465:, Cohen expressed support for the construction of a nuclear-radiation field along the borders of Israel as a means of protecting it from the military forces of other nations and killing anyone who approached it via gamma radiation. "What I am suggesting is the construction of a border barrier whose most effective component is an extremely intense field of nuclear radiation (produced by the operation of underground nuclear reactors), sharply confined to the barrier zone, which practically guarantees the death of anyone attempting to breach the barrier," he wrote. "Establishing such a 'nuclear wall' at the borders of a threatened country can make virtually impossible any successful penetration by ground forces – as well as a preemptive ground attack by the threatened country."
217:
357:, episode "To the Brink of Eternity", discussing his battles with officialdom and colleagues at the RAND Corporation. Cohen controversially argued: "When we started this systems analysis business, we stepped through the looking glass where people did the weirdest things and (used) the most perverse kind of logic imaginable and yet claimed to have the most precise understanding of everything."
316:
absorb too many neutrons. This means that neutron bombs have a yield range of 1–10 kilotons, with fission proportion varying from 50% at 1-kiloton to 25% at 10-kilotons (all of which comes from the primary stage). The neutron output per kiloton is then 10–15 times greater than for a pure fission implosion weapon or for a strategic warhead like a
396:
an escalation to full-scale nuclear retaliation, thus canceling out the supposed benefits. Advances in precision anti-tank weapons ultimately made the neutron bomb redundant tactically in its original objective. The debate over "clean" low yield nuclear weapons continues with earth penetrator technology ("
390:
The speed of modern warfare meant that the civilian population would be unlikely to be able to withdraw from combat zones and would suffer a large number of deaths in a nuclear war where the blast yields and fallout were significant. Because neutron bombs do not produce the indiscriminate blast (only
315:
So, although most neutrons are absorbed by the casing in a 1-megaton bomb, in a 1-kiloton bomb they would mostly escape. A neutron bomb is only feasible if the yield is sufficiently high that efficient fusion stage ignition is possible, and if the yield is low enough that the case thickness will not
395:
at ground zero from a 1 kt blast yield detonation at 500 m altitude, and only 7 kPa at 2 km distance), heat, and fallout damage of other nuclear weapons, they were more credible as a deterrent to Soviet tanks. However, many people believed that the very deployment of the neutron bomb threatened
386:
reported in 1981 that there were "19,500 tanks in the Soviet-controlled forces of the Warsaw Pact aimed at
Western Europe. Of these, 12,500 are Soviet tanks in Soviet units. NATO has 7,000 tanks on its side facing the 19,500." A deterrent which was designed to minimise civilian casualties was a step
347:
Under most atmospheric conditions no fallout effects would occur from the use of a neutron bomb, according to that manual, as the combination of 500-meter burst altitude and low yield prevents fallout in addition to significant thermal and blast effects. The reduction in damage outside the target
290:... certain hard targets require ground bursts, such as airfield runways if it is desired to make a crater, railroad yards if severe destruction of tracks is to be accomplished ... The use of clean weapons in strategic situations may be indicated in order to protect the local population.
311:
of yield. So a larger percentage of neutrons escapes from a small detonation, due to the thinner case required to reflect back X-rays during the secondary stage (fusion) ignition. For example, a 1-kiloton bomb only needs a case one-tenth the thickness of that required for 1-megaton.
387:
away from the risk of indiscriminate warfare. The neutron bomb's killing by neutron radiation is different from the fallout of a normal high yield thermonuclear weapon because it can be controlled more precisely, restricted to military targets and kept away from civilians.
271:(secondary) stage. This is deliberate; the fusion reactions give off large quantities of 14.1 MeV neutrons, which have more energy than the 1.1 MeV "fission threshold" for U-238. This means the neutrons, which would otherwise escape, create fission reactions in the
228:, Cohen argued that using small neutron bombs would end the war quickly and save many American lives, but politicians were not amenable to his ideas and other scientists ignored the neutron bomb in reviewing the role of nuclear weapons. He was a member of the
545:(which contains a fictional character loosely based on Cohen and the neutron bomb as a plot device), Cohen is interviewed in the commentary on the deleted scenes. During the interview, Cohen asserts that the neutron bomb conforms to
348:
area is a major advantage of such a weapon to deter massed tank invasions. An aggressor would thus be forced to disperse tanks, which would make them easier to destroy by simple hand-held anti-tank missile launchers.
40:
292:– Dr. Hans Bethe, Working Group Chairman, 27 March 1958 "Top Secret – Restricted Data" Report to the NSC Ad Hoc Working Group on the Technical Feasibility of a Cessation of Nuclear Testing, p 9.
515:. Cohen explained that although he was an unbelieving Jew, and thus could not relate to the spiritual content of the book, he concurred with Grady's grasp of America's disastrous foreign policy.
424:, and that with the fall of the Soviet Union it was being offered on the market by the Soviet mafia. When prospective buyers showed up to take delivery of the material, they were arrested.
1220:
351:
Cohen's backing of investigations into these controversial ideas won him some media attention after many years of being ignored. In 1992 he was featured in the award-winning BBC TV series
435:
and could be developed at any size. He further claimed that the
Soviets had produced a number of "micro-nukes" based on red mercury, which are described as being about as large as a
236:'s presidency, Cohen claims to have convinced Reagan to make 700 neutron bombs, 350 shells to go into the 8 inch (200-millimeter) howitzer and 350 W70 Mod. 3 warheads for the
427:
During the height of the story, in the 1990s, Cohen became a proponent of red mercury. He claimed not only that it existed, but that he knew its nature; it was a powerful
416:
campaign led by US government agencies in order to lure potential terrorists into being captured. The story that was released was that red mercury was developed by the
1357:
1119:
492:, to protest. The JDL posted Cohen's home phone number and address on its website, urging its members to contact him, to persuade him to stop supporting Buchanan.
197:. At RAND Corporation in 1950, his work on the intensity of fallout radiation first became public when his calculations were included as a special appendix in
253:
1342:
924:
1332:
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827:
365:
Cohen reportedly worked in France on low-yield, highly discriminate tactical nuclear weapons in 1979–80. He claimed that he was awarded a medal by
1229:
553:
806:
1109:
776:
473:
689:
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307:
In 1958, Cohen investigated a low-yield "clean" nuclear weapon and discovered that the "clean" bomb case thickness scales as the
657:
853:
373:
reported in a 2005 profile of Sam Cohen that "... he showed me the Medal of Peace that he had received from the Pope in 1979."
370:
336:
1957–1977, but is included as an "enhanced neutron weapon" in chapter 5 of the declassified (formerly secret) manual edited by
431:
material that directly compressed the fusion fuel without the need for a fission primary. Bombs using red mercury had no real
1260:
162:
91:
1347:
263:. This weapon had a yield of 4.5 megatons. Previous "dirty" weapons had fission proportions of 50–77%, due to the use of
1337:
511:
As part of a self-described unusual friendship, Cohen wrote the afterword to
William P. Grady's 2005 bestseller titled
304:
was carried out on a barge in the lagoon yielded 9.3 megatons, of which only 4.8% was fission, and thus 95.2% "clean".
190:
703:
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supported clean nuclear weapons in 1958 as chairman of a presidential science advisory group on nuclear testing:
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forces had a massive tank superiority in Europe (though NATO maintained an overall strategic superiority); the
174:
154:
20:
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611:
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announced the testing of a 95% "clean" (2-stage) fusion weapon, later identified to have been the July 11
836:
1327:
1202:
344:, U.S. Department of Defense, effects manual DNA-EM-1, updated 1981 (U.S. Freedom of Information Act).
881:
382:
1134:
812:
1144:
1123:
232:
in the early 1970s. President Carter delayed development of the neutron bomb in 1978, but during
999:
780:
524:
166:
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More recently, Cohen was the main proponent of what most consider to be a mythical substance,
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469:
440:
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and weighing 10 pounds. According to Cohen, their existence meant that any effort to control
397:
1312:
1307:
249:
896:
8:
616:
332:
Cohen's neutron bomb is not mentioned in the unclassified manual by
Glasstone and Dolan,
1165:
995:
857:
443:
based on fissile material was thus hopeless. A reiteration of the claim can be seen in
1154:
725:
495:
In her address to the 2000 Reform Party
National Convention, Buchanan's running mate,
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499:, cited Cohen's endorsement of Buchanan to refute the claim that the candidate was
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112:
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337:
108:
1089:
1054:
Hans A. Bethe, Working Group
Chairman, originally Top Secret – Restricted Data
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528:
413:
182:
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746:
1301:
969:
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275:'tamper', increasing the overall yield of the weapon essentially "for free".
233:
1292:"Secrets, Lies, and Atomic Spies", PBS Transcript, Airdate: February 5, 2002
876:
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428:
417:
237:
142:
1099:
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fallout studies, directly comparing contamination from two "dirty" tests (
1122:, "The Nuclear Threat That Doesn't Exist – or Does It?", March 11, 2003,
1027:
955:
506:
421:
409:
392:
377:
264:
225:
206:
205:. Cohen was personally responsible for recruiting the famous strategist
157:
who emigrated from London, England. He was born on
January 25, 1921, in
1058:, March 28, 1958, defending on pages 8–9 "clean nuclear weapons tests",
327:
39:
283:
829:
F*** You! Mr. President: Confessions of the Father of the
Neutron Bomb
1199:
The Truth About the
Neutron Bomb: The Inventor of the Bomb Speaks Out
481:
308:
138:
447:, by Cohen and Joe Douglass in a March 11, 2003, guest editorial in
161:
and raised in New York City. He studied mathematics and physics at
546:
436:
412:. If the "conventional story" is to be believed, red mercury was a
186:
158:
63:
484:
was prominently present at this event, with his organization, the
361:
Alleged support from the Pope for low-yield tactical nuclear bombs
296:
In consequence of Bethe's recommendations, on July 12, 1958, the
216:
178:
1032:(Documentary), Brian Stivale, Visual Concept Engineering (VCE)
1126:; Red mercury, fusion-only neutron bombs, Russia, Iraq, etc.
137:(January 25, 1921 – November 28, 2010) was an American
1160:
The
Conflict Over Tactical Nuclear Weapons Policy in Europe
1096:
Bomb inventor says U.S. defenses suffer because of politics
970:
Reform Party Vice Presidential Nomination Acceptance Speech
951:
Wild About Harry: Why I am not Voting Libertarian this Year
573:"Samuel T. Cohen dies at 89; Inventor of the Neutron Bomb"
278:
The 1956 "clean" tests used a lead pusher, while in 1958 a
1261:
The Neutron Bomb Controversy: A Study in Alliance Politics
590:"Samuel T. Cohen dies at 89; inventor of the neutron bomb"
445:
The Nuclear Threat That Doesn't Exist – or Does It or No?
321:
317:
165:
before joining the United States Army after the Japanese
1288:
by S. T. Cohen, 1948–75 (includes neutron bomb studies)
459:
In 1984, in a cover story for the libertarian magazine
507:
Support for Baptist pastor and author William P. Grady
369:
in 1979 for his bid to reform modern warfare. Author
328:
U.S. Department of Defense manual on the neutron bomb
1222:
Shame: Confessions of the Father of the Neutron Bomb
1056:
Report of the President's Science Advisory Committee
1000:"Samuel T. Cohen, Neutron Bomb Inventor, Dies at 89"
189:, Japan. After the war he studied for his Ph.D. at
808:
The nuclear threat that doesn't exist – or does it?
994:
243:
1170:Nuclear Weapons, Policies, and the Test Ban Issue
1299:
777:"Santa Monica Mirror: RAND and the City: Part V"
1358:Deaths from stomach cancer in the United States
835:, Conrad Schneiker, p. 199, archived from
141:who is generally credited as the father of the
1286:RAND Corporation unclassified reports authored
804:
1343:University of California, Los Angeles alumni
1252:Echec a La Guerre : La Bombe a Neutrons
1141:Development of New Low-Yield Nuclear Weapons
972:. August 12, 2000. Accessed August 11, 2009.
811:, Financial Sense Editorials, archived from
805:Cohen, Sam; Douglass, Joe (March 11, 2003),
877:"Neutron Bomb: Why It Worries The Russians"
747:http://worf.eh.doe.gov/data/ihp1b/7374_.pdf
632:"Hudson Institute > Publication Details"
468:Cohen spoke at an April 2000 fundraiser in
1333:American people of Austrian-Jewish descent
38:
556:partly based on an interview with Cohen.
230:Los Alamos Tactical Nuclear Weapons Panel
19:For other people named Samuel Cohen, see
959:June 14, 2000. Accessed August 11, 2009.
588:Maugh II, Thomas H. (December 2, 2010).
587:
454:
215:
704:"1978: Carter delays N-bomb production"
177:and calculated how neutrons behaved in
1300:
874:
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688:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
609:
605:
603:
1282:, New York Times, May 1, 1983, online
1218:
1196:
1025:
894:
875:Harsch, Joseph C. (August 14, 1981),
852:
846:
825:
759:"Neutron bomb: Why 'clean' is deadly"
612:"Neutron Bomb Was His Life's Mission"
552:The Neutron bomb documentary film by
534:
403:
163:University of California, Los Angeles
92:University of California, Los Angeles
1064:Terry Triffet and Philip LaRiviere,
983:How Satan Turned America Against God
610:Miller, Stephen (December 1, 2010).
513:How Satan Turned America Against God
922:Buchanan promises to protect border
795:
600:
13:
1047:
14:
1384:
1026:Kuran, Peter (October 10, 2022),
523:He died on November 28, 2010, in
1373:Scientists from New York (state)
1363:Deaths from cancer in California
1131:North Korea's Nuclear Initiative
193:before dropping out to join the
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488:(JDL), and with members of the
342:Capabilities of Nuclear Weapons
1228:(4th ed.). Archived from
751:
740:
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624:
581:
566:
334:The Effects of Nuclear Weapons
220:Cohen's Los Alamos badge photo
185:that was later detonated over
16:American physicist (1921–2010)
1:
559:
203:The Effects of Atomic Weapons
21:Samuel Cohen (disambiguation)
1184:We Can Prevent World War III
527:, from complications of his
169:. In 1944 he worked on the
148:
7:
1348:American nuclear physicists
1066:Characterization of Fallout
173:in the efficiency group at
82:Los Angeles, California, US
44:Samuel T. Cohen, 1982 photo
10:
1389:
1338:Jewish American physicists
1219:— (September 2015).
18:
1249:–––– & Marc Geneste,
927:October 13, 2012, at the
895:Cohen, Sam (March 1984).
882:Christian Science Monitor
383:Christian Science Monitor
267:as a "pusher" around the
128:
118:
104:
97:
87:
71:
49:
37:
30:
1353:Manhattan Project people
1323:Jewish American atheists
1318:Scientists from Brooklyn
1279:Trying to Save Zilchburg
1203:William Morrow & Co.
1151:The Rogue Nuclear Threat
1080:) to two "clean" tests (
518:
1368:RAND Corporation people
539:On the DVD of the film
476:presidential candidate
259:at Bikini Atoll during
1120:Joseph D. Douglass, Jr
525:Brentwood, Los Angeles
449:Financial Sense Online
398:nuclear bunker busters
294:
221:
167:attack on Pearl Harbor
1258:Sherri L. Wasserman,
1166:William R. Van Cleave
1114:here in other formats
842:on September 28, 2007
486:Jewish Defense League
470:La Canada, California
455:Political involvement
441:nuclear proliferation
420:as a "shortcut" to a
288:
282:pusher was employed.
244:"Clean" nuclear tests
219:
153:Cohen's parents were
135:Samuel Theodore Cohen
998:(December 1, 2010).
783:on December 18, 2009
722:"The New York Times"
638:on November 30, 2006
250:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1273:published on Amazon
1235:on October 23, 2015
1168:& S. T. Cohen,
1094:Christopher Ruddy,
985:, Afterword, 2005."
859:The Profits of Fear
826:Cohen, Sam (2006),
815:on October 16, 2008
617:Wall Street Journal
248:In 1956, President
1108:, August 16, 2005
996:Robert D. McFadden
897:"Wall Against War"
535:In popular culture
404:Red Mercury claims
273:neutron reflecting
222:
1328:American atheists
1182:Samuel T. Cohen,
1153:, May 26, 2002,
1143:, March 9, 2003,
1133:, April 28, 2004
1070:Operation Redwing
937:. April 30, 2000.
934:Los Angeles Times
594:Los Angeles Times
575:Los Angeles Times
490:Libertarian Party
367:Pope John Paul II
269:lithium deuteride
261:Operation Redwing
171:Manhattan Project
132:
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99:Scientific career
75:November 28, 2010
1380:
1255:, Copernic, 1980
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1197:— (1983).
1098:, June 15, 1997
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765:. July 15, 1999.
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724:. Archived from
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710:. April 7, 1978.
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578:December 2, 2010
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478:Patrick Buchanan
280:tungsten carbide
211:RAND Corporation
199:Samuel Glasstone
195:RAND Corporation
123:RAND corporation
113:Nuclear strategy
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60:January 25, 1921
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119:Institutions
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1313:2010 deaths
1308:1921 births
1110:online here
1011:December 2,
956:Antiwar.com
787:January 24,
642:January 24,
472:, for then-
422:fusion bomb
410:red mercury
393:kilopascals
378:Warsaw Pact
265:uranium-238
226:Vietnam War
224:During the
207:Herman Kahn
183:atomic bomb
1302:Categories
1267:Review of
560:References
549:theories.
175:Los Alamos
56:1921-01-25
1036:March 27,
674:April 19,
482:Irv Rubin
309:cube root
209:into the
149:Biography
139:physicist
1172:, 1987,
1078:Flathead
925:Archived
763:BBC News
708:BBC News
684:cite web
547:just war
542:Repo Man
437:baseball
201:'s book
191:Berkeley
187:Nagasaki
159:Brooklyn
64:Brooklyn
179:Fat Man
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1162:(1968)
1145:online
1135:online
1124:online
1100:online
1090:online
1082:Navajo
1060:online
901:Reason
462:Reason
255:Navajo
181:, the
105:Fields
1270:Shame
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1226:(PDF)
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1241:2016
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1112:and
1086:Zuni
1084:and
1076:and
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