capital punishment
2537:The New York Times
2218:2015-07-09 at the
2040:The New York Times
1776:2010-08-06 at the
1568:2007-10-24 at the
1346:2019-09-27 at the
1173:Engel, H. (2016).
954:
940:
927:
891:
878:
860:
846:
833:
797:
784:
747:
731:
557:Battle of Alcatraz
522:
510:
285:Operation Reinhard
250:were performed by
223:"unworthy of life"
199:
83:Haitian Revolution
79:General Rochambeau
48:
2981:Execution methods
2963:
2962:
2940:Botched execution
2341:The Baltimore Sun
2185:. 31 March 2015.
1518:978-3-596-24326-6
1452:978-0-8032-5979-9
1418:. February 2004.
1397:978-0-8078-2208-1
1385:Henry Friedlander
1358:Yevgenia Albats:
1321:Timothy J. Colton
1254:978-0-7385-8545-1
1220:978-1-5438-4635-5
1186:978-1-5040-3149-3
1152:978-1-62872-134-8
1118:978-0-87140-424-4
1052:978-0-520-25562-3
1001:Oklahoma Governor
972:anhydrous ammonia
943:
930:
923:
913:
894:
881:
849:
836:
829:
819:
800:
787:
760:potassium cyanide
640:cruel and unusual
568:Goodwin J. Knight
530:death row inmates
459:" in a prison in
92:Napoleon's Crimes
18:Nazi gas chambers
16:(Redirected from
2998:
2649:Nitrogen hypoxia
2644:Lethal injection
2604:
2597:
2590:
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2348:
2343:. 22 June 1997.
2333:
2327:
2326:second paragraph
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2300:
2299:
2296:Associated Press
2288:
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2277:
2272:on 30 March 2008
2256:
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2248:. 4 August 2015.
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2199:fourth paragraph
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1944:on 30 March 2008
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1886:Petro Grigorenko
1882:
1876:
1874:full text online
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772:hydrogen cyanide
743:lethal injection
727:lethal injection
702:humane societies
689:, Oklahoma, and
629:lethal injection
502:
489:
479:
453:Petro Grigorenko
444:Mikhail Schreder
305:hydrogen cyanide
64:hydrogen cyanide
21:
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2999:
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2925:List of methods
2910:Final statement
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1080:Duke University
1068:
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1030:Further reading
1012:Joe M. Allbaugh
999:In April 2015,
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381:Kaunas Fortress
369:
355:suffocation gas
347:
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68:carbon monoxide
43:Gas chamber at
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2866:Related topics
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2852:Upright jerker
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2748:Disembowelment
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2718:Breaking wheel
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1841:Echo of Crimea
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764:sodium cyanide
756:Caryl Chessman
714:
711:
709:
706:
698:David Paterson
679:North Carolina
647:Walter LaGrand
602:Jimmy Lee Gray
587:North Carolina
545:Miran Thompson
499:
486:
476:
468:
465:
399:Main article:
396:
393:
371:In 1937–1940,
368:
365:
346:
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301:diesel engines
253:Einsatzgruppen
172:
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87:sulfur dioxide
75:
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60:asphyxiant gas
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1769:Novaya Gazeta
1765:
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1760:Nikita Petrov
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1723:0-674-58749-9
1720:
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1715:Belknap Press
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1695:0-14-200063-9
1692:
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1687:Penguin Books
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1329:Belknap Press
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1309:0-14-200063-9
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768:sulfuric acid
765:
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752:Burton Abbott
744:
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728:
724:
719:
708:Method of use
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496:not presently
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2837:Slow slicing
2819:
2690:
2658:
2637:firing squad
2576:at Wikiquote
2548:. Retrieved
2536:
2526:
2514:. Retrieved
2509:
2500:
2488:. Retrieved
2477:
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2456:. Retrieved
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2304:
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2270:the original
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2139:
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2117:
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2095:
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2080:casetext.com
2079:
2070:
2057:
2052:
2039:
2029:
2011:
2003:the original
1976:. Retrieved
1958:
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1942:the original
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1926:
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1843:, 09.10.2012
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1628:. Retrieved
1619:
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1586:. BBC News.
1577:
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1546:. Retrieved
1538:The Guardian
1537:
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1415:The Guardian
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1141:
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1122:. Retrieved
1107:
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1088:. Retrieved
1075:
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994:asphyxiation
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595:Jesse Bishop
572:
561:
549:Sam Shockley
542:
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411:Isai D. Berg
404:
395:Soviet Union
370:
348:
327:World War II
324:
262:
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241:
236:Action 14f13
212:
210:
202:Nazi Germany
200:
171:Nazi Germany
158:
147:
144:Nazi Germany
137:
131:, where the
117:Soviet Union
111:
97:
90:
77:
51:
49:
36:
2893:Executioner
2733:Crucifixion
2708:Brazen bull
2698:Blood eagle
2679:Ancient and
2659:Gas chamber
2574:Gas chamber
1978:4 September
1948:14 November
1824:NKVD troika
1630:26 November
1594:15 December
1548:14 December
1488:30 November
1008:Mike Hunter
1004:Mary Fallin
614:David Bruck
612:. In 2007,
606:Mississippi
589:, and 1 in
575:Mississippi
528:to execute
484:method only
423:mass graves
345:North Korea
248:exhaust gas
242:During the
161:North Korea
121:Great Purge
52:gas chamber
2991:Toxicology
2970:Categories
2857:Waist chop
2821:Mazzatello
2815:Ishikozume
2810:Impalement
2805:Immurement
2795:Guillotine
2743:Decimation
2550:26 January
2425:NewsOK.com
2393:2 February
2155:31 January
2129:6 February
2107:6 February
2085:9 February
1916:3 November
1857:Kommersant
1794:Kommersant
1426:25 January
1260:12 October
1226:12 October
1192:12 October
1158:12 October
1058:References
675:New Mexico
583:California
494:used, but
492:Previously
432:Kommersant
175:See also:
2915:Last meal
2888:Death row
2790:Gibbeting
2664:Beheading
2545:0362-4331
2516:6 October
2458:10 August
1745:Kontinent
1717:, 1998.
1445:. Arrow.
1399:, p. 139.
915:⟶
821:⟶
562:In 1957,
482:Secondary
377:Aleksotas
373:Lithuania
367:Lithuania
297:Treblinka
214:Aktion T4
156:program.
149:Aktion T4
113:Lithuania
56:poisonous
2920:Penology
2832:Scaphism
2770:Elephant
2758:Drowning
2738:Crushing
2632:Shooting
2490:22 March
2484:Archived
2452:Archived
2429:Archived
2387:Archived
2345:Archived
2314:Archived
2276:4 August
2216:Archived
2187:Archived
2149:Archived
2044:Archived
2021:Archived
1972:Archived
1910:Archived
1908:. 2010.
1774:Archived
1669:Archived
1624:Archived
1620:15Min.lt
1588:Archived
1566:Archived
1542:Archived
1482:Archived
1420:Archived
1344:Archived
1331:, 1998,
1280:Archived
1124:25 April
1090:25 April
1084:Archived
1038:(2010).
687:Missouri
667:Maryland
663:Colorado
610:attorney
409:officer
320:Majdanek
312:Zyklon B
309:fumigant
258:gas vans
154:genocide
125:gas vans
2842:Stoning
2785:Garrote
2780:Flaying
2775:Falling
2728:Burning
2713:Boiling
2683:methods
2669:Stoning
2627:Hanging
1689:, 2002
1303:, 2002
691:Wyoming
651:Arizona
625:Arizona
585:, 2 in
581:, 2 in
579:Arizona
577:, 2 in
534:Gee Jon
448:Ivanovo
425:at the
419:Butyrka
415:Taganka
401:Gas van
351:Camp 22
314:at the
307:-based
293:Sobibór
197:residue
74:History
2827:Sawing
2723:Burial
2543:
2510:AL.com
2320:3 July
2193:9 July
2061:,
1814:
1726:p. 286
1721:
1697:p. 200
1693:
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1449:
1395:
1341:p. 286
1335:
1311:p. 200
1307:
1251:
1217:
1183:
1149:
1115:
1050:
683:Oregon
671:Nevada
591:Nevada
518:Furman
503:
501:
490:
488:
480:
478:
457:kulaks
335:Dachau
331:Soviet
295:, and
289:Bełżec
283:. The
256:using
227:Poznań
217:, an "
183:, and
2883:Crime
1507:[
774:gas.
516:Post-
505:Never
2898:list
2552:2024
2541:ISSN
2518:2022
2492:2020
2460:2018
2395:2015
2322:2015
2278:2022
2265:Time
2195:2015
2157:2012
2131:2024
2109:2024
2087:2024
1980:2021
1950:2007
1937:Time
1918:2010
1812:ISBN
1719:ISBN
1691:ISBN
1632:2016
1596:2009
1550:2016
1513:ISBN
1490:2017
1447:ISBN
1428:2022
1393:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1305:ISBN
1262:2022
1249:ISBN
1228:2022
1215:ISBN
1194:2022
1181:ISBN
1160:2022
1147:ISBN
1126:2020
1113:ISBN
1092:2020
1048:ISBN
818:NaCN
762:(or
681:and
547:and
507:used
461:Omsk
407:NKVD
273:Roma
269:Jews
133:NKVD
66:and
922:HCN
912:KCN
870:or
828:HCN
623:in
604:in
417:or
329:as
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