1136:, N 123, 2005. "Mikhail Kirillin: The details of everything that happened here, we restored by talking with one person. There were no other survivors who would directly work in the zone. And now he is gone. This is the former commandant of the Moscow administration, who told all the details ... Lydia Golovkova: He told the following: cars loaded with people moved through the forest, up to 50 people were stuffed into a truck. Muscovites have long called these cars "dushegubka ." In the case of Berg, who took part in the executions, of which there is his signature, he was accused as the inventor of these gas vans. Alexander Mikhailov: According to the driver of such a truck, the gas was used to prevent the possibility of riot in the truck. Naturally, the people who swallowed carbon monoxide have been suppressed, and many of them accepted death as deliverance from the torment. Lydia Golovkova: The exhaust pipe turned inside the van, and people came already half-conscious. Buses with half-dead people drove up from the side of the forest. There was a tower with a searchlight above the trees, the territory was surrounded by barbed wire, and there was a long wooden hut, where everyone was supposedly brought in for sanitation."
22:
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was charged with the supervision of the Butovo firing range. Berg had to prepare Butovo for the mass execution of people from greater Moscow and to ensure that these executions would take place smoothly. According to testimony given by Fjodor
Tschesnokov, a member of Berg’s execution team, in 1956, trucks were used, which were equipped with valves through which the gas could be directed inside the vehicles. The interrogations revealed that the prisoners were stripped naked, tied up, gagged and thrown into the trucks. Their property was stolen. Berg was arrested on 3 August 1938 and sentenced to death for participating in a "counter-revolutionary conspiracy within the NKVD" and executed on 3 March 1939.
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Berg's tenure. Only four of these victims had been shot in the head, which leads Kizny to conclude that at least some of them had been gassed. FSB officers
Alexander Mikhailov and Mikhail Kirillin, and historian Lydia Golovkova, recounted the testimony of one witness at a mass execution site outside Moscow. As many as 50 prisoners were loaded into trucks whose exhaust pipes were turned into the trucks, which Muscovites called "soul killers" and which were said to have been invented by Berg. Prisoners were "half dead" when they arrived at the site, where most were subsequently executed.
295:("special vehicle") for the vans. The gas vans were specifically designed to direct deadly exhaust fumes via metal pipes into the airtight cargo compartments, where the intended victims had been forcibly stuffed to capacity. When the gas was released, victims screamed and knocked on the walls, begging for the Germans to release them. After their deaths, their bodies were "thrown out blue, wet with sweat and urine, the legs covered with excrement and menstrual blood". These gruesome symptoms were one of the reasons why
1219:. According to him, more than 27 people were loaded to a truck, which moved away from the prison, but soon returned. "When the doors were opened, black smoke poured out and corpses of people rained down." The corpses were then placed into the basement. Teslia watched such executions during whole week. Григоренко П.Г. В подполье можно встретить только крыс… (
239:, after which he vomited. Regaining his composure, Himmler decided that alternative murder techniques should be found. He ordered Nebe to explore more "convenient" ways of killing, less stressful for the killers. Nebe decided to conduct his experiments by murdering Soviet mental patients, first with explosives near Minsk, and then with automobile exhaust at
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wrote that: "Owing to the shortage of executioners, Chekists used trucks that were camouflaged as bread vans as mobile death chambers. Yes, the very same machinery made notorious by the Nazis - yes, these trucks were originally a Soviet invention, in use years before the ovens of the
Auschwitz were
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The scale at which these trucks were used is unknown. Author Tomas Kizny assumes that they were in use while Berg oversaw the executions (October 1937 to 4 August 1938). He points to archaeological excavations conducted in 1997. Then 59 corpses were exhumed who most likely had been murdered during
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executed its prisoners and buried them. According to testimony given by NKVD officer
Nikolai Kharitonov in 1956, Isaj Berg had been instrumental in the production of gas vans. Berg had become chief of the administrative economic department in Moscow’s NKVD in the summer of 1937. In October 1937 he
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and their use was supposed to speed up the killings. Instead of transporting the victims to the gas chambers, the gas chambers were transported to the victims. They were most likely devised by specialists from the
Referat II D of the RSHA. These mobile gas chambers worked on the same principles as
317:
GmbH, had delivered 20 gas vans in two models (for 30–50 and 70–100 individuals) to
Einsatzgruppen, out of 30 that were ordered from that company. Not one gas van was extant at the end of the war. The existence of gas vans first came to light in 1943 during the trial of Nazi collaborators who had
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similar to that in Moscow: "When a closed truck arrived at the place of execution, all convicts were dragged out of cars in an unconscious state. On the way, they were almost killed by exhaust fumes redirected through a special tube into the closed cargo compartment of the truck."
355:, "the Soviets sometimes used a gas van (dushegubka), as in Moscow during the 1930s, but how extensive that was needs further investigation.", while Nazi killers have "invented the first gas van, which began operations in the Warthegau on January 15, 1940, under Herbert Lange".
205:
the stationary gas chambers: through a rubber hose the driver released pure CO from steel cylinders into the air tight special construction that was shaped like a box and placed on the carrier. The vans resembled moving vans or delivery lorries and were labelled
215:) ("Kaiser's Coffee Shop") for camouflage. They were not called "gas vans" at the time, but "Sonder-Wagen", "Spezialwagen" (special vans) and "Entlausungswagen" (delousing vans). The Lange commando killed patients in numerous hospitals in the
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in 1940. They drove to the hospitals, collected patients, loaded them into the vans and gassed them while they were driving them away. From 21 May to 8 June 1940 the
Sonderkommando Lange murdered 1558 sick people from
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243:. Nebe's experiments led to the development of the gas van. This vehicle had already been used in 1940 for the gassing of East Prussian and Pomeranian mental patients in the Soldau concentration camp.
63:
193:. The first victims were Polish and Jewish inmates of asylums for the mentally ill. Witnesses report that from December 1939, mobile gas chambers were used to murder the inmates of asylums in
33:, of the type used by the Nazis, with the exhaust fumes diverted into the sealed rear compartment where the victims were locked in. This particular van had not been modified, as explained by
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D, who were supported by local collaborators. Subsequently, gas vans were used for murder of Roma people and ill persons. The total number of gas van killings is unknown.
307:
1145:
Marek Hałaburda, “The Polish
Operation”. The genocide of the Polish people in the USSR in the years 1937–1938, Orientalia Christiana Cracoviensia, 2013, v.5, p. 71.
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366:, NKVD officer Isaj D. Berg used a specially adapted airtight van for gassing prisoners to death on an experimental basis. The prisoners were gassed on the way to
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argue that the mobile gas chambers were invented in
Germany in 1940, and they were first used to murder patients of Wartheland hospitals. Katrin Reichelt names
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271:, which weighed 7 tons. In Belgrade, the gas van was known as "Dušegupka" and in the occupied parts of the USSR similarly as "душегубка" (
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The use of gas vans by
Germans to kill Jews, Poles, Romani people, the mentally ill people, and prisoners in occupied territories during
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1985:
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described in his memoirs a story told by his close friend and former prisoner of Gulag Vasil Teslia who described killings of "
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developed and used gas vans on a large scale to kill inmates of asylums, Poles, Romani people, Jews, and prisoners in occupied
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1236:"Поставить смерть на поток". Первыми душегубки использовали не фашисты, а чекисты? ("Who was the first to use gas chambers?"
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were developed as a more efficient method for murdering large numbers of people. Two types of gas vans were used by the
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Marek Hałaburda has written that the gas vans were introduced to increase the rate of executions. In the book
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1223:, "In the underground one can meet only rats") — Нью-Йорк, Издательство «Детинец», 1981, page 403,
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KGB: The State Within a State. The secret police and its hold on Russia's past, present and future
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as the primary killing method for Jews. Ironically, Zyklon B inflicted similar symptoms.
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The path to genocide: essays on launching the final solution By Christopher R. Browning
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322:. A group of 30 to 60 civilians were gassed on August 21 and 22, 1942 by members of
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Agents of Terror: Ordinary Men and Extraordinary Violence in Stalin's Secret Police
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Agents of Terror: Ordinary Men and Extraordinary Violence in Stalin's Secret Police
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Agents of Terror: Ordinary Men and Extraordinary Violence in Stalin's Secret Police
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Agents of Terror: Ordinary Men and Extraordinary Violence in Stalin's Secret Police
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Russell, Nestar (2018). "The Nazi's Pursuit for a "Humane" Method of Killing".
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Office of the United States Chief Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality:
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Die Verfolgung und Vernichtung der Juden im Reichsgau Wartheland 1939-1945
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Mathias Beer. "Die Entwicklung der Gaswagen beim Mord an den Juden". In:
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Handbuch des Antisemitismus. Judenfeindschaft in Geschichte und Gegenwart
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153:. Matthias Beer calls gas vans "a special product of the Third Reich".
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The gas-vans (3. 'A new and better method of killing had to be found')
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as having developed the method. The vans themselves were modified by
1193:НКВД изнутри: Записки чекиста. (NKVD from within. Notes by Chekist )
1185:Хроника событий 1937 года (Chronicle of the events of the year 1937)
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The gas vans are extensively discussed in some of the interviews in
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The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution
921:"Krasnodar Gas Wagon Attacks, from memorialmuseums.org, in English"
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The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution
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186:
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1165:. (International Affairs, Vol. 72). London: Tauris, 1995, p. 101.
796:. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. Appendix I: The Gas Van.
552:. vol. 4, ed. by Wolfgang Benz. Berlin: DeGruyter, p. 143 f.
464:– Washington, U.S Govt. Print. Office, 1946, Vol III, p. 418
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240:
26:
106:. There are several documented cases of gas vans used by Soviet
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Bartrop, Paul R; Dickerman, Michael, eds. (2017). "Gas Vans".
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Night of Stone: Death and Memory in Twentieth-Century Russia.
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Vehicle used for mass murder, especially during the Holocaust
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Night of Stone: Death and Memory in Twentieth-Century Russia
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1109:. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2016,
1088:. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2016,
1067:. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2016,
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built" Gas vans were also reportedly used in the cities of
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482:. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 234–235.
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A damaged Magirus-Deutz van found in 1945 in Kolno, Poland
197:, Eastern Prussia and Poland. The vans were built for the
1191:, №42, 22.10.2012, page 10.; Шрейдер М.П. (Shreider M.P)
597:
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531:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995,
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Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe
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Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe
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In October 1939, the Nazis started gassing prisoners at
170:("Kriminaltechnisches Institut der Sicherheitspolizei" (
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in 1939. Ordered to find a suitable method to kill, the
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attended a demonstration of a mass-shooting of Jews in
1307:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
592:
479:
The Holocaust: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection
1376:. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press.
1278:"Die Entwicklung der Gaswagen beim Mord an den Juden"
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1261:(in German). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
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568:
1404:Film: Short explanation about the Gas vans at the
730:Ernst. Klee, Willi Dressen, Volker Riess (1991).
503:"Gas Wagons: The Holocaust's mobile gas chambers"
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1370:Vatlin, Alexander (2016). Seth Bernstein (ed.).
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37:(1946), but gives a good idea about the process.
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844:"Testimonies of SS-Men Regarding Gassing Vans"
168:Technical Institute for the Detection of Crime
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1331:. Chapel Hill: Univ of North Carolina Press.
1054:. Lausanne: Éd. Noir sur Blanc, 2013, p. 236.
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1130:Александр ЛИПКОВ, "Я к вам травою прорасту…"
867:Understanding Willing Participants, Volume 2
318:been involved in the murder of civilians in
306:By June 1942 the main producer of gas vans,
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1016:Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis.
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942:"Gaswagen, from deathcamps.org, in German"
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775:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
267:, which weighed 3.5 tons, and the larger
102:, the Soviet Union, and other regions of
1411:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
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246:Gas vans were used, particularly at the
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1174:According to high-ranking NKVD officer
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709:. Yale University Press. p. 960.
74:) was a truck re-equipped as a mobile
1938:8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer
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1195:, Moscow: Возвращение, 1995. – p.78,
1286:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte
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706:The Destruction of the European Jews
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563:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte
1052:La grande terreur en URSS 1937–1938
672:The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies
178:(RSHA) decided to gas victims with
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1050:Tomasz Kizny, Dominique Roynette.
370:, a phony firing range, where the
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869:. Vol. 2. pp. 241–276.
548:Katrin Reichelt. "Gaswagen". In:
122:Historians of the Holocaust like
1178:, they were used in the city of
978:. New York: Knopf, 2007, p. 367.
965:. New York: Knopf, 2007, p. 460.
703:Hilberg, Raul (1 January 2003).
2359:Infrastructure of the Holocaust
2333:Special Prosecution Book-Poland
1400:from the Jewish Virtual Library
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1225:Full text of the book (Russian)
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2099:Burning of the Riga synagogues
1398:The Development of the Gas-Van
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462:Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression
283:). The SS used the euphemisms
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384:KGB: The State Within a State
565:(in German). 35 (3): p. 403.
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1944:Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz
1609:Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski
876:10.1007/978-3-319-97999-1_8
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174:), abbreviated KTI) of the
61:, literally "soul killer";
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2004:Lithuanian Security Police
1417:NAZI GAS VANS By Rob Arndt
447:. World War II Today. 2011
248:Chełmno extermination camp
31:Chełmno extermination camp
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227:In August 1941, SS chief
222:Soldau concentration camp
176:Reichssicherheitshauptamt
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29:furniture mover van near
2157:Ninth Fort November 1941
1759:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
1514:Humbert Achamer-Pifrader
1159:Catherine A. Fitzpatrick
651:Heinrich Himmler: A Life
391:Catherine A. Fitzpatrick
208:Kaiser's Kaffee Geschäft
1579:Franz Walter Stahlecker
351:According to historian
308:Gaubschat Fahrzeugwerke
2338:Einsatzgruppen reports
2303:List of Einsatzgruppen
2152:Kaunas 29 October 1941
1649:Friedrich-Wilhelm Bock
1276:Beer, Mathias (1987).
1187:, by Evgeniy Zhirnov,
850:. 2005. Archived from
670:Lewy, Guenter (2000).
402:in the Soviet Union.
326:(special unit) 10a of
104:German-occupied Europe
71:
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2235:Kremnička and Nemecká
1704:Waldemar Klingelhöfer
1355:. New York: Penguin.
854:on 29 September 2023.
235:that was arranged by
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2318:Einsatzgruppen trial
2180:Operation Tannenberg
1861:Antanas Impulevičius
1734:Hans-Adolf Prützmann
1347:Merridale, Catherine
1238:, by Maria Aronova,
1132:, Alexander Lipkov,
512:, an article of the
2364:Execution equipment
2268:Kamianets-Podilskyi
2212:Gully of Petrushino
1729:Gustav Adolf Nosske
1564:Friedrich Panzinger
1494:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
1014:Timothy J. Colton.
988:Catherine Merridale
1915:Sicherheitspolizei
1871:Algirdas Klimaitis
1669:Friedrich Buchardt
1584:Bruno Streckenbach
1422:2017-07-06 at the
1323:Friedlander, Henry
1299:Colton, Timothy J.
1105:Alexander Vatlin.
1084:Alexander Vatlin.
1063:Alexander Vatlin.
974:Robert Gellately.
961:Robert Gellately.
616:, p. 327-328.
604:, p. 405-406.
589:, p. 326-327.
508:2011-10-11 at the
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1923:Sicherheitsdienst
1879:
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1744:Martin Sandberger
1714:Walter Kutschmann
1699:Friedrich Jeckeln
1489:Reinhard Heydrich
1383:978-0-299-31080-6
1362:978-0-14-200063-2
1338:978-0-8078-4675-9
1314:978-0-674-58749-6
1268:978-3-447-05167-5
1215:" in a prison in
1207:Soviet dissident
1115:978-0-299-31080-6
1094:978-0-299-31080-6
1073:978-0-299-31080-6
886:978-3-319-97998-4
716:978-0-300-09592-0
659:978-0-19-959232-6
537:978-0-8078-2208-1
525:Henry Friedlander
489:978-1-4408-4084-5
260:in the East. The
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2147:Kaunas June 1941
2104:Dünamünde Action
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1969:Schutzmannschaft
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1689:Erich Isselhorst
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324:Sonderkommando
281:"exterminator"
257:Einsatzgruppen
200:Sonderkommando
151:Harry Wentritt
128:Albert Widmann
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27:Magirus-Deutz
23:
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2323:Jäger Report
2273:Lviv pogroms
2192:
2184:
2081:Kalevi-Liiva
2058:Minsk Ghetto
2021:
2010:Rollkommando
2009:
1997:
1967:
1951:Sonderdienst
1949:
1942:
1929:
1921:
1913:
1910: (RSHA)
1905:
1897:
1825:Felix Landau
1784:Martin Weiss
1764:Erwin Schulz
1739:Walter Rauff
1719:Rudolf Lange
1674:Ernst Damzog
1664:Karl Brunner
1644:Walter Blume
1614:Gerhard Bast
1600:
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1544:Bruno Müller
1505:
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1249:Bibliography
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946:. Retrieved
936:
925:. Retrieved
915:
866:
860:
852:the original
847:
838:
807:. Retrieved
792:
785:
747:. Retrieved
732:
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671:
666:
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645:
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621:
614:Alberti 2006
609:
587:Alberti 2006
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549:
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528:
520:
498:
478:
471:
461:
457:
456:
449:. Retrieved
444:
435:
417:Walter Rauff
383:
381:
377:
364:Soviet Union
357:
350:
347:Soviet Union
338:
332:
305:
292:
289:Spezialwagen
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:, literally
272:
268:
261:
255:
252:gas chambers
245:
226:
206:
199:
184:
167:
161:
158:World War II
155:
136:Walter Rauff
121:
118:Nazi Germany
88:Nazi Germany
80:World War II
58:
46:
42:
40:
34:
18:
2114:Pogulianski
1684:Ludwig Hahn
1639:Paul Blobel
1619:Rudolf Batz
1554:Arthur Nebe
1524:Horst Böhme
826:|work=
766:|work=
360:Great Purge
358:During the
311: [
297:Rudolf Höss
285:Sonderwagen
269:Saurerwagen
237:Arthur Nebe
143: [
132:Arthur Nebe
112:Great Purge
110:during the
76:gas chamber
25:Burned-out
2353:Categories
2142:Ninth Fort
1986:Lithuanian
1974:Belarusian
1961:Non-German
1694:Karl Jäger
1569:Otto Rasch
1539:Heinz Jost
1189:Kommersant
948:2018-10-06
927:2020-05-31
809:2018-09-15
749:2013-05-08
743:1568521332
653:, p. 547,
428:References
273:dushegubka
217:Wartheland
100:Yugoslavia
59:dushegubka
2263:Drohobycz
2193:AB-Aktion
2134:Lithuania
1990:Ukrainian
1769:Franz Six
1134:Kontinent
905:ignored (
895:cite book
828:ignored (
818:cite book
768:ignored (
758:cite book
638:Beer 1987
602:Beer 1987
575:Beer 1987
539:, p. 139.
451:April 22,
320:Krasnodar
195:Pomerania
163:Aktion T4
84:Holocaust
78:. During
64:‹See Tfd›
55:душегубка
47:gas wagon
2253:Babi Yar
2227:Slovakia
1998:Kommando
1978:Estonian
1482:Director
1420:Archived
1349:(2002).
1325:(1997).
1301:(1995).
1117:, p. 67.
1096:, p. 15.
1075:, p. 11.
1021:, 1998,
506:Archived
406:See also
337:'s film
301:Zyklon B
250:, until
187:Fort VII
82:and the
72:Gaswagen
2296:Records
2245:Ukraine
2119:Rumbula
2109:Jelgava
2073:Estonia
2045:Belarus
1982:Latvian
1180:Ivanovo
997:, 2002
458:Source:
400:Ivanovo
362:in the
293:S-Wagen
241:Mogilev
96:Belarus
51:Russian
43:gas van
2204:Russia
2172:Poland
2162:Ponary
2091:Latvia
2037:Crimes
2012:Hamann
1996:Arajs
1934:(Orpo)
1918:(SiPo)
1891:German
1884:Groups
1475:People
1380:
1359:
1335:
1311:
1265:
1240:RFE/RL
1213:kulaks
1113:
1092:
1071:
1031:p. 286
1025:
1005:p. 200
1001:
944:. 2006
923:. 2018
883:
800:
740:
713:
678:
657:
535:
486:
368:Butovo
299:chose
265:-Blitz
92:Poland
68:German
2283:Odesa
1281:(PDF)
340:Shoah
315:]
233:Minsk
202:Lange
191:Posen
189:near
147:]
2374:Vans
1926:(SD)
1902:(SS)
1464:and
1378:ISBN
1357:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1309:ISBN
1263:ISBN
1217:Omsk
1157:and
1111:ISBN
1090:ISBN
1069:ISBN
1023:ISBN
999:ISBN
907:help
881:ISBN
830:help
798:ISBN
777:link
770:help
738:ISBN
711:ISBN
676:ISBN
655:ISBN
533:ISBN
484:ISBN
453:2013
398:and
396:Omsk
389:and
372:NKVD
263:Opel
149:and
130:and
108:NKVD
2017:TDA
871:doi
291:or
279:or
45:or
2355::
1988:,
1984:,
1980:,
1976:,
1291:35
1283:.
1161:,
1122:^
1037:^
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879:.
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313:de
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98:,
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1972:(
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1409:(
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1365:.
1341:.
1317:.
1271:.
951:.
930:.
909:)
889:.
873::
832:)
812:.
779:)
772:)
752:.
719:.
682:.
661:.
492:.
211:(
49:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
