865:
400:, as of 1999, the United States had never deployed a neutron weapon. The nature of this statement is not clear; it reads, "The stolen information also includes classified design information for an enhanced radiation weapon (commonly known as the "neutron bomb"), which neither the United States, nor any other nation, has ever deployed." However, the fact that neutron bombs had been produced by the US was well known at this time and part of the public record. Cohen suggests the report is playing with the definitions; while the US bombs were never deployed
595:
1090:
473:
749:
542:
3227:"Lord Gilbert obituary, by Andrew Roth, 3 June 2013. "Nobody lives up in the mountains on the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan except for a few goats and a handful of people herding them," he observed. "If you told them that some ... warheads were going to be dropped there and that it would be a very unpleasant place to go, they would not go there.""
290:. Both entered phase three testing in October 1965, but the W65 was cancelled in favor of the W66 in November 1968. Testing of the W66 was carried out in the late 1960s, and it entered production in June 1974, the first neutron bomb to do so. Approximately 120 were built, with about 70 of these being on active duty during 1975 and 1976 as part of the
1191:-fission bomb. The latter fission device has a higher kinetic energy-ratio per unit of reaction energy released, which is most notable in the comparison with the D-T fusion reaction. A larger percentage of the energy from a D-T fusion reaction is inherently put into uncharged neutron generation as opposed to charged particles, such as the
210:
weapon carefully, the neutron burst can be maximized while minimizing the blast itself. This makes the lethal radius of the neutron burst greater than that of the explosion itself. Since the neutrons are absorbed or decay rapidly, such a burst over an enemy column would kill the crews but leave the area able to be quickly reoccupied.
950:
missile, which delivered three warheads travelling on roughly the same trajectory, and thus with a short distance between them. A single ABM could conceivably destroy all three through neutron flux. Developing warheads that were less sensitive to these attacks was also a major area of research in the
581:
Rather than making extensive preparations for battlefield nuclear combat in
Central Europe, the Soviet military leadership believed that conventional superiority provided the Warsaw Pact with the means to approximate the effects of nuclear weapons and achieve victory in Europe without resort to those
114:
reaction is intentionally allowed to escape the weapon, rather than being absorbed by its other components. The neutron burst, which is used as the primary destructive action of the warhead, is able to penetrate enemy armor more effectively than a conventional warhead, thus making it more lethal as a
430:
missile program. This ABM system contains at least 68 neutron warheads with a 10-kiloton yield each and it has been in service since 1995, with inert missile testing approximately every other year since then (2014). The system is designed to destroy incoming endoatmospheric nuclear warheads aimed at
407:
In addition to the two superpowers, France and China are known to have tested neutron or enhanced radiation bombs. France conducted an early test of the technology in 1967 and tested an actual neutron bomb in 1980. China conducted a successful test of neutron bomb principles in 1984 and a successful
1025:
explosions, this can be on the order of 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) in radius. In this sort of attack, it is the X-rays promptly delivering energy on the warhead surface that is the active mechanism; the rapid ablation (or "blowoff") of the surface creates shock waves that can break up the warhead.
501:
Neutron bombs are purposely designed with explosive yields lower than other nuclear weapons. Since neutrons are scattered and absorbed by air, neutron radiation effects drop off rapidly with distance in air. As such, there is a sharper distinction, relative to thermal effects, between areas of high
376:
Three types of enhanced radiation weapons (ERW) were deployed by the United States. The W66 warhead, for the anti-ICBM Sprint missile system, was deployed in 1975 and retired the next year, along with the missile system. The W70 Mod 3 warhead was developed for the short-range, tactical MGM-52 Lance
209:
In a neutron bomb, the casing material is selected either to be transparent to neutrons or to actively enhance their production. The burst of neutrons created in the thermonuclear reaction is then free to escape the bomb, outpacing the physical explosion. By designing the thermonuclear stage of the
1186:
would similarly be much higher than that of a pure-fission device: approximately twice the initial radiation output of current standard fission–fusion-based weapons. In common with all neutron bombs that must presently derive a small percentage of trigger energy from fission, in any given yield, a
933:
A problem faced by Sprint and similar ABMs was that the blast effects of their warheads change greatly as they climb and the atmosphere thins out. At higher altitudes, starting around 60,000 feet (18,000 m) and above, the blast effects begin to drop off rapidly as the air density becomes very
2929:
Paper
Summary Submitted to Spectrum 2000, Sept 24-28, 2000, Chattanooga, TN. Ducrete: A Cost Effective Radiation Shielding Material. Quote- "The Ducrete/DUAGG replaces the conventional aggregate in concrete producing concrete with a density of 5.6 to 6.4 g/cm3 (compared to 2.3 g/cm3 for
1038:
suggested that multiple enhanced radiation reduced blast (ERRB) warheads could be detonated in the mountain region of the
Afghanistan-Pakistan border to prevent infiltration. He proposed to warn the inhabitants to evacuate, then irradiate the area, making it unusable and impassable. Used in this
533:
Although neutron bombs are commonly believed to "leave the infrastructure intact", with current designs that have explosive yields in the low kiloton range, detonation in (or above) a built-up area would still cause a sizable degree of building destruction, through blast and heat effects out to a
3098:
Due to moderating ability and light weight, used to harden weapons against outside neutron fluxes (especially in combination with Li-6) ...The very high cross section of this reaction for thermalized neutrons, combined with the light weight of the Li-6 atom, make it useful in the form of lithium
421:
warheads that have about 10 kiloton and lower as one dial option, with a considerable fraction of that yield derived from fusion reactions, can be considered able to be neutron bombs in use, if not in name. The only country definitely known to deploy dedicated (that is, not dial-a-yield) neutron
230:
Technically speaking, every low-yield nuclear weapon is a radiation weapon, including non-enhanced variants. All nuclear weapons up to about 10 kilotons in yield have prompt neutron radiation as their furthest-reaching lethal component. For standard weapons above about 10 kilotons of yield, the
991:
for long periods. However, while such attacks might be useful against guidance systems, which used relatively advanced electronics, in the ABM role, these components have long ago separated from the warheads by the time they come within range of the interceptors. The electronics in the warheads
905:
embedded within the armor, products which emit, among other things, penetrating gamma rays. Although the neutrons emitted by the neutron bomb may not penetrate to the tank crew in lethal quantities, the fast fission of DU within the armor could still ensure a lethal environment for the crew and
970:
GAR-11/AIM-26 was primarily a weapon-killer. The bomber(s, if any) was collateral damage. The weapon was proximity-fused to ensure detonation close enough so an intense flood of neutrons would result in an instantaneous nuclear reaction (NOT full-scale) in the enemy weapon's pit; rendering it
937:
Neutron-based attacks offer one solution to this problem. The burst of neutrons released by an ER weapon can induce fission in the fissile materials of primary in the target warhead. The energy released by these reactions may be enough to melt the warhead, but even at lower fission rates, the
687:
m. The powerful winds produced by this overpressure, however, could throw bodies into objects or throw debris at high velocity, including window glass, both with potentially lethal results. Casualties would be highly variable depending on surroundings, including potential building collapses.
205:
that can cause fission reactions in the casing material. These can add considerable energy to the reaction; in a typical design, as much as 50% of the total energy comes from fission events in the casing. For this reason, these weapons are technically known as fission-fusion-fission designs.
133:(ABMs). In this role, the burst of neutrons would cause nearby warheads to undergo partial fission, preventing them from exploding properly. For this to work, the ABM would have to explode within approximately 100 metres (300 ft) of its target. The first example of such a system was the
408:
test of a neutron bomb in 1988. However, neither of those countries chose to deploy neutron bombs. Chinese nuclear scientists stated before the 1988 test that China had no need for neutron bombs, but it was developed to serve as a "technology reserve", in case the need arose in the future.
222:
and neutrons is approximately 5% of the entire energy released; in neutron bombs, it would be closer to 40%, with the percentage increase coming from the higher production of neutrons. Furthermore, the neutrons emitted by a neutron bomb have a much higher average energy level (close to 14
764:
isotopes found in nature (top curve is for 10 B and bottom curve for 11 B. As neutron energy increases to 14 MeV, the absorption effectiveness, in general, decreases. Thus, for boron-containing armor to be effective, fast neutrons must first be slowed by another element by
528:
the W-70 ... is not even remotely a "neutron bomb." Instead of being the type of weapon that, in the popular mind, "kills people and spares buildings" it is one that both kills and physically destroys on a massive scale. The W-70 is not a discriminate weapon, like the neutron bomb—which,
781:
magazine that tank armor protection was approaching the level where tank crews would be almost fully protected from radiation effects. Thus, for an ER weapon to incapacitate a modern tank crew through irradiation, the weapon must be detonated at such proximity to the tank that the
938:"burning up" of some of the fuel in the primary can cause it to fail to explode properly, or "fizzle". Thus, a small ER warhead can be effective across a wide altitude band, using blast effects at lower altitudes and the increasingly long-ranged neutrons as the engagement rises.
488:
to stop such a massive Warsaw Pact invasion. According to proponents, neutron bombs would blunt an invasion by Soviet tanks and armored vehicles without causing as much damage or civilian deaths as the older nuclear weapons would. Neutron bombs would have been used if the
561:
was likely to be to use this numerical advantage to rapidly sweep across continental Europe if the Cold War ever turned hot. Any weapon that could break up their intended mass tank formation deployments and force them to deploy their tanks in a thinner, more
945:
mentioning weapons with a "clean, enhanced neutron output" for use as "antimissile defensive warheads." Studying, improving and defending against such attacks was a major area of research during the 1950s and '60s. A particular example of this is the US
706:
24 inches (60 cm) thick, would receive a neutron radiation exposure reduced by a factor of 10. Even near ground zero, basement sheltering or buildings with similar radiation shielding characteristics would drastically reduce the radiation dose.
455:
exposé describing US government plans to equip US Armed Forces with neutron bombs. The article focused on the fact that it was the first weapon specifically intended to kill humans with radiation. Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory director
1683:"Weapon designer Robert Christy discussing scaling laws, that is, how injuries from ionizing radiation do not linearly scale in lock step with the range of thermal flash injuries, especially as higher and higher yield nuclear weapons are used"
3188:
Nuclear weapon-generated X-rays are the chief threat to the survival of strategic missiles in-flight above the atmosphere and to satellites ... The
Neutron and gamma ray effects dominate at lower altitudes where the air absorbs most of the
1149:
A militarily useful use of a neutron bomb with respect to area denial would be to encase it in a thick shell of material that could be neutron activated, and use a surface burst. In this manner, the neutron bomb would be turned into a
251:, who developed the concept in 1958. Initial development was carried out as part of projects Dove and Starling, and an early device was tested underground in early 1962. Designs for a "weaponized" version were developed in 1963.
2930:
conventional concrete). This shielding material has the unique feature of having both high Z and low Z elements in a single matrix. Consequently, it is very effective for the attenuation of gamma and neutron radiation ..."
585:
Neutron bombs, or more precisely, enhanced radiation weapons were also to find use as strategic anti-ballistic missile weapons, and in this role, they are believed to remain in active service within Russia's
Gazelle missile.
844:
containing boron (BPE), and additional mass behind it to attenuate neutron capture gamma rays, is more effective than just 24 units of pure iron or BPE alone, due to the advantages of both iron and BPE in combination. During
3025:
164:
in 1981. This time, it led to protests as the growing anti-nuclear movement gained strength through this period. Opposition was so intense that
European leaders refused to accept it on their territory. US President
2781:
934:
low. This can be countered by using a larger warhead, but then it becomes too powerful when used at lower altitudes. An ideal system would use a mechanism that was less sensitive to changes in air density.
872:
for neutrons of various energy has been revised over time and certain agencies have different weighting factors; however, despite the variation amongst the agencies, from the graph, for a given energy, a
849:, iron is effective in slowing down/scattering high-energy neutrons in the 14-MeV energy range and attenuating gamma rays, while the hydrogen in polyethylene is effective in slowing down these now slower
217:
with an identical explosive yield, a neutron bomb would emit about ten times the amount of neutron radiation. In a fission bomb, at sea level, the total radiation pulse energy which is composed of both
1953:"Report Of The Select Committee On U.S. National Security And Military/Commercial Concerns With The People's Republic Of China: Chapter 2 – PRC Theft Of U.S. Thermonuclear Warhead Design Information"
297:
Development of ER warheads for Lance continued, but in the early 1970s, attention had turned to using modified versions of the W70, the W70 Mod 3. Development was subsequently postponed by
President
1921:
3505:
or NPIHP is a global network of individuals and institutions engaged in the study of international nuclear history through archival documents, oral history interviews and other empirical sources.
906:
maintenance personnel by fission neutron and gamma ray exposure, largely depending on the exact thickness and elemental composition of the armor—information usually hard to attain. Despite this,
918:
neutrons and gamma rays due to it being a graded-Z material. Uranium, being about twice as dense as lead, is thus nearly twice as effective at shielding gamma ray radiation per unit thickness.
2460:"what is a neutron bomb "In strategic terms, the neutron bomb has a theoretical deterrent effect: discouraging an armoured ground assault by arousing the fear of neutron bomb counterattack""
1082:
and shorter-lasting version of it in the area than if air bursts were used, as little to no fission products would be deposited on the direct immediate area, instead becoming diluted global
926:
As an anti-ballistic missile weapon, the first fielded ER warhead, the W66, was developed for the Sprint missile system as part of the
Safeguard Program to protect United States cities and
3446:
699:) of 6 Gray would extend to between 1350 and 1400 meters for those unprotected and outdoors, where approximately half of those exposed would die of radiation sickness after several weeks.
691:
The pulse of neutron radiation would cause immediate and permanent incapacitation to unprotected outdoor humans in the open out to 900 meters, with death occurring in one or two days. The
1002:
of the warhead's electronic components as a countermeasure to high altitude neutron warheads somewhat reduces the range that a neutron warhead could successfully cause an unrecoverable
411:
In May 1998, Senior
Pakistani Scientist, Dr. N. M. Butt, stated that "PAEC built a sufficient number of neutron bombs—a battlefield weapon that is essentially a low yield device".
270:. Both entered phase three testing in July 1964, and the W64 was cancelled in favor of the W63 in September 1964. The W63 was in turn cancelled in November 1965 in favor of the
2964:
3029:
2412:
193:, or steel. The case traps the energy from the fission bomb for a brief period, allowing it to heat and compress the main thermonuclear fuel. The case is normally made of
2774:
625:
psi (32 kPa) out to a radius of 600 meters, which would severely damage all non-reinforced concrete structures. At the conventional effective combat range against modern
3154:
2576:
2307:
2036:
743:
2720:"Monte Carlo Calculations Using MCNP4B for an Optimal Shielding Design of a 14-MeV Neutron Source, Submitted to the Journal of Radiation Protection Dosimetry 1998"
861:
tank, in response to the neutron bomb threat, is cited as having fitted a boronated polyethylene liner, which has had its neutron shielding properties simulated.
3487:
3205:
1900:
1789:
998:(Li6H) is cited as being used as a countermeasure to reduce the vulnerability and "harden" nuclear warheads from the effects of externally generated neutrons.
702:
A human residing within, or simply shielded by, at least one concrete building with walls and ceilings 30 cm (12 in) thick, or alternatively of damp
529:
incidentally, should be considered a weapon that "kills enemy personnel while sparing the physical fabric of the attacked populace, and even the populace too."
3479:
3119:
393:. The last W70 Mod 3 warhead was dismantled in 1996, and the last W79 Mod 0 was dismantled by 2003, when the dismantling of all W79 variants was completed.
1928:
235:
radius. Enhanced radiation weapons also fall into this same yield range and simply enhance the intensity and range of the neutron dose for a given yield.
2336:
524:
The inventor of the neutron bomb, Sam Cohen, criticized the description of the W70 as a neutron bomb since it could be configured to yield 100 kilotons:
2019:
321:, which surpassed neutron bomb production in ambition and vision and with that, neutron bombs quickly faded from the center of the public's attention.
169:
ordered the production of the W70-3, which remained in the US stockpile until they were retired in 1992. The last W70 was dismantled in February 1996.
2869:"For example, M-1 tank armor includes depleted uranium, which can undergo fast fission and can be made to be radioactive when bombarded with neutrons"
2246:
118:
The concept was originally developed by the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It was seen as a "cleaner" bomb for use against massed
1137:
that is produced in this "scabbing" of a much larger mass of material free from the main body, as opposed to the shallower surface penetration and
2743:
2604:
773:
The questionable effectiveness of ER weapons against modern tanks is cited as one of the main reasons that these weapons are no longer fielded or
3455:
2726:
1765:
484:
in the event of a nuclear attack on Poland by NATO forces. Soviet analysts had correctly assumed that the NATO response would be to use regular
1717:
1636:
1121:(which manifests as blast and thermal effects), while the majority of the energy of the reaction (14.1 MeV) is carried away by the uncharged
1021:
on the order of meters. But as the air thins out, the X-rays can travel further, eventually outpacing the area of effect of the neutrons. In
975:
It has also been suggested that neutron flux's effects on the warhead electronics are another attack vector for ER warheads in the ABM role.
2868:
2386:
954:
Some sources claim that the neutron flux attack was also the main design goal of the various nuclear-tipped anti-aircraft weapons like the
3236:
652:
of radiation would require exploding large numbers of them to blanket the enemy forces, destroying all normal civilian buildings within c.
3179:
3136:
2625:
1502:
2924:
2362:
1353:
3285:
2947:
2893:
1406:
181:
is placed close to a larger mass of thermonuclear fuel, usually lithium deuteride. The two components are then placed within a thick
3093:
2968:
517:
and so are not classified as neutron bombs, thus limiting the yield of neutron bombs to a maximum of about 10 kilotons. The intense
1070:—with the difference that neutron bombs produce half, or less, of the quantity of fission products relative to the same-yield pure
110:
in the immediate vicinity of the blast while minimizing the physical power of the blast itself. The neutron release generated by a
1326:
777:. With the increase in average tank armor thickness since the first ER weapons were fielded, it was argued in the March 13, 1986,
598:
A wooden framed house photographed during a 1953 nuclear test, 5 pounds per square inch (34 kPa) overpressure, full collapse.
1350:"Chapter 2 Conventional and Nuclear Weapons - Energy Production and Atomic Physics Section I - General. Figure 2-IX, Table 2-III"
2513:
2420:
1661:
1370:
942:
248:
3158:
3075:
2569:
2543:
2441:
2099:
1874:
3432:
3318:
3265:
3005:
2229:
2202:
2175:
2142:
1616:
1442:
1251:
378:
363:
2854:
2492:
1993:
1956:
1013:
At very high altitudes, at the edge of the atmosphere and above it, another effect comes into play. At lower altitudes, the
513:, are able to radiate sufficient neutrons beyond their lethal blast range when detonated as a surface burst or low altitude
2824:
2640:
2051:
464:
both described neutron bombs as a "capitalist bomb", because it was designed to destroy people while preserving property.
3497:
457:
436:
146:
521:
of high-energy neutrons generated by a neutron bomb is the principal killing mechanism, not the fallout, heat or blast.
301:
in 1978 following protests against his administration's plans to deploy neutron warheads to ground forces in Europe. On
2798:
2459:
156:
The weapon was once again proposed for tactical use by the United States in the 1970s and 1980s, and production of the
3484:
3201:
1896:
1781:
2834:
2017:
1474:
869:
864:
814:
1810:
817:, the neutron protection factor of a "tank" can be as low as 2, without qualifying whether the statement implies a
790:
317:
campaign against the US's neutron bomb in 1981 following Reagan's announcement. In 1983, Reagan then announced the
2221:
Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence, and Edward Teller
645:
kt neutron bomb would destroy or damage to the point of nonusability almost all un-reinforced civilian buildings.
1849:
294:. When that program was shut down they were placed in storage, and eventually decommissioned in the early 1980s.
1260:
Mod 0 — 155-millimetre (6.1 in) enhanced radiation artillery shell developed by Livermore (cancelled)
1125:. Devices with a higher proportion of yield derived from this reaction would be more efficient in the stand-off
837:
606:
of a 1-kiloton neutron bomb would produce a large blast wave and a powerful pulse of both thermal radiation and
2254:
833:
549:
in a 1984 REFORGER staging area before transport. This dual capable system could fire nuclear artillery shells.
267:
3111:
2328:
477:
3155:"Transient Radiation Effects on Electronics (TREE) Handbook Formerly Design Handbook for TREE, Chapters 1-6"
534:
moderate radius, albeit considerably less destruction, than when compared to a standard nuclear bomb of the
274:(Mod 0), a conventional design. By this time, the same concepts were being used to develop warheads for the
3518:
881:, than a fission-generated thermal neutron or a fusion neutron slowed to that energy, c. 0.8 MeV.
318:
893:
tank, which incorporates steel-encased depleted uranium armor, a substance that will fast fission when it
813:, the actual average total tank area protection factor is rarely higher than 15.5 to 35. According to the
3348:
1177:
2485:"Candid Interviews with Former Soviet Officials Reveal U.S. Strategic Intelligence Failure Over Decades"
2297:
3425:
2750:
2600:
1270:
992:
themselves tend to be very simple, and hardening them was one of the many issues studied in the 1960s.
648:
Using neutron bombs to stop an enemy armored attack by rapidly incapacitating crews with a dose of 80+
567:
558:
2719:
1126:
630:
621:
to unprotected skin out to approximately 500 meters. The blast would create pressures of at least 4.6
302:
3057:
1707:
3533:
1632:
911:
722:. Thus, absorption might vary exponentially with humidity, making neutron bombs far more deadly in
554:
1254:— 8-inch (200 mm) enhanced radiation artillery shell developed by Livermore (1976–1992)
3523:
2014:
1349:
971:
incapable of functioning as designed ... ur first "neutron bombs" were the GAR-11 and MB-1 Genie.
485:
414:
In August 1999, the Indian government stated that India was capable of producing a neutron bomb.
201:
metal, because the thermonuclear reactions give off extraordinarily large numbers of high-energy
3226:
2872:
2390:
2134:
1762:
417:
Although no country is currently known to deploy them in an offensive manner, all thermonuclear
3044:
279:
130:
3251:
3183:
3140:
2995:
2705:
2668:
2282:
2219:
2192:
2167:
1432:
671:
Because liquid-filled objects like the human body are resistant to gross overpressure, the 4–5
2683:
2621:
1606:
1560:
1494:
1464:
1296:
1234:
1228:
1217:
1211:
753:
735:
287:
283:
263:
259:
134:
3390:
2358:
3281:
2940:
1572:
1528:
1067:
502:
lethality and areas with minimal radiation doses. No high yield (more than c. 10
358:
103:
2900:
1410:
1043:
casing materials used in the bomb, and depending on burst height, create radioactive soil
8:
3502:
2744:"Neutron Interactions – Part 2 George Starkschall, Ph.D. Department of Radiation Physics"
1164:
enrichment, would when neutron activated become zinc-65, which is a gamma emitter with a
1161:
999:
1576:
1532:
660:
from the explosions could make many building materials in the city radioactive, such as
2693:
2656:
2127:
1712:
1703:
1322:
1183:
1075:
1044:
1040:
810:
766:
711:
692:
657:
607:
594:
232:
1608:
Physics of societal issues: calculations on national security, environment, and energy
1187:
100% pure fusion bomb would likewise generate a smaller atmospheric blast wave than a
714:
spectrum of air is disputed by some authorities, and depends in part on absorption by
3428:
3352:
3314:
3261:
3001:
2918:
2830:
2517:
2302:
2270:
2225:
2198:
2171:
2160:
2138:
1835:
1657:
1612:
1470:
1438:
1281:
1196:
1182:
With considerable overlap between the two devices, the prompt radiation effects of a
1134:
1063:
846:
809:, increasing the protection factor, the author holds that in practice, combined with
802:
783:
774:
618:
386:
382:
291:
107:
3089:
3071:
2091:
1374:
3528:
3306:
2539:
2445:
1870:
1584:
1580:
1541:
1536:
1516:
1286:
1157:
898:
886:
854:
826:
661:
626:
563:
443:
275:
194:
138:
3282:"1.6 Cobalt Bombs and other Salted Bombs, Nuclear Weapons Archive, Carey Sublette"
2484:
1243:
Mod 3 — Lance enhanced radiation warhead developed by Livermore (1981–1992).
941:
The use of neutron-based attacks was discussed as early as the 1950s, with the US
877:(14.1 MeV) although more energetic, is less biologically harmful as rated in
449:
Considerable controversy arose in the US and Western Europe following a June 1977
3491:
3442:
3417:
3231:
2951:
2850:
2023:
1989:
1952:
1291:
995:
902:
894:
518:
461:
451:
244:
198:
33:
2941:"Cask size and weight reduction through the use of depleted uranium dioxide (DUO
3503:
The Woodrow Wilson Center's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project
2954:, Waste Management 2006 Conference, Tucson, Arizona, February 26–March 2, 2006.
2129:
Confronting the bomb: a short history of the world nuclear disarmament movement
1844:
1192:
1130:
1114:
1022:
1018:
988:
947:
910:—which has an elemental composition similar (but not identical) to the ceramic
874:
857:
and a low production yield of gamma rays when it absorbs a neutron. The Soviet
806:
805:
hydrogenous material (substances containing hydrogen atoms), such as explosive
794:
723:
566:, would aid ground forces in the task of hunting down solitary tanks and using
507:
111:
65:
3310:
3512:
1682:
1220:— Sprint enhanced radiation warhead developed by Los Alamos (1975–1976)
1118:
1059:
984:
959:
955:
850:
798:
546:
427:
368:
351:
310:
166:
2802:
2463:
1971:
1237:— Lance enhanced radiation warhead developed by Los Alamos (cancelled)
1214:— Sprint enhanced radiation warhead developed by Livermore (cancelled)
2090:
Journal, Jonathan Karp Staff Reporter of The Wall Street (17 August 1999).
1231:— Lance enhanced radiation warhead developed by Livermore (cancelled)
1195:
of the D-T reaction, the primary species, that is most responsible for the
1122:
1110:
1089:
1071:
1035:
927:
853:
in the few MeV range, and boron 10 has a high absorption cross section for
841:
786:'s blast would now be equally effective at incapacitating it and its crew.
748:
676:
614:
481:
418:
306:
298:
255:
224:
214:
178:
161:
123:
119:
3351:(Report). Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States).
2113:
The Nuclear Express: A Political History of the Bomb and Its Proliferation
1839:
472:
3099:
hydride for hardening of nuclear weapons against external neutron fluxes.
2194:
National security for a new era: globalization and geopolitics after Iraq
1814:
1276:
1152:
1051:
980:
890:
822:
757:
719:
649:
2037:"Red China's "Capitalist Bomb": Inside the Chinese Neutron Bomb Program"
1054:
effect resulting from fission product (the substances that make up most
3090:"Section 12.0 Useful Tables Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions"
1039:
manner, the neutron bomb(s), regardless of burst height, would release
976:
818:
739:
575:
571:
510:
397:
314:
122:
armored divisions. As these would be used over allied nations, notably
3356:
897:
a fast, fusion-generated neutron, and thus on fissioning will produce
744:
Signs and symptoms of radiation poisoning § "Walking Ghost phase"
3422:
The Truth About the Neutron Bomb: The Inventor of the Bomb Speaks Out
3300:
3257:
2622:"Applications of the Monte Carlo Adjoint Shielding Methodology - MIT"
1165:
1094:
603:
514:
219:
3026:"Secrets of the BOMARC: Re-examining Canada's Misunderstood Missile"
2013:
UK parliamentary question on whether condemnation was considered by
231:
lethal blast and thermal effects radius begins to exceed the lethal
1749:
Nuclear Weapons Databook: U.S. nuclear warhead production. Volume 2
1142:
1138:
1102:
715:
490:
390:
182:
3114:
Restricted Data Declassification Policy, 1946 to the Present RDD-1
1106:
1098:
1083:
1078:
would thus still produce fission fallout, albeit a comparatively
1055:
907:
878:
503:
202:
186:
3124:
The fact that Li6H is used in unspecified weapons for hardening
2075:
Raja Zulfikar (28 May 1998). "Pakistan builds a neutron bomb".
1434:
Physics for Future Presidents: The Science Behind the Headlines
1003:
987:
delivered over seconds to minutes will degrade the function of
541:
432:
423:
142:
126:, the reduced blast damage was seen as an important advantage.
2162:
Carter's conversion: the hardening of American defense policy
1840:"Bomb inventor says U.S. defenses suffer because of politics"
1171:
1014:
963:
914:
of the Abrams tank—is an effective radiation shield, to both
761:
435:
and other targets and is the lower-tier/last umbrella of the
840:, 24 units thick of which 16 units are iron and 8 units are
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
858:
703:
494:
227:) than those released during a fission reaction (1–2 MeV).
190:
150:
2851:"M1A1/2 Abrams Main Battle Tank, United States of America"
1927:. National Nuclear Security Administration. Archived from
2413:"1 (NL) Corps Artillery • 1 Legerkorpsartillerie (1 Lka)"
2387:"What Is a Neutron Bomb? By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D"
1785:
1466:
Soviet Ballistic Missile Defense and the Western Alliance
1257:
1240:
801:
can be incorporated into conventional armor and strap-on
729:
506:) nuclear bombs, including the extreme example of the 50
346:
341:
313:
restarted production in 1981. The Soviet Union renewed a
271:
243:
The conception of neutron bombs is generally credited to
157:
2499:
1768:
2011-02-23 at Wikiwix", by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph. D
1747:
Cochran, Thomas; Arkin, William; Hoenig, Milton (1987).
2442:"Accomplishments in the 1970s: LLNL's 50th Anniversary"
2298:"Senate Permits Study for New Tactical Nuclear Missile"
2115:, By Thomas C. Reed, Danny B. Stillman (2010), page 181
1776:
1774:
1074:. Radiological warfare with neutron bombs that rely on
1017:
generated by the bomb are absorbed by the air and have
679:
would cause very few direct casualties at a range of c.
385:
shells. The latter two types were retired by President
3249:
2381:
2379:
1062:
nuclear explosion, as considered in the Korean War by
426:, which inherited the USSR's neutron warhead equipped
1604:
789:
However, although the author did note that effective
555:
Warsaw Pact tank strength was over twice that of NATO
254:
Development of two production designs for the Army's
3480:
Strategic Implications of Enhanced Radiation Weapons
3448:
Shame: Confessions of the Father of the Neutron Bomb
2124:
2092:"India Discloses It Is Able To Build a Neutron Bomb"
1771:
1708:"Samuel T. Cohen, Neutron Bomb Inventor, Dies at 89"
1488:
1486:
1058:) contamination in an area following a conventional
422:
warheads for any length of time is the Soviet Union/
238:
2376:
1273:– similar strategic use, low-yield nuclear weapons.
578:missiles, of which NATO had hundreds of thousands.
3498:Creator of Neutron Bomb Leaves an Explosive Legacy
2997:British Nuclear Weapons and the Test Ban 1954–1973
2159:
2126:
1746:
1702:
1430:
1365:
1363:
145:system. It is believed the Soviet equivalent, the
1834:
1650:
1483:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
921:
665:
309:detonated its first similar-type bomb. President
3510:
2570:"1) Effects of blast pressure on the human body"
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
3253:Fundamentals of nuclear science and engineering
2157:
1360:
1029:
3349:R&A for UUR_Weapon_History_Phases_20170206
2775:"22.55 "Principles of Radiation Interactions""
2616:
2614:
1922:"NNSA Dismantles Last Nuclear Artillery Shell"
1863:
1554:
1552:
1451:
1388:
1323:"Sci/Tech Neutron bomb: Why 'clean' is deadly"
2826:Terror Reigns Again By Ronan Strobing. pg 418
2289:
2217:
2074:
1308:
1202:
1113:in the form of kinetic energy as the charged
2251:International Relations And Security Network
1558:
497:to the invasion was too slow or ineffective.
476:The 1979 Soviet/Warsaw Pact invasion plan, "
258:short-range missile began in July 1964, the
177:In a standard thermonuclear design, a small
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3298:
2681:
2638:
2611:
1549:
1517:"U.S. Nuclear Weapons Stockpile, July 1996"
1093:The easiest to achieve fusion reaction, of
912:second-generation heavy metal Chobham armor
885:However, some tank armor material contains
446:, Israel was mass-producing neutron bombs.
129:ERWs were first operationally deployed for
3494:Definition and history of the neutron bomb
3388:
1437:. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 148.
1172:Hypothetical effects of a pure fusion bomb
1145:, that is produced by thermal/soft X-rays.
1008:transient radiation effects on electronics
617:) neutrons. The thermal pulse would cause
3346:
3019:
3017:
2682:Information, Reed Business (1986-06-12).
2639:Information, Reed Business (1986-03-13).
1540:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
3369:
2822:
2166:. University of Missouri Press. p.
1088:
863:
747:
593:
540:
471:
3347:Josserand, Terry Michael (2017-03-01).
3243:
3023:
2244:
2089:
1852:from the original on September 22, 2010
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1625:
1407:"Neutron bomb an explosive issue, 1981"
570:against them, such as the contemporary
325:Attempted warhead replacement programs
3511:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3250:Shultis, J.K. & Faw, R.E. (2002).
3072:"FAS Nuclear Weapon Radiation Effects"
3014:
2993:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2923:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2310:from the original on December 23, 2012
2247:"Poland reveals Warsaw Pact war plans"
2133:. Stanford University Press. pp.
1333:
1034:In November 2012, British Labour peer
730:Effectiveness in modern anti-tank role
538:same total energy release or "yield".
404:, they remained stockpiled in the US.
249:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
3441:
3416:
3302:Physics of Societal Issues - Springer
2295:
1990:"Neutron bomb: Why 'clean' is deadly"
1969:
1903:from the original on October 26, 2012
1894:
1720:from the original on January 17, 2012
1463:Yost, David Scott (2 February 1988).
3137:"The Nuclear Matters Handbook, F.13"
2329:"Check Your Facts: Cox Report Bombs"
2190:
1972:"Check Your Facts: Cox Report Bombs"
1811:"Nuclear Weapon News and Background"
1731:
1462:
282:(ABM), with Livermore designing the
3327:
3000:. Routledge. pp. 23, 323–325.
2982:
2410:
2034:
1751:. Ballinger Publishing. p. 23.
736:Centurion Tank § Nuclear tests
437:A-135 anti-ballistic missile system
13:
3410:
3391:"List of All U.S. Nuclear Weapons"
3239:from the original on 6 March 2014.
2642:New Scientist March 13, 1986 pg 45
2444:. 17 February 2005. Archived from
2359:"List of All U.S. Nuclear Weapons"
2296:Healy, Melissa (October 3, 1987).
1131:penetrative depth of fast-neutrons
656:600 meters of the immediate area.
389:in 1992, following the end of the
94:, officially defined as a type of
14:
3545:
3473:
3122:from the original on 2013-10-20.
3096:from the original on 2011-02-24.
2685:New Scientist June 12, 1986 pg 62
2339:from the original on 4 March 2016
1565:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1559:Kistiakovsky, George (Sep 1978).
1521:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
815:Federation of American Scientists
239:History and deployment to present
3288:from the original on 2012-08-09.
3078:from the original on 2013-07-21.
2857:from the original on 2014-08-10.
2787:from the original on 2015-07-17.
2732:from the original on 2016-03-05.
2628:from the original on 2015-07-17.
2607:from the original on 2013-03-13.
2495:from the original on 2011-08-05.
2197:. Pearson Longman. p. 115.
2102:from the original on 2017-01-23.
1959:from the original on 2015-05-08.
1505:from the original on 2015-06-03.
1492:
1356:from the original on 2014-07-19.
1329:from the original on 2011-10-21.
1207:Anti-ballistic missile warheads
1050:In much the same fashion as the
836:, or alternatively, a laminated
172:
153:missile, uses a similar design.
3292:
3274:
3219:
3208:from the original on 2012-11-29
3194:
3172:
3147:
3129:
3104:
3082:
3064:
2957:
2933:
2886:
2861:
2843:
2816:
2791:
2767:
2736:
2712:
2675:
2632:
2593:
2582:from the original on 2013-01-27
2562:
2546:from the original on 2014-04-28
2540:"Effects of Nuclear Explosions"
2531:
2477:
2452:
2434:
2404:
2365:from the original on 2013-02-08
2351:
2321:
2238:
2211:
2184:
2151:
2118:
2106:
2083:
2068:
2028:
2007:
1996:from the original on 2009-04-07
1982:
1970:Cohen, Samuel (9 August 1999).
1963:
1945:
1914:
1888:
1877:from the original on 2012-08-09
1828:
1803:
1792:from the original on 2010-12-07
1755:
1696:
1675:
1664:from the original on 2016-01-08
1639:from the original on 2013-06-07
1598:
1561:"The folly of the neutron bomb"
930:from incoming Soviet warheads.
602:Upon detonation, a near-ground
28:Proportion of total energy (%)
3454:(4th ed.). Archived from
2965:"Half-Value Layer (Shielding)"
2939:M. J. Haire and S. Y. Lobach,
2035:Ray, Jonathan (January 2015).
1605:Hafemeister, David W. (2007).
1585:10.1080/00963402.1978.11458533
1542:10.1080/00963402.1996.11456646
1509:
1424:
922:Use against ballistic missiles
756:and absorption probability in
439:(NATO reporting name: ABM-3).
20:Energy distribution of weapon
16:Low-yield thermonuclear weapon
1:
2559:kt combined blast and thermal
2125:Wittner, Lawrence S. (2009).
1302:
1160:, produced as a byproduct of
1066:, it would thus be a form of
478:Seven Days to the River Rhine
460:and Soviet General Secretary
2823:Strobing, Ronan (Jul 2009).
2601:"Field manual 3-4 chapter 4"
2044:China Strategic Perspectives
1469:. Harvard University Press.
1030:Use as an area denial weapon
951:US and UK during the 1960s.
319:Strategic Defense Initiative
106:designed to maximize lethal
7:
3299:Hafemeister, David (2007).
3024:Maloney, Sean (Fall 2014).
1431:Muller, Richard A. (2009).
1264:
1224:Ballistic missile warheads
1178:Inertial confinement fusion
559:Soviet deep battle doctrine
10:
3550:
3180:"Nuclear Matters Handbook"
2514:"Fact-index, neutron bomb"
2224:. Macmillan. p. 332.
1871:"Types of Nuclear Weapons"
1658:"Range of weapons effects"
1271:Atomic demolition munition
1203:List of US neutron weapons
1175:
870:radiation weighting factor
733:
631:armored personnel carriers
589:
3311:10.1007/978-0-387-68909-8
1479:– via Google Books.
1133:and the resulting higher
1127:asteroid impact avoidance
1109:, and releasing only 3.5
889:(DU), common in the US's
610:in the form of fast (14.1
493:conventional response of
96:enhanced radiation weapon
27:
24:
3426:William Morrow & Co.
2799:"What is a neutron bomb"
2158:Auten, Brian J. (2008).
1992:. BBC News. 1999-07-15.
1763:About: Chemistry article
1660:. Johnstonsarchive.net.
1611:. Springer. p. 18.
1119:inherently generate heat
943:Atomic Energy Commission
486:tactical nuclear weapons
3052:Cite magazine requires
564:easily dividable manner
141:missile used in the US
131:anti-ballistic missiles
3395:Nuclear Weapon Archive
2218:Herken, Greff (2003).
1899:. Globalsecurity.org.
1782:"On this Day: 7 April"
1499:www.globalsecurity.org
1146:
973:
882:
770:
675:psi (28-34 kPa) blast
641:m), the blast from a 1
599:
550:
531:
498:
467:
442:By 1984, according to
280:anti-ballistic missile
2994:Walker, John (2016).
2191:Snow, Donald (2008).
1297:Nuclear weapon design
1092:
968:
867:
834:high-density concrete
754:neutron cross section
751:
597:
544:
526:
475:
262:at Livermore and the
3204:. 26 November 2012.
2945:)-concrete material"
2448:on 17 February 2005.
1706:(December 1, 2010).
1068:radiological warfare
726:than in humid ones.
185:, usually made from
104:thermonuclear weapon
3519:American inventions
2333:Insight on the News
2096:Wall Street Journal
2015:Thatcher government
1976:Insight on the News
1577:1978BuAtS..34g..25K
1533:1996BuAtS..52d..61.
1162:depleted zinc oxide
1045:activation products
1000:Radiation hardening
760:of the two natural
326:
286:and Los Alamos the
213:Compared to a pure
21:
3490:2006-06-14 at the
3445:(September 2015).
2950:2012-09-26 at the
2704:has generic name (
2667:has generic name (
2281:has generic name (
2022:2009-07-15 at the
1713:The New York Times
1704:Robert D. McFadden
1685:. Webofstories.com
1527:(4): 61–63. 1996.
1371:"The Neutron Bomb"
1184:pure fusion weapon
1147:
883:
811:neutron scattering
803:neutron moderating
771:
767:neutron scattering
712:neutron absorption
693:median lethal dose
658:Neutron activation
619:third degree burns
608:ionizing radiation
600:
568:anti-tank missiles
551:
499:
381:was developed for
324:
233:ionizing radiation
102:), is a low-yield
78:Residual radiation
19:
3485:Nuclear Files.org
3434:978-0-688-01646-3
3320:978-0-387-95560-5
3267:978-0-8247-0834-4
3202:"Huffington Post"
3007:978-1-317-17170-6
2335:. 9 August 1999.
2303:Los Angeles Times
2257:on 8 October 2013
2231:978-0-8050-6589-3
2204:978-0-205-62225-2
2177:978-0-8262-1816-2
2144:978-0-8047-5632-7
1838:(June 15, 1997).
1836:Christopher Ruddy
1618:978-0-387-95560-5
1444:978-0-393-33711-2
1282:Neutron transport
1197:coulomb explosion
1135:momentum transfer
1129:role, due to the
1076:fission primaries
1064:Douglas MacArthur
1041:neutron activated
996:Lithium-6 hydride
847:neutron transport
791:neutron absorbers
784:nuclear explosion
710:Furthermore, the
627:main battle tanks
396:According to the
387:George H. W. Bush
383:nuclear artillery
377:missile, and the
374:
373:
305:, in a test, the
303:November 17, 1978
292:Safeguard Program
115:tactical weapon.
108:neutron radiation
88:
87:
73:45 to minimum 30
60:25 to minimum 20
49:40 to minimum 30
3541:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3460:
3453:
3438:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3389:Carey Sublette.
3386:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3344:
3325:
3324:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3182:. Archived from
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3157:. Archived from
3151:
3145:
3144:
3139:. Archived from
3133:
3127:
3126:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3028:. Archived from
3021:
3012:
3011:
2991:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2967:. Archived from
2961:
2955:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2922:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2905:
2899:. Archived from
2898:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2871:. Archived from
2865:
2859:
2858:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2801:. Archived from
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2779:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2755:
2749:. Archived from
2748:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2724:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2689:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2618:
2609:
2608:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2581:
2574:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2537:Calculated from
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2516:. Archived from
2510:
2497:
2496:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2462:. Archived from
2456:
2450:
2449:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2419:. Archived from
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2389:. Archived from
2383:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2253:. Archived from
2242:
2236:
2235:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2165:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2132:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2056:
2050:. Archived from
2041:
2032:
2026:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1933:
1926:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1897:"March 13, 1996"
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1813:. Archived from
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1778:
1769:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1744:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1635:. Remm.nlm.gov.
1629:
1623:
1622:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1490:
1481:
1480:
1460:
1449:
1448:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1409:. Archived from
1403:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1373:. Archived from
1367:
1358:
1357:
1346:
1331:
1330:
1319:
1287:Nuclear strategy
1010:(TREE) effects.
979:greater than 50
903:fission products
899:fission neutrons
887:depleted uranium
855:thermal neutrons
827:main battle tank
686:
682:
674:
662:galvanized steel
655:
644:
640:
636:
624:
613:
444:Mordechai Vanunu
327:
323:
195:depleted uranium
66:Prompt radiation
22:
18:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3534:Nuclear weapons
3509:
3508:
3492:Wayback Machine
3476:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3451:
3435:
3413:
3411:Further reading
3408:
3399:
3397:
3387:
3370:
3361:
3359:
3345:
3328:
3321:
3297:
3293:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3268:
3260:. p. 151.
3248:
3244:
3235:. 3 June 2013.
3232:TheGuardian.com
3225:
3224:
3220:
3211:
3209:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3186:on 2014-05-06.
3178:
3177:
3173:
3164:
3162:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3110:
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1019:mean free paths
924:
838:graded-Z shield
795:neutron poisons
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724:desert climates
698:
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666:area denial use
653:
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462:Leonid Brezhnev
452:Washington Post
245:Samuel T. Cohen
241:
199:natural uranium
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3474:External links
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1845:Tribune-Review
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1788:. 1978-04-07.
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1193:alpha particle
1173:
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1115:alpha particle
1101:(T") creating
1031:
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1023:exoatmospheric
989:semiconductors
923:
920:
875:fusion neutron
807:reactive armor
731:
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547:M110 howitzers
469:
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276:Sprint missile
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183:radiation case
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112:nuclear fusion
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3032:on 2018-08-10
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2971:on 2014-08-11
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960:CIM-10 Bomarc
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956:AIM-26 Falcon
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3463:. Retrieved
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3294:
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3252:
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3030:the original
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2901:the original
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2873:the original
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2758:. Retrieved
2751:the original
2738:
2714:
2684:
2677:
2646:. Retrieved
2641:
2634:
2595:
2584:. Retrieved
2564:
2555:assuming 0.5
2548:. Retrieved
2533:
2522:. Retrieved
2518:the original
2488:
2479:
2468:. Retrieved
2464:the original
2454:
2446:the original
2436:
2425:. Retrieved
2421:the original
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2406:
2395:. Retrieved
2391:the original
2367:. Retrieved
2353:
2341:. Retrieved
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2312:. Retrieved
2301:
2291:
2259:. Retrieved
2255:the original
2250:
2240:
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2193:
2186:
2161:
2153:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2108:
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2059:. Retrieved
2052:the original
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2009:
1998:. Retrieved
1984:
1975:
1965:
1947:
1936:. Retrieved
1929:the original
1916:
1905:. Retrieved
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1879:. Retrieved
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1854:. Retrieved
1843:
1830:
1819:. Retrieved
1815:the original
1805:
1794:. Retrieved
1757:
1748:
1722:. Retrieved
1711:
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1687:. Retrieved
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1666:. Retrieved
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1588:. Retrieved
1568:
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1520:
1511:
1498:
1493:Pike, John.
1465:
1433:
1426:
1415:. Retrieved
1411:the original
1379:. Retrieved
1375:the original
1246:
1223:
1206:
1188:
1181:
1151:
1148:
1123:fast neutron
1105:, freeing a
1079:
1072:fission bomb
1049:
1036:Lord Gilbert
1033:
1012:
1007:
994:
974:
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842:polyethylene
832:A composite
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677:overpressure
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482:West Germany
458:Harold Brown
450:
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419:dial-a-yield
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336:Gun caliber
299:Jimmy Carter
296:
256:MGM-52 Lance
253:
242:
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215:fission bomb
212:
208:
179:fission bomb
176:
162:MGM-52 Lance
155:
128:
124:West Germany
117:
99:
95:
92:neutron bomb
91:
89:
25:Energy type
2489:www.gwu.edu
2261:23 December
1895:John Pike.
1590:11 February
1277:Cobalt bomb
1199:/fireball.
1153:salted bomb
1052:area denial
948:Polaris A-3
891:M1A1 Abrams
823:medium tank
720:water vapor
480:" to seize
3513:Categories
3465:2016-11-14
3443:Cohen, Sam
3418:Cohen, Sam
3400:2022-06-24
3362:2021-07-24
3212:2012-11-27
3165:2014-05-06
3036:2018-10-05
2975:2014-08-09
2910:2011-11-29
2879:2007-04-20
2809:2005-12-21
2760:2014-03-02
2648:2012-10-12
2586:2012-10-12
2550:2014-04-21
2524:2014-08-09
2470:2005-12-21
2427:2015-08-30
2397:2007-04-20
2369:2012-10-12
2314:2012-08-08
2061:2015-02-07
2000:2012-10-12
1938:2012-10-12
1907:2012-10-12
1881:2012-10-12
1856:2010-07-03
1821:2012-10-11
1796:2010-07-02
1724:2010-12-02
1689:2013-11-30
1668:2013-11-30
1643:2013-11-30
1417:2014-09-04
1381:2014-03-03
1303:References
1247:Artillery
1176:See also:
1117:that will
1097:("D) with
977:Ionization
819:light tank
775:stockpiled
740:Object 279
734:See also:
576:BGM-71 TOW
572:M47 Dragon
545:U.S. Army
511:Tsar Bomba
398:Cox Report
315:propaganda
268:Los Alamos
220:gamma rays
3258:CRC Press
2694:cite book
2657:cite book
1633:"Mock up"
1571:(7): 27.
1252:W79 Mod 0
1166:half-life
1095:deuterium
582:weapons.
515:air burst
402:to Europe
379:W79 Mod 0
38:Enhanced
3488:Archived
3420:(1983).
3286:Archived
3237:Archived
3206:Archived
3120:Archived
3094:Archived
3076:Archived
2948:Archived
2919:cite web
2855:Archived
2782:Archived
2727:Archived
2626:Archived
2605:Archived
2577:Archived
2544:Archived
2493:Archived
2363:Archived
2337:Archived
2308:Archived
2271:cite web
2100:Archived
2020:Archived
1994:Archived
1957:Archived
1901:Archived
1875:Archived
1850:Archived
1790:Archived
1766:Archived
1718:Archived
1662:Archived
1637:Archived
1503:Archived
1354:Archived
1327:Archived
1265:See also
1143:regolith
1139:ablation
1103:helium-4
895:captures
879:Sieverts
797:such as
716:hydrogen
668:below).
604:airburst
491:REFORGER
391:Cold War
333:Enhanced
203:neutrons
3529:Neutron
3357:1429158
3189:X-rays.
2077:nuclnet
1573:Bibcode
1529:Bibcode
1158:zinc-64
1107:neutron
1099:tritium
1084:fallout
1080:cleaner
1056:fallout
1006:by the
916:fission
908:Ducrete
637:690–900
590:Effects
508:megaton
504:kiloton
330:Initial
247:of the
187:uranium
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1004:glitch
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557:, and
433:Moscow
424:Russia
352:155 mm
143:Nike-X
139:Sprint
120:Soviet
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3452:(PDF)
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2897:(PDF)
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825:, or
762:boron
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718:from
664:(see
633:(<
536:exact
519:pulse
369:203mm
278:, an
147:A-135
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3429:ISBN
3353:OSTI
3315:ISBN
3262:ISBN
3058:help
3002:ISBN
2925:link
2831:ISBN
2706:help
2669:help
2345:2015
2283:help
2263:2014
2226:ISBN
2199:ISBN
2172:ISBN
2139:ISBN
1613:ISBN
1592:2011
1471:ISBN
1439:ISBN
1189:pure
981:Gray
958:and
901:and
868:The
859:T-72
793:and
752:The
704:soil
629:and
574:and
553:The
495:NATO
307:USSR
191:lead
151:53T6
3307:doi
2168:134
2135:132
1786:BBC
1581:doi
1537:doi
1258:W82
1241:W70
1235:W64
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1218:W66
1212:W65
1141:of
1111:MeV
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359:W33
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