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identified and recognised as a fortified wall, initially by two labourers working on the renovation and restoration of the old Oliver & Boyd publishers in 1983. Subsequently, this was confirmed by archaeologists and planners and it was not demolished as consented. The height (6 metres (20 ft)), and lack of openings suggest a defensive purpose. Walling in Castle Wynd, north of the
Grassmarket, has also been identified with the King's Wall. In 1973, archaeological excavations on the site now occupied by the Radisson Hotel, south of the High Street, uncovered a fragment of wall, which was thought likely to be the King's Wall. There was also evidence of a house adjacent, which had been demolished sometime in the 15th century, presumably in response to James III's order of 1472.
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Greyfriars
Mission Kirk. Archaeological excavations and surveys between 1998-2001 found that this section of the wall went through three major phases of construction and redevelopment - its initial building; significant rebuilding during the third quarter of the 18th century, when buildings were constructed along Kings Stables Road and the Wall's western face; and the formation of Granny's Green to the west of the Wall in the late 19th century. A line of granite paving across the Grassmarket marks the line of the wall where it was uncovered during construction work in 2008. In the Vennel the last remaining bastion of the town walls survives. The Flodden Tower, as it is sometimes known, comprises two remaining walls with a total length of 17.2 metres (56 ft), pierced by
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412:, and were heavily defeated, with King James killed on the field. An English invasion was widely expected, and in Edinburgh it was resolved to build a new town wall. However, the new wall was also an opportunity to control smuggling into the burgh, and the town council accordingly decided to extend the wall south to take in the
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profit, grauntit to thaim full licence and leiff to fosse, bulwark, wall, toure, turate, and uther wais to strengthen oure foresaid Burgh in quhat maner of wise or degree that beis sene maste spedefule to thame. Given under oure Grete Seale at
Strivelyn the last day of Aprile, and of oure regne the thretene yhere, anno 1450.
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in
Drummond Street and the Pleasance, where it originally enclosed the Blackfriars Monastery. At the corner of the wall a blocked archway is probably the entrance to a demolished bastion. The site of the Netherbow is marked with an outline of brass blocks at the junction of the High Street and St Mary's Street.
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in 1832 and 1845, fragments of walling were uncovered, which were attributed to the King's Wall. Two sections of the increasingly neglected town wall collapsed in the mid-1850s. In 1854, a large portion of wall (20 feet high and 3–4 feet thick), and the embankment against which it was built fell into
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and
Community of Edinburgh, that they dread the evil and injury of our enemies of England, we have in favour of them, and for the zeal and affection that we have for the Provost and Community of our said Burgh, and for the common profit, granted to them full licence and leave to fosse, bulwark, wall,
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and a 19th-century window. Sections of the
Flodden Wall can be seen within Greyfriars Kirkyard, adorned with 16th and 17th century tombstones. At the junction of Forrest Road and Bristo Street a line of cobbles and a narrow gap in the later buildings mark the line of the wall. The longest section is
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had only seven guns, and while they did manage to breach the
Flodden Wall, the inner defences were too strong for an assault. By 21 October the siege was once again lifted. A blockade of the town was continued until July 1572 when a truce was agreed. Grange retreated into the castle and handed over
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Besides, there were a number of small posterns. The heads and limbs of executed criminals were regularly displayed above the ports. Of the six ports, the
Netherbow was the only one which took the form of a large fortified gateway. Repairs to the Netherbow are recorded in 1538, and a drawing of 1544
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There are two remaining sections of the Telfer Wall. The first runs along Heriot Place from the
Flodden Tower, and forms the west boundary of George Heriot's School. The wall along Lauriston Place was demolished in 1762, as the bastions were obstructing traffic. The only remaining section is that
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Demolitions began soon after the withdrawal of the
Jacobite threat in 1746. The bastions of the Telfer Wall along Lauriston Place were demolished in 1762, as they were obstructing traffic. The Netherbow survived until 1764, when it too was removed as an obstruction. The West Port and the Potterow
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by an Edinburgh mob led the British Government in London to impose sanctions on the town. Porteous, Captain of the Town Guard, had been convicted of murder following the shooting of spectators at a public hanging, but following a reprieve, a mob broke into the Tolbooth Jail and executed him. The
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Foralsmykle as we ar informit be oure well belovettis the Provest and Communite of Edynburgh, yat yai dreid the evil and skath of oure enemies of England, we have in favour of yame, and for the zele and affectioune that we have to the Provest and Communite of oure said Burgh, and for the comoune
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The Flodden Wall, as it became known, was generally around 1.2 metres (3 ft 11 in) thick and up to 7.3 metres (24 ft) high. The Flodden Wall began at the south side of the castle, running south across the west end of the Grassmarket, where the West Port was located, and continued
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The walls never proved very successful as defensive structures, and were easily breached on more than one occasion. They served more as a means of controlling trade and taxing goods, and as a deterrent to smugglers. By the mid 18th century, the walls had outlived both their defensive and trade
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Four sections of the Flodden Wall survive: to the north and south of the Grassmarket; in Greyfriars Kirkyard; and along Drummond Street and the Pleasance. North of the Grassmarket the wall runs alongside Granny's Green Steps and has been incorporated into later buildings, including the former
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Nothing remains of Edinburgh's earliest enclosures, and very little of the King's Wall survives, although parts are probably incorporated in later buildings. A section of walling in Tweeddale Court, on the south side of the Royal Mile, may represent part of the eastern wall. This was exposed,
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to enclose the former Blackfriars Monastery. The Cowgate Port was located at the foot of the Pleasance. From here, along St Mary's Wynd and Leith Wynd, the town's defences were provided by fortifying the existing houses along the west side of the wynds. At the junction of these wynds, at the
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in the Cowgate, in advance of a housing development, found what is thought to be remains of the King's Wall. This discovery pushes the southern boundary of the wall significantly further south, down on to the Cowgate. This discovery, plus the discovery of a massive fortification ditch at the
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Leith Wynd between the High Street and Calton Road. A week later the Dean of Guild ordered the removal of a 150 feet stretch of the wall from that location. In 1856, a lightning strike appears to have been the cause of the collapse of a 40 to 50 feet stretch of the wall enclosing
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The early wall had two ports: the Upper Bow or Over-Bow, in the vicinity of what is now Victoria Street, and the Nether Bow, on the present Royal Mile near Fountain Close, which was located near around 46 metres (151 ft) further west than the later structure. In addition,
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Early records mention a west gate in 1180, a south gate in 1214, and the Netherbow Port in 1369. In 1362 the Wellhouse Tower was built beneath the north wall of the castle, protecting the castle's water supply, and defending the approach along the south shore of the Nor Loch.
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shows the Netherbow as a wide arched gate flanked by two round towers. In 1571, the gateway between the towers was rebuilt, and a central clock tower was added above the gateway, topped by an octagonal stone spire. This structure was repaired in the early 17th century.
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around 1125. This gave the town the privilege of holding a market, and the power to raise money by taxing goods coming into the burgh for sale. It is probable, therefore, that some form of boundary was constructed around this time, although it may have been a timber
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forming the south wall of Greyfriars Kirkyard. An inscription on the building at the corner of Teviot Place and Bristo Street reads "1513 Site of Town Wall", although it was the 17th-century Telfer Wall, not the earlier Flodden Wall, which stood on this spot.
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By the 17th century the King's Wall had been almost completely absorbed within later buildings, although it is briefly mentioned in the "Extent Roll", a town survey of 1635, and limited sections appear on James Gordon of Rothiemay's map of 1647. The mason
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areas of the burgh. Construction began the following year, but was not completed until 1560. Work started at the western end, and the final section was the stretch from Leith Wynd to the Nor Loch, incorporating the New Port. The cost of this last work was
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purposes, and demolition of sections of the wall began. The Netherbow Port was pulled down in 1764, and demolition continued into the 19th century. Today, a number of sections of the three successive walls survive, although none of the ports remain.
795:: the Flodden Wall at Granny's Green; the Flodden and Telfer Walls at the Vennel and Heriot Place; and the Flodden Wall at Drummond Place and Pleasance. The walling in Tweeddale Court and the sections within Greyfriars Kirkyard are protected as
644:-built wall ran south from the Flodden Tower in the Vennel to Lauriston Place; it then turned east, running as far as Bristo Street, where it returned north to the Bristo Port in the Flodden Wall. The Telfer Wall was named after its master
477:, terminating at the New Port. The Flodden Wall enclosed an area of just under 57 hectares (140 acres), and remained the limit of the burgh until the 18th century. Contained within this area, in 1560, was a population of around 10,000.
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ordered the demolition of houses built on or outside the King's Wall, which were hampering efforts to strengthen the defences. Edinburgh was thus one of only three Scottish towns to have medieval stone walls, the others being
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Again the defences were strengthened in September, in advance of a second siege which began on 16 October. By this stage only ten per cent of Edinburgh's inhabitants remained in the city. The besiegers under
737:), were built over sections of the wall around the Potterow Port. Forrest Road was laid out in the 1840s, resulting in the loss of another section of the Telfer Wall. During construction works around the
1879:"Vol 10 (2004): Conservation and change on Edinburgh's defences:archaeological investigation and building recording of the Flodden Wall, Grassmarket 1998-2001 | Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports"
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and the wright (carpenter) John Scott strengthened the Flodden and Telfer walls and constructed artillery emplacements in 1650. This was due to fear of an English attack on Edinburgh during the
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was under construction, and although smuggling of goods through the city walls was still being punished, complaints about the zealousness of the guards were widely circulated. The
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has led the archaeologists to believe that large portions of the medieval town defences were situated along the north side of the Cowgate and not halfway up the slope.
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the town to the Regent's party. The siege of Edinburgh Castle continued until May 1573, when it was finally reduced by a battery of guns shipped from England.
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tower, turret, and other ways to strengthen our said Burgh in what manner of ways or degree that be seen most speedful to them. Given under our
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was employed to batter houses outside the wall which were being used by snipers. Unable to make any headway, the besiegers withdrew on 20 May.
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having been attacked). The quickly made changes included taking the four ornamental tops off the Netherbow Port, in order to install cannon.
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Although the expected English invasion never materialised after Flodden, the 16th century was a turbulent period in Scotland. In 1544 the
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uphill along the Vennel. A watch-tower or bastion survives at this, the south-west extent of the wall. It then ran east, wrapping around
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of the University of Edinburgh (constructed from 1789), and then the museum in Chambers Street (constructed from 1861, now part of the
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Cowgate Port (Soo-gate, Blackfriars Port), on the Cowgate near the Blackfriars Monastery, the access to the Grassmarket from the east;
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1505:"Vol 69 (2017): Discovering the King's Wall: Excavations at 144-166 Cowgate, Edinburgh | Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports"
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was for the demolition of the Netherbow Port, although this was resisted by the town, and commuted to a fine by the
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Remains of the bastion known as the 'Flodden Tower' with Edinburgh Castle behind and the Telfer Wall on the right
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Netherbow, the narrowed section of the High Street, stood the Netherbow Port, between the High Street and the
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are now laid out. This defence was not natural, but was formed by creating a dam and sluice at the foot of
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in the early 17th century. The walls had a number of gates, known as ports, the most important being the
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Potterrow Port (Kirk o' Field Port), at the head of Horse Wynd near the Kirk o' Field, giving access to
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rushed the Netherbow Port as the gates were opened, and Edinburgh was captured without a fight.
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Sketch of Edinburgh made in 1544, showing the Netherbow Port between the High Street and the
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W M Gilbert (ed.), Edinburgh In The Nineteenth Century, J & R Allan Ltd., Edinburgh 1901
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Bristo Port (Greyfriars Port, Society Port), built around 1515 on Bristo Street, close to
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in around 1125, though the first building is recorded in the mid-15th century, when the
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Further emplacements were built by Captain Theodore Dury in 1715, in response to the
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West Port, built 1514 at the west end of the Grassmarket, where the modern street of
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1823:"Tweeddale Court, walling to west of court and to south of Tweeddale House, LB29058"
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There were six ports in the Flodden Wall. Anti-clockwise from the castle they were:
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Charters and other documents relating to the city of Edinburgh. A. D. 1143-1540
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In 1618 the town council bought 10 acres (4.0 ha) of land to the west of
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1857:"Edinburgh Town Wall, Flodden Wall, Johnston Terrace to Grassmarket, SM3012"
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1969:"Edinburgh Town Wall, Flodden Wall, Drummond Street to Pleasance. SM3013"
1537:"Edinburgh Town Wall, Flodden Wall and Telfer Wall, Heriot Place. SM2901"
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or 5.6 metres) for the wall, plus 40s per rood for the battlements.
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The wall was thought to have run along the south side of what is now the
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560:. On 6 May, having captured Leith, Hertford's men, under the command of
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permitting the burgesses of Edinburgh to defend their town, as follows:
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the last day of April, and of our reign the thirteenth year, anno 1450.
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2247:"Was the town of Edinburgh an open and defenceless one before 1450?"
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The Flodden Wall at the corner of Drummond Street and the Pleasance
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Map showing the town walls, overlaid on the present-day streets
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The Netherbow Port in the 18th century, seen from the Canongate
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New Port, at the foot of Halkerston's Wynd beneath the modern
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The clock from the Netherbow was later incorporated into the
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Further disturbances took place during the troubled reign of
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Netherbow Port, access from the High Street to the Canongate;
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Paving marks the line of the Flodden Wall in the Grassmarket
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which refers to the wall as the property boundary. In 1450,
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One of the most intact sections of the Telfer Wall in the
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Edinburgh Old Town: The Forgotten Nature of an Urban Form
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marched on Edinburgh against the Catholic French Regent,
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Walling in Tweeddale Court, thought to be the King's Wall
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The Netherbow Port from Gordon of Rothiemay's map c.1647
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The Earl of Hertford's expedition against Scotland, 1544
1932:"Secret of the setts revealed by group's detective work"
1904:"Grassmarket gives up a forgotten piece of Flodden Wall"
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The majority of the surviving sections are protected as
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was constructed. In the 16th century the more extensive
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Gifford, John; McWilliam, Colin; Walker, David (1984).
571:(1542–1567), and its aftermath. In 1558 the Protestant
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Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
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Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
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Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
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2328:"Excavations south of Edinburgh High Street 1973-4"
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Brass plates mark the outline of the Netherbow Port
408:. On 9 September, the Scots met the English at the
347:, though other towns had earth walls or palisades.
2286:Notes Relative to the Fortified Walls of Edinburgh
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1632:The Earl of Hertford's expedition against Scotland
705:advised on improvements to the walls. However, as
660:James VI tablet from the demolished Netherbow Port
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303:Inasmuch as we are informed by our well-beloved
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27:City walls in City of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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1997:. Vol. I. Edinburgh: Blackwood. 1845.
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1730:Grants Old and New Edinburgh volIV p.331
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3417:Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art
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2406:Edinburgh town walls – nominal location
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527:, giving access north to Multrees Hill.
444:. Continuing east, the wall passed the
392:The Flodden Wall in Greyfriars Kirkyard
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3207:Graveyards and cemeteries in Edinburgh
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801:Edinburgh Old Town World Heritage Site
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697:. When the town was threatened by the
587:. Edinburgh was held for the Queen by
163:Parts demolished from mid 18th century
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3156:Edinburgh International Film Festival
3151:Edinburgh International Book Festival
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2326:Schofield, John; et al. (1976).
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1097:Flodden Wall markers in Forrest Road
1016:Flodden Wall in Greyfriars Kirkyard
242:or ditch, rather than a stone wall.
213:which was, at that time, a separate
1995:New Statistical Account of Scotland
1644:New Statistical Account of Scotland
1558:New Statistical Account of Scotland
1449:Dictionary of the Scottish Language
1256:Telfer Wall at Greyfriars Kirkyard
1049:Flodden Wall in Greyfriars Kirkyard
864:(links to map & photo sources)
134:Some sections remain to full height
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3515:St Mary's Roman Catholic Cathedral
3422:Scottish National Portrait Gallery
3052:Edinburgh Waverley railway station
2232:. Scottish Burgh Records Society.
2106:The Nor Loch: Scotland's Lost Loch
1338:
1289:Telfer Wall at Greyfriars Kirkyard
799:. The walls also form part of the
535:
245:To the north of Edinburgh lay the
197:in 1513. This was extended by the
25:
3916:
2362:
593:James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton
404:in support of the French and the
3885:City walls in the United Kingdom
3762:
3753:
3752:
3322:Tallest buildings and structures
3255:
3243:
3231:
3220:
3219:
3161:Edinburgh International Festival
2649:
2642:
2295:Edinburgh Under Siege: 1571–1573
120:: approximate extent of Nor Loch
65:
53:
3895:Scheduled monuments in Scotland
3407:Royal Scottish Academy Building
3244:
3176:Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo
3105:Moray House School of Education
1986:
1971:. Historic Environment Scotland
1961:
1952:
1924:
1896:
1871:
1859:. Historic Environment Scotland
1837:
1825:. Historic Environment Scotland
1803:
1794:
1772:
1751:
1742:
1733:
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1700:. Historic Environment Scotland
1676:
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1607:
1598:
1577:
1551:
1539:. Historic Environment Scotland
1497:
1474:
1430:
1421:
920:Flodden Wall at Granny's Green
872:King's Wall in Tweeddale Court
496:is today, and giving access to
383:
3453:Scottish National War Memorial
2788:Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
2167:"Notes on the Nether Bow Port"
2042:Edinburgh: the story of a city
1412:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1358:
1315:List of town walls in Scotland
953:Flodden Wall at Granny's Green
905:King's Wall in Tweeddale Court
611:
268:
13:
1:
3870:Military history of Edinburgh
3510:St Mary's Episcopal Cathedral
3443:National Monument of Scotland
2446:
2318:The Trial of Captain Porteous
2123:Gibson, John Sibbald (1995).
1320:
636:'s Trust for the building of
583:, represented by a series of
287:
224:
3469:Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh
3384:National Library of Scotland
3358:Scottish Parliament Building
3304:Buildings and structures in
2798:Scottish Parliament Building
1373:Grants Old and New Edinburgh
1208:Telfer Wall at Heriot Place
682:Jacobite rising of that year
652:Later history and demolition
209:. This gave access from the
7:
3402:National Museum of Scotland
3037:Edinburgh Airport Rail Link
2846:National Museum of Scotland
1308:
1241:Telfer Wall at Heriot Place
844:GPX (secondary coordinates)
806:
735:National Museum of Scotland
684:. In 1736, the lynching of
589:William Kirkcaldy of Grange
507:and the Society of Brewers;
442:National Museum of Scotland
10:
3921:
3890:Fortifications in Scotland
3809:Defence infrastructure in
3645:Edinburgh Festival Theatre
2640:
452:now stands, and ran along
109:: site of Netherbow Port,
3817:
3750:
3724:
3673:
3637:
3611:
3580:
3549:
3528:
3482:
3461:
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3412:Scottish National Gallery
3392:
3371:
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3312:
3215:
3192:Demographics of Edinburgh
3184:
3146:Edinburgh Festival Fringe
3138:
3115:Queen Margaret University
3075:
3057:Haymarket railway station
3015:
2955:
2884:
2871:Scottish National Gallery
2821:
2688:
2675:Lord Provost of Edinburgh
2670:City of Edinburgh Council
2658:
2456:
2321:. William Hodge & Co.
2148:The Buildings of Scotland
839:GPX (primary coordinates)
814:Map all coordinates using
711:Donald Cameron of Lochiel
573:Lords of the Congregation
428:per rood (one rood = six
159:
151:
143:
138:
130:
125:
64:
52:
39:
34:
3125:Scotland's Rural College
3090:Edinburgh College of Art
2609:Edinburgh Stock Exchange
2347:10.9750/PSAS.107.155.241
2266:10.9750/PSAS.021.251.260
2186:10.9750/PSAS.067.297.307
2059:Coghill, Hamish (2004).
2008:. E. & G. Goldsmid.
822:Download coordinates as:
638:George Heriot's Hospital
475:Waverley railway station
169:There have been several
3343:Edinburgh City Chambers
3130:University of Edinburgh
2634:Great Fire of Edinburgh
2578:Visit of King George IV
2165:Kerr, Henry F. (1933).
2040:Catford, E. F. (1975).
1883:journals.socantscot.org
1509:journals.socantscot.org
1443:, meaning "lower", and
699:Jacobite rising of 1745
558:War of the Rough Wooing
456:, turning north at the
359:Archaeological evidence
104:: Greyfriars Kirkyard;
3348:General Register House
3197:Geography of Edinburgh
3095:Heriot-Watt University
2997:Royal Bank of Scotland
2866:Royal Scottish Academy
2778:Princes Street Gardens
2708:Brass Founders' Pillar
2503:Parliament of Scotland
2293:Potter, Harry (2003).
2245:Miller, Peter (1887).
2104:Fife, Malcolm (2001).
2083:The Walls of Edinburgh
1739:Roughhead, pp.126, 129
784:
767:
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689:initial demand by the
661:
625:
562:Sir Christopher Morris
549:
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251:Princes Street Gardens
3042:Edinburgh City Bypass
2573:North British Railway
834:GPX (all coordinates)
782:
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707:Bonnie Prince Charlie
686:Captain John Porteous
659:
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3837:Edinburgh town walls
3822:Craiglockhart Castle
3660:Royal Lyceum Theatre
3520:St Margaret's Chapel
2982:Edinburgh BioQuarter
2932:Royal Lyceum Theatre
2723:Craiglockhart Castle
2589:Edwin of Northumbria
2528:Edinburgh town walls
2478:Mary, Queen of Scots
2473:Burning of Edinburgh
2395:55.94622°N 3.19698°W
2224:Marwick, James David
2125:Edinburgh in the '45
2087:Cockburn Association
1721:Schofield, p.155–156
1454:10 July 2013 at the
1278:55.94531°N 3.19191°W
1230:55.94571°N 3.19602°W
1134:55.94841°N 3.18236°W
1086:55.94643°N 3.19111°W
990:55.94622°N 3.19698°W
894:55.95021°N 3.18455°W
569:Mary, Queen of Scots
373:Headland Archaeology
147:15th to 17th century
96:: Edinburgh Castle,
35:Edinburgh town walls
3880:Old Town, Edinburgh
3624:Murrayfield Stadium
3500:St Giles' Cathedral
3047:Edinburgh Crossrail
2907:Edinburgh Playhouse
2851:National War Museum
2841:Museum of Edinburgh
2831:Fruitmarket Gallery
2808:St Giles' Cathedral
2680:Scottish Parliament
2523:Treaty of Edinburgh
2493:Kingdom of Scotland
2390: /
2127:. Saltire Society.
1782:. Coghill, pp.14,17
1418:Marwick, pp.134–135
1273: /
1225: /
1182:55.95065°N 3.1843°W
1177: /
1129: /
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1038:55.9466°N 3.19332°W
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937: /
889: /
793:scheduled monuments
754:Surviving fragments
748:Greyfriars Kirkyard
624:off Lauriston Place
438:Greyfriars Kirkyard
400:led an invasion of
378:St Patrick’s Church
235:David I of Scotland
113:: Waverley station
3827:Craigmillar Castle
3732:Craigmillar Castle
3686:Edinburgh Waverley
3603:The Scotsman Hotel
2972:Caledonian Brewery
2836:The Georgian House
2558:Disruption of 1843
2553:Church of Scotland
2400:55.94622; -3.19698
2206:Scottish Townscape
2108:. Pentland Press.
2079:Cullen, W. Douglas
1940:. 30 December 2008
1673:Potter, pp.105–106
1447:, meaning "arch".
1283:55.94531; -3.19191
1235:55.94571; -3.19602
1139:55.94841; -3.18236
1091:55.94643; -3.19111
995:55.94622; -3.19698
899:55.95021; -3.18455
785:
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739:Advocates' Library
722:
662:
648:, John Taillefer.
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3875:Walls in Scotland
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3696:Forth Road Bridge
3462:Current hospitals
3438:Melville Monument
3363:St Andrew's House
3271:
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3202:Beer in Edinburgh
3110:Napier University
3085:Edinburgh College
2937:St Cecilia's Hall
2927:Reid Concert Hall
2803:St Andrew's House
2758:National Monument
2743:Forth Road Bridge
2738:Forth Rail Bridge
2498:Act of Union 1707
2313:Roughead, William
2115:978-1-85821-806-9
2070:978-1-84158-309-9
2032:978-0-9559485-0-3
2021:Bell, D. (2008).
1409:Marwick, pp.70–71
1303:
1302:
1187:55.95065; -3.1843
1043:55.9466; -3.19332
947:55.9475; -3.19798
773:crosslet gunloops
671:English Civil War
512:Easter Portsburgh
498:Wester Portsburgh
410:Battle of Flodden
324:
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195:Battle of Flodden
167:
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100:: Flodden Tower,
16:(Redirected from
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3832:Edinburgh Castle
3803:
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3742:Redford Barracks
3737:Edinburgh Castle
3701:George IV Bridge
3353:Parliament House
3317:Listed buildings
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2912:Festival Theatre
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2773:Parliament House
2748:Governor's House
2728:Edinburgh Castle
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2563:Thomas Aikenhead
2513:Edinburgh Review
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126:Site information
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85:: Flodden Wall,
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3711:North Bridge
3691:Forth Bridge
3185:Other topics
2922:Queen's Hall
2885:Theatres and
2584:Walter Scott
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2004:
1994:
1987:Bibliography
1973:. Retrieved
1963:
1958:Cullen, p.13
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
1937:The Scotsman
1935:
1926:
1914:. Retrieved
1909:The Scotsman
1907:
1898:
1886:. Retrieved
1882:
1873:
1861:. Retrieved
1839:
1827:. Retrieved
1805:
1800:Cullen, p.17
1796:
1787:
1780:Dean Gallery
1774:
1757:Gibson, p.16
1753:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1702:. Retrieved
1678:
1669:
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1579:
1574:Potter, p.22
1557:
1553:
1541:. Retrieved
1512:. Retrieved
1508:
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525:North Bridge
487:
448:, where the
434:
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384:Flodden Wall
367:, above the
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139:Site history
117:Blue shading
116:
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106:
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87:
81:
75:
29:
3681:Dean Bridge
3619:Easter Road
3581:Hospitality
3393:Museums and
2768:Old College
2763:New College
2718:Calton Hill
2619:Silvermills
2548:James Craig
2543:Robert Adam
2398: /
2341:: 155–204.
2260:: 251–265.
2208:. Collins.
2180:: 297–307.
2150:. Penguin.
2063:. Birlinn.
1791:Cullen, p.4
1748:Gibson, p.9
1622:Kerr, p.304
1613:Kerr, p.303
1471:Cullen, p.1
1281: /
1233: /
1185: /
1137: /
1089: /
1041: /
993: /
945: /
897: /
861:Coordinates
731:Old College
612:Telfer Wall
465:leading to
450:Old College
414:Grassmarket
269:King's Wall
231:royal burgh
199:Telfer Wall
187:King's Wall
183:royal burgh
3864:Categories
3847:Tally Toor
3665:Usher Hall
3338:Bute House
3331:Government
3076:Health and
2947:Usher Hall
2902:(proposed)
2861:Public art
2713:Bute House
2661:Governance
2594:Devolution
2508:David Hume
2404: (
2382:55°56′46″N
2297:. Tempus.
2157:014071068X
2025:. Tholis.
1634:, pp.10–12
1382:See Miller
1321:References
1287: (
1265:55°56′43″N
1239: (
1217:55°56′45″N
1191: (
1169:55°57′02″N
1143: (
1121:55°56′54″N
1095: (
1073:55°56′47″N
1047: (
1025:55°56′48″N
999: (
977:55°56′46″N
951: (
929:55°56′51″N
903: (
881:55°57′01″N
667:John Mylne
605:Regent Mar
365:Royal Mile
310:Great Seal
275:title deed
255:Halkerston
225:Background
207:Royal Mile
171:town walls
160:Demolished
3811:Edinburgh
3706:Haymarket
3674:Transport
3541:Tron Kirk
3431:Monuments
3395:galleries
3372:Libraries
3306:Edinburgh
3139:Festivals
3100:Hospitals
3078:education
3018:Transport
2691:landmarks
2624:Tron riot
2468:Etymology
2449:Edinburgh
2385:3°11′49″W
2355:257752758
2274:254528583
2194:257290149
2144:Edinburgh
1944:9 October
1916:9 October
1514:31 August
1436:From the
1364:Fife, p.4
1335:Bell, p.7
1268:3°11′31″W
1220:3°11′46″W
1172:3°11′03″W
1124:3°10′56″W
1076:3°11′28″W
1028:3°11′36″W
980:3°11′49″W
932:3°11′53″W
884:3°11′04″W
546:Canongate
494:West Port
463:Canongate
458:Pleasance
396:In 1513,
281:issued a
211:Canongate
175:Edinburgh
152:Materials
131:Condition
42:Edinburgh
18:Netherbow
3759:Category
3598:New Club
3483:Churches
3226:Category
3171:Hogmanay
2538:New Town
2533:Old Town
2284:(1829).
2238:03014481
2204:(1975).
2081:(1988).
1452:Archived
1309:See also
807:Location
727:New Town
673:(nearby
597:Mons Meg
353:posterns
341:Stirling
314:Stirling
247:Nor Loch
240:palisade
233:by King
179:Scotland
46:Scotland
3769:Commons
3725:Defence
3250:Outline
3238:Commons
3120:Schools
3032:Airport
3027:A1 road
2958:Economy
2822:Museums
2604:Lothian
2459:History
2014:4240031
1975:6 March
1888:27 July
1863:6 March
1829:6 March
1704:6 March
1646:, p.626
1560:, p.627
1543:6 March
585:regents
418:Cowgate
402:England
369:Cowgate
305:Provost
283:charter
173:around
3550:Houses
3262:Portal
2353:
2301:
2272:
2236:
2212:
2192:
2154:
2131:
2112:
2093:
2067:
2048:
2029:
2012:
1441:nether
867:Notes
857:Point
675:Dunbar
642:rubble
640:. The
622:vennel
88:Purple
76:Orange
3612:Sport
3067:Trams
2599:Burgh
2351:S2CID
2331:(PDF)
2270:S2CID
2250:(PDF)
2190:S2CID
2170:(PDF)
646:mason
426:Scots
421:£4/10
345:Perth
215:burgh
155:Stone
144:Built
73:Key:
2582:Sir
2299:ISBN
2234:LCCN
2210:ISBN
2152:ISBN
2129:ISBN
2110:ISBN
2091:ISBN
2065:ISBN
2046:ISBN
2027:ISBN
2010:OCLC
1977:2017
1946:2009
1918:2009
1890:2021
1865:2017
1831:2017
1706:2017
1545:2017
1516:2021
741:and
469:and
430:ells
416:and
343:and
2343:doi
2339:107
2262:doi
2182:doi
1445:bow
829:KML
312:at
82:Red
3866::
2349:.
2337:.
2333:.
2268:.
2258:21
2256:.
2252:.
2188:.
2178:67
2176:.
2172:.
2146:.
2089:.
2085:.
1934:.
1906:.
1881:.
1848:^
1814:^
1762:^
1714:^
1687:^
1588:^
1565:^
1524:^
1507:.
1485:^
1462:^
1340:^
1328:^
803:.
750:.
217:.
177:,
44:,
3802:e
3795:t
3788:v
3506:)
3502:(
3297:e
3290:t
3283:v
2440:e
2433:t
2426:v
2408:)
2357:.
2345::
2307:.
2288:.
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2240:.
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2196:.
2184::
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2137:.
2118:.
2099:.
2073:.
2054:.
2035:.
2016:.
1979:.
1948:.
1920:.
1892:.
1867:.
1833:.
1708:.
1547:.
1518:.
1291:)
1243:)
1195:)
1147:)
1099:)
1051:)
1003:)
955:)
907:)
514:;
500:;
423:s
111:E
107:D
102:C
98:B
94:A
20:)
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