1716:
is used. If local generation exceeds demand for the billing cycle, best practices calls for a perpetual roll over of the kilowatt-hour credits, although some regions have considered having any kWh credits expire after 36 months. The normal definition of excess generation is annually, although the term is equally applicable monthly. The treatment of annual excess generation (and monthly) ranges from lost, to compensation at avoided cost, to compensation at retail rate.> Left over kWh credits upon termination of service would ideally be paid at retail rate, from the consumer standpoint, and lost, from the utility standpoint, with avoided cost a minimum compromise. Some regions allow optional payment for excess annual generation, which allows perpetual roll over or payment, at the customers choice. Both wind and solar are inherently seasonal, and it is highly likely to use up a surplus later, unless more solar panels or a larger wind turbine have been installed than needed.
1516:
scheme is not a true net metering scheme but in reality a net billing scheme. As the Dept of Energy's Net
Metering guidelines say, "Net-metering allows customers of Distribution Utilities (DUs) to install an on-site Renewable Energy (RE) facility not exceeding 100 kilowatts (kW) in capacity so they can generate electricity for their own use. Any electricity generated that is not consumed by the customer is automatically exported to the DU's distribution system. The DU then gives a peso credit for the excess electricity received equivalent to the DU’s blended generation cost, excluding other generation adjustments, and deducts the credits earned to the customer’s electric bill."
1589:
that shifts costs for keeping up the grid infrastructure to the rest of the non-solar customers. "The policy has led to heated state-level debates since 2003 over whether — and how — to construct a successor to the policy," according to
Utility Dive. The key challenge to constructing pricing and rebate schemes in a post-net metering environment is how to compensate rooftop solar customers fairly while not imposing costs on non-solar customers. Experts have said that a good "successor tariff," as the post-net metering policies have been called, is one that supports the growth of distributed energy resources in a way where customers and the grid get benefits from it.
1975:(FIT). With the FIT, customers get paid for any electricity they generate from renewable energy on their premises. The actual electricity being generated is counted on a separate meter, not just the surplus they feed back to the grid. Germany once paid several times the retail rate for solar but has reduced the rates drastically while actual installation of solar has grown exponentially at the same time due to reduced cost of solar installations. Wind energy, in contrast, only receives around a half of the domestic retail rate, because the German system pays what each source costs (including a reasonable profit margin).
1580:
report points out that most of these large subsidies go to the solar leasing companies, which accounted for about 75 percent of the solar PV facilities installed in 2013. The report concludes that changes are needed in
California, ranging from the adoption of retail tariffs that are more cost-reflective to replacing net metering with a separate "Buy All - Sell All" arrangement that requires all rooftop solar PV customers to buy all of their consumed energy under the existing retail tariffs and separately sell all of their onsite generation to their distribution utilities at the utilities' respective avoided costs.
1922:
1606:
27:
777:
3918:
4497:
1368:
1490:. Excess generation is not addressed. As of 2013, 43 U.S. states have adopted net metering, as well as utilities in 3 of the remaining states, leaving only 4 states without any established procedures for implementing net metering. However, a 2017 study showed that only 3% of U.S. utilities offer full retail compensation for net metering with the remainder offering less than retail rates, having credit expire annually, or some form of indefinite rollover.
1382:
1482:
Minnesota is commonly cited as passing the first net metering law, in 1983, and allowed anyone generating less than 40 kW to either roll over any credit to the next month, or be paid for the excess. In 2000 this was amended to compensation "at the average retail utility energy rate". This is the simplest and most general interpretation of net metering, and in addition allows small producers to sell electricity at the retail rate.
104:
1550:
strain on the utility grid. They also point out that, as a cornerstone policy enabling the growth of rooftop solar, net metering creates a host of societal benefits for all ratepayers that are generally not accounted for by the utility analysis, including: public health benefits, employment and downstream economic effects, market price impacts, grid security benefits, and water savings.
1868:
user is subtracted by 20% for installations up to 10 kW, or by 30% for installations up to 50 kW. This legislation guarantees that this net metering policy will be kept for a minimum of 15 years from the moment of registering renewable energy source. This legislation together with government subsidies for microgeneration created a substantial boost in installations of
1453:(when not coupled to storage). Monthly net metering allows consumers to use solar power generated during the day at night, or wind from a windy day later in the month. Annual net metering rolls over a net kilowatt-hour (kWh) credit to the following month, allowing solar power that was generated in July to be used in December, or wind power from March in August.
1987:(also called peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading, wheeling and sometimes local energy trading). Peer-to-peer energy trading is a novel paradigm of power system operation, where sellers can generate their own energy in dwellings, offices and factories, and share it with each other locally. Several companies offering virtual net metering use blockchain technology.
1933:. Net metering was pioneered in the United States as a way to allow solar and wind to provide electricity whenever available and allow use of that electricity whenever it was needed, beginning with utilities in Idaho in 1980, and in Arizona in 1981. In 1983, Minnesota passed the first state net metering law. As of March 2015, 44 states and
2011:
for use with conventional appliances. The phase of the outgoing power must be synchronized with the grid, and a mechanism must be included to disconnect the feed in the event of grid failure. This is for safety – for example, workers repairing downed power lines must be protected from
1967:
Under this arrangement, two uni-directional meters are installed—one records electricity drawn from the grid, and the other records excess electricity generated and fed back into the grid. The user pays retail rate for the electricity they use, and the power provider purchases their excess generation
1816:
Denmark established net-metering for privately owned PV systems in mid-1998 for a pilot-period of four years. In 2002 the net-metering scheme was extended another four years up to end of 2006. Net-metering has proved to be a cheap, easy to administer and effective way of stimulating the deployment of
1803:
In Nova Scotia, in 2015, 43 residences and businesses began using solar panels for electricity. By 2017, the number was up to 133. These customers’ solar systems are net metered. The excess power produced by the solar panels is bought back from the homeowner by Nova Scotia Power at the same rate that
1762:
In
Queensland starting in 2008, the Solar Bonus Scheme pays 44 cents for every excess kilowatt hour of energy fed back into the state electricity grid. This is around three times the current retail price for electricity. However, from 2012, the Queensland feed in tariff has been reduced to 6-10 cents
1754:
In some
Australian states, the "feed-in tariff" is actually net metering, except that it pays monthly for net generation at a higher rate than retail, with Environment Victoria Campaigns Director Mark Wakeham calling it a "fake feed-in tariff." A feed-in tariff requires a separate meter, and pays for
1571:
Many electric utilities state that owners of generation systems do not pay the full cost of service to use the grid, thus shifting their share of the cost onto customers without distributed generation systems. Most owners of rooftop solar or other types of distributed generation systems still rely on
1549:
measures do pose a challenge to electric utilities' existing business model, the benefits of distributed generation outweigh the costs, and those benefits are shared by all ratepayers. Grid benefits of private distributed solar investment include reduced need for centralizing power plants and reduced
1515:
In the
Philippines, Net Metering scheme is governed by Republic Act 9513 (Renewable Energy Act of 2008) and its implementing rules and regulation (IRR). The implementing body is the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) in consultation with the National Renewable Energy Board (NREB). Unfortunately, the
1778:
allows net metering for systems up to 500 kW, however credits can only be carried for 12 consecutive months. Should a consumer establish a credit where they generate more than they consume for 8 months and use up the credits in the 10th month, then the 12-month period begins again from the date
1758:
In
Victoria, from 2009, householders were paid 60 cents for every excess kilowatt hour of energy fed back into the state electricity grid. This was around three times the retail price for electricity at that time. However, subsequent state governments reduced the feed-in in several updates, until in
1715:
Excess generation is a separate issue from net metering, but it is normally dealt with in the same rules, because it can arise. If local generation offsets a portion of the demand, net metering is not used. If local generation exceeds demand some of the time, for example during the day, net metering
1592:
Thirteen states swapped successor tariffs for retail rate net metering programs in 2017. In 2018, three more states made similar changes. For example, compensation in Nevada will go down over time, but today the compensation is at the retail rate (meaning, solar customers who send energy to the grid
1588:
On a nationwide basis, energy officials have debated replacement programs for net metering for several years. As of 2018, a few "replicable models" have emerged. Utility companies have always contended that customers with solar get their bills reduced by too much under net metering, and as a result,
1557:
A 2012 report on the cost of net metering in the State of
California, commissioned by the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC), showed that those customers without distributed generation systems will pay US$ 287 in additional costs to use and maintain the grid every year by 2020. The report
1892:
The Indian states of
Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh have started the implementation of net metering, and the policy was announced by the respective state electricity boards in 2014. After review and inspection by the electricity board, a bidirectional meter is installed. Applications are taken up for
1888:
To avail of net-metering in the country, the consumer is required to submit an application with the local electricity distribution company along with the planned rooftop solar project and requisite fee. The distribution company reviews the application and the feasibility of the solar project, which
1884:
Almost every state in India has implemented net-metering, wherein, the consumers are allowed to sell the surplus energy generated by their solar system to the grid and get compensated for the same. However, the net-metering policy is not common throughout the country and varies from state to state.
1786:
serviced by BC Hydro are allowed net metering for up to 100 kW. At each annual anniversary on March 1 the customer is paid a market price, calculated as daily average mid-Columbia price for a previous year. FortisBC which serves an area in South
Central BC also allows net-metering for up to
1485:
Utilities in Idaho adopted net metering in 1980, and in Arizona in 1981. Massachusetts adopted net metering in 1982. By 1998, 22 states or utilities therein had adopted net metering. Two California utilities initially adopted a monthly "net metering" charge, which included a "standby charge", until
1461:
credits, a small monthly connection fee, require a monthly payment of deficits (i.e. normal electric bill), and annual settlement of any residual credit. Net metering uses a single, bi-directional meter and can measure the current flowing in two directions. Net metering can be implemented solely as
1867:
has introduced net metering for private and commercial renewable energy sources of up to 50 kW in 2015. Under this legislation energy sent to grid must be used within one year from feed-in, otherwise it is considered as lost. The amount of energy that was exported and can be taken back by the
1659:
that is programmed to determine electricity usage any time during the day. Time-of-use allows utility rates and charges to be assessed based on when the electricity was used (i.e., day/night and seasonal rates). Typically the generation cost of electricity is highest during the daytime peak usage
1579:
claims that net metering in California produces excessively large subsidies for typical residential rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) facilities. These subsidies must then be paid for by other residential customers, most of whom are less affluent than the rooftop solar PV customers. In addition, the
1875:
Portugal has a very limited form of "net-metering" that is constrained to 15 minute periods where the excess injected in the grid is not compensated when above the consumption from the grid within each 15 minute period. Only the injected energy up to the consumed energy within the same 15 minute
1947:
make net metering available to their customers upon request. Several legislative bills have been proposed to institute a federal standard limit on net metering. They range from H.R. 729, which sets a net metering cap at 2% of forecasted aggregate customer peak demand, to H.R. 1945, which has no
1481:
and solar panels were connected to the electrical grid, and consumers wanted to be able to use the electricity generated at a different time or date from when it was generated. The first two projects to use net metering were an apartment complex and a solar test house in Massachusetts in 1979.
1553:
An independent report conducted by the consulting firm Crossborder Energy found that the benefits of California's net metering program outweigh the costs to ratepayers. Those net benefits will amount to more than US$ 92 million annually upon the completion of the current net metering program.
1766:
Australian smart grid technologist, Steve Hoy, originated the opposing concept of "True Zero", as opposed to "Net Zero", to express the emerging capability to trace electricity through net metering. The meter allows consumers to trace their electricity to the source, making clean energy more
1690:
Market rate metering systems were implemented in California starting in 2006, and under the terms of California's net metering rules will be applicable to qualifying photovoltaic and wind systems. Under California law the payback for surplus electricity sent to the grid must be equal to the
1596:
The two most common successor tariffs are called "net billing" and "buy-all-sell-all" (BASA). "Net billing pays the retail rate for customer-consumed PV generation and a below retail rate for exported generation. With BASA, the utility both charges and compensates at a below-retail rate."
2121:
Electric bills contain a connection fee and an energy fee based on the number of kilowatt-hours used that month. When no kilowatt-hours are used the monthly connection fee is still paid. When the meter turns backward for the month, the negative kilowatt reading is rolled over to the next
1686:
systems the user's energy use is priced dynamically according to some function of wholesale electric prices. The users' meters are programmed remotely to calculate the value and are read remotely. Net metering applies such variable pricing to excess power produced by a qualifying system.
1668:), and no power during the night period when price is low. California, Italy and Australia has installed so many photovoltaic cells that peak prices no longer are during the day, but are instead in the evening. TOU net metering affects the apparent cost of net metering to a utility.
1854:. According to their website, energy produced by home-owners is bought at a higher price than what is charged as consumers. Hence, some recommend to sell all energy produced, and buy back all energy needed at a lower price. The price has been fixed for 20 years by the government.
1456:
Net metering policies can vary significantly by country and by state or province: if net metering is available, if and how long banked credits can be retained, and how much the credits are worth (retail/wholesale). Most net metering laws involve monthly rollover of
1724:
Net metering systems can have energy storage integrated, to store some of the power locally (i.e. from the renewable energy source connected to the system) rather than selling everything back to the mains electricity grid. Often, the batteries used are industrial
1694:
Net metering enables small systems to result in zero annual net cost to the consumer provided that the consumer is able to shift demand loads to a lower price time, such as by chilling water at a low cost time for later use in air conditioning, or by charging a
1817:
PV in Denmark; however the relative short time window of the arrangement has so far prevented it from reaching its full potential. During the political negotiations in the fall of 2005 the net-metering for privately owned PV systems was made permanent.
1896:
Since September 2015, Maharashtra state (MERC) has also had a net metering policy and consumers have started installation of Solar Rooftop Grid Tie Net metering systems. MERC Policy allows up to 40% transformer capacity to be on Solar net metering.
1948:
aggregate cap, but does limit residential users to 10 kW, a low limit compared to many states, such as New Mexico, with an 80,000 kW limit, or states such as Arizona, Colorado, New Jersey, and Ohio, which limit as a percentage of load.
1562:
by 2020. Notably, the same report found that solar customers do pay more on their power bills than what it costs the utility to serve them (Table 5, page 10: average 103% of their cost of service across the three major utilities in 2011).
2016:
are designed for safety – while one inverter could not energize a line, a thousand might. In addition, electrical workers are trained to treat every line as though it was live, even when they know it should be safe.
1889:
is either approved or rejected. If approved, another application for registration of the rooftop is submitted to the distribution company. An agreement is signed between the consumer and the company, and the net-meter is installed.
2012:"downstream" sources, in addition to being disconnected from the main "upstream" distribution grid. Although a small generator lacks the power to energize a loaded line, this can happen if the line is isolated from other loads.
3563:
1860:
Under the proposed scheme, micro-generators can sell 30% of the excess electricity they produce and export it back to the grid. The price that electricity will be sold at is being formulated during the consultation process.
3690:
3191:
1729:
as these last for 10 to 20 years. Lead-acid batteries are often also still used, but last much less long (5 years or so). Lithium-ion batteries are sometimes also used, but too have a relatively short lifespan. Finally,
1903:
As of now MSEDCL does not use the TOD (Time of The Day differential) charging tariffs for residential consumers and net metering. Export and import units are considered at par for calculating Net Units and bill amount.
2456:
1504:
government is reluctant to introduce the net metering principle because of complications in paying and refunding the value added tax that is payable on electricity, but pilot projects are underway in some areas.
1437:) is an electricity billing mechanism that allows consumers who generate some or all of their own electricity to use that electricity anytime, instead of when it is generated. This is particularly important with
2374:
1519:
Thus Philippine consumers who generate their own electricity and sell their surplus to the utility are paid what is called the "generation cost" which is often less than 50% of the retail price of electricity.
1528:
Net metering is controversial as it affects different interests on the grid. A report prepared by Peter Kind of Energy Infrastructure Advocates for the trade association Edison Electric Institute stated that
1734:
last the longest with a lifespan of up to 40 years. A 2017 study of solar panels with battery storage indicated an 8 to 14 percent extra consumption of electricity from charging and discharging batteries.
2482:
1799:
allows net metering for installations up to 100 kW. Credits from excess generated power can be carried over until the customer's annual anniversary date, at which time any excess credits are lost.
3238:
2522:
1820:
The Netherlands has net-metering since 2004. Initially there was a limit of 3000 kWh per year. Later this limit was increased to 5000 kWh. The limit was removed altogether on January 1, 2014.
1779:
that the next credit is shown on an invoice. Any unused credits remaining at the end of 12 consecutive months of a consumer being in a credit situation are cleared at the end of that billing.
1845:, without requiring additional economic support. Net-metering for privately owned systems will be established in 2019, after Royal Decree 244/2019 was accepted by the government on April 5.
1876:
period is netted out of the final monthly bill. In fact the old analog electricity meters that would allow for true net-metering are immediately replaced when a consumer installs solar pv.
1960:
is a different method of providing power to the electricity grid that does not offer the price symmetry of net metering, making this system a lot less profitable for home users of small
1630:: Compensation generally below retail, also known as a "Standard Offer Program", can be above retail, particularly in the case of solar, which tends to be generated close to peak demand.
1787:
50 kW. Customers are paid their existing retail rate for any net energy they produce. The City of New Westminster, which has its own electrical utility, also allows net metering.
3260:
2725:
1621:
Net metering: always at retail, and which is not technically compensation, although it may become compensation if there is excess generation and payments are allowed by the utility.
3694:
3195:
1937:
have developed mandatory net metering rules for at least some utilities. However, although the states' rules are clear, few utilities actually compensate at full retail rates.
3065:
1486:
the Public Utilities Commission (PUC) banned such charges. In 2005, all U.S. utilities were required to consider adopting rules offering net metering "upon request" by the
3411:
2216:
2382:
1971:
Some countries, such as Germany, Spain, Ontario (Canada), and some states in the United States, compensate the generated electricity at a fixed rate, in a scheme called
1793:
allows net metering for installations up to 100 kW. Credits from excess generated power can be carried over until March at which time any excess credits are lost.
2341:
2557:
1537:, present unique challenges to the future of electric utilities. Utilities in the United States have led a largely unsuccessful campaign to eliminate net metering.
3737:
3537:
3664:
2490:
2658:
2932:
1968:
at its avoided cost (wholesale rate). There may be a significant difference between the retail rate the user pays and the power provider's avoided cost.
3246:
3222:
2958:
2761:
2529:
2426:
747:
3315:
3493:
3379:
2691:
2242:
1660:
period at sunset, and lowest in the middle of night. Time of use metering is a significant issue for renewable-energy sources, since, for example,
40:
3769:
2637:
2589:
3647:
2038:
and is applied to someone who connects solar panels without permission or notification and uses monthly net metering without regard for law.
2274:
4442:
3268:
2717:
1413:
1755:
all local generation at a preferential rate, while net metering requires only one meter. The financial differences are very substantial.
2062:
1830:
Slovenia has annual net-metering since January 2016 for up to 11 kVA. In a calendar year up to 10 MVA can be installed in the country.
2157:
3073:
1593:
get compensated at the same rate they pay for electricity). In Arizona, the new solar rate is ten percent below the retail rate.
3415:
2220:
3741:
3437:
3043:
908:
3095:
1493:
Net metering was slow to be adopted in Europe, especially in the United Kingdom, because of confusion over how to address the
1930:
740:
2996:
2348:
4500:
3917:
3708:
2564:
4526:
4339:
3668:
2611:
2067:
1900:
The various DISCOMs in Maharashtra namely MSEDCL, Tata, Reliance and Torrent Power are expected to support net metering.
4447:
3762:
661:
319:
3021:
4067:
1914:
1235:
1055:
776:
70:
3541:
3341:
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systems tend to produce most energy at noon and produce little power during the daytime peak-price period (see also
4521:
1939:
Net metering policies are determined by states, which have set policies varying on a number of key dimensions. The
1406:
843:
733:
87:
1893:
up to 30% of the distribution transformer capacity on a first-come, first-served basis and technical feasibility.
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4026:
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times, while the electricity generated at peak demand time can be sent to the grid rather than used locally (see
1099:
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2375:"Net Metering Website - 1. How net-metering works: Understanding the basics of policy, regulation and standards"
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the grid to receive electricity from utilities at night or when their systems cannot generate sufficient power.
41:
https://web.archive.org/web/20130521074227/http://apps3.eere.energy.gov/greenpower/resources/pdfs/current_nm.pdf
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2802:
2427:"Disruptive Challenges: Financial Implications and Strategic Responses to a Changing Retail Electric Business"
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4200:
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928:
515:
438:
214:
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Colorado, Delaware, Minnesota, New Mexico, and Virginia allow optional annual payment for excess generation.
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3792:
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689:
505:
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an accounting procedure, and requires no special metering, or even any prior arrangement or notification.
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required state electricity regulators to "consider" (but not necessarily implement) rules that mandate
1850:
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428:
423:
408:
1624:
Feed-in tariff: generally above retail, and reduces to retail as the percentage of adopters increases.
4452:
3941:
3902:
2434:
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1940:
1857:
Ireland is planning to implement a net metering system, under the "Micro-generation Support Scheme".
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560:
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3468:"Examining interconnection and net metering policy for distributed generation in the United States"
2308:"Examining interconnection and net metering policy for distributed generation in the United States"
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3564:"The Potential Value of Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading in the Australian National Electricity Market"
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Wijziging van de Elektriciteitswet 1998 en de Gaswet ter uitvoering van richtlijn nr. 2003/54/EG
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1617:"# (FIT). In general there are three types of compensation for local, distributed generation:
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Net metering, unlike a feed-in tariff, requires only one meter, but it must be bi-directional.
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per kilowatt hour depending on which electricity retailer the customer has signed up with.
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3691:"Electrical Safety: Lineman Electrocuted after Reportedly Violating the 'Hot Gloves' Rule"
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is that it must maintain the capacity to produce electricity even when it is not sunny.”
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GuĂa de las nuevas reglas de autoconsumo: cĂłmo ahorrar con unas placas solares en casa
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3366:":: Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited :: – MahaVitaran"
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2590:"APS, solar advocates battle for net metering before ACC - Phoenix Business Journal"
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3538:"EERE Consumer's Guide: Metering and Rate Arrangements for Grid-Connected Systems"
3139:
Wijziging van de Elektriciteitswet 1998, de Gaswet en de Warmtewet en de Warmtewet
1929:
Net metering is a policy by many states in the United States designed to help the
4392:
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4329:
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Italy offers a support scheme, mixing net-metering and a well segmented premium
1704:
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470:
448:
391:
356:
254:
244:
133:
3479:
2615:
2327:
4515:
4437:
4225:
4110:
4090:
4021:
4011:
3968:
3852:
3807:
2889:"Storing Solar Power Increases Energy Consumption and Emissions, Study Finds"
2718:"Solar meets more than 100 per cent of local demand in South Australia again"
1790:
1534:
1458:
1345:
1311:
1218:
1201:
1082:
1072:
923:
401:
396:
386:
366:
279:
259:
239:
138:
118:
2871:"Nickel & Lithium Iron Provider in USA | Buy Edison Battery Online"
1465:
Net metering is an enabling policy designed to foster private investment in
4457:
4297:
4266:
4080:
3882:
3372:
2659:"Net Energy Metering: Subsidy Issues And Regulatory Solutions, full report"
2072:
1284:
1169:
838:
803:
371:
249:
163:
2692:"As rooftop solar expands, states grapple with successors to net metering"
4282:
4250:
4043:
4031:
3951:
3877:
3867:
3797:
3348:
1661:
1656:
1643:
1446:
1289:
1164:
1114:
1077:
1060:
1045:
863:
4245:
4240:
4053:
4036:
3892:
3747:
3648:"This Blockchain-Based Energy Platform Is Building A Peer-To-Peer Grid"
3179:
Uredba o samooskrbi z elektriÄŤno energijo iz obnovljivih virov energije
2082:
1665:
1442:
1299:
1124:
1119:
1087:
1050:
1035:
818:
196:
143:
2982:
2820:
1613:
There is considerable confusion between the terms "net metering" and "
1497:(VAT). Only one utility company in Great Britain offers net metering.
3961:
3956:
3842:
3802:
3459:
2910:
2740:"How solar subsidies can distort the power market: the case of Italy"
1796:
1634:
Net metering only requires one meter. A feed-in tariff requires two.
1545:
Renewable advocates point out that while distributed solar and other
1154:
1134:
903:
813:
587:
376:
3486:
3467:
3404:
2483:""New State Study Demonstrates Net Metering Benefit for Ratepayers""
2307:
1381:
45:
4075:
1294:
1179:
1174:
828:
823:
793:
234:
3996:
3986:
3316:"Net Metering policy for roof top PVs in various states in India"
3302:"Ustawa z dnia 20 lutego 2015 r. O odnawialnych źródłach energii"
2933:"Net zero no more: We are entering the era of honest electricity"
2144:"What's the Difference Between Net Metering and Feed-In Tariffs?"
1775:
1559:
1316:
1274:
1010:
993:
103:
3991:
3667:. State Compensation Insurance Fund, California. Archived from
2856:
2158:"Net Metering is a Win-Win for Utilities and Local Communities"
1864:
1509:
1005:
16:
Type of billing of electricity generated from renewable sources
3540:. U.S. Department of Energy. 12 September 2005. Archived from
3516:"Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency"
3447:. North Carolina Clean Energy Technology Center. 1 March 2015
3365:
1240:
2857:"AGO Fuel Cells – Renewable Energy research and development"
3946:
1338:
3515:
2870:
3581:"Review of Existing Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading Projects"
3152:"2013 Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics until 2013"
1983:
Another method of producing power to the grid is through
1804:
the utility sells it to its customers. “The downside for
1759:
2016 the feed-in is as low as 5 cents per kilowatt hour.
3494:"Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 (PURPA)"
2762:"12,000 MW of Renewable Distributed Generation by 2020"
3380:"Current Experience With Net Metering Programs (1998)"
2243:"Current Experience With Net Metering Programs (1998)"
1583:
1707:). No credit is given for annual surplus production.
1691:(variable, in this case) price charged at that time.
48:(refs: 7, 59) This is also the result of transclusion
3066:"Solar panel installation heating up in Nova Scotia"
1477:
Net metering originated in the United States, where
2552:
2550:
4513:
1558:also showed the net cost will amount to US$ 1.1
3518:. North Carolina Clean Energy Technology Center
3284:"Scheme to sell electricity expected by summer"
2907:"Solar feed-in tariff meets with mixed reviews"
2457:"Utilities wage campaign against rooftop solar"
2547:
43:(refs: 5, 56) this is a result of transclusion
3763:
3665:"Know the Ground Rules for Electrical Safety"
1848:Some form of net metering is now proposed by
1512:, some provinces have net metering programs.
1407:
741:
3631:"Peer-To-Peer Solar Energy Trading: A Guide"
3096:"Denmark PV Technology Status and Prospects"
2188:"Net Metering History & Logic -- Part 1"
1925:Growth of net metering in the United States
1671:
3770:
3756:
2063:Home energy upgrades from public utilities
1414:
1400:
775:
748:
734:
3281:
2715:
71:Learn how and when to remove this message
3777:
2612:"Arizona's Energy Future - Net Metering"
2235:
1952:
1920:
1604:
36:lists the same citations more than once.
3465:
2630:
2403:
1978:
1839:AsociaciĂłn de la Industria Fotovoltaica
1637:
4514:
3742:California Public Utilities Commission
3466:Schelly, Chelsea; et al. (2017).
2686:
2684:
2682:
2305:
1738:
909:List of low-energy building techniques
3751:
3239:"Je passe aux Ă©nergies renouvelables"
2728:from the original on 26 October 2021.
2306:Shelly, Chelsea; et al. (2017).
1990:
2975:
2716:Parkinson, Giles (25 October 2021).
2614:. Azenergyfuture.com. Archived from
2211:
2209:
1710:
20:
3282:McCormack, Cian (4 February 2021).
2679:
2592:. Bizjournals.com. 13 November 2013
2068:Interstate Renewable Energy Council
1584:Post-net metering successor tariffs
13:
4448:Renewable energy commercialization
3613:"Understanding P2P Energy Trading"
3261:"Devenez producteur d'électricité"
3072:. 14 February 2018. Archived from
2372:
2299:
2020:
662:Renewable energy commercialization
14:
4548:
3731:
3347:. Tamilnadu TNERC. Archived from
3022:"Electrical Net Metering Program"
2983:"BC Hydro's Net Metering Program"
2821:"nickel iron battery information"
2404:Buhayar, Noah (28 January 2016).
2206:
1915:Net metering in the United States
1811:
1719:
1577:Institute for Electric Innovation
46:https://www.academia.edu/35065588
4496:
4495:
3916:
3445:ncsolarcen-prod.s3.amazonaws.com
2424:
1913:This section is an excerpt from
1907:
1380:
1367:
1366:
844:Energy efficiency implementation
102:
25:
3701:
3683:
3657:
3641:
3623:
3605:
3587:
3573:
3556:
3530:
3508:
3430:
3358:
3334:
3308:
3294:
3275:
3253:
3231:
3216:
3202:
3184:
3168:
3144:
3128:
3112:
3088:
3058:
3036:
3014:
2989:
2951:
2925:
2899:
2881:
2863:
2849:
2831:
2813:
2807:Northern Arizona Wind & Sun
2795:
2786:
2754:
2732:
2709:
2651:
2604:
2582:
2515:
2497:
2475:
2449:
2418:
2397:
2366:
1100:Ocean thermal energy conversion
3709:"The Guerrilla Solar Movement"
3414:. Dsireusa.org. Archived from
2909:. Metering.com. Archived from
2334:
2267:
2219:. Dsireusa.org. Archived from
2180:
2150:
2136:
2115:
1523:
1:
4443:Renewable Energy Certificates
4403:Cost of electricity by source
4325:Arc-fault circuit interrupter
4201:High-voltage shore connection
2129:
1600:
929:Passive solar building design
439:Socially responsible business
215:Bright green environmentalism
55:to identify unique citations.
4458:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread
4256:Transmission system operator
4216:Mains electricity by country
3793:Automatic generation control
2088:Uninterruptible power supply
1931:adoption of renewable energy
1750:Feed-in tariffs in Australia
1743:
1575:A 2014 report funded by the
1566:
690:Environmental pricing reform
7:
4483:List of electricity sectors
4478:Electric energy consumption
4196:High-voltage direct current
4171:Electric power transmission
4161:Electric power distribution
3838:Energy return on investment
3496:. U.S. Department of Energy
3267:(in French). Archived from
3245:(in French). Archived from
2342:"SolarNet and Net Metering"
2041:
1540:
1387:Renewable energy portal
1105:Renewable energy transition
444:Social return on investment
10:
4553:
4527:Renewable energy economics
4398:Carbon offsets and credits
4116:Three-phase electric power
3212:BoletĂn Oficial del estado
3135:officielebekendmakingen.nl
3119:officielebekendmakingen.nl
2032:) is a term originated by
2003:, must be coupled with an
1912:
1747:
1675:
1641:
1472:
429:Pollution haven hypothesis
424:Natural resource economics
409:High-performance buildings
4491:
4466:
4453:Renewable Energy Payments
4376:
4313:
4275:
4129:
4066:
3977:
3942:Fossil fuel power station
3932:
3925:
3914:
3785:
3480:10.1016/j.ref.2017.09.002
2959:"Net Metering in Ontario"
2742:. Europeanenergyreview.eu
2487:renewableenergyworld.com"
2435:Edison Electric Institute
2328:10.1016/j.ref.2017.09.002
2007:to convert the output to
1945:public electric utilities
1941:Energy Policy Act of 2005
1837:has been proposed by the
1770:
1655:) net metering employs a
1488:Energy Policy Act of 2005
949:Sustainable refurbishment
192:Climate change mitigation
4236:Single-wire earth return
4176:Electrical busbar system
3833:Energy demand management
2803:"Deep Cycle Battery FAQ"
2108:
2030:guerrilla solar movement
1879:
1767:accessible to everyone.
1697:battery electric vehicle
1684:market rate net metering
1672:Market rate net metering
1628:Power purchase agreement
934:Sustainable architecture
889:Glass in green buildings
879:Environmental technology
809:Compact fluorescent lamp
632:Environmental technology
275:Ecological modernization
230:Corporate sustainability
4522:Renewable energy policy
4367:Residual-current device
4357:Power system protection
4347:Generator interlock kit
2839:"The UtilityFree™ Home"
2825:nickel-iron-battery.com
2505:"Net Metering Benefits"
2078:Power system automation
2048:Automatic meter reading
1255:Human-powered transport
959:Tropical green building
894:Green building and wood
705:Green industrial policy
419:Marginal abatement cost
342:Fiscal environmentalism
159:Personal carbon trading
129:Carbon fee and dividend
124:Carbon emission trading
96:Environmental economics
4151:Distributed generation
3823:Electric power quality
3595:"Virtual Net Metering"
3472:Renewable Energy Focus
3192:"Country Focus: Spain"
2997:"Net metering program"
2411:Bloomberg Businessweek
2312:Renewable Energy Focus
1926:
1657:smart (electric) meter
1610:
1531:distributed generation
1351:Personal rapid transit
1093:Tidal stream generator
954:Thermal energy storage
874:Environmental planning
642:Fossil fuel divestment
51:Please consider using
4423:Fossil fuel phase-out
4191:Electricity retailing
4186:Electrical substation
4166:Electric power system
3697:on 11 September 2011.
1995:Sources that produce
1962:renewable electricity
1958:Net purchase and sale
1953:Net purchase and sale
1924:
1851:Électricité de France
1843:renewable electricity
1732:nickel-iron batteries
1676:Further information:
1642:Further information:
1608:
1195:Sustainable transport
1140:Floating wind turbine
969:Zero heating building
884:Fossil fuel phase-out
700:Free public transport
647:Fossil fuel phase-out
169:Social cost of carbon
39:The reason given is:
3779:Electricity delivery
3738:Virtual Net Metering
3635:energymatters.com.au
3354:on 10 February 2015.
3342:"Net Metering India"
3198:on 25 February 2010.
3108:on 8 September 2008.
3070:The Chronicle Herald
2666:edisonfoundation.net
2645:edisonfoundation.net
1985:virtual net metering
1979:Virtual net metering
1870:PV systems in Poland
1727:deep cycle batteries
1638:Time of use metering
1329:Personal transporter
1224:Wind-powered vehicle
1068:Marine current power
974:Zero-energy building
834:Efficient energy use
695:Environmental tariff
320:full-cost accounting
285:Efficient energy use
270:Ecological footprint
265:Ecological economics
4388:Availability factor
4340:Sulfur hexafluoride
4221:Overhead power line
4121:Virtual power plant
4096:Induction generator
4049:Sustainable biofuel
3858:Home energy storage
3848:Grid energy storage
3813:Droop speed control
3271:on 8 February 2007.
3076:on 17 February 2018
2618:on 15 December 2013
2570:on 15 December 2013
2461:The Washington Post
2406:"Who owns the sun?"
2320:2017REneF..22...10S
2146:. 28 February 2023.
2103:Virtual power plant
2035:Home Power Magazine
2009:alternating current
2005:electrical inverter
1835:Spain, net-metering
1739:Adoption by country
1479:small wind turbines
1431:net energy metering
1016:Carbon-neutral fuel
944:Sustainable habitat
799:Building insulation
787:Energy conservation
763:Part of a series on
627:Carbon-neutral fuel
290:Energy conservation
4262:Transmission tower
3873:Nameplate capacity
3418:on 19 October 2012
2895:. 30 January 2017.
2535:on 27 October 2013
2509:oursolarrights.org
2275:"Net Metering Map"
2223:on 19 October 2012
2194:. 6 September 2015
1991:Related technology
1927:
1841:(ASIF) to promote
1611:
1031:Geothermal heating
859:Energy saving lamp
769:Sustainable energy
667:Sustainable energy
652:Low-carbon economy
491:consumer behaviour
4509:
4508:
4413:Environmental tax
4293:Cascading failure
4062:
4061:
3898:Utility frequency
3715:. 1 February 2001
3713:Mother Earth News
3322:. 16 January 2014
3249:on 21 April 2012.
2971:on 18 March 2009.
2843:beutilityfree.com
2445:on 11 April 2013.
2168:on 1 October 2013
2058:Electricity meter
1806:Nova Scotia Power
1711:Excess generation
1547:energy efficiency
1424:
1423:
1021:Geothermal energy
758:
757:
622:Carbon neutrality
611:2000-watt society
605:Energy transition
516:development goals
434:Social accounting
154:Environmental tax
149:Emissions trading
81:
80:
73:
4544:
4499:
4498:
4408:Energy subsidies
4362:Protective relay
4303:Rolling blackout
3930:
3929:
3920:
3888:Power-flow study
3828:Electrical fault
3772:
3765:
3758:
3749:
3748:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3693:. Archived from
3687:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3661:
3655:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3474:. 22–23: 10–19.
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3442:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3391:
3385:. Archived from
3384:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3346:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3243:bleuciel.edf.com
3235:
3229:
3220:
3214:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3194:. Archived from
3188:
3182:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3156:
3148:
3142:
3132:
3126:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3101:. Archived from
3100:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3024:. 13 August 2018
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2964:. Archived from
2963:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2773:
2767:. Archived from
2766:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2688:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2668:. Archived from
2663:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2642:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2569:
2563:. Archived from
2562:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2534:
2528:. Archived from
2527:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2489:. Archived from
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2438:. Archived from
2431:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2381:. Archived from
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2353:
2347:. Archived from
2346:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2314:. 22–23: 10–19.
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2286:
2280:. Archived from
2279:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2254:
2248:. Archived from
2247:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2164:. Archived from
2154:
2148:
2147:
2140:
2123:
2119:
2098:Variable pricing
2093:Utility submeter
1935:Washington, D.C.
1784:British Columbia
1467:renewable energy
1451:non-dispatchable
1439:renewable energy
1416:
1409:
1402:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1207:Electric vehicle
1056:Run-of-the-river
1041:Hydroelectricity
1026:Geothermal power
987:Renewable energy
939:Sustainable city
914:Low-energy house
854:Energy recycling
779:
760:
759:
750:
743:
736:
616:Alternative fuel
506:design standards
414:Impact investing
220:Circular economy
187:Carbon footprint
106:
83:
82:
76:
69:
65:
62:
56:
53:named references
29:
28:
21:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4487:
4471:
4469:
4462:
4393:Capacity factor
4381:
4379:
4372:
4352:Numerical relay
4330:Circuit breaker
4318:
4316:
4309:
4271:
4211:Load management
4181:Electrical grid
4146:Demand response
4139:
4134:
4125:
4106:Microgeneration
4058:
3973:
3921:
3912:
3908:Vehicle-to-grid
3781:
3776:
3734:
3729:
3728:
3718:
3716:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3674:
3672:
3671:on 17 June 2013
3663:
3662:
3658:
3646:
3642:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3619:. 23 July 2021.
3611:
3610:
3606:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3547:
3545:
3544:on 22 June 2008
3536:
3535:
3531:
3521:
3519:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3499:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3448:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3421:
3419:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3351:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3325:
3323:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3280:
3276:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3203:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3133:
3129:
3117:
3113:
3105:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3079:
3077:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3047:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3027:
3025:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3005:
3003:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2968:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2942:
2940:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2916:
2914:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2893:engr.utexas.edu
2887:
2886:
2882:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2745:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2714:
2710:
2700:
2698:
2690:
2689:
2680:
2675:on 11 May 2020.
2672:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2595:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2523:"votesolar.org"
2521:
2520:
2516:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2493:on 10 May 2015.
2481:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2442:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2304:
2300:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2162:Cres-energy.org
2156:
2155:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2053:Demand response
2044:
2026:Solar guerrilla
2023:
2021:Solar guerrilla
2014:Solar inverters
1993:
1981:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1918:
1910:
1882:
1814:
1773:
1752:
1746:
1741:
1722:
1713:
1705:Vehicle-to-grid
1680:
1678:Vehicle-to-grid
1674:
1646:
1640:
1603:
1586:
1569:
1543:
1526:
1495:value added tax
1475:
1420:
1379:
1378:
1365:
1358:
1357:
1197:
1187:
1186:
989:
979:
978:
964:Waste-to-energy
919:Microgeneration
849:Energy recovery
789:
754:
725:
724:
680:
672:
671:
606:
598:
597:
583:Thermoeconomics
337:Ethical banking
225:Climate finance
210:
202:
201:
182:
174:
173:
114:
77:
66:
60:
57:
50:
49:
44:
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4550:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4532:Energy storage
4529:
4524:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4474:
4472:
4468:Statistics and
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4418:Feed-in tariff
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4384:
4382:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4327:
4321:
4319:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4206:Interconnector
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4156:Dynamic demand
4153:
4148:
4142:
4140:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4086:Combined cycle
4083:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3983:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3938:
3936:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3863:Load-following
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3818:Electric power
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3775:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3733:
3732:External links
3730:
3727:
3726:
3700:
3682:
3656:
3640:
3622:
3604:
3586:
3572:
3555:
3529:
3507:
3485:
3458:
3438:"Net Metering"
3429:
3403:
3392:on 21 May 2013
3371:
3357:
3333:
3307:
3293:
3274:
3252:
3230:
3215:
3201:
3183:
3175:uradni-list.si
3167:
3143:
3127:
3111:
3087:
3057:
3044:"Net Metering"
3035:
3013:
2988:
2974:
2950:
2924:
2913:on 28 May 2013
2898:
2880:
2875:ironedison.com
2862:
2848:
2830:
2812:
2794:
2785:
2774:on 9 July 2014
2753:
2731:
2708:
2678:
2650:
2638:"Publications"
2629:
2603:
2581:
2546:
2514:
2496:
2474:
2463:. 7 March 2015
2448:
2417:
2396:
2385:on 11 May 2015
2373:Tiglao, Dart.
2365:
2354:on 3 June 2013
2333:
2298:
2287:on 3 July 2014
2266:
2255:on 21 May 2013
2234:
2205:
2179:
2149:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2043:
2040:
2022:
2019:
1997:direct current
1992:
1989:
1980:
1977:
1973:feed-in tariff
1954:
1951:
1919:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1881:
1878:
1813:
1812:European Union
1810:
1772:
1769:
1748:Main article:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1721:
1720:Energy storage
1718:
1712:
1709:
1673:
1670:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1615:feed-in tariff
1602:
1599:
1585:
1582:
1568:
1565:
1542:
1539:
1533:systems, like
1525:
1522:
1502:United Kingdom
1474:
1471:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1376:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1334:Rail transport
1331:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1307:Roller skating
1304:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1280:Cycle rickshaw
1277:
1267:
1262:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1236:Human-electric
1231:Hybrid vehicle
1228:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1110:Renewable heat
1107:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
1002:
1001:
990:
985:
984:
981:
980:
977:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
899:Green building
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
869:Energy storage
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
790:
785:
784:
781:
780:
772:
771:
765:
764:
756:
755:
753:
752:
745:
738:
730:
727:
726:
723:
722:
720:Rail subsidies
717:
715:Green politics
712:
710:Green New Deal
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
685:Carbon leakage
681:
678:
677:
674:
673:
670:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
637:Feed-in tariff
634:
629:
624:
619:
613:
607:
604:
603:
600:
599:
596:
595:
593:Value of Earth
590:
585:
580:
579:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
468:
467:
466:
461:
456:
449:Sustainability
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
405:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
344:
339:
334:
333:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
255:Eco-innovation
252:
247:
245:Eco-capitalism
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
211:
208:
207:
204:
203:
200:
199:
194:
189:
183:
181:Climate change
180:
179:
176:
175:
172:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
134:Carbon finance
131:
126:
121:
115:
112:
111:
108:
107:
99:
98:
92:
91:
79:
78:
38:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4549:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4502:
4494:
4493:
4490:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4465:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4438:Pigouvian tax
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4375:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4335:Earth-leakage
4333:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4312:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4276:Failure modes
4274:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4226:Power station
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4111:Rankine cycle
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4091:Cooling tower
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
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4014:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
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3984:
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3953:
3950:
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3944:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3934:Non-renewable
3931:
3928:
3924:
3919:
3909:
3906:
3904:
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3891:
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3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3853:Grid strength
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3808:Demand factor
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3784:
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3768:
3766:
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3439:
3433:
3417:
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3375:
3367:
3361:
3350:
3343:
3337:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3303:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3270:
3266:
3265:bati-depot.fr
3262:
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3234:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3205:
3197:
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3176:
3171:
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3131:
3124:
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3115:
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3097:
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3071:
3067:
3061:
3046:. Nbpower.com
3045:
3039:
3023:
3017:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2984:
2978:
2967:
2960:
2954:
2939:. 26 May 2021
2938:
2934:
2928:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2858:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2789:
2770:
2763:
2757:
2741:
2735:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2654:
2646:
2639:
2633:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2591:
2585:
2566:
2559:
2558:"cpuc.ca.gov"
2553:
2551:
2531:
2524:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2428:
2425:Kind, Peter.
2421:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2400:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2350:
2343:
2337:
2329:
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2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2283:
2276:
2270:
2251:
2244:
2238:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2193:
2192:CleanTechnica
2189:
2183:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2145:
2139:
2135:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
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2086:
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2081:
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2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
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2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1916:
1908:United States
1905:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1809:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1791:New Brunswick
1788:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1736:
1733:
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1717:
1708:
1706:
1702:
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1692:
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1667:
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1658:
1654:
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1626:
1623:
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1619:
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1616:
1607:
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1594:
1590:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1564:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1535:rooftop solar
1532:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1441:sources like
1440:
1436:
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1412:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1398:
1397:
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1394:
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1383:
1377:
1374:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1346:Rapid transit
1344:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320:
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1312:Skateboarding
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561:refurbishment
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325:impact design
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295:Environmental
293:
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280:Ecotechnology
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260:Eco-investing
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34:This article
32:
23:
22:
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4433:Net metering
4432:
4380:and policies
4298:Power outage
4267:Utility pole
4231:Pumped hydro
4137:distribution
4132:Transmission
4081:Cogeneration
3883:Power factor
3717:. Retrieved
3712:
3703:
3695:the original
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3673:. Retrieved
3669:the original
3659:
3652:Fast Company
3651:
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3542:the original
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3498:. Retrieved
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3416:the original
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3387:the original
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3336:
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3320:Bijli Bachao
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3181:(in Slovene)
3178:
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3103:the original
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3038:
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3000:
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2937:Canary Media
2936:
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2911:the original
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2769:the original
2756:
2744:. Retrieved
2734:
2722:RenewEconomy
2721:
2711:
2701:14 September
2699:. Retrieved
2696:Utility Dive
2695:
2670:the original
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2196:. Retrieved
2191:
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2166:the original
2161:
2152:
2138:
2117:
2073:Off-the-grid
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2001:solar panels
1994:
1984:
1982:
1970:
1966:
1957:
1956:
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1455:
1449:, which are
1434:
1430:
1427:Net metering
1426:
1425:
1285:Kick scooter
1270:Land vehicle
839:Energy audit
804:Cogeneration
657:Net metering
656:
531:food systems
459:organization
250:Eco commerce
164:Pigovian tax
113:Carbon price
67:
58:
35:
18:
4428:Load factor
4283:Black start
4251:Transformer
3952:Natural gas
3903:Variability
3878:Peak demand
3868:Merit order
3798:Backfeeding
3675:15 December
3599:cpuc.ca.gov
3422:15 December
3412:"Minnesota"
3396:15 December
3223:eldiario.es
3160:15 December
3080:16 February
3050:15 December
2917:15 December
2778:15 December
2746:15 December
2622:15 December
2596:15 December
2467:29 December
2358:15 December
2291:15 December
2259:15 December
2227:15 December
2217:"Minnesota"
2198:7 September
2172:15 December
1662:solar power
1649:Time of use
1644:Smart meter
1524:Controversy
1290:Quadracycle
1145:Forecasting
1078:Tidal power
1061:Small hydro
1046:Micro hydro
999:Sustainable
864:Energy Star
556:procurement
511:development
496:consumption
481:agriculture
476:advertising
471:Sustainable
362:development
61:August 2024
4516:Categories
4470:production
4315:Protective
4246:Super grid
4241:Smart grid
4068:Generation
4002:Geothermal
3893:Repowering
3617:medium.com
3548:23 January
3141:(in Dutch)
3125:(in Dutch)
2943:18 October
2574:4 December
2379:doe.gov.ph
2130:References
2083:Smart grid
1999:, such as
1666:duck curve
1601:Comparison
1322:Watercraft
1300:Velomobile
1260:Helicopter
1088:Tidal farm
1051:Pico hydro
1036:Hydropower
819:Eco-cities
546:management
541:livelihood
536:industries
486:capitalism
454:accounting
352:accounting
310:enterprise
300:accounting
197:Food miles
144:Carbon tax
4378:Economics
4101:Micro CHP
3979:Renewable
3962:Petroleum
3957:Oil shale
3843:Grid code
3803:Base load
3028:13 August
2539:6 January
1964:systems.
1833:In 2010,
1797:SaskPower
1782:Areas of
1744:Australia
1567:Drawbacks
1265:Hydrofoil
1130:Community
904:Heat pump
814:Eco hotel
588:Used good
576:transport
464:reporting
382:marketing
4501:Category
4288:Brownout
4076:AC power
3786:Concepts
3719:19 April
3006:15 April
3001:FortisBC
2726:Archived
2042:See also
2028:(or the
1701:off-peak
1541:Benefits
1373:Category
1295:Tricycle
1180:Windpump
1175:Windbelt
1150:Industry
829:Ecolabel
824:Ecohouse
794:Arcology
679:Policies
566:sourcing
392:recovery
357:building
330:planning
235:Degrowth
209:Concepts
88:a series
86:Part of
4537:Pricing
4317:devices
4027:Thermal
4022:Osmotic
4017:Current
3997:Biomass
3987:Biofuel
3969:Nuclear
3926:Sources
2316:Bibcode
1776:Ontario
1699:during
1560:billion
1473:History
1317:Walking
1275:Bicycle
1248:Plug-in
1212:Bicycle
1170:Turbine
1160:Outline
1011:Biomass
994:Biofuel
571:tourism
526:finance
402:vehicle
397:trading
387:paradox
367:economy
315:finance
4012:Marine
3992:Biogas
3522:31 May
3500:30 May
3451:30 May
3326:20 May
3288:rte.ie
3209:boe.es
2389:1 June
2122:month.
1865:Poland
1771:Canada
1510:Canada
1371:
1165:Rights
1006:Biogas
551:market
521:energy
501:design
372:growth
305:design
4369:(GFI)
4258:(TSO)
4044:Solar
4032:Tidal
4007:Hydro
3567:(PDF)
3441:(PDF)
3390:(PDF)
3383:(PDF)
3352:(PDF)
3345:(PDF)
3155:(PDF)
3106:(PDF)
3099:(PDF)
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2772:(PDF)
2765:(PDF)
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2430:(PDF)
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2345:(PDF)
2285:(PDF)
2278:(PDF)
2253:(PDF)
2246:(PDF)
2109:Notes
1880:India
1447:solar
1241:Twike
1115:Solar
347:Green
90:about
4135:and
4054:Wind
4037:Wave
3947:Coal
3721:2021
3677:2013
3550:2006
3524:2015
3502:2015
3453:2015
3424:2013
3398:2013
3328:2019
3162:2013
3082:2018
3052:2013
3030:2018
3008:2013
2945:2021
2919:2013
2780:2013
2748:2013
2703:2018
2624:2013
2598:2013
2576:2013
2541:2014
2469:2019
2391:2015
2360:2013
2293:2013
2261:2013
2229:2013
2200:2019
2174:2013
1500:The
1445:and
1443:wind
1429:(or
1339:Tram
1155:Lens
1135:Farm
1125:Wind
1120:Wave
3476:doi
2324:doi
1825:FiT
1682:In
1653:TOU
1508:In
1459:kWh
1435:NEM
377:job
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