Net neutrality - Knowledge

2721:, who was one of the two commissioners who opposed the net neutrality proposal, criticized the FCC's ruling on Internet neutrality, stating that the perceived threats from ISPs to deceive consumers, degrade content, or disfavor the content that they dislike are non-existent: "The evidence of these continuing threats? There is none; it's all anecdote, hypothesis, and hysteria. A small ISP in North Carolina allegedly blocked VoIP calls a decade ago. Comcast capped BitTorrent traffic to ease upload congestion eight years ago. Apple introduced Facetime over Wi-Fi first, cellular networks later. "FCC chairman Pai wants to switch ISP rules from proactive restrictions to after-the-fact litigation, which means a lot more leeway for ISPs that don't particularly want to be treated as impartial utilities connecting people to the internet." (Atherton, 2017). Examples this picayune and stale aren't enough to tell a coherent story about net neutrality. The bogeyman never had it so easy." FCC Commissioner Mike O'Reilly, the other opposing commissioner, also claims that the ruling is a solution to a hypothetical problem, "Even after enduring three weeks of spin, it is hard for me to believe that the Commission is establishing an entire Title II/net neutrality regime to protect against hypothetical harms. There is not a shred of evidence that any aspect of this structure is necessary. The D.C. Circuit called the prior, scaled-down version a 'prophylactic' approach. I call it guilt by imagination." In a 2892:

considered common carriers, which legitimates the abrogation of Net Neutrality rules. Under a Net Neutrality regime, prioritization of a class of traffic with respect to another one is allowed only if several requirements are met (e.g., objectively different QoS requirements). However, when it comes to caching, a selection of contents of the same class has to be performed (e.g., set of videos worth storing in cache servers). In the spirit of general deregulation with regard to caching, there is no rule that specifies how this process can be carried out in a non-discriminatory way. Nevertheless, the scientific literature considers the issue of caching as a potentially discriminatory process and provides possible guidelines to address it. For example, a non-discriminatory caching might be performed considering the popularity of contents, or with the aim of guaranteeing the same QoE to all the users, or, alternatively, to achieve some common welfare objectives.

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then control what is seen as well as how much it costs to see it. Speedy and secure Internet use for such industries as healthcare, finance, retailing, and gambling could be subject to large fees charged by these companies. They further explain that a majority of the great innovators in the history of the Internet started with little capital in their garages, inspired by great ideas. This was possible because the protections of net neutrality ensured limited control by owners of the networks, maximal competition in this space, and permitted innovators from outside access to the network. Internet content was guaranteed a free and highly competitive space by the existence of net neutrality. For example, back in 2005, YouTube was a small startup company. Due to the absence of Internet fast lanes, YouTube had the ability to grow larger than Google Video. Tom Wheeler and Senators Ronald Lee Wyden (D-Ore.) and

2899:(CDNs) are concerned, the relationship between caching and Net Neutrality is even more complex. In fact, CDNs are employed to allow scalable and highly-efficient content delivery rather than to grant access to the Internet. Consequently, differently from ISPs, CDNs are entitled to charge content providers for caching their content. Therefore, although this may be regarded as a form of paid traffic prioritization, CDNs are not subject to Net Neutrality regulations and are rarely included in the debate. Despite this, it is argued by some that the Internet ecosystem has changed to such an extent that all the players involved in the content delivery can distort competition and should be therefore also included in the discussion around Net Neutrality. Among those, the analyst Dan Rayburn suggested that "the Open Internet Order enacted by the FCC in 2015 was myopically focussed on ISPs". 1447:, where some ISPs offer exclusive internet applications or services or make it more difficult to gain access to internet content that may be more easily viewable through other internet service providers. An example of a fragmented service would be television, where some cable providers offer exclusive media from certain content providers. However, in theory, allowing ISPs to favor certain content and private networks would overall improve internet services since they would be able to recognize packets of information that are more time-sensitive and prioritize that over packets that are not as sensitive to latency. The issue, as explained by Robin S. Lee and Tim Wu, is that there are literally too many ISPs and internet content providers around the world to reach an agreement on how to standardize that prioritization. 2966:, who use these QoS measurements as a way of detecting Net Neutrality violations. However, there are very few examples of such measurements being used in any significant way by NRAs, or in network policy for that matter. Often, these tools are used not because they fail at recording the results they are meant to record, but because said measurements are inflexible and difficult to exploit for any significant purpose. According to Ioannis Koukoutsidis, the problems with the current tools used to measure QoS stem from a lack of a standard detection methodology, a need to be able to detect various methods in which an ISP might violate Net Neutrality, and the inability to test an average measurement for a specific population of users. 3154: 2835:

prevent insecure systems from serving as spam relays, or other ports commonly used by decentralized music search applications implementing peer-to-peer networking models. They also present terms of service that often include rules about the use of certain applications as part of their contracts with users. Most consumer Internet providers implement policies like these. The MIT Mantid Port Blocking Measurement Project is a measurement effort to characterize Internet port blocking and potentially discriminatory practices. However, the effect of peering arrangements among network providers are only local to the peers that enter into the arrangements and cannot affect traffic flow outside their scope.

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that's really to blame." The authors state that local governments and their public utilities charge ISPs far more than they actually cost and have the final say on whether an ISP can build a network. The public officials determine what requirements an ISP must meet to get approval for access to publicly owned rights of way (which lets them place their wires), thus reducing the number of potential competitors who can profitably deploy Internet services—such as AT&T's U-Verse, Google Fiber, and Verizon FiOS. Kickbacks may include municipal requirements for ISPs such as building out service where it is not demanded, donating equipment, and delivering free broadband to government buildings.

2048: 2152:. He states that the vision of an intelligent network is being replaced by a new network philosophy and architecture in which the network is designed for always-on use, not intermittence and scarcity. Rather than intelligence being designed into the network itself, the intelligence would be pushed out to the end-user devices; and the network would be designed simply to deliver bits without fancy network routing or smart number translation. The data would be in control, telling the network where it should be sent. End-user devices would then be allowed to behave flexibly, as bits would essentially be free and there would be no assumption that the data is of a single data rate or data type. 44: 1493:

fails to load at the expected speed, many of them simply click out. A study found that even a one-second delay could lead to "11% fewer page views, a 16% decrease in customer satisfaction, and 7% loss in conversions." This delay can cause a severe problem to small innovators who have created new technology. If a website is slow by default, the general public will lose interest and favor a website that runs faster. This helps large corporate companies maintain power because they have the means to fund faster Internet speeds. On the other hand, smaller competitors have less financial capabilities making it harder for them to succeed in the online world.

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Dennis Carlton and Hal Sidler found that "Between mid-2002 and mid-2008, the number of high-speed broadband access lines in the United States grew from 16 million to nearly 133 million, and the number of residential broadband lines grew from 14 million to nearly 80 million. Internet traffic roughly tripled between 2007 and 2009. At the same time, prices for broadband Internet access services have fallen sharply." The PPI reports that the profit margins of U.S. broadband providers are generally one-sixth to one-eighth of companies that use broadband (such as Apple or Google), contradicting the idea of monopolistic price-gouging by providers.

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scrapping of net neutrality regulations precipitate a price drop for lower levels of access, or access to only certain protocols, for instance, such would make Internet usage more adaptable to the needs of those individuals and corporations who specifically seek differentiated tiers of service. Network expert Richard Bennett has written, "A richly funded Web site, which delivers data faster than its competitors to the front porches of the Internet service providers, wants it delivered the rest of the way on an equal basis. This system, which Google calls broadband neutrality, actually preserves a more fundamental inequality."

2508:, in one of Google's few lobbying sessions with FCC officials, the company urged the agency to craft rules that encourage investment in broadband Internet networks—a position that mirrors the argument made by opponents of strong net neutrality rules, such as AT&T and Comcast. Opponents of net neutrality argue that prioritization of bandwidth is necessary for future innovation on the Internet. Telecommunications providers such as telephone and cable companies, and some technology companies that supply networking gear, argue telecom providers should have the ability to provide preferential treatment in the form of 3142:

small businesses, and job opportunities for middle class and low-income citizens. The FCC reports on their website that Americans in rural areas reach only 65 percent, while in urban areas reach 97 percent of access to high-speed Internet. Public Knowledge has stated that this will have a larger impact on those living in rural areas without internet access. In developing countries like India that don't have reliable electricity or internet connections has only 9 percent of those living in rural areas that have internet access compared to 64 percent of those in urban areas that have access.

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residential broadband customers, wrote to the FCC stating that Title II "will badly strain our limited resources" because they "have no in-house attorneys and no budget line items for outside counsel." Further, another 43 municipal broadband providers told the FCC that Title II "will trigger consequences beyond the Commission's control and risk serious harm to our ability to fund and deploy broadband without bringing any concrete benefit for consumers or edge providers that the market is not already proving today without the aid of any additional regulation."

638: 2859:, says that "it's entirely possible that some applications needs far more latency, like games. Other applications need broadband streaming capability in order to deliver real-time video. Others don't really care as long as they can get the bits there, like e-mail or file transfers and things like that. But it should not be the case that the supplier of the access to the network mediates this on a competitive basis, but you may still have different kinds of service depending on what the requirements are for the different applications." 1573:, an opponent of net neutrality, to the chairman of the FCC, the FCC has reversed many previous net neutrality rulings and reclassified Internet services as Title I information services. The FCC's decisions have been a matter of several ongoing legal challenges by both states supporting net neutrality, and ISPs challenging it. The United States Congress has attempted to pass legislation supporting net neutrality but has failed to gain sufficient support. In 2018, a bill cleared the U.S. Senate, with Republicans 2007:

the ability to affect what people see and do online. Cerf has also written about the importance of looking at problems like Net Neutrality through a combination of the Internet's layered system and the multistakeholder model that governs it. He shows how challenges can arise that can implicate Net Neutrality in certain infrastructure-based cases, such as when ISPs enter into exclusive arrangements with large building owners, leaving the residents unable to exercise any choice in broadband provider.

2796:, networks would have to treat critical traffic equally with non-critical traffic. According to Farber, "When traffic surges beyond the ability of the network to carry it, something is going to be delayed. When choosing what gets delayed, it makes sense to allow a network to favor traffic from, say, a patient's heart monitor over traffic delivering a music download. It also makes sense to allow network operators to restrict traffic that is downright harmful, such as viruses, worms and spam." 2619:) downstream and 1 Mbit/s (125 kbyte/s) upstream and that nearly 88 percent of Americans can choose from at least two wired providers of broadband disregarding speed (typically choosing between a cable and telco offering). Further, three of the four national wireless companies report that they offer 4G LTE to 250–300 million Americans, with the fourth (T-Mobile) sitting at 209 million and counting. Similarly, the FCC reported in June 2008 that 99.8% of 1565:

services into certain areas of the United States. It was intended to make the internet more accessible for under-served areas, and aspects of net neutrality and open access were written into the grant. However, the bill never set any significant precedents for net neutrality or influenced future legislation relating to net neutrality. Until 2017, the FCC had generally been favorable towards net neutrality, treating ISPs under Title II common carrier. With the onset of the

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investment rate per GDP trails only the UK and South Korea slightly, but exceeds Japan, Canada, Italy, Germany, and France sizably. On broadband speed, Akamai reported that the US trails only South Korea and Japan among its major trading partners, and trails only Japan in the G-7 in both average peak connection speed and percentage of the population connection at 10 Mbit/s or higher, but are substantially ahead of most of its other major trading partners.

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form of discriminatory traffic differentiation. For example, the technical writer Adam Marcus states that "accessing content from edge servers may be a bit faster for users, but nobody is being discriminated against and most content on the Internet is not latency-sensitive". In line with this statement, caching is not regulated by legal frameworks that are favourable to Net Neutrality, such as the Open Internet Order issued by the

2086:. Advocates warn that by charging websites for access, network owners may be able to block competitor Web sites and services, as well as refuse access to those unable to pay. According to Tim Wu, cable companies plan to reserve bandwidth for their own television services, and charge companies a toll for priority service. Proponents of net neutrality argue that allowing for preferential treatment of Internet traffic, or 908:, among other means. Although all of these use the Internet for transport, and the content received locally is ultimately identical, the interim data traffic is dramatically different depending on which transfer method is used. To proponents of net neutrality, this suggests that prioritizing any one transfer protocol over another is generally unprincipled, or that doing so penalizes the free choices of some users. 3094:. Out of the approximately 1,000 responses received by the poll, 76% of Americans, 81% of Democrats, and 73% of Republicans, support net neutrality. The poll also showed that 78% of Americans do not think that Trump's government can be trusted to protect access to the Internet. Net neutrality supporters had also made several comments on the FCC website opposing plans to remove net neutrality, especially after 8629:

slow connections and degraded content. That scenario, however, is a false paradigm. Such an all-or-nothing world doesn't exist today, nor will it exist in the future. Without additional regulation, service providers are likely to continue doing what they are doing. They will continue to offer a variety of broadband service plans at a variety of price points to suit every type of consumer.

1114:. Because the end-to-end principle is one of the central design principles of the Internet, and because the practical means for implementing data discrimination violate the end-to-end principle, the principle often enters discussions about net neutrality. The end-to-end principle is closely related and sometimes seen as a direct precursor to the principle of net neutrality. 2603:) or greater in January 2015, FCC commissioners Ajit Pai and Mike O'Reilly believed the redefinition was to set up the agency's intent to settle the net neutrality fight with new regulations. The commissioners argued that the stricter speed guidelines painted the broadband industry as less competitive, justifying the FCC's moves with Title II net neutrality regulations. 3108:. He urged his viewers to comment on the FCC's website, and the flood of comments that were received crashed the FCC's website, with the resulting media coverage of the incident inadvertently helping it to reach greater audiences. However, in response, Ajit Pai selected one particular comment that specifically supported removal of net neutrality policies. 797:, and Internet content providers, assert that net neutrality helps to provide freedom of information exchange, promotes competition and innovation for Internet services, and upholds standardization of Internet data transmission which was essential for its growth. Opponents of net neutrality, which include ISPs, computer hardware manufacturers, economists, 1512:

no-blocking policy or a quality of service tiering policy) cannot achieve the range of valued political and economic objectives central to the debate. As Bauer and Obar suggest, "safeguarding multiple goals requires a combination of instruments that will likely involve government and nongovernment measures. Furthermore, promoting goals such as the

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protection laws faster. It has also been noted that nowhere was it mentioned how FCC made any attempt to resolve the complaints made. Regardless, Ajit Pai's proposal has drawn more than 22 million comments, though a large amount was spam. However, there were 1.5 million personalized comments, 98.5% of them protesting Ajit Pai's plan.

2548:. If you have these pure net neutrality rules where you can never charge a company like Netflix anything, you're not ever going to get a return on continued network investment – which means you'll stop investing in the network. And I would not want to be sitting here 10 or 20 years from now with the same broadband speeds we're getting today." 729:, and that users would be intolerant of slow-loading websites. Opponents argue that it reduces investment, deters competition, increases taxes, imposes unnecessary regulations, prevents the Internet from being accessible to lower income individuals, and prevents Internet traffic from being allocated to the most needed users, that large 2299:

support for strong net neutrality rules late in 2014, Schmidt told a top White House official the president was making a mistake. Google once strongly advocated net-neutrality–like rules prior to 2010, but their support for the rules has since diminished; the company however still remains "committed" to net neutrality.

2112:(D-Minn.) said, "Internet service providers treated YouTube's videos the same as they did Google's, and Google couldn't pay the ISPs to gain an unfair advantage, like a fast lane into consumers' homes," they wrote. "Well, it turned out that people liked YouTube a lot more than Google Video, so YouTube thrived." 1375:

deal with Google, in which they charge Google for the traffic incurred on the Orange network. Some also thought that Orange's rival ISP Free throttled YouTube traffic. However, an investigation done by the French telecommunications regulatory body revealed that the network was simply congested during peak hours.

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reduction in this spending will stifle growth across the entire economy. This is not idle speculation or fear mongering...Title II is going to lead to a slowdown, if not a hold, in broadband build out, because if you don't know that you can recover on your investment, you won't make it." According to the

4836: 2659:, the authors stated their findings subvert some of the expectations of how ISPs and CPs act regarding net neutrality laws. The paper shows that even if an ISP is under restrictions, it still has the opportunity and the incentive to act as a gatekeeper over CPs by enforcing priority delivery of content. 3123:

to vote on the permanence of the new net neutrality rules proposed by the Federal Communications Commission. The vote passed and a resolution was approved to try to remove the FCC's new rules on net neutrality; however, officials doubted there was enough time to completely repeal the rules before the

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Many Economists have analyzed Net Neutrality to compare various hypothetical pricing models. For instance, economic professors Michael L. Katz and Benjamin E. Hermalin at the University of California Berkeley co-published a paper titled, "The Economics of Product-Line Restrictions with an Application

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An approach offered by Tim Berners-Lee allows discrimination between different tiers while enforcing strict neutrality of data sent at each tier: "If I pay to connect to the Net with a given quality of service, and you pay to connect to the net with the same or higher quality of service, then you and

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or services for the customers of the network would normally be expected to be less useful to the customers than one that did not. Therefore, for a network to remain significantly non-neutral requires either that the customers not be concerned about the particular non-neutralities or the customers not

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writes, "the average potential increase in taxes and fees per household would be far less" than the estimate given by net neutrality opponents, and that if there were to be additional taxes, the tax figure may be around US$ 4 billion. Under favorable circumstances, "the increase would be exactly

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magazine article by TechFreedom's Berin Szoka, Matthew Starr, and Jon Henke, local governments and public utilities impose the most significant barriers to entry for more cable broadband competition: "While popular arguments focus on supposed 'monopolists' such as big cable companies, it's government

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argue that net neutrality ensures that the Internet remains a free and open technology, fostering democratic communication. Lessig and McChesney go on to argue that the monopolization of the Internet would stifle the diversity of independent news sources and the generation of innovative and novel web

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On 19 October 2023, the FCC voted 3–2 to approve a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) that seeks comments on a plan to restore net neutrality rules and regulation of Internet service providers. On 25 April 2024, the FCC voted 3–2 to reinstate net neutrality in the United States by reclassifying the

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Pro-net neutrality arguments have also noted that regulations are necessary due to research showing low tolerance to slow-loading content providers. In a 2009 research study conducted by Forrester Research, online shoppers expected the web pages they visited to download content instantly. When a page

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One of the criticisms regarding discrimination is that the system set up by ISPs for this purpose is capable of not only discriminating but also scrutinizing the full-packet content of communications. For instance, deep packet inspection technology installs intelligence within the lower layers in the

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Aside from the zero-rating method, ISPs will also use certain strategies to reduce the costs of pricing plans such as the use of sponsored data. In a scenario where a sponsored data plan is used, a third party will step in and pay for all the content that it (or the carrier or consumer) does not want

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services to download large files. However, the FCC spokeswoman Jen Howard responded, "The court in no way disagreed with the importance of preserving a free and open Internet, nor did it close the door to other methods for achieving this important end." Despite the ruling in favor of Comcast, a study

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If the core of a network has more bandwidth than is permitted to enter at the edges, then good quality of service (QoS) can be obtained without policing or throttling. For example, telephone networks employ admission control to limit user demand on the network core by refusing to create a circuit for

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The supporters of net neutrality regulation believe that more rules are necessary. In their view, without greater regulation, service providers might parcel out bandwidth or services, creating a bifurcated world in which the wealthy enjoy first-class Internet access, while everyone else is left with

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At the end of August, the FCC released more than 13,000 pages of net neutrality complaints filed by consumers, one day before the deadline for the public to comment on Ajit Pai's proposal to remove net neutrality. It has been implied that the FCC ignored evidence against their proposal to remove the

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in 2015. Even more so, the legitimacy of caching has never been put in doubt by opponents of Net Neutrality. On the contrary, the complexity of caching operations (e.g., extensive information processing) has been successively regarded by the FCC as one of the technical reasons why ISPs should not be

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file sharing. More specifically, traffic shaping is any action on a set of packets (often called a stream or a flow) that imposes additional delay on those packets such that they conform to some predetermined constraint (a contract or traffic profile). Traffic shaping provides a means to control the

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They argued that, in addition to any processing in the intermediate systems, reliable systems tend to require processing in the end-points to operate correctly. They pointed out that most features in the lowest level of a communications system impose costs for all higher-layer clients, even if those

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have been designed to perform this process which, in general, leads to storing the most popular contents. The cached contents are retrieved at a higher QoE (e.g., lower latency), and caching can be therefore considered a form of traffic differentiation. However, caching is not generally viewed as a

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to provide Knowledge free-of-charge on mobile phones to low-income users, especially those in developing countries. However, the practice violates net neutrality rules as traffic would have to be treated equally regardless of the users' ability to pay. In 2014, Chile banned the practice of Internet

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states that the FCC completely brushes away the concerns of smaller competitors who are going to be subject to various taxes, such as state property taxes and general receipts taxes. As a result, according to Pai, that does nothing to create more competition within the market. According to Pai, the

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According to a letter to FCC commissioners and key congressional leaders sent by 60 major ISP technology suppliers including IBM, Intel, Qualcomm, and Cisco, Title II regulation of the Internet "means that instead of billions of broadband investment driving other sectors of the economy forward, any

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Net neutrality advocates have sponsored legislation claiming that authorizing incumbent network providers to override transport and application layer separation on the Internet would signal the decline of fundamental Internet standards and international consensus authority. Further, the legislation

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Proponents of net neutrality invoke the human psychological process of adaptation where when people get used to something better, they would not ever want to go back to something worse. In the context of the Internet, the proponents argue that a user who gets used to the "fast lane" on the Internet

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service", or otherwise the ISPs would be mostly unrestricted by the FCC if Internet services fell under Title I "information services". In 2009, the United States Congress passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act 2009, which granted a stimulus of $ 2.88 billion for extending broadband

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Sometimes Internet Service Providers (ISPs) will charge some companies, but not others, for the traffic they cause on the ISP's network. French telecom operator Orange, complaining that traffic from YouTube and other Google sites consist of roughly 50% of total traffic on the Orange network, made a

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ISPs have the possibility to choose a balance between a base subscription tariff (monthly bundle) and a pay-per-use (pay by MB metering). The ISP sets an upper monthly threshold on data usage, just to be able to provide an equal share among customers, and a fair use guarantee. This is generally not

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In sum, net neutrality is the principle that an ISP be required to provide access to all sites, content, and applications at the same speed, under the same conditions, without blocking or giving preference to any content. Under net neutrality, whether a user connects to Netflix, Knowledge, YouTube,

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aligns Google's views on data discrimination with Verizon's: "I want to be clear what we mean by Net neutrality: What we mean is if you have one data type like video, you don't discriminate against one person's video in favor of another. But it's okay to discriminate across different types. So you

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in 2011, "Net neutrality has not been necessary to date. I don't see any reason why it's suddenly become important, when the Internet has functioned quite well for the past 15 years without it. ... Government attempts to regulate technology have been extraordinarily counterproductive in the past."

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The White House reported in June 2013 that U.S. connection speeds are "the fastest compared to other countries with either a similar population or land mass." Akamai's report on "The State of the Internet" in the 2nd quarter of 2014 says "a total of 39 states saw 4K readiness rate more than double

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demonstrated less patience and abandoned their videos sooner than similar users with slower Internet connectivity. The results demonstrate how users can get used to faster Internet connectivity, leading to higher expectations of Internet speed, and lower tolerance for any delay that occurs. Author

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and current vice president of Google, argues that the Internet was designed without any authorities controlling access to new content or new services. He concludes that the principles responsible for making the Internet such a success would be fundamentally undermined were broadband carriers given

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of Internet services, all the way to legal enforcement that prevents companies from subsidizing Internet use on particular sites. Contrary to popular rhetoric and statements by various individuals involved in the ongoing academic debate, research suggests that a single policy instrument (such as a

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is a net neutrality issue. In the first quarter of 2014, streaming website Netflix reached an arrangement with ISP Comcast to improve the quality of its service to Netflix clients. This arrangement was made in response to increasingly slow connection speeds through Comcast over the course of 2013,

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Internet routers forward packets according to the diverse peering and transport agreements that exist between network operators. Many networks using Internet protocols now employ quality of service (QoS), and Network Service Providers frequently enter into Service Level Agreements with each other

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While the network neutrality debate continues, network providers often enter into peering arrangements among themselves. These agreements often stipulate how certain information flows should be treated. In addition, network providers often implement various policies such as blocking of port 25 to

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states that, while Google views that similar data types should not be discriminated against, it is okay to discriminate across different data types—a position that both Google and Verizon generally agree on, according to Schmidt. According to the Journal, when President Barack Obama announced his

2144:, all content must be treated the same and must move at the same speed for net neutrality to be true. They say that it is this simple but brilliant end-to-end aspect that has allowed the Internet to act as a powerful force for economic and social good. Under this principle, a neutral network is a 2107:

argue that eliminating net neutrality would lead to the Internet resembling the world of cable TV, so that access to and distribution of content would be managed by a handful of massive, near monopolistic companies, though there are multiple service providers in each region. These companies would

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that provides the first quantitative evidence of adaptation to speed among online video users. Their research studied the patience level of millions of Internet video users who waited for a slow-loading video to start playing. Users who had faster Internet connectivity, such as fiber-to-the-home,

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issue of our time." The past two decades has been an ongoing battle of ensuring that all people and websites have equal access to an unrestricted platform, regardless of their ability to pay, proponents of net neutrality wish to prevent the need to pay for speech and the further centralization of

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Net neutrality in China is not enforced, and ISPs in China play important roles in regulating the content that is available domestically on the internet. There are several ISPs filtering and blocking content at the national level, preventing domestic internet users from accessing certain sites or

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In 2019, the Save the Internet Act to "guarantee broadband internet users equal access to online content" was passed by the US House of Representatives but not by the US Senate. Finding an appropriate solution by creating more regulations for ISPs has been a major work in progress. Net neutrality

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operations should be defined to occur at the end-points of a communications system, or as close as possible to the resources being controlled. According to the end-to-end principle, protocol features are only justified in the lower layers of a system if they are a performance optimization; hence,

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and debate which one is best applied to a certain portion of Internet policy. These conversations usually refer to these two concepts as being analogous to the concepts of open and closed Internet respectively. As such, certain models have been made that aim to outline four layers of the Internet

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is referred to as the difference between those who have access to the internet and those using digital technologies based on urban against rural areas. In the U.S, government city tech leaders warned in 2017 that the FCC's repeal of net neutrality will widen the digital divide, negatively affect

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believes it is important to create policies that protect users from harmful traffic discrimination while allowing beneficial discrimination. Peha discusses the technologies that enable traffic discrimination, examples of different types of discrimination, and the potential impacts of regulation.

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in June 2014 argues that nearly every American can choose from at least 2–4 broadband Internet service providers, despite claims that there are only a "small number" of broadband providers. Citing research from the FCC, the Institute wrote that 90 percent of American households have access to at

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states that the uncertainty of the FCC imposing Title II, which experts said would create regulatory restrictions on using the Internet to transmit a voice call, was the "single greatest impediment to innovation" for a decade. According to Pulver, investors in the companies he helped found, like

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and higher speeds. FCC Commissioner Ajit Pai and Federal Election Commission's Lee Goldman wrote in a Politico piece in February 2015, "Compare Europe, which has long had utility-style regulations, with the United States, which has embraced a light-touch regulatory model. Broadband speeds in the

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and telecommunications company, has argued that they will have no incentive to make large investments to develop advanced fibre-optic networks if they are prohibited from charging higher preferred access fees to companies that wish to take advantage of the expanded capabilities of such networks.

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and his colleagues stated that "there is significant and growing competition among broadband access providers and that few significant competitive problems have been observed to date, suggesting that there is no compelling competitive rationale for such regulation." Becker and fellow economists

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Proponents of net neutrality regulations say network operators have continued to under-invest in infrastructure. However, according to Copenhagen Economics, U.S. investment in telecom infrastructure is 50 percent higher than in the European Union. As a share of GDP, the United States' broadband

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with its 3G network service, the company placed restrictions on which iPhone applications could run on its network. According to proponents of net neutrality, this capitalization on which content producers ISPs can favor would ultimately lead to fragmentation, where some ISPs would have certain

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Proponents of net neutrality argue that without new regulations, Internet service providers would be able to profit from and favor their own private protocols over others. The argument for net neutrality is that ISPs would be able to pick and choose who they offer a greater bandwidth to. If one

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was coined in the early 1990s and refers to water pipes used in a city water supply system. In theory, these pipes provide a steady and reliable source of water to every household without discrimination. In other words, it connects the user with the source without any intelligence or decrement.

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Those in favor of forms of non-neutral tiered Internet access argue that the Internet is already not a level playing field, and that large companies achieve a performance advantage over smaller competitors by providing more and better-quality servers and buying high-bandwidth services. Should

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customers' connection speed dropped to less than 1 Mbit/s early in the year. Netflix spoke out against this deal with a controversial statement delivered to all Verizon customers experiencing low connection speeds, using the Netflix client. This sparked an internal debate between the two

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officially expired on 11 June 2018. A September 2018 report from Northeastern University and the University of Massachusetts, Amherst found that U.S. telecom companies are indeed slowing Internet traffic to and from those two sites in particular along with other popular apps. In March 2019,

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providers. In his dissent, Pai noted that 142 wireless ISPs (WISPs) said that FCC's new "regulatory intrusion into our businesses ... would likely force us to raise prices, delay deployment expansion, or both." He also noted that 24 of the country's smallest ISPs, each with fewer than 1,000

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In an article published by the Cambridge University Press, they observed the political environment with net neutrality in China. Chinese ISPs have become a way for the country to control and restrict information rather than providing neutral internet content for those who use the internet.

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is the principle that to ensure freedom of choice and freedom of communication for users of network-connected devices, it is not sufficient that network operators do not interfere with their choices and activities; users must be free to use applications of their choice and hence remove the

1555:

Net neutrality in the United States has been a point of conflict between network users and service providers since the 1990s. Much of the conflict over net neutrality arises from how Internet services are classified by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) under the authority of the

1304:. Comcast admitted no wrongdoing in its proposed settlement of up to US$ 16 dollars per share in December 2009. However, a U.S. appeals court ruled in April 2010 that the FCC exceeded its authority when it sanctioned Comcast in 2008 for deliberately preventing some subscribers from using 1997:

accuses cable and telecommunications companies of wanting the role of gatekeepers, being able to control which websites load quickly, load slowly, or do not load at all. According to SaveTheInternet.com, these companies want to charge content providers who require guaranteed speedy data

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made a pop-up message that loads slowly to illustrate the effect of removing net neutrality. Other websites also put up some less obvious notifications, such as Amazon, which put up a hard-to-notice link, or Google, which put up a policy blog post as opposed to a more obvious message.

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argues that net neutrality puts everyone on equal terms, which helps drive innovation. They claim it is a preservation of the way the Internet has always operated, where the quality of websites and services determined whether they succeeded or failed, rather than deals with ISPs.

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also use similar tactics to Thailand to control the variety of internet media within their respective countries. In comparison to the United States or Canada for example, these countries have far more restrictive internet service providers. This approach is reminiscent of a

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Thierer, Adam. (2006) Are "Dumb Pipe" Mandates Smart Public Policy? Vertical Integration, Net Neutrality, and the Network Layers Model. In: Lenard T.M., May R.J. (eds) Net Neutrality or Net Neutering: Should Broadband Internet Services be Regulated. Springer, Boston,

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United States, both wired and wireless, are significantly faster than those in Europe. Broadband investment in the United States is several multiples that of Europe. And broadband's reach is much wider in the United States, despite its much lower population density."

1407:

ISPs are able to encourage the use of specific services by using private networks to discriminate what data is counted against bandwidth caps. For example, Comcast struck a deal with Microsoft that allowed users to stream television through the Xfinity app on their

1609:

is a debated issue in that nation, but not to the degree of partisanship in other nations such as the United States in part because of its federal regulatory structure and pre-existing supportive laws that were enacted decades before the debate arose. In Canada,

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joining all 49 Democrats but the House majority denied the bill a hearing. Individual states have been trying to pass legislation to make net neutrality a requirement within their state, overriding the FCC's decision. California has successfully passed its own

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and the Open Internet Coalition. However, the guidelines set in place require citizens to file formal complaints proving that their internet traffic is being throttled, and as a result, some ISPs still continue to throttle the internet traffic of their users.

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levels that would shape Internet transmissions at the network layer based on application type. These efforts are ongoing and are starting to yield results as wholesale Internet transport providers begin to amend service agreements to include service levels.

2512:, for example by giving online companies willing to pay the ability to transfer their data packets faster than other Internet traffic. The added income from such services could be used to pay for the building of increased broadband access to more consumers. 1387:

work to discover and identify the source, type, and destination of packets, revealing information about packets traveling in the physical infrastructure so it can dictate the quality of transport such packets will receive. This is seen as an architecture of

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unanimously approved new regulations supporting net neutrality. The regulations are considered to be the "world's strongest" net neutrality rules, guaranteeing free and open Internet for nearly half a billion people, and are expected to help the culture of

1622:'s censorship of a specific website supporting striking union members. In the case with Bell Canada, the debate for net neutrality became a more popular topic when it was revealed that they were throttling traffic by limiting people's accessibility to view 769:

regulations. Net neutrality does not block all abilities that ISPs have to impact their customers' services. Opt-in and opt-out services exist on the end user side, and filtering can be done locally, as in the filtering of sensitive material for minors.

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and the Hermes Center for Transparency and digital human rights. A similar law was enacted in South Korea. Similar principles were proposed in China. The French telecoms regulator ARCEP has called for the introduction of Device Neutrality in Europe.

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is the process by which frequently accessed contents are temporarily stored in strategic network positions (e.g., in servers close to the end-users) to achieve several performance objectives. For example, caching is commonly used by ISPs to reduce

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FCC commissioner Ajit Pai, who opposed the 2015 Title II reclassification of ISPs, says that the ruling allows new fees and taxes on broadband by subjecting them to telephone-style taxes under the Universal Service Fund. Net neutrality proponent

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in the United States had two or more providers of high-speed Internet lines available, and 94.6% of ZIP codes had four or more providers, as reported by University of Chicago economists Gary Becker, Dennis Carlton, and Hal Sider in a 2010 paper.

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Saltzer, J. H., D. P. Reed, and D. D. Clark (1981) "End-to-End Arguments in System Design". In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems. Paris, France. 8–10 April 1981. IEEE Computer Society, pp.

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or guaranteed bandwidth capacity must expect the capacity they purchase in order to meet their communications requirements. Various studies have sought to provide network providers with the necessary formulas for adequately pricing such a

7482: 1590:, which the United States Department of Justice challenged on a legal basis. On 8 February 2021, the U.S. Justice Department withdrew its challenge to California's data protection law. Federal Communications Commission Acting Chairwoman 2481:. Said Wikimedia Foundation officer Gayle Karen Young, "Partnering with telecom companies in the near term, it blurs the net neutrality line in those areas. It fulfills our overall mission, though, which is providing free knowledge." 5915: 10365: 1632:

to take action on preventing the throttling of third-party traffic. On 22 October 2009, the CRTC issued a ruling about internet traffic management, which favored adopting guidelines that were suggested by interest groups such as

805:, argue that net neutrality requirements would reduce their incentive to build out the Internet and reduce competition in the marketplace, and may raise their operating costs, which they would have to pass along to their users. 2472:

in 2014 that it had a "complicated relationship" with net neutrality. The organization partnered with telecommunications companies to provide free access to Knowledge for people in developing countries, under a program called

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for throttling the bandwidth of subscribers of unlimited data plans if the subscribers exceeded arbitrary data caps imposed by the telcos under a supposed "fair use policy" on their "unlimited" plans. Certain adult sites like

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critical of network neutrality, stating that while the Internet is in need of remodeling, congressional action aimed at protecting the best parts of the current Internet could interfere with efforts to build a replacement.

54:

offers smartphone contracts with monthly data limits, and sells additional monthly packages for particular data services. Critics of EU net neutrality rules say loopholes allow data for different services to be sold under

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Quality of service is sometimes taken as a measurement through certain tools to test a user's connection quality, such as Network Diagnostic Tools (NDT) and services on speedtest.net. These tools are known to be used by

7916: 2934:. This field is sometimes ignored, especially if it requests a level of service outside the originating network's contract with the receiving network. It is commonly used in private networks, especially those including 2751:

could be exempted from paying through subsidies or advertising. However, under the rules, ISPs would not be able to discriminate traffic, thus forcing low-income users to pay for high-bandwidth usage like other users.

777:

can help realize the range of valued political and economic objectives central to the network neutrality debate. Combined with public opinion, this has led some governments to regulate broadband Internet services as a

9368: 6981: 2714:, the other co-founder of PayPal, echoed similar statements, telling CNBC, "The Internet is not broken, and it got here without government regulation and probably in part because of lack of government regulation." 8753: 9553: 2747:, ISPs would be unable to provide Internet access for free or at a reduced cost to the poor under net neutrality rules. For example, low-income users who can't afford bandwidth-hogging Internet services such as 1998:

delivery – to create advantages for their own search engines, Internet phone services, and streaming video services – and slowing access or blocking access to those of competitors.

4773: 2294:, argues that claims by net neutrality proponents "do not provide a compelling rationale for regulation" because there is "significant and growing competition" among broadband access providers. Google chairman 884:—that is, the technical details of the actual communications transaction itself—must be as well. For example, the same digital video file could be accessed by viewing it live while the data is being received ( 9264: 3663: 10462: 9779: 2081:

Net neutrality advocates argue that allowing cable companies the right to demand a toll to guarantee quality or premium delivery would create an exploitative business model based on the ISPs position as

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argue that "the Internet isn't broken, and we don't need the president's plan to 'fix' it. Quite the opposite. The Internet is an unparalleled success story. It is a free, open and thriving platform."

2536:

states that "a pure net neutrality view is difficult to sustain if you also want to have continued investment in broadband networks. If you're a large telco right now, you spend on the order of $ 20

3070:, Google, and several other just as well-known websites. The gathering was called "the largest online protest in history." Websites chose many different ways to convey their message. The founder of 2115:

The lack of competition among internet providers has been cited as a major reason to support net neutrality. The loss of net neutrality in 2017 in the U.S. increased the calls for public broadband.

1534:. Net neutrality in the US has been a topic since the early 1990s, as they were one of the world leaders in providing online services. However, they face the same problems as the rest of the world. 4664: 4496: 2973:, IPTV, and other applications that benefit from low latency, various attempts to address the inability of some private networks to limit latency have arisen, including the proposition of offering 1467:

where average speeds dropped by over 25% of their values a year before to an all-time low. After the deal was struck in January 2014, the Netflix speed index recorded a 66% increase in connection.

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L.DE MUYTER, Y. DESMEDT, "Net Neutrality-from Catch-all to Catch-22" (2012) in A. STROWEL, Net Neutrality in Europe/ La neutralité de l'InternetInternet en Europe, Bruylant, Brussels, 2013, p.57

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congressional supporters of net neutrality introduced the Save the Internet Act in both the House and Senate, which if passed would reverse the FCC's 2017 repeal of net neutrality protections.

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system, the full resources of the Internet and means to operate on it should be easily accessible to all individuals, companies, and organizations. Applicable concepts include: net neutrality,

9000: 7014: 2567:

In Indonesia, there is a very high number of Internet connections that are subject to exclusive deals between the ISP and the building owner, and changing this dynamic could unlock much more

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service providers giving users free access to websites like Knowledge and Facebook, saying the practice violates net neutrality rules. In 2016, India banned Free Basics application run by

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system, as both ideas are highly similar. These systems all serve to hinder access to a wide variety of internet service, which is a stark contrast to the idea of an open Internet system.

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United States lawmakers have introduced bills that would now allow quality of service discrimination for certain services as long as no special fee is charged for higher-quality service.

10429: 1428:, counted towards the limit. Comcast denied that this infringed on net neutrality principles since "it runs its Xfinity for Xbox service on its own, private Internet protocol network." 9743: 9236: 4572: 912:

or a family blog, their ISP must treat them all the same. Without net neutrality, an ISP can influence the quality that each experience offers to end users, which suggests a regime of

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did their own assessment and settled on a possible US$ 6.25 billion tax impact, estimating that the average American household may see their tax bill increase US$ 67 annually.

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Easley, Robert F.; Guo, Hong; Kraemer, Jan (8 March 2017). "Easley, R., Guo, H., Krämer, J. – From Net Neutrality to Data Neutrality, Information Systems Research 29(2):253–272".

2264:, which represents a diverse array of small and large broadband providers, is also an opponent. A 2006 campaign against net neutrality was funded by AT&T and members included 8584: 7882: 6200: 9136: 8908: 6394: 3046:

to the Network Neutrality Debate" in 2007. In this paper, they compared the single-service economic equilibrium to the multi-service economic equilibriums under Net Neutrality.

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from Minnesota fears that without new regulations, the major Internet Service Providers will use their position of power to stifle people's rights. He calls net neutrality the "

7908: 5795: 3022:(ISPs) can provide varying levels of service to websites at various prices, this may be a way to manage the costs of unused capacity by selling surplus bandwidth (or "leverage 2163:

does not relieve end systems of the requirement to check inbound data for errors and to rate-limit the sender, nor for wholesale removal of intelligence from the network core.

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As of January 2018, fifty senators had endorsed a legislative measure to override the Federal Communications Commission's decision to deregulate the broadband industry.

8562: 8299: 7756: 4541: 582: 8438: 7571: 7460: 6971: 6591: 1953:. On 10 November 2014, Obama recommended that the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service to preserve net neutrality. On 31 January 2015, 8071: 5183: 4364: 3042:

for their customer base. But while network neutrality is primarily focused on protocol-based provisioning, most of the pricing models are based on bandwidth restrictions.

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Opponents argue that net neutrality regulations prevent service providers from providing more affordable Internet access to those who can't afford it. A concept known as

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Users with faster Internet connectivity (e.g., fiber) abandon a slow-loading video at a faster rate than users with slower Internet connectivity (e.g., cable or mobile).

1629: 9294: 8196: 4327:"Draft law laying down measures concerning the provision of Internet services for the protection of competition and freedom of access for users (under 'Contributions')" 3741: 8173: 7514: 7185: 5884: 5825: 4763: 4274: 2954:, the most common scheme combines SIP and DSCP. Router manufacturers now sell routers that have logic enabling them to route traffic for various Classes of Service at 2073:

and other social commentators have written about the habituation phenomenon by stating that a faster flow of information on the Internet can make people less patient.

8848: 8135: 8508: 7047: 9447: 9330: 9254: 8977: 8346: 5142: 3854: 4829:"ARCEP closes the administrative inquiry involving several companies, including Free and Google, on the technical and financial terms governing IP traffic routing" 9037: 8886: 8321: 6718: 1106:

clients do not need the features, and are redundant if the clients have to re-implement the features on an end-to-end basis. This leads to the model of a minimal

10527: 9769: 9175: 9158: 5443: 3655: 10452: 8369: 7245: 7070: 3885: 10564: 10231: 8725: 8408: 4928:

Law, Policy, and Technology: Cyberterrorism, Information Warfare, and Internet Immobilization: Cyberterrorism, Information Warfare, and Internet Immobilization

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I can communicate across the net, with that quality and quantity of service." " each pay to connect to the Net, but no one can pay for exclusive access to me."

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rules were repealed in the US in 2017 during the Trump administration and subsequent appeals upheld the ruling, until the FCC voted to reinstate them in 2024.

829:

Internet traffic consists of various types of digital data sent over the Internet between all kinds of devices (e.g., data center servers, personal computers,

782:, similar to the way electricity, gas, and the water supply are regulated, along with limiting providers and regulating the options those providers can offer. 10396: 10262: 9474: 6267: 5410: 3062:

in response to Ajit Pai's plans to remove government policies that upheld net neutrality. Several websites participated in this event, including ones such as

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Farber has written and spoken strongly in favor of continued research and development on core Internet protocols. He joined academic colleagues Michael Katz,

10594: 9658: 7113: 5311: 8049: 7407: 4090: 10642: 5471: 4507: 3916: 1203:, an American university network. David Isenberg believes that continued over-provisioning will always provide more capacity for less expense than QoS and 6143: 6048: 5648: 5216: 4675: 6498: 5708: 5615: 5080: 2998:

There are also some discrepancies in how wireless networks affect the implementation of net neutrality policy, some of which are noted in the studies of

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Code Point (DSCP) that are used to request a level of service, consistent with the notion that protocols in a layered architecture offer service through

2365: 35: 9597: 8804: 6854: 4334: 3244: 9082: 5768: 5278: 4605: 3321: 2519:(ISPs) and other network operators to recoup their investments in broadband networks. John Thorne, senior vice president and deputy general counsel of 733:

already have a performance advantage over smaller providers, and that there is already significant competition among ISPs with few competitive issues.

10324: 9574: 9501: 6166: 4962: 4416: 9004: 7152: 3095: 2026: 147: 7350: 7004: 5387: 10183: 4243: 2094:

argues that, without network neutrality, the Internet will undergo a transformation from a market ruled by innovation to one ruled by deal-making.

2021:

Proponents of net neutrality argue that a neutral net will foster free speech and lead to further democratic participation on the Internet. Former

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retransmission for reliability is still justified, but efforts to improve TCP reliability should stop after peak performance has been reached.

10419: 6920: 4564: 952:, a type of software program whose maker allows users access to the code that runs the program, so that users can improve the software or fix 10131: 9747: 9382:

Hong, Guo; et al. (2017). "Effects of Competition among Internet Service Providers and Content Providers on the Net Neutrality Debate".

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refers to the opposite situation, wherein established persons, corporations, or governments favor certain uses, restrict access to necessary

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Advocates of net neutrality have proposed several methods to implement a net-neutral Internet that includes a notion of quality-of-service:

244: 9865: 8275: 8249: 7840: 10484:

Connolly, Michelle; Lee, Clement; Tan, Renhao (June 2017). "The Digital Divide and Other Economic Considerations for Network Neutrality".

6358: 4627: 4482: 2148:, merely passing packets regardless of the applications they support. This point of view was expressed by David S. Isenberg in his paper, 1347:

capabilities. Deep packet inspection helped make real-time discrimination between different kinds of data possible, and is often used for

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content types; text, word processing, spreadsheet, database and other academic, business or personal documents in any conceivable format;

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Vonage, held back investment because they feared the FCC could use Title II to prevent VOIP startups from bypassing telephone networks.

1223:

and avail judicial remedies. Device vendors can establish policies for managing applications, but they, too, must be applied neutrally.

8576: 7871: 7763:, to U.S. congressional leaders and members of the FCC, from representatives of a wide range of technology companies, 10 December 2014. 6196: 4701: 2938:

networks where priority is enforced. While there are several ways of communicating service levels across Internet connections, such as

802: 8916: 6404: 5682: 8776: 5791: 3999: 2882:

Since the storage available in cache servers is limited, caching involves a process of selecting the contents worth storing. Several

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Legal enforcement of net neutrality principles takes a variety of forms, from provisions that outlaw anti-competitive blocking and

964:

allow those using the Internet to easily communicate, and conduct business and activities without interference from a third party.

220: 8552: 8291: 7753: 7450: 7386: 5937:

Hu, Henry L. (2011). "The Political Economy of Governing ISPs in China: Perspectives of Net Neutrality and Vertical Integration".

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Gilroy, Angele A. (11 March 2011). Access to Broadband Networks: The Net Neutrality Debate (Report). DIANE Publishing. p. 1.

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and Google on that issue." Echoing similar comments by Schmidt, Google's Chief Internet Evangelist and "father of the Internet",

8094: 4796: 4356: 4030:""Race to the Bottom": Corporate Complicity in Chinese Internet Censorship: II. How Censorship Works in China: A Brief Overview" 1678:

services or foreign internet users from gaining access to domestic web content. This filtering technology is referred to as the

1450:

A proposed solution would be to allow all online content to be accessed and transferred freely, while simultaneously offering a

7289:. The 7th Indonesia International Conference on Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Small Business (IICIES 2015). pp. 1–16. 6307: 3225: 2047: 1739: 1530:

Net neutrality is administered on a national or regional basis, though much of the world's focus has been on the conflict over

9924: 9286: 7287:

The Problem of Exclusive Arrangements in Multiple Dwelling Units: Unlocking Broadband Growth in Indonesia and the Global South

6821: 3731: 3595: 3502: 3387: 2064:. Video providers Netflix and Vimeo in their comments to FCC in favor of net neutrality use the research of S.S. Krishnan and 9211: 8188: 7175: 5859: 4266: 4037: 2831:

have any meaningful choice of providers, otherwise they would presumably switch to another provider with fewer restrictions.

2181:(ISPs), broadband and telecommunications companies, computer hardware manufacturers, economists, and notable technologists. 1624: 1404:

website or company is able to afford more, they will go with them. This especially stifles private up-and-coming businesses.

8163: 8123: 6620: 6582:"The inventor of the web Tim Berners-Lee on the future of the internet, 'fake news,' and why net neutrality is so important" 6244: 5876: 5817: 4212: 3557: 2532:

of freeloading or free riding for using a network of lines and cables the phone company spent billions of dollars to build.

2184:

Many of the major hardware and telecommunications companies specifically oppose the reclassification of broadband as a

1355:, companies will not invoice data use related to certain IP addresses, favoring the use of those services. Examples include 1300:

alleging they had illegally inhibited users of its high-speed Internet service from using the popular file-sharing software

10156:

Choi, Jeon, Kim, Jay Pil, Doh-Shin, Byung (August 2015). "Net, Neutrality, Business Models, and Internet Interconnection".

10052: 8844: 8607: 7693: 6558: 3526: 3055: 889: 8500: 7037: 6472: 6080: 3610:"The Effect of Regulation on Broadband Markets: Evaluating the Empirical Evidence in the FCC's 2015 "Open Internet" Order" 916:, where content providers can be charged to improve the exposure of their own products versus those of their competitors. 9338: 8969: 8336: 7780:"Oral Dissenting Statement of Commissioner Ajit Pai, Re: Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet, GN Docket No. 14-28" 3850: 3059: 1718: 1578: 1550: 1531: 390: 188: 9409: 9027: 8876: 8313: 7624: 7351:"Video Stream Quality Impacts Viewer Behavior, by Krishnan and Sitaraman, ACM Internet Measurement Conference, Nov 2012" 6710: 5134: 721:

Supporters of net neutrality argue that it prevents ISPs from filtering Internet content without a court order, fosters

9183: 7989: 6947: 3371: 3104: 666: 616: 17: 9155: 7787: 7518: 5734: 3794: 2124:

asserts that bit-shaping the transport of application data will undermine the transport layer's designed flexibility.

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Yoo, Christopher S. (January 2017). "Wireless Network Neutrality: Technological Challenges and Policy Implications".

8715: 8377: 7823: 7546: 7259:

Cerf, Vinton G S; Ryan, Patrick S; Senges, Max (13 August 2013). "Internet Governance is our Shared Responsibility".

7237: 7146: 6440: 6238: 4935: 4910: 2888: 2818:, though a proponent of network neutrality, claims that the current Internet is not neutral as its implementation of 2277: 2261: 1800: 1331:

During the 1990s, creating a non-neutral Internet was technically infeasible. Originally developed to filter harmful

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Bauer, Johannes; Obar, Jonathan A. (2014). "Reconciling political and economic goals in the net neutrality debate".

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Bauer, Johannes; Obar, Jonathan A. (2014). "Reconciling political and economic goals in the net neutrality debate".

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signal if they try to make a call, as the phone company prioritizes emergency calls. Over-provisioning is a form of

59:

exceptions to data limits. Consumer advocates of net neutrality have cited this pricing model as an illustration of

10632:"Digital divide: Improving Internet access in the developing world through affordable services and diverse content" 10388: 7647: 7594: 5301: 4641: 3977: 3168: 2459:, also opposed Title II net neutrality regulations, citing concerns over stifling investment in underserved areas. 1743: 933: 467: 10605: 9650: 7400: 7103: 6112: 798: 8041: 6525: 5485:

Garrett, Thiago; Setenareski, Ligia E.; Peres, Leticia M.; Bona, Luis C. E.; Duarte Jr, Elias P. (1 April 2022).

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Internet. They want to ensure that cable companies cannot screen, interrupt or filter Internet content without a

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Anne Veigle, "Groups Spent $ 42 Million on Net Neutrality Ads, Study Finds", Communications Daily, 20 July 2006.

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and democratic participation, promotes competition and innovation, prevents dubious services, and maintains the

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networks are isolated from the Internet and are therefore not covered by network neutrality agreements. The IP

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The danger behind fragmentation, as viewed by proponents of net neutrality, is the concept that there could be

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FCC's ruling to impose Title II regulations is opposed by the country's smallest private competitors and many

1965:

and section 706 of the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet in a vote expected on 26 February 2015.

1614:(ISPs) generally provide Internet service in a neutral manner. Some notable incidents otherwise have included 10549: 9439: 6733:"Media Capitalism, the State and 21st Century Media Democracy Struggles – An interview with Robert McChesney" 2951: 2943: 2768:, which provides users in less developed countries with free access to a variety of websites like Knowledge, 1560:. The FCC would have significant ability to regulate ISPs should Internet services be treated as a Title II " 1099: 472: 450: 5776: 5270: 2564:

and ITU data, the United States has the most affordable entry-level prices for fixed broadband in the OECD.

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Becker, Gary S.; Carlton, Dennis W.; Sider, Hal (1 September 2010). "Net Neutrality and Consumer Welfare".

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and other non-time-sensitive traffic over real-time communications. Generally, a network which blocks some

2683: 2607: 2561: 213: 7136: 4387:"China's M.I.I.T. Proposes Broad Regulatory Oversight over Pre-Installed Mobile Phone/Device Applications" 43: 7357: 5377: 2939: 2678: 1895: 1167: 1054: 430: 182: 8990:

J. Gregory Sidak, What is the Network Neutrality Debate Really About?, 1 INT'L J. COMM. 377, 384 (2007).

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for the equal treatment of internet traffic in with notable participants including Netflix and Reddit.

1110:

with smart terminals, a completely different model from the previous paradigm of the smart network with

9165:, The White House Office of Science and Technology Policy and The National Economic Council, June 2013. 3817: 3034: 3019: 2842: 2788:

Net neutrality rules would prevent traffic from being allocated to the most needed users, according to

2516: 1982: 1962: 1821:, online companies and some technology companies. Net neutrality tends to be supported by those on the 1735: 1566: 1557: 1268: 1264: 715: 707: 418: 315: 9978:"Public QoS and Net Neutrality Measurements: Current Status and Challenges Toward Exploitable Results" 4732: 3756: 1226:

An unsuccessful bill to enforce network and device neutrality was introduced in Italy in 2015 by Hon.

818:

Network neutrality is the principle that all Internet traffic should be treated equally. According to

7685: 3283: 2524: 2178: 1942: 1611: 1525: 1305: 1150: 730: 687: 587: 457: 380: 340: 48: 9471:"Claims That Real Net Neutrality Would Result in New Internet Tax Skew the Math and Confuse the Law" 8700: 8014: 6910: 3489: 2686:

claims that Title II could trigger taxes and fees up to $ 11 billion a year. Financial website

702:, type of equipment, source address, destination address, or method of communication (i.e., without 10705: 7334: 7285:

Ryan, Patrick S; Zwart, Breanna; Whitt, Richard S; Goldburg, Marc; Cerf, Vinton G (4 August 2015).

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Frieden, Rob (2017). "Grey nuances in the black and white debate over subsidized Internet access".

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When FCC chairman Tom Wheeler redefined broadband from 4 Mbit/s to 25 Mbit/s (3.125

1883: 1706:

commonly offer data package promos tied to specific applications, games or websites like Facebook,

1606: 1188: 1060:

Physical Layer: Consists of services that provide all others such as cable or wireless connections.

330: 152: 10124: 3002:. In one research article, he claimed that "...bad handoffs, local congestion, and the physics of 2185: 1958: 10700: 10301: 9828: 8720: 8168: 4600: 4304: 4059: 3015: 2927: 2914:

embracing some sort of QoS. There is no single, uniform method of interconnecting networks using

1647: 1313:

in October 2011 verified that Comcast had virtually stopped its BitTorrent throttling practices.

1289: 1094: 1050: 1043:

Content Layer: Contains services such as communication as well as entertainment videos and music.

623: 577: 440: 435: 206: 167: 157: 131: 9861: 8255: 7754:"Letter expressing strong opposition to proposals to classify broadband as a 'Title II' service" 6972:"In Net Neutrality Push, F.C.C. Is Expected to Propose Regulating Internet Service as a Utility" 5015: 4472: 10232:"New Mozilla Poll: Americans from Both Political Parties Overwhelmingly Support Net Neutrality" 10085: 7327: 6365: 4619: 3484: 3201: 2560:

increase in the availability of the 15 Mbit/s speed needed for 4K video. According to the

1395:, copyrighted content owners, and civil litigants, exposing the users' secrets in the process. 1344: 1336: 1326: 1204: 866: 659: 310: 101: 8679: 7294: 7268: 5362: 3717: 3443: 3352: 1628:, which eventually led to the Canadian Association of Internet Providers (CAIP) demanding the 1288:

Discrimination by protocol is the favoring or blocking of information based on aspects of the

837:, etc.), using hundreds of different transfer technologies. The data includes email messages; 10177: 10003: 9744:"The Benefits and Risks of Mandating Network Neutrality, and the Quest for a Balanced Policy" 9713: 8687: 6468: 4709: 3938: 3006:

make wireless broadband networks significantly less reliable than fixed broadband networks."

2876: 2444: 2090:, would put newer online companies at a disadvantage and slow innovation in online services. 1873: 1869: 1380: 1134: 345: 10565:"Preparing for the End of Net Neutrality, City Tech Leaders Warn of Widening Digital Divide" 4894: 2060:

intolerable in comparison, greatly disadvantaging any provider who is unable to pay for the

876:

of digital content being transferred, network neutrality includes the idea that if all such

7909:"Net Neutrality should not apply to content delivery networks: Akamai's McConnell – ETtech" 7566: 7451:"NPR Morning Edition: In Video-Streaming Rat Race, Fast is Never Fast Enough, October 2012" 6554: 6107: 5671: 3732:"F.C.C. Approves Net Neutrality Rules, Classifying Broadband Internet Service as a Utility" 3596:

http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3629100443/GVRL?u=mcc_pv&sid=GVRL&xid=4d1b573d

3388:"Statement on Signing the Telecommunications Act of 1996 | The American Presidency Project" 3307: 3284:"Portuguese non-neutral ISP shows us what our Trumpian internet will look like/Boing Boing" 3275:

This particular image has been the subject of discussion in media including the following:

3120: 3091: 3023: 2931: 2756: 2545: 2463: 2283: 2160: 2133: 1903: 1703: 1340: 1159: 1142: 1070: 949: 726: 703: 699: 542: 360: 350: 106: 91: 6268:"Here Are The Real Reasons Democrats & Republicans Just Can't Agree On Net Neutrality" 4007: 1255:

considered to be an intrusion, but rather allows for a commercial positioning among ISPs.

8: 10360: 10018: 9797: 9774: 9462: 9032: 8881: 8809: 8218: 7075: 6706: 6170: 4895: 2810: 2793: 2638: 2541: 2504: 2468: 2397: 2339: 2141: 2104: 2035: 1926: 1826: 1782: 1653: 1591: 1516:, political participation, investment, and innovation calls for complementary policies." 1392: 1348: 1322: 1275:

providers. This can significantly change the end-to-end behavior (performance, tariffs).

1243: 1227: 980: 937: 885: 819: 790: 742: 373: 280: 9625:"When net neutrality backfires: Chile just killed free access to Knowledge and Facebook" 9361:"Don't Blame Big Cable. It's Local Governments That Choke Broadband Competition – WIRED" 6621:"The Testimony of Mr. Vinton Cerf, Vice President and Chief Internet Evangelist, Google" 6336:

Friedlander, Simone A. (2016). "Net Neutrality and the FCC's 2015 Open Internet Order".

5239: 1778: 1049:

Logical Layer (also called the Code Layer): Contains various Internet protocols such as

10509: 10165: 10106: 9999: 9916: 9701: 9064: 7718: 7382: 7009: 6976: 6882: 6849: 6782: 6009: 5970: 5962: 5643: 5518: 5465: 5448: 5382: 5350: 5306: 5170: 4993: 4957: 4875: 4477: 4105: 3736: 3705: 3637: 2908: 2872: 2693:

FCC spokesperson Kim Hart said that the ruling "does not raise taxes or fees. Period."

2253: 1822: 1662: 1502: 1292:

that the computers are using to communicate. In the US, a complaint was filed with the

987:

block certain websites or types of sites, and monitor and/or censor Internet use using

834: 794: 706:). Net neutrality was advocated for in the 1990s by the presidential administration of 695: 694:

and online content providers consistent transfer rates regardless of content, website,

425: 121: 8644: 7955: 4197:"An Architecture for Differentiated Services" section 2.3.3.3 – definition of "Shaper" 3590:, edited by Stephen Schechter, et al., vol. 3, Macmillan Reference USA, 2016, p. 326. 2381: 1993:. Common carrier status would give the FCC the power to enforce net neutrality rules. 10543: 10513: 10501: 9709: 9207: 9068: 8814: 8675: 7819: 7722: 7710: 7290: 7264: 7142: 6675: 6436: 6234: 6013: 5974: 5954: 5855: 5742: 5555: 5522: 5358: 5175: 5135:"Netflix Calls Verizon out on the Big Red Screen [Update: Netflix Backs Off]" 5037: 4985: 4931: 4906: 4879: 3713: 3641: 3629: 3609: 3367: 3348: 3303:"Without net neutrality in Portugal, mobile internet is bundled like a cable package" 3196: 3183: 2963: 2915: 2867: 2827: 2437: 2095: 2003: 1994: 1934: 1899: 1814: 1541:

Governments of countries that comment on net neutrality usually support the concept.

1513: 1215: 1082: 941: 774: 722: 652: 557: 527: 445: 355: 275: 126: 111: 10669: 9705: 6297: 5354: 4109: 3709: 3229: 1661:

and innovation. The only exceptions to the rules are new and emerging services like

637: 10673: 10493: 9989: 9920: 9908: 9893: 9693: 9395: 9391: 9056: 8086: 7726: 7702: 7541: 7487: 6813: 6665: 6586: 6001: 5946: 5545: 5508: 5498: 5342: 5027: 4867: 4768: 4029: 3697: 3621: 3494: 3191: 3027: 3003: 2728: 2647: 2429: 2421: 2225: 2070: 2065: 1879: 1481: 1368: 1364: 1272: 1180: 1155: 1126: 880:

are to be treated equally, then it follows that any ostensibly arbitrary choice of

786: 754: 691: 405: 325: 305: 9994: 9977: 9496: 9494: 9492: 9255:"Title II And Utility-Style Regulation Is Not How We Should Protect Open Internet" 7985:

SaveTheInternet.com, "One Million Americans Urge Senate to Save the Internet", at

7483:"Boston Globe: Instant gratification is making us perpetually impatient, Feb 2013" 6136:"Philippine gov't warns telcos of penalties for throttling 'unlimited' data users" 4194: 1141:

that meet certain criteria. In practice, traffic shaping is often accomplished by

10048: 9531: 9317: 9203: 9162: 9143: 8523:"Nokia knocks Net neutrality: Self-driving cars 'won't get the service you need'" 8279: 7993: 7760: 6915: 6702: 6627: 6228: 6044: 5550: 5537: 5346: 4871: 4357:"Amended Enforcement Decree of the Telecommunications Business Act Now Effective" 4208: 3701: 3565: 3522: 3498: 3075: 2999: 2883: 2723: 2611:

least one wired and one wireless broadband provider at speeds of at least 4

2568: 2533: 2485: 2417: 2393: 2323: 2307: 2137: 2100: 2031: 1974: 1922: 1914: 1658: 1413: 1200: 1146: 1130: 1122: 1005: 992: 988: 976: 953: 858: 642: 537: 270: 60: 10595:"Tell Congress to Restore Net Neutrality to Help Close the Rural Digital Divide" 10060: 8615: 6550: 5792:"Why Canada's net neutrality fight hasn't been as fierce as the one in the U.S." 5016:"Subsidizing Creativity through Network Design: Zero-Pricing and Net Neutrality" 4797:"French ISP Orange says it's making Google pay to send traffic over its network" 3534: 1957:

reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying ("with some caveats")

10424: 10263:"Flooded with thoughtful net neutrality comments, FCC highlights "mean tweets"" 9489: 7681: 6476: 6070: 5503: 5486: 5076: 4897:

Handbook of Research on Telecommunications Planning and Management for Business

3138: 3071: 3039: 2974: 2773: 2760: 2509: 2477:, without requiring mobile data to access information. The concept is known as 2474: 2433: 2409: 2405: 2373: 2327: 2269: 2237: 2172: 2087: 2016: 1978: 1910: 1832:

Many major Internet application companies are advocates of neutrality, such as

1679: 1574: 1561: 1440:

content that is not necessarily present in the networks offered by other ISPs.

1360: 1090: 1074: 944:. The concept of the open Internet is sometimes expressed as an expectation of 779: 750: 552: 300: 295: 51: 10497: 10293: 9912: 9829:"Restoring Internet Freedom – DECLARATORY RULING, REPORT AND ORDER, AND ORDER" 7261:

I/S: A Journal of Law and Policy for the Information Society 10 ISJLP 1 (2014)

6005: 5950: 3625: 1669:, which may require prioritized internet lanes and faster than normal speeds. 956:. Proponents of net neutrality see neutrality as an important component of an 718:, set a worldwide example for net neutrality laws and the regulation of ISPs. 10694: 10679: 10505: 9417: 8818: 8557: 7714: 7677: 7673: 7620: 6679: 5958: 5746: 5559: 5179: 5041: 4989: 4183:

This idea of net neutrality... used to call the principle e2e, for end to end

3633: 3279: 3173: 2823: 2748: 2448: 2425: 2355: 2335: 2311: 2241: 1946: 1938: 1930: 1699: 1582: 1356: 1163: 1111: 1086: 996: 972: 961: 929: 854: 850: 830: 592: 547: 517: 495: 285: 10453:"Trump killed net neutrality. Congress is getting a chance to bring it back" 9060: 8090: 6943: 6732: 6353: 6351: 1454:

for a preferred service that does not discriminate on the content provider.

1412:

without it affecting their bandwidth limit. However, using other television

10356:"Senate approves bipartisan resolution to restore FCC net neutrality rules" 8750:"Jesse Jackson is lobbying the FCC against aggressive net neutrality rules" 7214: 6139: 5709:"FCC moves ahead with Title II net neutrality rules in 3-2 party-line vote" 4165: 3790: 3249: 2947: 2847: 2789: 2765: 2452: 2413: 2369: 2331: 2295: 2145: 1950: 1666: 1634: 1484:

order on 5 June 2014, that forced Netflix to stop displaying this message.

1388: 1184: 1107: 512: 507: 250: 7986: 7779: 7730: 7706: 7536: 7005:"F.C.C. Chief Wants to Override State Laws Curbing Community Net Services" 5069:"Netflix's Deal With Comcast Isn't About Net Neutrality—Except That It Is" 2780:, and weather reports—ruling that the initiative violated net neutrality. 2556:

over the past year." In other words, as ZDNet reports, those states saw a

1027:

is a network with little or no control or management of its use patterns.

826:, a public information network will be most useful when this is the case. 10684: 10325:"FCC makes net neutrality complaints public, but too late to stop repeal" 8401:"Expert View: If the Internet is Working Well, Don't Add New Regulations" 6616: 6348: 5104:"Comcast Jumps up in Netflix Speed Rankings after Payola-style Agreement" 3288: 3099: 2819: 2744: 2711: 2706: 2592: 2579: 2478: 2389: 2385: 2359: 2347: 2343: 2319: 2315: 2290:'s paper titled, "Net Neutrality and Consumer Welfare", published by the 2287: 1999: 1990: 1918: 1695: 1615: 1352: 1192: 1000: 913: 862: 522: 335: 290: 56: 10169: 10110: 9697: 7651: 6911:"The World Is Watching Our Net Neutrality Debate, So Let's Get It Right" 5966: 5513: 5032: 4997: 2738: 1230:. The law gained formal support at the European Commission by BEUC, the 10082:

A bill to amend the Communications Act of 1934 to ensure net neutrality

9506: 9137:"The State of U.S. Broadband: Is it Competitive? Are We Falling Behind" 7595:"Killing Net Neutrality Has Brought On a New Call for Public Broadband" 6701: 6272: 3063: 2851:

could prioritize voice over video. And there is general agreement with

2401: 2351: 2109: 2083: 2022: 1837: 1818: 1301: 1035: 905: 462: 27:

Principle that Internet service providers should treat all data equally

6102: 1046:

Applications Layer: Contains services such as e-mail and web browsers.

10203: 8431:"David Clark talks with MIT News Office re Net Neutrality – MIT EECS" 7180: 6670: 6653: 6395:"The FCC on Net Neutrality: Be Careful What You Wish For | PCMag.com" 4976:

PRASAD, ROHIT; SRIDHAR, V (2014). "The Economics of Net Neutrality".

4801: 3245:"EU net neutrality laws fatally undermined by loopholes, critics say" 3014:

Broadband Internet access has most often been sold to users based on

2856: 2783: 2265: 2245: 1865: 1861: 1849: 1734:

have also been blocked by some Philippine ISPs at the request of the

1707: 1436: 1031: 1018: 9524: 9310: 9287:"Sorry, your broadband Internet technically isn't broadband anymore" 9105:"Net Neutrality, Monopoly, and the Death of the Democratic Internet" 8501:"Nicholas Negroponte: Net Neutrality Doesn't Make Sense – Big Think" 7324:

Virtual Freedom : Net Neutrality and Free Speech in the Internet Age

7071:"Get ready: The FCC says it will vote on net neutrality in February" 6755: 6499:"Consumer Reports applauds FCC vote to restore Net Neutrality rules" 5769:"Net neutrality is back as FCC votes to regulate internet providers" 4733:"T-Mobile prepaid offering free data... but only to access Facebook" 3969: 3851:"Net neutrality is under threat (again). Here's why you should care" 1973:

Supporters of net neutrality in the United States want to designate

10457: 9331:"Summary of Commissioner Pai's Oral Dissent on Internet Regulation" 9230: 9001:"FTC to Host Workshop on Broadband Connectivity Competition Policy" 8781: 7841:"Oracle, Cisco break ranks, support repeal of net neutrality rules" 7428: 6878:"Why the F.C.C. Should Heed President Obama on Internet Regulation" 6302: 6032: 5378:"Net Neutrality Vote Passes House, Fulfilling Promise by Democrats" 4662: 4158: 3326: 2923: 2838: 2718: 2633: 2620: 2515:

Opponents say that net neutrality would make it more difficult for

2303: 2273: 2249: 2221: 2217: 1857: 1570: 1409: 1316: 984: 236: 116: 96: 7937:

Jeffrey H. Birnbaum, "No Neutral Ground in This Internet Battle",

7672: 2586: 2188: under Title II. Corporate opponents of this measure include 1630:

Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC)

1594:

voiced support for an open internet and restoring net neutrality.

1219:

applications they do not want. Neutrality principles are codified

10420:"YouTube, Netflix Videos Found to Be Slowed by Wireless Carriers" 10199:"Here's how the internet's net neutrality day of action unfolded" 9951:"Content Delivery Networks Complicate Debate Over Net Neutrality" 8577:"Mark Cuban Vs. the World: The Full Code/Media Interview (Video)" 7108: 7042: 5579: 5415: 4620:"Comcast No Longer Choking File Sharers' Connections, Study Says" 3087: 3067: 3049: 2852: 2616: 2537: 2520: 2197: 2193: 2189: 1986: 1954: 1841: 1727: 1723: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1432: 1417: 1332: 1297: 532: 254: 8845:"Knowledge ends zero-rated access for users in developing world" 6167:"Civil rights group: Blocking adult sites may have been illegal" 5411:"U.S. FCC votes to maintain 2017 repeal of net neutrality rules" 4665:"Deep Packet Inspection: The end of the Internet as we know it?" 2132:

Some advocates say network neutrality is needed to maintain the

690:(ISPs) must treat all Internet communications equally, offering 9770:"5 insights from Vint Cerf on bitcoin, net neutrality and more" 9259: 9053:

Net Neutrality: The Technical Side of the Debate: A White Paper

6399: 5639:"Justice Department Sues to Stop California Net Neutrality Law" 5211: 4209:"ITU-T I.371: Traffic control and congestion control in B-ISDN" 3786: 3079: 2815: 2702: 2612: 2257: 2233: 2229: 2091: 1845: 1711: 1421: 823: 746: 8970:"A Ton of Tech Companies Just Came Out Against Net Neutrality" 7618: 7310:

Franken: Net neutrality is 'First Amendment issue of our time'

7038:"Just whose Internet is it? New federal rules may answer that" 6753: 4764:"Net Neutrality Is Already in Trouble in the Developing World" 4699: 4565:"Comcast settles P2P throttling class-action for $ 16 million" 4497:"Deep_Packet_Inspection_The_End_of_the_Internet_As_We_Know_It" 4161:"Net Neutrality: A Guide to (and History of) a Contested Idea" 2662: 10294:"Net Neutrality II: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver (HBO)" 9826: 3322:"Portugal Shows The Internet Why Net Neutrality Is Important" 2935: 2918:, and not all networks that use IP are part of the Internet. 2529: 2368:

who opposed net neutrality rules include Princeton economist

2213: 2209: 2205: 1769:

deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

1731: 1717:

In the mid-2010s, Philippine telcos came under fire from the

1619: 1196: 1133:(i.e., decrease Internet response times), or increase usable 502: 395: 9651:"India Bans Facebook's Basics App to Support Net Neutrality" 9598:"Knowledge's 'complicated' relationship with net neutrality" 9571:"Digital Life: The Trump path to free internet for the poor" 8805:"Knowledge's 'complicated' relationship with net neutrality" 8189:"Where Were Netflix and Google in the Net-Neutrality Fight?" 8065: 8063: 8061: 8059: 5877:"India now has the 'world's strongest' net neutrality rules" 4159:

Alexis C. Madrigal & Adrienne LaFrance (25 April 2014).

960:, wherein policies such as equal treatment of data and open 861:

content; and countless other formal, proprietary, or ad-hoc

9894:"Toward a Net Neutrality Debate that Conforms to the 2010s" 9862:"What is traffic management and what is 'equal treatment'?" 9565: 9563: 9546:"The Internet isn't broken. Obama doesn't need to 'fix' it" 9146:, Everett Ehrlich, Progressive Policy Institute, June 2014. 8341: 8161: 8070:

Becker, Gary S.; Carlton, Dennis W.; Sider, Hal S. (2010).

5484: 4534:"Comcast to Pay $ 16 Million for Blocking P2P Applications" 3970:"Website Censorship in Thailand – 2008–2011 | 2Bangkok.com" 2970: 2919: 2777: 2600: 2575: 1985:(ISPs) free access to cable lines, the same model used for 1887: 1853: 1833: 1425: 1379:

around. This is generally used as a way for ISPs to remove

1367:. These zero-rating practices are especially common in the 897: 893: 846: 842: 838: 490: 9028:"Verizon Executive Calls for End to Google's 'Free Lunch'" 8124:"Why Google and Verizon's Net neutrality deal affects you" 7425:"Patience is a Network Effect, by Nicholas Carr, Nov 2012" 3608:

Hazlett, Thomas W.; Wright, Joshua D. (21 December 2016).

2042: 1872:. In September 2014, there was an online protest known as 1742:, even without the necessary court orders required by the 9132: 9130: 9128: 9126: 9124: 9122: 9003:. Federal trade Commission. December 2006. Archived from 8469: 8131: 8056: 7931: 7455: 5575:"U.S. 'net neutrality' rules will expire on June 11: FCC" 4663:

M. Chris Riley & Ben Scott, Free Press (March 2009).

4417:"Regulator slams devices as weak link for net neutrality" 2769: 2377: 2201: 1476: 901: 749:

in 2003 as an extension of the longstanding concept of a

9560: 8909:"Tech and Manufacturing Companies Warn Against Title II" 8874: 6944:"Open Internet | Federal Communications Commission" 6814:"Obama pledges Net neutrality laws if elected president" 5608:"Senate votes to save net neutrality but hurdles remain" 5271:"Net Neutrality Timeline: 10 Events That Led to Dec. 14" 3467: 3033:"). However, purchasers of connectivity on the basis of 2591:

A 2010 paper on net neutrality by Nobel Prize economist

1195:. Over-provisioning is used in private networks such as 9176:"Akamai shows global and US internet speeds increasing" 8939:"IBM, Intel, and Cisco come out against net neutrality" 8743: 8741: 8739: 8737: 8735: 8284: 8162:

Brody Mullins & Gautham Nagesh (24 February 2015).

7345: 7343: 7205: 7203: 6845:"Obama Asks F.C.C. to Adopt Tough Net Neutrality Rules" 5908:"Web stays equal for all as govt clears net neutrality" 4901:. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. pp. 3757:"Inside Net Neutrality: Is your ISP filtering content?" 888:), interacting with its playback from a remote server ( 9502:"Effect of net neutrality rules on taxes is uncertain" 9119: 8036: 8034: 8032: 7284: 6467: 5487:"A survey of Network Neutrality regulations worldwide" 1129:

traffic to optimize or guarantee performance, improve

948:, and is seen by some observers as closely related to 9798:"Nuts and Bolts: Network neutrality and edge caching" 9737: 9735: 9686:

Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law

9525:"Father of net neutrality: Rules won't kill spending" 9206:, International Telecommunication Union (ITU), 2013, 8713: 8337:"Father of net neutrality: Rules won't kill spending" 7176:"Federal court strikes down FCC net neutrality rules" 6359:"Open letter to the Committee on Energy and Commerce" 6127: 5672:"Statement from the Federal Communication Commission" 4267:"Deep packet inspection meets 'Net neutrality, CALEA" 3119:

paperwork was filed on 9 May 2018, which allowed the

2739:

Inability to make the Internet accessible to the poor

2302:

Individuals who opposed net neutrality rules include

1162:), or the maximum rate at which the traffic is sent ( 9311:"Why FCC ruling will hurt US consumers: FCC commish" 9248: 9246: 8732: 8164:"Jostling Begins as FCC's Net Neutrality Vote Nears" 7809: 7807: 7805: 7562:"What killing net neutrality means for the internet" 7340: 7200: 6756:"Preserve the Internet Standards for Net Neutrality" 4473:"F.C.C. Vote Sets Precedent on Unfettered Web Usage" 3909:"Open vs. closed: What kind of internet do we want?" 3149: 2926:

includes a 3-bit wide Precedence field and a larger

1886:

along with several civil rights groups, such as the

808: 30:"Net Neutrality" redirects here. For the episode of 9537: 8716:"Holman Jenkins: The Net Neutrality Crack-Up – WSJ" 8498: 8029: 7507: 7401:"Vimeo Open Letter to FCC, page 11, July 15th 2014" 6909:Sepulveda, Ambassador Daniel A. (21 January 2015). 6875: 6654:"The open internet: What it is, and why it matters" 6432:

Plunkett's Telecommunications Industry Almanac 2009

5818:"Telus cuts subscriber access to pro-union website" 5299: 3549: 36:

Net Neutrality (Last Week Tonight with John Oliver)

9791: 9789: 9732: 8870: 8868: 8866: 8673: 8639: 8637: 8069: 7383:"NetFlix comments to FCC, page 17, Sept 16th 2014" 7128: 6611: 6609: 6095: 5990:"The Political Economy of Governing ISPs in China" 4700:Paul Roberts, IDG News Service (20 October 2003). 4642:"BitTorrent Throttling Internet Providers Exposed" 3656:"Complying with COPPA: Frequently Asked Questions" 3517: 3515: 2784:Inability to allocate Internet traffic efficiently 10041: 9243: 8545: 7952:"Hands Off the Internet, "Member Organizations,"" 7802: 7749: 7747: 6902: 6158: 5854:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 133–143. 3818:"What Is Net Neutrality and Why Is it Important?" 3412:Shumate, Brett; Wiley, Richard (28 August 2015). 2155:Contrary to this idea, the research paper titled 1813:Proponents of net neutrality regulations include 1487: 765:Net neutrality regulations may be referred to as 10692: 8248:Robert Kahn and Ed Feigenbaum (9 January 2007). 7104:"FCC to vote next month on net neutrality rules" 6836: 6041:"Net Neutrality Badly Needed in the Philippines" 5470:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5207:"Don't Let a Slow Website Kill Your Bottom Line" 4761: 3468:Kramer, J; Wiewiorra, L.; Weinhardt, C. (2013). 3346: 3090:showed strong support for net neutrality across 2177:Opponents of net neutrality regulations include 2118: 1698:is not enforced. Mobile Internet providers like 1317:Discrimination by Internet Protocol (IP) Address 1242:The principle has been incorporated in the EU's 1093:. The principle states that, whenever possible, 1039:with the understanding of the dumb pipe theory: 10528:"Bridging The Digital Divide For All Americans" 10389:"Net neutrality will officially die on 11 June" 10291: 10155: 9786: 9543: 9223: 8863: 8777:"Civil Rights Groups Divided On Net Neutrality" 8774: 8634: 7645: 6645: 6606: 5066: 3512: 2792:. Because net neutrality regulations prevent a 2587:Significant and growing competition, investment 1909:Individuals who support net neutrality include 896:), or by downloading it from either a website ( 710:in the United States. Clinton's signing of the 10530:. Archived from the original on 19 August 2013 10483: 9682:"Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination" 9673: 8931: 8875:David Farber; Michael Katz (19 January 2007). 8157: 8155: 8153: 7744: 7537:"Why You Should Care About Network Neutrality" 7258: 6996: 6963: 6543: 6197:"Four tenors: Call for Internet Speech Rights" 5735:"F.C.C. Votes to Restore Net Neutrality Rules" 5444:"F.C.C. Votes to Restore Net Neutrality Rules" 5302:"Editorial – Global Threats to Net Neutrality" 4925: 4702:"NetScreen announces deep inspection firewall" 3906: 3433:"Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination" 3050:Reactions to removing net neutrality in the US 2671: 2528:Thorne and other ISPs have accused Google and 2010: 1034:will often compare the dumb pipe concept with 10117: 8967: 8492: 8334: 7530: 7528: 7326:. Stanford, Calif: Stanford Law Books; 2009. 6869: 5452:. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024 5166:"Impatient Web Users Flee Slow-Loading Sites" 5132: 5101: 4975: 4950: 4562: 4531: 3683: 3681: 3607: 2544:. You need to know how you're going to get a 2076: 1767:The examples and perspective in this section 1283: 999:. Other countries such as Russia, China, and 660: 214: 10182:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9975: 9887: 9885: 9883: 9534:, Tom DiChristopher, CNBC, 26 February 2015. 9306: 9304: 7639: 7475: 7280: 7278: 7095: 7062: 7029: 6747: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6651: 6615: 5700: 5293: 4953:"Is Comcast violating net-neutrality rules?" 3558:"A Guide to Net Neutrality for Google Users" 3411: 1480:companies that led to Verizon's obtaining a 1398: 785:Proponents of net neutrality, which include 760: 10047: 9762: 8150: 7773: 7771: 7769: 6335: 6063: 4926:Reich, Pauline; Gelbstein, Eduardo (2012). 4730: 3521: 3102:regarding this topic was aired on his show 3078:, published a video defending FCC's rules. 2663:Counterweight to server-side non-neutrality 10562: 9468: 8714:Holman W. Jenkins Jr. (27 February 2015). 8079:Journal of Competition Law & Economics 7906: 7525: 6780: 6233:. 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Archived from 3132: 2488:, and Gerald Faulhaber in an op-ed for 2043:User intolerance for slow-loading sites 1618:'s throttling of certain protocols and 1258: 1064: 753:which was used to describe the role of 14: 10693: 10648:from the original on 26 September 2020 10432:from the original on 11 September 2018 10417: 10322: 10196: 9891: 9622: 9556:from the original on 26 February 2015. 9320:, Fred Imbert, CNBC, 27 February 2015. 9297:from the original on 24 February 2015. 9055:. 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SaveTheInternet.com. 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During a 24: 10639:Center for Technology at Brookings 9930:from the original on 30 March 2020 9795: 9782:from the original on 2 April 2015. 9514:from the original on 1 March 2015. 9337:. 10 December 2015. Archived from 9239:from the original on 6 March 2015. 9115:from the original on 1 March 2015. 9093:from the original on 8 March 2015. 9026:Mohammed, Arshad (February 2007). 8968:Mario Aguilar (11 December 2014). 8945:. 11 December 2014. Archived from 8565:from the original on 4 March 2015. 8441:from the original on 31 March 2019 8398: 8324:from the original on 30 July 2017. 8302:from the original on 8 March 2015. 8138:from the original on 6 August 2010 8052:from the original on 2 March 2015. 7534: 7427:. 11 November 2012. Archived from 7236:Davidson, Alan (8 November 2005). 7174:Robertson, Adi (14 January 2014). 7036:Flaherty, Anne (31 January 2015). 6843:Wyatt, Edward (10 November 2014). 6721:from the original on 26 July 2017. 6435:. 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"Net Neutrality." 3169:Concentration of media ownership 3152: 2759:, which runs Knowledge, created 2388:. Others include MIT economists 1825:, while opposed by those on the 1758: 1744:Supreme Court of the Philippines 1569:in 2017, and the appointment of 1544: 1496: 1335:, the Internet security company 1191:that makes liberal estimates of 919: 636: 611: 468:Internet Message Access Protocol 243: 10387:Coldewey, Devin (10 May 2018). 10099:Berkeley Technology Law Journal 8645:"Net Neutrality II | IGM Forum" 7003:Lohr, Steve (2 February 2015). 6970:Lohr, Steve (2 February 2015). 6580:Döpfner, Mathias (7 May 2017). 6344:(2): 905–930 – via JSTOR. 6338:Berkeley Technology Law Journal 6259: 6189: 6134:Balea, Jum (12 December 2014). 6039:Feria, Rom (5 September 2018). 5981: 5899: 5875:Iyengar, Rishi (12 July 2018). 5868: 5810: 5783: 5760: 5733:Kang, Cecilia (25 April 2024). 5726: 5663: 5630: 5599: 5566: 5529: 5478: 5442:Kang, Cecilia (25 April 2024). 5435: 5402: 5376:Kang, Cecilia (10 April 2019). 5369: 5326: 5269:Leskin, P. 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Archived from 7778:Pai, Ajit (26 February 2015). 7560:Breland, Ali (28 April 2017). 7069:Fung, Brian (2 January 2015). 6364:. 1 March 2006. Archived from 5906:Doval, Pankaj (12 July 2018). 4835:. 19 July 2013. Archived from 4596:"Court Backs Comcast Over FCC" 4091:"Open Versus Closed Platforms" 3785: 3592:Gale Virtual Reference Library 3424: 3405: 3380: 3359: 3320:Bode, Karl (31 October 2017). 3269: 3243:Hern, Alex (27 October 2015). 3217: 3179:Industrial information economy 2705:founder and Facebook investor 2150:The Rise of the Stupid Network 1892:Electronic Frontier Foundation 1689: 1488:Favoring fast-loading websites 1471:agreed to a similar deal with 1391:, one that can be shared with 1236:Electronic Frontier Foundation 1232:European Consumer Organisation 845:, and all related web browser 712:Telecommunications Act of 1996 13: 1: 10158:American Economic Association 10004:10.5325/jinfopoli.5.2015.0245 9995:10.5325/jinfopoli.5.2015.0245 9982:Journal of Information Policy 8368:Farber, David (2 June 2006). 7996:(last visited 4 August 2006). 5767:Fung, Brian (25 April 2024). 5133:Waniata, Ryan (9 June 2014). 4978:Economic and Political Weekly 4060:"국경없는 기자회 '북한 언론자유 세계 최악 수준'" 3211: 2466:, which runs Knowledge, told 2119:Preserving Internet standards 1519: 979:some services, or explicitly 473:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 451:Transmission Control Protocol 10451:Greer, Evan (6 March 2019). 10261:Brodkin, Jon (16 May 2017). 10019:"Carriers Seek IP QOS Peers" 9901:IEEE Communications Magazine 9473:. Free Press. Archived from 9224:Ajit Pai & Lee Goodman. 8877:"Hold Off On Net Neutrality" 8462:"Network Neutrality and QoS" 7211:"Frequently Asked Questions" 6266:Chen, Angela (16 May 2018). 5988:Cambridge (September 2011). 5606:Finley, Klint (6 May 2018). 5551:10.24241/rcai.2016.112.1.255 5347:10.1080/01972243.2013.856362 4872:10.1016/j.telpol.2016.10.002 4098:Open Versus Closed Platforms 3702:10.1080/01972243.2013.856362 3499:10.1016/j.telpol.2012.08.005 3117:The Congressional Review Act 2684:Progressive Policy Institute 2608:Progressive Policy Institute 2562:Progressive Policy Institute 2166: 1949:, and former U.S. President 1011: 865:—all transmitted via myriad 736: 7: 10354:Fung, Brian (16 May 2018). 9623:Mirani, Leo (30 May 2014). 8251:An Evening with Robert Kahn 6626:. p. 1. Archived from 4594:Amy Schatz (7 April 2010). 3145: 2672:Potentially increased taxes 2011:Digital rights and freedoms 1781:, discuss the issue on the 1296:against the cable provider 1168:generic cell rate algorithm 431:Hypertext Transfer Protocol 10: 10722: 9396:10.25300/MISQ/2017/41.2.02 7818:. BNA Books. p. 750. 7814:Hart, Jonathan D. (2007). 7535:Wu, Timothy (1 May 2006). 6711:"No Tolls on The Internet" 6652:Cerf, Vinton (July 2009). 6469:Cogent Communications, Inc 6429:Plunkett, Jack W. (2008). 5504:10.1016/j.clsr.2022.105654 4951:Mitchell, Dan (May 2012). 4447:"L_2022265EN.01000101.xml" 4089:Tåg, Joacim (April 2008). 3035:Committed Information Rate 3020:Internet service providers 2906: 2875:and results in a superior 2843:Carnegie Mellon University 2808: 2776:, health sites, Facebook, 2517:Internet service providers 2179:Internet service providers 2170: 2077:Competition and innovation 2014: 1983:Internet service providers 1963:Communications Act of 1934 1749: 1736:Philippine National Police 1645: 1612:Internet service providers 1567:Presidency of Donald Trump 1558:Communications Act of 1934 1548: 1523: 1500: 1320: 1284:Discrimination by protocol 1201:Internet 2 Abilene Network 795:human rights organizations 716:Communications Act of 1934 688:Internet service providers 419:Information infrastructure 29: 10548:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 10498:10.1007/s11151-016-9554-8 9913:10.1109/MCOM.2016.7432154 7992:19 September 2008 at the 6006:10.1017/S0305741011000634 5951:10.1017/S0305741011000634 4860:Telecommunications Policy 3939:"About the Open Internet" 3626:10.1007/s11151-016-9556-6 3477:Telecommunications Policy 2897:content delivery networks 2794:discrimination of traffic 2546:return on that investment 1959:Title II (common carrier) 1601: 1598:Internet under Title II. 1526:Net neutrality by country 1399:Favoring private networks 1306:peer-to-peer file-sharing 1278: 983:. Some countries such as 761:Regulatory considerations 458:Internet service provider 49:Internet service provider 9892:Maillé, Patrick (2016). 9226:"Internet Freedom Works" 8007:"Hands Off the Internet" 7759:16 February 2015 at the 7337:. Accessed 1 April 2019. 7242:The Official Google Blog 7135:Phillips, Peter (2006). 7102:Staff (2 January 2015). 6960:accessdate=4 August 2016 6530:Open Society Foundations 6076:Globe Telecommunications 5850:Anderson, Steve (2014). 3791:"Network Neutrality FAQ" 3660:Federal Trade Commission 3598:. Accessed 16 June 2018. 3160:Freedom of speech portal 2733:Federal Trade Commission 2358:and former FCC chairman 1906:support net neutrality. 1884:Open Society Foundations 1672: 1641: 1607:Net neutrality in Canada 1383:costs from subscribers. 1189:statistical multiplexing 991:, a specialized type of 686:, is the principle that 331:Right to Internet access 10230:Mozilla (6 June 2017). 10053:"Neutrality of the Net" 9161:22 January 2017 at the 9061:10.1145/1198255.1198263 9051:Crowcroft, Jon (2007). 8721:The Wall Street Journal 8169:The Wall Street Journal 7845:San Francisco Chronicle 4601:The Wall Street Journal 3392:www.presidency.ucsb.edu 3016:Excess Information Rate 2697:Unnecessary regulations 2497:Reduction in investment 2002:, a co-inventor of the 1648:Net neutrality in India 1475:in 2014, after Verizon 1351:. In a practice called 1343:in 2003 with so-called 1290:communications protocol 1158:in a specified period ( 1095:communications protocol 741:The term was coined by 682:, often referred to as 578:History of the Internet 441:Internet protocol suite 436:Internet exchange point 9087:marginalrevolution.com 8695:Cite journal requires 8296:marginalrevolution.com 8278:29 August 2007 at the 8046:National Review Online 3418:The Federalist Society 3202:Switzerland (software) 2682:zero." Meanwhile, the 2428:; and Yale economists 2420:; Berkeley economists 2400:; Stanford economists 2052: 1694:Net neutrality in the 1652:In the year 2018, the 1458:Peering discrimination 1345:deep packet inspection 1337:NetScreen Technologies 1327:Deep packet inspection 1246:(Articles 6.3 an 6.4) 1205:deep packet inspection 714:, an amendment to the 311:Freedom of information 112:Internet Protocol (IP) 102:Deep packet inspection 70:Part of a series about 64: 10569:Government Technology 9202:30 April 2015 at the 8091:10.1093/joclec/nhq016 7707:10.1145/357401.357402 5775:. CNN. Archived from 3226:"Pós-Pagos Unlimited" 3058:was held to advocate 2932:Service Access Points 2877:quality of experience 2628:Deterring competition 2445:National Urban League 2050: 1874:Internet Slowdown Day 1870:Cogent Communications 1719:Department of Justice 1393:intelligence agencies 1250:Invoicing and tariffs 1032:high-technology field 46: 9142:5 March 2015 at the 8847:. 19 February 2018. 8405:technologyreview.com 8271:Partial transcript: 8261:on 28 September 2012 6555:Fight for the Future 6108:Smart Communications 5852:Dynamic Fair Dealing 5083:on 15 September 2014 4423:. 16 February 2018. 3740:. 27 February 2015. 3232:on 14 December 2017. 3133:Rural digital divide 3092:US political parties 3086:A poll conducted by 3026:to recoup costs of ' 3024:price discrimination 2757:Wikimedia Foundation 2464:Wikimedia Foundation 2416:; Harvard economist 2372:, Chicago economist 2284:Nobel Memorial Prize 2161:network intelligence 2134:end-to-end principle 2128:End-to-end principle 1904:Fight for the Future 1779:improve this section 1704:Smart Communications 1259:Alternative networks 1160:bandwidth throttling 1071:end-to-end principle 1065:End-to-end principle 977:artificially degrade 950:open-source software 745:media law professor 727:end-to-end principle 704:price discrimination 361:Virtual volunteering 140:By country or region 107:End-to-end principle 92:Bandwidth throttling 10361:The Washington Post 9775:The Washington Post 9698:10.2139/ssrn.388863 9657:. 8 February 2016. 9530:1 July 2015 at the 9410:"Former ITIF Staff" 9341:on 28 February 2015 9316:1 July 2015 at the 9293:. CBS Interactive. 9033:The Washington Post 8882:The Washington Post 8810:The Washington Post 8380:on 16 December 2008 8314:"McNealy Discusses" 8048:. 20 January 2011. 8017:on 25 February 2007 7987:Savetheinternet.com 7939:The Washington Post 7684:(1 November 1984). 7431:on 15 December 2014 7363:on 12 February 2015 7313:, The Hill, Jul '14 7217:on 11 December 2008 7076:The Washington Post 6707:Robert W. McChesney 6633:on 17 December 2012 6619:(7 February 2006). 6230:Coming Attractions? 6171:The Philippine Star 5994:The China Quarterly 5939:The China Quarterly 5033:10.1257/jep.23.3.61 4681:on 9 September 2014 4421:mobileworldlive.com 3943:European Commission 3690:Information Society 3588:American Governance 3568:on 1 September 2008 3537:on 27 December 2008 3282:(28 October 2017). 3126:Open Internet Order 2811:Data discrimination 2805:Data discrimination 2639:municipal broadband 2505:Wall Street Journal 2490:The Washington Post 2469:The Washington Post 2398:Richard Schmalensee 2340:Nicholas Negroponte 2286:-winning economist 2142:Robert W. McChesney 2105:Robert W. McChesney 2096:SaveTheInternet.com 2036:Robert W. McChesney 1995:SaveTheInternet.com 1927:Robert W. McChesney 1592:Jessica Rosenworcel 1349:Internet censorship 1323:IP address blocking 1263:Some networks like 1244:Digital Markets Act 1228:Stefano Quintarelli 938:Internet censorship 835:video game consoles 820:Columbia Law School 814:Internet neutrality 743:Columbia University 643:Internet portal 583:Oldest domain names 9550:chicagotribune.com 8649:www.igmchicago.org 8618:on 11 October 2008 8374:Interesting-People 8318:washingtonpost.com 7913:The Economic Times 7010:The New York Times 6977:The New York Times 6883:The New York Times 6850:The New York Times 6407:on 12 October 2017 5912:The Times of India 5739:The New York Times 5644:The New York Times 5449:The New York Times 5383:The New York Times 5335:Information Policy 5307:The New York Times 5171:The New York Times 4839:on 1 February 2014 4712:on 7 December 2008 4478:The New York Times 4010:on 24 January 2020 3737:The New York Times 2909:Quality of service 2903:Quality of service 2873:network congestion 2260:, and others. The 2053: 2023:Senator Al Franken 1815:consumer advocates 1663:autonomous driving 1588:net neutrality act 1503:Net neutrality law 1445:multiple Internets 1125:is the control of 981:filter out content 867:transfer protocols 791:consumer advocates 775:policy instruments 680:Network neutrality 426:Domain Name System 316:Internet phenomena 122:Net neutrality law 65: 18:Network neutrality 10063:on 1 January 2009 9212:978-92-61-14401-2 7958:on 5 January 2009 7654:on 20 August 2006 6664:(2): 18.1–18.10. 5861:978-1-4426-6561-3 4866:(10): 1017–1026. 4451:eur-lex.europa.eu 4307:on 2 January 2018 4119:on 22 March 2019. 3853:. 18 March 2019. 3662:. 20 March 2015. 3197:Search neutrality 3105:Last Week Tonight 2994:Wireless networks 2822:generally favors 2717:FCC Commissioner 2632:FCC commissioner 2438:Pinelopi Goldberg 2004:Internet Protocol 1935:Susan P. Crawford 1811: 1810: 1803: 1654:Indian Government 1514:freedom of speech 1339:released network 1216:Device neutrality 1211:Device neutrality 1174:Over-provisioning 1083:Jerome H. Saltzer 942:barriers to entry 863:schematic formats 755:telephone systems 723:freedom of speech 677: 676: 528:Instant messaging 446:Internet Protocol 356:Virtual community 253:visualization of 231: 230: 127:Search neutrality 84:Topics and issues 32:Last Week Tonight 16:(Redirected from 10713: 10682:a 2014 comic by 10658: 10657: 10655: 10653: 10647: 10636: 10627: 10621: 10620: 10618: 10616: 10610: 10604:. Archived from 10602:Public Knowledge 10599: 10591: 10585: 10584: 10582: 10580: 10560: 10554: 10553: 10547: 10539: 10537: 10535: 10524: 10518: 10517: 10481: 10475: 10474: 10472: 10470: 10448: 10442: 10441: 10439: 10437: 10415: 10409: 10408: 10406: 10404: 10384: 10378: 10377: 10375: 10373: 10351: 10345: 10344: 10342: 10340: 10320: 10314: 10313: 10311: 10309: 10289: 10283: 10282: 10280: 10278: 10258: 10252: 10251: 10249: 10247: 10227: 10221: 10220: 10218: 10216: 10194: 10188: 10187: 10181: 10173: 10153: 10147: 10146: 10144: 10142: 10136: 10129: 10121: 10115: 10114: 10105:(2): 1409–1458. 10094: 10088: 10079: 10073: 10072: 10070: 10068: 10059:. Archived from 10049:Berners-Lee, Tim 10045: 10039: 10038: 10036: 10034: 10014: 10008: 10007: 9997: 9973: 9967: 9966: 9964: 9962: 9946: 9940: 9939: 9937: 9935: 9929: 9898: 9889: 9878: 9877: 9875: 9873: 9857: 9851: 9850: 9848: 9846: 9840: 9833: 9824: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9813: 9793: 9784: 9783: 9766: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9755: 9746:. Archived from 9739: 9730: 9729: 9727: 9725: 9680:Wu, Tim (2003). 9677: 9671: 9670: 9668: 9666: 9647: 9641: 9640: 9638: 9636: 9620: 9614: 9613: 9611: 9609: 9593: 9587: 9586: 9584: 9582: 9567: 9558: 9557: 9541: 9535: 9522: 9516: 9515: 9498: 9487: 9486: 9484: 9482: 9466: 9460: 9459: 9457: 9455: 9436: 9430: 9429: 9427: 9425: 9420:on 12 March 2015 9416:. Archived from 9406: 9400: 9399: 9379: 9373: 9372: 9367:. 16 July 2013. 9357: 9351: 9350: 9348: 9346: 9327: 9321: 9308: 9299: 9298: 9283: 9277: 9276: 9274: 9272: 9253:Flows, Capital. 9250: 9241: 9240: 9221: 9215: 9194: 9188: 9187: 9186:on 5 March 2015. 9182:. Archived from 9172: 9166: 9153: 9147: 9134: 9117: 9116: 9101: 9095: 9094: 9079: 9073: 9072: 9048: 9042: 9041: 9023: 9017: 9016: 9014: 9012: 8997: 8991: 8988: 8982: 8981: 8976:. Gawker Media. 8965: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8954: 8935: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8924: 8915:. Archived from 8905: 8899: 8898: 8896: 8894: 8872: 8861: 8860: 8858: 8856: 8841: 8835: 8834: 8832: 8830: 8800: 8794: 8793: 8791: 8789: 8772: 8766: 8765: 8763: 8761: 8745: 8730: 8729: 8711: 8705: 8704: 8698: 8693: 8691: 8683: 8671: 8665: 8664: 8662: 8660: 8641: 8632: 8631: 8625: 8623: 8614:. Archived from 8603: 8597: 8596: 8594: 8592: 8573: 8567: 8566: 8549: 8543: 8542: 8540: 8538: 8519: 8513: 8512: 8496: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8479: 8466: 8457: 8451: 8450: 8448: 8446: 8435:www.eecs.mit.edu 8427: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8416: 8396: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8385: 8365: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8354: 8332: 8326: 8325: 8310: 8304: 8303: 8288: 8282: 8270: 8268: 8266: 8260: 8245: 8239: 8238: 8236: 8234: 8223:amturing.acm.org 8215: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8204: 8184: 8178: 8177: 8159: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8143: 8119: 8110: 8109: 8107: 8105: 8100:on 18 March 2015 8099: 8093:. Archived from 8076: 8067: 8054: 8053: 8038: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8022: 8013:. Archived from 8003: 7997: 7983: 7977: 7974: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7963: 7954:. Archived from 7948: 7942: 7935: 7929: 7928: 7926: 7924: 7907:www.ETtech.com. 7904: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7887: 7876: 7867: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7836: 7830: 7829: 7811: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7775: 7764: 7751: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7737: 7690: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7659: 7650:. Archived from 7643: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7616: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7590: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7557: 7551: 7550: 7532: 7523: 7522: 7521:on 16 June 2011. 7517:. Archived from 7511: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7500: 7488:The Boston Globe 7479: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7447: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7421: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7405: 7397: 7391: 7390: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7362: 7356:. Archived from 7355: 7347: 7338: 7320: 7314: 7307:Hattem, Julian, 7305: 7299: 7298: 7282: 7273: 7272: 7256: 7250: 7249: 7233: 7227: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7207: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7171: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7160: 7132: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7121: 7099: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7066: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7033: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7000: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6967: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6906: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6840: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6778: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6699: 6684: 6683: 6673: 6671:10.2104/tja09018 6649: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6632: 6625: 6613: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6587:Business Insider 6577: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6521: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6479:on 18 April 2009 6475:. Archived from 6465: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6426: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6403:. Archived from 6390: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6371:on 24 April 2006 6370: 6363: 6355: 6346: 6345: 6333: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6294: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6224: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6131: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6103:"Prepaid Promos" 6099: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6025: 5985: 5979: 5978: 5945:(207): 523–540. 5934: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5847: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5824:. 24 July 2005. 5814: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5779:on 12 July 2024. 5764: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5687: 5676: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5553: 5544:(112): 255–257. 5533: 5527: 5526: 5516: 5506: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5469: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5244:Public Knowledge 5240:"Net Neutrality" 5235: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5130: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5079:. Archived from 5064: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5035: 5011: 5002: 5001: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4900: 4893:Lee, In (2009). 4890: 4884: 4883: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4708:. Archived from 4697: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4680: 4674:. Archived from 4669: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4512: 4506:. 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Archived from 4095: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4064:www.chogabje.com 4056: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4004:freedomhouse.org 3996: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3847: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3685: 3676: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3605: 3599: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3564:. Archived from 3553: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3533:. Archived from 3525:(21 June 2006). 3523:Berners-Lee, Tim 3519: 3510: 3509: 3508:on 1 March 2015. 3507: 3501:. Archived from 3492: 3474: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3449:on 24 April 2014 3448: 3442:. Archived from 3437: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3344: 3338: 3335: 3316: 3297: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3221: 3192:Media regulation 3162: 3157: 3156: 3155: 3032: 3028:consumer surplus 3004:wave propagation 2884:cache algorithms 2846:Google chairman 2606:A report by the 2569:consumer choices 2430:William Nordhaus 2066:Ramesh Sitaraman 1880:Consumer Reports 1806: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1786: 1762: 1761: 1754: 1482:cease and desist 1369:developing world 1365:Google Free Zone 1193:peak user demand 1181:natural disaster 1127:computer network 787:computer science 669: 662: 655: 641: 640: 615: 614: 247: 233: 232: 223: 216: 209: 196: 78: 67: 66: 21: 10721: 10720: 10716: 10715: 10714: 10712: 10711: 10710: 10706:Internet access 10691: 10690: 10666: 10661: 10651: 10649: 10645: 10634: 10628: 10624: 10614: 10612: 10611:on 6 April 2020 10608: 10597: 10593: 10592: 10588: 10578: 10576: 10561: 10557: 10541: 10540: 10533: 10531: 10526: 10525: 10521: 10482: 10478: 10468: 10466: 10449: 10445: 10435: 10433: 10416: 10412: 10402: 10400: 10385: 10381: 10371: 10369: 10352: 10348: 10338: 10336: 10321: 10317: 10307: 10305: 10290: 10286: 10276: 10274: 10259: 10255: 10245: 10243: 10228: 10224: 10214: 10212: 10195: 10191: 10175: 10174: 10154: 10150: 10140: 10138: 10134: 10127: 10123: 10122: 10118: 10095: 10091: 10080: 10076: 10066: 10064: 10046: 10042: 10032: 10030: 10015: 10011: 9974: 9970: 9960: 9958: 9947: 9943: 9933: 9931: 9927: 9896: 9890: 9881: 9871: 9869: 9858: 9854: 9844: 9842: 9838: 9831: 9825: 9821: 9811: 9809: 9794: 9787: 9768: 9767: 9763: 9753: 9751: 9750:on 26 July 2011 9740: 9733: 9723: 9721: 9678: 9674: 9664: 9662: 9649: 9648: 9644: 9634: 9632: 9621: 9617: 9607: 9605: 9594: 9590: 9580: 9578: 9569: 9568: 9561: 9542: 9538: 9532:Wayback Machine 9523: 9519: 9500: 9499: 9490: 9480: 9478: 9477:on 1 March 2015 9467: 9463: 9453: 9451: 9446:. 9 July 2008. 9438: 9437: 9433: 9423: 9421: 9408: 9407: 9403: 9380: 9376: 9359: 9358: 9354: 9344: 9342: 9329: 9328: 9324: 9318:Wayback Machine 9309: 9302: 9285: 9284: 9280: 9270: 9268: 9251: 9244: 9222: 9218: 9204:Wayback Machine 9195: 9191: 9174: 9173: 9169: 9163:Wayback Machine 9154: 9150: 9144:Wayback Machine 9135: 9120: 9103: 9102: 9098: 9089:. 23 May 2014. 9081: 9080: 9076: 9049: 9045: 9024: 9020: 9010: 9008: 8999: 8998: 8994: 8989: 8985: 8966: 8962: 8952: 8950: 8949:on 2 March 2015 8937: 8936: 8932: 8922: 8920: 8919:on 2 April 2015 8907: 8906: 8902: 8892: 8890: 8873: 8864: 8854: 8852: 8843: 8842: 8838: 8828: 8826: 8801: 8797: 8787: 8785: 8773: 8769: 8759: 8757: 8746: 8733: 8712: 8708: 8696: 8694: 8685: 8684: 8672: 8668: 8658: 8656: 8643: 8642: 8635: 8621: 8619: 8604: 8600: 8590: 8588: 8575: 8574: 8570: 8551: 8550: 8546: 8536: 8534: 8521: 8520: 8516: 8497: 8493: 8483: 8481: 8477: 8464: 8458: 8454: 8444: 8442: 8429: 8428: 8424: 8414: 8412: 8397: 8393: 8383: 8381: 8366: 8362: 8352: 8350: 8333: 8329: 8312: 8311: 8307: 8298:. 23 May 2014. 8290: 8289: 8285: 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7156: 7149: 7133: 7129: 7119: 7117: 7100: 7096: 7086: 7084: 7067: 7063: 7053: 7051: 7034: 7030: 7020: 7018: 7001: 6997: 6987: 6985: 6968: 6964: 6953: 6951: 6942: 6940: 6936: 6926: 6924: 6907: 6903: 6893: 6891: 6874: 6870: 6860: 6858: 6841: 6837: 6827: 6825: 6810: 6806: 6796: 6794: 6779: 6775: 6765: 6763: 6752: 6748: 6738: 6736: 6735:. 9 August 2009 6731: 6730: 6726: 6709:(8 June 2006). 6703:Lawrence Lessig 6700: 6687: 6650: 6646: 6636: 6634: 6630: 6623: 6614: 6607: 6597: 6595: 6578: 6574: 6564: 6562: 6551:"Team Internet" 6549: 6548: 6544: 6534: 6532: 6522: 6518: 6508: 6506: 6505:. 25 April 2024 6497: 6496: 6492: 6482: 6480: 6466: 6462: 6452: 6450: 6443: 6427: 6420: 6410: 6408: 6391: 6384: 6374: 6372: 6368: 6361: 6357: 6356: 6349: 6334: 6323: 6313: 6311: 6306:. 9 June 2006. 6296: 6295: 6288: 6278: 6276: 6264: 6260: 6250: 6248: 6241: 6225: 6216: 6206: 6204: 6195: 6194: 6190: 6180: 6178: 6163: 6159: 6149: 6147: 6132: 6128: 6118: 6116: 6101: 6100: 6096: 6086: 6084: 6069: 6068: 6064: 6054: 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CBC News. 5788: 5784: 5765: 5761: 5751: 5749: 5731: 5727: 5717: 5715: 5705: 5701: 5691: 5689: 5685: 5674: 5668: 5664: 5654: 5652: 5635: 5631: 5621: 5619: 5604: 5600: 5590: 5588: 5571: 5567: 5534: 5530: 5483: 5479: 5463: 5462: 5455: 5453: 5440: 5436: 5426: 5424: 5407: 5403: 5393: 5391: 5374: 5370: 5331: 5327: 5317: 5315: 5298: 5294: 5284: 5282: 5267: 5263: 5253: 5251: 5236: 5232: 5222: 5220: 5205:Dooley, Roger. 5203: 5199: 5189: 5187: 5162: 5158: 5148: 5146: 5131: 5127: 5117: 5115: 5100: 5096: 5086: 5084: 5065: 5061: 5051: 5049: 5012: 5005: 4974: 4970: 4949: 4945: 4938: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4891: 4887: 4856: 4852: 4842: 4840: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4812: 4810: 4793: 4789: 4779: 4777: 4760: 4756: 4746: 4744: 4729: 4725: 4715: 4713: 4698: 4694: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4667: 4661: 4657: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4592: 4588: 4578: 4576: 4561: 4557: 4547: 4545: 4530: 4526: 4516: 4514: 4513:on 4 March 2016 4510: 4499: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4469: 4465: 4455: 4453: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4430: 4428: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4385: 4384: 4380: 4370: 4368: 4355: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4310: 4308: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4280: 4278: 4263: 4259: 4249: 4247: 4232: 4228: 4218: 4216: 4205: 4201: 4193: 4189: 4176: 4174: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4143: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4116: 4093: 4087: 4083: 4073: 4071: 4058: 4057: 4053: 4043: 4041: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4013: 4011: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3983: 3981: 3966: 3962: 3952: 3950: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3922: 3920: 3905: 3901: 3891: 3889: 3874: 3870: 3860: 3858: 3849: 3848: 3841: 3831: 3829: 3814: 3810: 3800: 3798: 3784: 3780: 3770: 3768: 3753: 3749: 3730: 3729: 3725: 3686: 3679: 3669: 3667: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3606: 3602: 3585: 3581: 3571: 3569: 3554: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3520: 3513: 3505: 3490:10.1.1.258.5878 3472: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3435: 3431:Tim Wu (2003). 3429: 3425: 3410: 3406: 3396: 3394: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3374: 3364: 3360: 3345: 3341: 3274: 3270: 3260: 3258: 3241: 3237: 3224: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3206: 3158: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3135: 3076:Tim Berners-Lee 3052: 3030: 3012: 3000:Christopher Yoo 2996: 2911: 2905: 2868:Content caching 2865: 2863:Content caching 2813: 2807: 2802: 2786: 2741: 2724:Chicago Tribune 2699: 2674: 2665: 2645:According to a 2630: 2589: 2534:Marc Andreessen 2510:tiered services 2499: 2486:Christopher Yoo 2418:Alberto Alesina 2394:Amy Finkelstein 2382:Bengt Holmström 2308:Marc Andreessen 2175: 2169: 2138:Lawrence Lessig 2136:. According to 2130: 2121: 2101:Lawrence Lessig 2079: 2056:would find the 2045: 2032:Lawrence Lessig 2027:First Amendment 2019: 2013: 1979:common carriers 1975:cable companies 1971: 1969:Control of data 1923:Lawrence Lessig 1915:Tim Berners-Lee 1900:SaveTheInternet 1827:political right 1807: 1796: 1790: 1787: 1776: 1763: 1759: 1752: 1692: 1675: 1650: 1644: 1604: 1553: 1547: 1528: 1522: 1505: 1499: 1490: 1460: 1401: 1329: 1319: 1311:Measurement Lab 1286: 1281: 1261: 1252: 1213: 1176: 1147:streaming video 1123:Traffic shaping 1120: 1118:Traffic shaping 1067: 1030:Experts in the 1014: 1006:closed platform 993:law enforcement 989:Internet police 969:closed Internet 967:In contrast, a 922: 904:server, or via 859:streaming media 816: 811: 763: 739: 673: 635: 630: 629: 606: 598: 597: 573: 565: 564: 486: 478: 477: 421: 411: 410: 376: 366: 365: 266: 258: 227: 187: 132:Tiered Internet 76: 61:Internet access 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10719: 10709: 10708: 10703: 10701:Net neutrality 10689: 10688: 10680:Net Neutrality 10677: 10665: 10664:External links 10662: 10660: 10659: 10622: 10586: 10555: 10519: 10492:(4): 537–554. 10476: 10443: 10410: 10379: 10346: 10315: 10284: 10253: 10222: 10189: 10148: 10116: 10089: 10074: 10051:(2 May 2006). 10040: 10009: 9968: 9941: 9879: 9852: 9819: 9796:Marcus, Adam. 9785: 9761: 9731: 9672: 9642: 9615: 9588: 9559: 9536: 9517: 9488: 9461: 9431: 9401: 9390:(2): 353–370. 9374: 9352: 9322: 9300: 9278: 9242: 9216: 9189: 9167: 9148: 9118: 9111:. 8 May 2014. 9096: 9074: 9043: 9018: 9007:on 2 July 2015 8992: 8983: 8960: 8930: 8900: 8862: 8836: 8795: 8767: 8731: 8706: 8697:|journal= 8666: 8633: 8598: 8568: 8544: 8514: 8491: 8452: 8422: 8391: 8360: 8327: 8320:. 2 May 2006. 8305: 8283: 8240: 8210: 8179: 8149: 8111: 8085:(3): 497–519. 8055: 8028: 7998: 7978: 7969: 7943: 7930: 7899: 7862: 7831: 7824: 7801: 7765: 7743: 7701:(4): 277–288. 7665: 7638: 7611: 7585: 7552: 7524: 7506: 7474: 7442: 7416: 7392: 7374: 7339: 7315: 7300: 7274: 7251: 7228: 7199: 7166: 7147: 7127: 7094: 7061: 7028: 6995: 6962: 6934: 6901: 6868: 6835: 6804: 6773: 6746: 6724: 6685: 6644: 6605: 6572: 6542: 6516: 6490: 6460: 6441: 6418: 6382: 6347: 6321: 6286: 6258: 6239: 6214: 6199:. ARTICLE 19. 6188: 6157: 6126: 6094: 6062: 6031: 5980: 5929: 5898: 5867: 5860: 5839: 5809: 5782: 5759: 5725: 5699: 5662: 5629: 5598: 5565: 5528: 5477: 5434: 5401: 5368: 5325: 5292: 5261: 5230: 5197: 5156: 5139:Digital Trends 5125: 5108:Digital Trends 5094: 5059: 5003: 4968: 4943: 4936: 4918: 4911: 4885: 4850: 4820: 4787: 4754: 4723: 4692: 4655: 4633: 4611: 4586: 4571:. Condé Nast. 4555: 4538:Digital Trends 4524: 4488: 4463: 4438: 4408: 4378: 4348: 4318: 4288: 4257: 4226: 4199: 4187: 4151: 4141: 4131: 4122: 4081: 4051: 4021: 3991: 3960: 3930: 3899: 3868: 3839: 3808: 3778: 3747: 3723: 3677: 3647: 3620:(4): 487–507. 3600: 3579: 3548: 3511: 3483:(9): 794–813. 3460: 3423: 3404: 3379: 3373:978-1437984545 3372: 3358: 3339: 3337: 3336: 3317: 3298: 3280:Doctorow, Cory 3268: 3235: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3163: 3147: 3144: 3139:digital divide 3134: 3131: 3051: 3048: 3040:tiered service 3011: 3010:Pricing models 3008: 2995: 2992: 2991: 2990: 2987: 2975:tiered service 2907:Main article: 2904: 2901: 2864: 2861: 2809:Main article: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2800:Related issues 2798: 2785: 2782: 2774:Dictionary.com 2761:Knowledge Zero 2740: 2737: 2698: 2695: 2673: 2670: 2664: 2661: 2629: 2626: 2588: 2585: 2498: 2495: 2475:Knowledge Zero 2434:Joseph Altonji 2410:Caroline Hoxby 2406:Darrell Duffie 2374:Richard Thaler 2238:Alcatel-Lucent 2186:common carrier 2173:Libertarianism 2168: 2165: 2129: 2126: 2120: 2117: 2088:tiered service 2078: 2075: 2044: 2041: 2017:Digital rights 2012: 2009: 1970: 1967: 1911:World Wide Web 1823:political left 1809: 1808: 1773:of the subject 1771:worldwide view 1766: 1764: 1757: 1751: 1748: 1691: 1688: 1680:Great Firewall 1674: 1671: 1646:Main article: 1643: 1640: 1603: 1600: 1575:Lisa Murkowski 1562:common carrier 1549:Main article: 1546: 1543: 1524:Main article: 1521: 1518: 1501:Main article: 1498: 1495: 1489: 1486: 1459: 1456: 1431:In 2009, when 1416:apps, such as 1400: 1397: 1361:Knowledge Zero 1318: 1315: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1273:mobile network 1260: 1257: 1251: 1248: 1212: 1209: 1207:technologies. 1175: 1172: 1119: 1116: 1112:dumb terminals 1091:David D. Clark 1075:network design 1066: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1047: 1044: 1013: 1010: 930:open standards 921: 918: 831:mobile devices 815: 812: 810: 807: 780:public utility 767:common carrier 762: 759: 751:common carrier 738: 735: 684:net neutrality 675: 674: 672: 671: 664: 657: 649: 646: 645: 632: 631: 628: 627: 620: 607: 604: 603: 600: 599: 596: 595: 590: 585: 580: 574: 571: 570: 567: 566: 563: 562: 561: 560: 553:World Wide Web 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 499: 498: 487: 484: 483: 480: 479: 476: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 454: 453: 448: 438: 433: 428: 422: 417: 416: 413: 412: 409: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 377: 372: 371: 368: 367: 364: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 321:Net neutrality 318: 313: 308: 303: 301:Digital rights 298: 296:Digital divide 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 267: 264: 263: 260: 259: 248: 240: 239: 229: 228: 226: 225: 218: 211: 203: 200: 199: 198: 197: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 163:European Union 160: 155: 150: 142: 141: 137: 136: 135: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 86: 85: 81: 80: 77:Net neutrality 72: 71: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10718: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10698: 10696: 10687: 10686: 10681: 10678: 10676:. 5 May 2020. 10675: 10671: 10668: 10667: 10644: 10640: 10633: 10626: 10607: 10603: 10596: 10590: 10574: 10570: 10566: 10559: 10551: 10545: 10529: 10523: 10515: 10511: 10507: 10503: 10499: 10495: 10491: 10487: 10480: 10464: 10460: 10459: 10454: 10447: 10431: 10427: 10426: 10421: 10414: 10398: 10394: 10390: 10383: 10367: 10363: 10362: 10357: 10350: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10319: 10303: 10299: 10295: 10288: 10272: 10268: 10264: 10257: 10241: 10237: 10233: 10226: 10210: 10206: 10205: 10200: 10193: 10185: 10179: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10159: 10152: 10133: 10126: 10120: 10112: 10108: 10104: 10100: 10093: 10087: 10083: 10078: 10062: 10058: 10054: 10050: 10044: 10028: 10024: 10023:Light Reading 10020: 10013: 10005: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9987: 9983: 9979: 9972: 9956: 9952: 9945: 9926: 9922: 9918: 9914: 9910: 9906: 9902: 9895: 9888: 9886: 9884: 9867: 9863: 9856: 9837: 9830: 9823: 9807: 9803: 9799: 9792: 9790: 9781: 9777: 9776: 9771: 9765: 9749: 9745: 9738: 9736: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9691: 9687: 9683: 9676: 9660: 9656: 9652: 9646: 9630: 9626: 9619: 9603: 9599: 9592: 9576: 9572: 9566: 9564: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9540: 9533: 9529: 9526: 9521: 9513: 9509: 9508: 9503: 9497: 9495: 9493: 9476: 9472: 9465: 9449: 9445: 9441: 9435: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9405: 9397: 9393: 9389: 9385: 9384:MIS Quarterly 9378: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9356: 9340: 9336: 9332: 9326: 9319: 9315: 9312: 9307: 9305: 9296: 9292: 9288: 9282: 9266: 9262: 9261: 9256: 9249: 9247: 9238: 9234: 9232: 9227: 9220: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9201: 9198: 9193: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9171: 9164: 9160: 9157: 9152: 9145: 9141: 9138: 9133: 9131: 9129: 9127: 9125: 9123: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9100: 9092: 9088: 9084: 9078: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9058: 9054: 9047: 9039: 9035: 9034: 9029: 9022: 9006: 9002: 8996: 8987: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8964: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8934: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8904: 8888: 8884: 8883: 8878: 8871: 8869: 8867: 8850: 8846: 8840: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8811: 8806: 8799: 8784: 8783: 8778: 8771: 8755: 8751: 8744: 8742: 8740: 8738: 8736: 8727: 8723: 8722: 8717: 8710: 8702: 8689: 8681: 8677: 8670: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8640: 8638: 8630: 8617: 8613: 8612:TechNewsWorld 8609: 8602: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8572: 8564: 8560: 8559: 8558:Light Reading 8554: 8548: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8518: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8495: 8476: 8472: 8471: 8463: 8456: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8426: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8395: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8364: 8348: 8344: 8343: 8338: 8331: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8309: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8287: 8281: 8277: 8274: 8257: 8253: 8252: 8244: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8214: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8183: 8175: 8171: 8170: 8165: 8158: 8156: 8154: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8118: 8116: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8073: 8066: 8064: 8062: 8060: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8037: 8035: 8033: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8002: 7995: 7991: 7988: 7982: 7973: 7957: 7953: 7947: 7940: 7934: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7903: 7884: 7880: 7873: 7866: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7835: 7827: 7825:9781570186837 7821: 7817: 7810: 7808: 7806: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7774: 7772: 7770: 7762: 7758: 7755: 7750: 7748: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7695: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7674:J. H. Saltzer 7669: 7653: 7649: 7642: 7626: 7623:. Sec. 2.11. 7622: 7615: 7600: 7599:The Intercept 7596: 7589: 7573: 7569: 7568: 7563: 7556: 7548: 7544: 7543: 7538: 7531: 7529: 7520: 7516: 7510: 7494: 7490: 7489: 7484: 7478: 7462: 7458: 7457: 7452: 7446: 7430: 7426: 7420: 7409: 7402: 7396: 7388: 7384: 7378: 7359: 7352: 7346: 7344: 7336: 7332: 7331: 7325: 7322:Nunziato DC. 7319: 7312: 7311: 7304: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7281: 7279: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7255: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7232: 7216: 7212: 7206: 7204: 7187: 7183: 7182: 7177: 7170: 7154: 7150: 7148:9781583227381 7144: 7140: 7139: 7138:Censored 2007 7131: 7115: 7111: 7110: 7105: 7098: 7082: 7078: 7077: 7072: 7065: 7049: 7045: 7044: 7039: 7032: 7016: 7012: 7011: 7006: 6999: 6983: 6979: 6978: 6973: 6966: 6949: 6945: 6938: 6922: 6918: 6917: 6912: 6905: 6889: 6885: 6884: 6879: 6872: 6856: 6852: 6851: 6846: 6839: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6808: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6777: 6761: 6757: 6750: 6734: 6728: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6681: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6648: 6629: 6622: 6618: 6612: 6610: 6593: 6589: 6588: 6583: 6576: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6546: 6531: 6527: 6520: 6504: 6500: 6494: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6464: 6448: 6444: 6442:9781593921415 6438: 6434: 6433: 6425: 6423: 6406: 6402: 6401: 6396: 6389: 6387: 6367: 6360: 6354: 6352: 6343: 6339: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6309: 6305: 6304: 6299: 6293: 6291: 6275: 6274: 6269: 6262: 6246: 6242: 6240:9780804756600 6236: 6232: 6231: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6202: 6198: 6192: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6161: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6130: 6114: 6110: 6109: 6104: 6098: 6082: 6078: 6077: 6072: 6066: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6035: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5984: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5933: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5871: 5863: 5857: 5853: 5846: 5844: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5813: 5797: 5793: 5786: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5763: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5729: 5714: 5710: 5703: 5684: 5680: 5673: 5666: 5650: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5633: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5602: 5586: 5582: 5581: 5576: 5569: 5561: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5532: 5524: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5481: 5473: 5467: 5451: 5450: 5445: 5438: 5422: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5405: 5389: 5385: 5384: 5379: 5372: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5329: 5313: 5309: 5308: 5303: 5296: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5265: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5234: 5218: 5214: 5213: 5208: 5201: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5160: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5129: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5098: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5063: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5010: 5008: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4984:(16): 52–58. 4983: 4979: 4972: 4964: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4947: 4939: 4937:9781615208319 4933: 4929: 4922: 4914: 4912:9781605661940 4908: 4904: 4899: 4898: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4808: 4804: 4803: 4798: 4791: 4775: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4758: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4727: 4711: 4707: 4706:Network World 4703: 4696: 4677: 4673: 4666: 4659: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4607: 4603: 4602: 4597: 4590: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4559: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4528: 4509: 4505: 4498: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4479: 4474: 4467: 4452: 4448: 4442: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4382: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4322: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4292: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4261: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4230: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4196: 4195:IETF RFC 2475 4191: 4184: 4172: 4168: 4167: 4162: 4155: 4145: 4135: 4126: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4085: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4055: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3964: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3934: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3903: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3844: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3738: 3733: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3684: 3682: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3604: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3583: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3518: 3516: 3504: 3500: 3496: 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2749:video streams 2746: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2729:Joshua Wright 2726: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2701:According to 2694: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2669: 2660: 2658: 2657:MIS Quarterly 2653: 2650: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2635: 2625: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2597: 2594: 2584: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2570: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2553: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2506: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2449:Jesse Jackson 2446: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2426:Emmanuel Saez 2423: 2422:Alan Auerbach 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2356:Robert Pepper 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2336:MIT Media Lab 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2312:Scott McNealy 2309: 2305: 2300: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 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