1179:
October 2014. In
November 2014, earthquakes were recorded, and volcanic ash was observed near the summit; ashfall reached local communities within a 19 mi (30 km) radius of Nevado del Ruiz multiple times each month until December 2015. A lava dome was extruded from August to the end of October in 2015, coinciding with thermal anomalies increasing near the summit crater at the end of the same year. According to the Global Volcanism Program, the last documented eruption at Nevado del Ruiz took place in 2017. However, reports from the Servicio GeolĂłgico Colombiano observatory at Manizales through the end of October 2018 suggested earthquakes near the volcano, with phreatic eruptions ejecting water vapor, volcanic ash, and volcanic gases up to 0.93 mi (1.5 km) over its crater. In March 2023, seismic activity around the volcano dramatically increased, prompting the Colombian Geological Survey to raise the alert level from yellow to orange. Families living in the area near the volcano were evacuated, and local schools transitioned to online classes; Los Nevados Natural Park was closed. Ultimately, in June 2023, the threat level was lowered back to yellow without an eruption.
1175:
GualĂ River. After seismicity continued to increase, the alert level was raised to Orange, and in April
Nevados National Natural Park authority closed the reserve, fearing lahars and ashfall hazards. The sudden activity peak in March did not culminate in a major eruption, and activity declined enough that the alert level was lowered to Yellow on May 3. On May 29, seismicity rapidly increased, and the alert level was restored to Orange because ash fell into more than 20 nearby communities. Over the next few months ash fell frequently until earthquakes increased again in June. Because of the severity of these tremors, evacuations were ordered by the Emergency Committee of Caldas on news media for 300â1500 people near the volcano. The alert level was raised to Red, indicating an imminent major volcanic event, and an eruption 7.5 km (4.7 mi) in diameter took place on July 2, 2012, continuing intermittently until the end of August. Ash plumes and sulfur dioxide emissions recurred until January 2013.
762:
4241:
4070:
4151:
4178:
4142:
4160:
4133:
4088:
4025:
4169:
4106:
4061:
4052:
4043:
4097:
4034:
4223:
4124:
4187:
4214:
4196:
4115:
4016:
4232:
4205:
4079:
954:
145:
855:. In total, the eruption produced 0.16 km of tephra. The eruption was preceded by a large precursor earthquake three days before. The eruption caused lahars, which traveled down the valleys of the nearby GualĂ and Lagunillas rivers, clogging up the water, killing fish and destroying vegetation. More than 600 people died as a result of the lahar. The 1595 eruption was the last major eruption of Nevado del Ruiz before 1985. The 1595 and 1985 eruptions were similar in many respects, including in the chemical composition of the erupted material.
4009:
138:
571:
1096:
volcanoes in the RuizâTolima massif remains large. Melting merely 10% of the ice would produce mudflows with a volume of up to 2,000,000 m (70,629,333 cu ft)âsimilar to the mudflow that destroyed Armero in 1985. Such lahars can travel up to 100 km (62 mi) along river valleys in a matter of few hours. Estimates show that up to 500,000 people living in the
Combeima, ChinchinĂĄ, Coello-Toche, and Guali valleys are in danger, and 100,000 of these are considered to be at high risk. Lahars pose a threat to nearby towns of
997:, and other rocks, mixed with clay as they travelled down the volcano's flanks. They ran down the volcano's sides at an average speed of 60 km per hour, eroding soil, dislodging rock, and destroying vegetation. After descending thousands of meters down the side of the volcano, the lahars were directed into all of the six river valleys leading from the volcano. While in the river valleys, the lahars grew to almost 4 times their original volume. In the GualĂ River, a lahar reached a maximum width of 50m (164ft).
1076:
875:, the mudflow split into two branches. The larger portion of it joined the Lagunillas River and flowed into the nearby Magdalena River, while the smaller portion was diverted by hills in front of Lagunillas Canyon, turned 90 degrees to the north until it reached the Sabandija River, and then flowed east with the Sabandija River, until it rejoined the other branch of the mudflow at the junction of the Sabandija and the Magdalena. It is estimated that 1000 people were killed in the mudflows.
40:
4515:
1001:
4539:
4470:
4527:
4503:
4482:
1064:
4250:
830:), about 850 BC, 200 BC ± 100 years, 350 AD ± 300 years, 675 AD ± 50 years, in 1350, 1541 (perhaps), 1570, 1595, 1623, 1805, 1826, 1828 (perhaps), 1829, 1831, 1833 (perhaps), 1845, 1916, December 1984 â March 1985, September 1985 â July 1991, and possibly in April 1994. Many of these eruptions involved a central vent eruption, a flank vent eruption, and a
4259:
526:, Alto de la Laguna, La Olleta, Alto la Pirana, and Alto de Santano. It covers an area of more than 200 km (77 sq mi), stretching 65 km (40 mi) from east to west. The mountain's broad summit includes the Arenas crater, which is 1 km (0.62 mi) in diameter and 240 m (790 ft) deep. Nevado del Ruiz, as its neighbours to the southwest Nevado El Cisne and
1135:, 1987) to prevent such incidents in the future. All Colombian cities were directed to promote prevention planning in order to mitigate the consequences of natural disasters, and evacuations due to volcanic hazards have been carried out. About 2,300 people living along five nearby rivers were evacuated when Nevado del Ruiz erupted again in 1989. When another Colombian volcano, the
901:. In the latter, hot magma came in contact with water, resulting in explosions as the water was almost instantly turned into steam. The most notable of these events was an ash ejection on September 11, 1985. The activity of the volcano decreased in October 1985. The most likely explanation of the events is that new magma rose into the volcanic edifice before September 1985.
811:(rock avalanches), pyroclastic flows and lahars leading to partial destruction of the summit domes. During the past several thousand years, eruptions of the volcanoes in the RuizâTolima massif have mostly been small, and the pyroclastic flow deposits have been much less voluminous than during the Pleistocene. Since the volcano's earlier eruptions are not recorded,
396:, which also contains several other volcanoes. The summit of Nevado del Ruiz is covered by large glaciers. The volcano continues to pose a threat to the nearby towns and villages, and it is estimated that up to 500,000 people could be at risk from lahars from future eruptions. Today, the Nevado del Ruiz volcano is constantly monitored by the
377:(mud and debris flows), which pose a threat to human life and the environment. The impact of such an eruption is increased as the hot gas and lava melt the mountain's snowcap, adding large quantities of water to the flow. On November 13, 1985, a small eruption produced an enormous lahar that buried and destroyed the town of
1055:, which start out strong and then slowly die out, had occurred in the final hours before the eruption. Volcanologist Bernard Chouet said that, "the volcano was screaming 'I'm about to explode'", but the scientists who were studying the volcano at the time of the eruption were not able to read this signal.
981:
The eruption produced pyroclastic flows that melted summit glaciers and snow, generating four thick lahars that raced down river valleys on the volcano's flanks. It also destroyed a small lake that was observed in Arenas crater several months before the eruption. Water in such volcanic lakes tends to
1174:
Scientists flying over the volcano on March 8, 2012, noted fresh ash deposits on the east flank of the volcano near the crater, likely from an phreatic eruption on
February 22. Later that day, a small ash plume erupted from the crater; by March 13, scientists detected ash deposits at the head of the
1038:
The loss of life during the 1985 eruption was due partly to the fact that scientists did not know precisely when the eruption would occur, and the authorities would not take costly preventive measures without clear warnings of imminent danger. Because the volcano's last substantial eruption occurred
1178:
Through the beginning of July 2013, ashfall took place at Nevado del Ruiz a few times per month. On July 11, 2013, there was a relatively large explosion, followed by inactivity until August, when emission of ash resumed, continuing intermittently until April 2014. Reports of ashfall stopped until
1047:
agencies for scaremongering. Local authorities failed to alert people to the seriousness of the situation, with Armero's mayor and a priest both reassuring the populace after an ash eruption on the afternoon of
November 13 and the consequent ashfall early that evening. Another factor was the storm
605:
The ice cap is approximately 50 m (160 ft) thick on average. It is thickest in parts of the summit plateau and under the
Nereides Glacier on the southwestern slopes, where it is as deep as 190 m (620 ft). Glaciers on the northern and, to a lesser extent, the eastern slopes lost
1124:. Although small eruptions are more likely, the two million-year eruptive history of the RuizâTolima massif includes numerous large eruptions, indicating that the threat of a large eruption cannot be ignored. A large eruption would have more widespread effects, including the potential closure of
806:
period began about 150,000 years ago and involved the development of the present volcanic edifice through the emplacement of lava domes made of andesite and dacite (igneous rocks) inside older calderas. During the past 11,000 years, Nevado del Ruiz passed through at least 12 eruption
1095:
The volcano continues to pose a serious threat to nearby towns and villages. The most likely hazard is small-volume eruptions, which might destabilize glaciers and trigger lahars. Despite the significant retrenchment of the volcano's glaciers, the volume of ice atop Nevado del Ruiz and other
601:
further because of atmospheric warming. By 1959, the massif's glaciated area had dropped to 34 km (13 sq mi). Since the 1985 eruption, which destroyed about 10% of the summit ice cover, the area of Nevado del Ruiz covered by glaciers has halvedâfrom 17 to 21 km (6.6 to
846:
On
November 13, 1595, Nevado del Ruiz erupted. The episode consisted of three Plinian eruptions, which were heard up to 100 km (62 mi) from the summit of the volcano. A large amount of ash was ejected, which completely darkened the surrounding area. The volcano also erupted
590:. From 28,000 to 21,000 years ago, glaciers occupied about 1,500 km (600 sq mi) of the RuizâTolima massif. As late as 12,000 years ago, when the ice sheets from the last glacial period were retreating, they still covered 800 km (300 sq mi). During the
798:
period, which lasted from 0.8 million to 0.2 million years ago, a new complex of large stratovolcanoes developed (including Older Ruiz, Tolima, Quindio, and Santa Isabel). Once again explosive summit calderas formed from 0.2 million to 0.15 million years ago.
561:
occurred. At times, ice on the summit has melted, generating devastating lahars, including the continent's deadliest eruption in 1985. On the volcano's southwest flank is the pyroclastic cone La Olleta, which is not currently active, but may have erupted in historical times.
1223:
Several entries in the
Smithsonian's eruptive history for Nevado del Ruiz are marked as "uncertain". An eruption may have occurred at these dates, but this has not been confirmed. They define an eruption as the arrival of volcanic products, excluding gases, at the Earth's
602:
8.1 sq mi) just after the eruption to about 10 km (3.9 sq mi) in 2003. The glaciers reached altitudes as low as 4,500 m (14,800 ft) in 1985 but have now retreated to elevations of 4,800â4,900 m (15,700â16,100 ft).
1048:
that hit that evening, causing electrical outages and hindering communications. Civil defense officials from four nearby towns tried to warn Armero the lahar was approaching in the hour or so before it reached Armero, but failed to make radio contact.
2297:
Giggenbach, W.F.; Garcia P., N.; Londoño C., A.; Rodriguez V., L.; Rojas G., N.; Calvache V., M.L. (1990). "The chemistry of fumarolic vapor and thermal-spring discharges from the Nevado del Ruiz volcanic-magmatic-hydrothermal system, Colombia".
1015:, which lay in the Lagunilla River valley. Only one quarter of its 28,700 inhabitants survived. The second lahar, which descended through the valley of ChinchinĂĄ River, killed about 1,800 people and destroyed about 400 homes in the town of
793:
period between one million to two million years ago, a complex of large stratovolcanoes was created. Between 1.0 million and 0.8 million years ago, they partially collapsed, forming large (5â10 km wide) calderas. During the
606:
the most ice in the 1985 eruption, and therefore reach only up to 30 m (100 ft) deep. The deep ice covering the summit plateau may hide a caldera. Five domes ringing the summit plateau have emerged as the ice has retreated.
1158:
noted gradual increases in seismic activity near the Arenas crater. Sulfurous odors and phreatic eruptions reported at Nevado del Ruiz prompted an alert level of Yellow on
October 1. Chemical analysis of the volcano demonstrated
965:
At 3:06 pm, on
November 13, 1985, Nevado del Ruiz began to erupt, ejecting dacitic tephra more than 30 km (19 mi) into the atmosphere. The total mass of the erupted material (including magma) was 35 million
737:, a national park located west of BogotĂĄ in the centre of the Colombian Andes. The park is a popular tourist destination and contains several tourist shelters. The slopes of the volcano are used for winter sports, and nearby
2516:
Lowe, Donald R.; Williams, Stanley N.; Leigh, Henry; Connort, Charles B.; Gemmell, J. Bruce; Stoiber, Richard E. (November 1986). "Lahars initiated by the 13 November 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia".
916:
into the surface environment. The mission's report, delivered on October 22, 1985, judged the risk of lahars to be very high. The report proposed various simple preparedness techniques to local authorities.
940:
equilibration (stationary heat energy) temperatures, corresponding to the chemical composition of the discharged gases, were from 200 °C (400 °F) to 600 °C (1,000 °F). The extensive
2842:
Touret, Jean-Claude; Laforge, Christophe (1994). "Hazard Appraisal and Hazard-Zone Mapping of Flooding and Debris Flowage in the Rio Combeima Valley and Ibague City, Tolima Department, Colombia".
617:
from these glaciers and those on the surrounding volcanoes is a source of fresh water for forty surrounding towns, and Colombian scientists and government officials are concerned about the towns'
719:. The volcano is home to 27 species of birds endemic to Colombia, with 14 of these species confined to the region around the volcano. 15 bird species in the area are considered threatened.
1131:
As the Armero tragedy was exacerbated by the lack of early warnings, unwise land use, and the unpreparedness of nearby communities, the government of Colombia created a special program (
982:
be extremely salty and contain dissolved volcanic gases. The lake's hot, acidic water significantly accelerated the melting of the ice; this effect was confirmed by the large amounts of
920:
In November 1985, volcanic activity once again increased as magma neared the surface. The volcano began releasing increasing quantities of gases rich in sulfur dioxide and elementary
822:
During recorded history, eruptions have consisted primarily of a central vent eruption (in the caldera) followed by an explosive eruption, then lahars. Ruiz's earliest identified
1143:(IUGS) listed Nevado del Ruiz as one of 100 "geological heritage sites" for being among the "best-studied volcanoes in the world" and a "model for volcanic risk management".
1043:
showing Armero would be completely flooded after an eruption were distributed more than a month before the eruption, but the Colombian Congress criticized the scientific and
978:. The mass of the ejected sulfur dioxide was about 700,000 tonnes, or about 2% of the mass of the erupted solid material, making the eruption atypically sulfur-rich.
629:
Nevado del Ruiz is generally poorly forested because of its high elevation, and its forest cover decreases with increasing elevation. At lower elevations, well-developed
1380:
1601:
1139:, erupted in April 2008, thousands of people were evacuated because volcanologists worried that the eruption could be another "Nevado del Ruiz". In October 2022, the
1031:, and is the fourth-deadliest volcanic eruption in recorded history. It is also the deadliest known lahar, and Colombia's worst natural disaster. A young girl named
447:, a region that encircles the Pacific Ocean and contains some of the world's most active volcanoes. It is the third most northernly of the volcanoes lying in the
94:
4382:
2262:
Barberi, F.; Martini, M.; Rosi, M. (July 1990). "Nevado del Ruiz volcano (Colombia): pre-eruption observations and the 13 November 1985 catastrophic event".
531:
3207:
1830:; Salomons, Barry; Juvigne, Etienne (1996). "Paleoenvironmental Changes and Glacial Stades of the Last 50,000 Years in the Cordillera Central, Colombia".
1242:
An alert level of Yellow indicates "that activity is not imminently dangerous"; it was altered based on "changes in the behavior of volcanic activity".
1035:
became a worldwide symbol of the disaster after images of her trapped under the debris of her former home, after the eruption made the news worldwide.
401:
2616:
4679:
2461:
1146:
In 2006, heavy rains on Ruiz sent a mudslide down the ChinchinĂĄ River, killing nine children aged 12â19 on a scouting expedition near the volcano.
4280:
3955:
2594:
2790:
765:
The top of the 11,000 year-old ash fall deposits interstratified with paleosols overlying a channelized debris flow and a sequence of wet surges
1039:
more than 140 years earlier, it was also hard for many to accept the danger the volcano presented; locals even called it the "Sleeping Lion".
1027:, as the event came to be known, was the second-deadliest volcanic disaster in the 20th century, being surpassed only by the 1902 eruption of
4290:
3174:
613:
from the glaciers drains primarily to the Cauca River and Magdalena River via the western and eastern flanks of the volcano, respectively.
1931:"Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia, 20 years after: Evolution of the ice cap, re-assessment of volcano-snow interactionprocesses that feed lahars"
1874:
1171:
increased, and on average 890 volcanic tremors were recorded monthly, roughly eight times as many as had been recorded from 2009 to 2010.
4320:
358:, with three major eruptive periods. The current volcanic cone formed during the present eruptive period, which began 150,000 years ago.
4362:
3279:
2957:
2944:
1140:
904:
An Italian volcanological mission analyzed gas samples from fumaroles along the Arenas crater floor and proved them to be a mixture of
1188:
389:. Similar but less deadly incidents occurred in 1595 and 1845, consisting of a small explosive eruption followed by a large lahar.
1956:
4614:
4609:
1428:
Stratigraphy and quaternary eruptive history of the Ruiz-Tolima volcanic massif, Colombia. Implications for assessement [
2912:
2426:, and Doiron, Scott D. (July 1990). "TOMS measurement of the sulfur dioxide emitted during the 1985 Nevado del Ruiz eruptions".
1426:
574:
The volcano's summit and upper flanks are covered by several glaciers that appear as a white mass surrounding the Arenas crater.
541:
from 20 to 30 degrees. At lower elevations, the slopes become less steep; their inclination is about 10 degrees. From there on,
4674:
4654:
924:. The water content of the fumaroles' gases decreased, and water springs in the vicinity of Nevado del Ruiz became enriched in
4008:
2486:
137:
4629:
4624:
4619:
2965:
2823:
2742:
2715:
2573:
2344:
2135:
2016:
1781:
1723:
1357:
867:. This mudflow flowed down the valley of the Lagunillas River for approximately 70 km (43 mi), spilling out of the
2083:
4584:
4569:
1023:. In total, over 23,000 people were killed and approximately 5,000 were injured. More than 5,000 homes were destroyed. The
761:
2154:
1449:
1163:
changes and geochemical alterations. Over the next four months a smattering of long-period earthquakes, considered pseudo-
826:
eruption was about 6660 BC, and further eruptions occurred in 1245 BC ± 150 years (dated through
4477:
3948:
2011:. Cambridge, England: World Wide Fund for Nature, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
1518:
1344:
4589:
4579:
2886:
734:
728:
393:
4454:
1800:
594:, which lasted from about 1600 to 1900 CE, the ice cap covered approximately 100 km (40 sq mi).
586:
means "snow-covered" in Spanish), which formed over many thousands of years, and have generally retreated since the
3972:
2159:
637:, parts of the volcano are covered with dwarf forests 3â8 m (10â30 ft) high. Above the tree line, in the
1876:
Retreat of Tropical Glaciers in Colombia and Venezuela from 1984 to 2004 as Measured from ASTER and Landsat Images
945:
of the magma caused pressure to build up inside the volcano, which eventually resulted in the explosive eruption.
741:
offers trout fishing. A number of commercially operated spas can be found nearby. In 1868â1869, German geologists
4649:
4644:
3127:
2759:"Signs of an eruption â A scientist has found a way to use earthquakes to predict when volcanoes will erupt"
2619:
2490:
2421:
2401:
2367:
1904:
1804:
1479:
1125:
1080:
2207:"Eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz Volcano, Colombia, On 13 November 1985 3:06 p.m. : Tephra Fall and Lahars"
1998:
889:
Beginning November 1984, geologists observed an increasing level of seismic activity near Nevado del Ruiz. Such
4639:
4559:
4473:
4397:
3941:
3272:
1198:
598:
2710:. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems (National Academy Press). pp. 51â53.
4669:
4599:
4594:
4564:
4272:
3964:
1193:
708:
417:
192:
2646:
2623:
4664:
87:
2818:. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems (National Academy Press). p. 80.
2737:. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems (National Academy Press). p. 61.
2339:. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems (National Academy Press). p. 13.
1718:. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems (National Academy Press). p. 92.
2568:. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems (National Academy Press). p. 1.
1776:. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems (National Academy Press). p. 5.
1155:
890:
397:
330:, being the highest point of both. It is located about 130 km (81 mi) west of the capital city
258:
1517:
Huggel, Cristian; Ceballos, Jorge Luis; PulgarĂn, Bernardo; RamĂrez, Jair; Thouret, Jean-Claude (2007).
4493:
4405:
4240:
3735:
3304:
1638:
1091:
is visible in the background on the left. Approximate altitude of photo: 7,180 m (23,550 ft).
975:
893:
is often a precursor of an upcoming eruption. Other signs of a forthcoming eruption included increased
2948:
2798:
953:
4659:
4634:
4574:
3622:
3265:
1160:
3113:
2679:
1681:
4604:
4069:
3985:
3118:
2088:
2057:
1686:
1586:
1438:. Symposium international gĂ©odynamique andine: rĂ©sumĂ©s des communications. Paris. pp. 391â393.
1290:
3805:
2052:
3123:
3087:
3017:
2062:
1691:
1295:
1233:
The available sources do not indicate that lahars from Nevado del Ruiz pose any danger to BogotĂĄ.
1052:
315:
4285:
3825:
2363:
Living with Volcanoes: The U. S. Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program: USGS Circular 1073
1740:
4352:
3487:
3052:
2813:
2732:
2705:
2334:
2008:
Centres of Plant Diversity: A Guide and Strategy for Their Conservation. Volume 3: The Americas
1930:
1883:
1713:
750:
527:
425:
279:
246:
224:
65:
3246:
GeologĂa de las planchas 206 Manizales y 225 Nevado del Ruiz - 1:100,000 - Memoria explicativa
2590:
2563:
2206:
2123:
1771:
3477:
3437:
2811:
2730:
2703:
2561:
2455:
2423:
2332:
2002:
1827:
1769:
1711:
1634:
4335:
4150:
3800:
3745:
1825:
471:. As is the case for many subduction-zone volcanoes, Nevado del Ruiz can generate explosive
429:
4450:
3810:
3780:
3677:
3552:
3414:
3288:
2528:
2435:
2307:
2271:
2220:
1900:
1839:
1533:
1113:
587:
479:
that can melt snow and glaciers near the summit, producing large and sometimes devastating
468:
452:
444:
251:
80:
3840:
3740:
3662:
1016:
412:
Nevado del Ruiz, which lies about 129 km (80 mi) west of BogotĂĄ, is part of the
8:
4421:
4249:
3765:
3369:
1516:
1203:
868:
777:
epoch. Three primary eruption periods in the history of the massif have been identified:
448:
208:
4387:
3142:
2758:
2532:
2439:
2311:
2275:
2224:
1843:
1537:
3898:
3730:
3457:
3109:
2867:
2859:
2812:
Mileti, Dennis S.; Bolton, Patricia A.; Fernandez, Gabriel; Updike, Randall G. (1991).
2731:
Mileti, Dennis S.; Bolton, Patricia A.; Fernandez, Gabriel; Updike, Randall G. (1991).
2704:
Mileti, Dennis S.; Bolton, Patricia A.; Fernandez, Gabriel; Updike, Randall G. (1991).
2562:
Mileti, Dennis S.; Bolton, Patricia A.; Fernandez, Gabriel; Updike, Randall G. (1991).
2544:
2515:
2333:
Mileti, Dennis S.; Bolton, Patricia A.; Fernandez, Gabriel; Updike, Randall G. (1991).
2244:
2211:
1964:
1855:
1770:
Mileti, Dennis S.; Bolton, Patricia A.; Fernandez, Gabriel; Updike, Randall G. (1991).
1712:
Mileti, Dennis S.; Bolton, Patricia A.; Fernandez, Gabriel; Updike, Randall G. (1991).
1549:
1319:
1051:
Scientists later looked back to the hours before the eruption and noticed that several
831:
827:
704:
362:
75:
4033:
2982:
1519:"Review and reassessment of hazards owing to volcanoâglacier interactions in Colombia"
420:(or Cordillera Central), a group of five ice-capped volcanoes which also includes the
4377:
4357:
4177:
4168:
3888:
3845:
3820:
3682:
3359:
3324:
3309:
3095:
2961:
2922:
2871:
2819:
2738:
2711:
2569:
2447:
2340:
2319:
2283:
2236:
2131:
2012:
1859:
1777:
1719:
1475:
1353:
1121:
1101:
1088:
1020:
1012:
898:
716:
712:
696:
421:
351:
350:. Volcanic activity at Nevado del Ruiz began about two million years ago, during the
323:
319:
174:
170:
2494:
1553:
1317:
1251:
The alert level was lowered based on "changes in the behavior of volcanic activity".
1032:
746:
570:
381:
in Tolima, causing an estimated 25,000 deaths. This event later became known as the
4531:
4330:
4141:
3990:
3903:
3893:
3815:
3795:
3750:
3627:
3592:
3354:
3329:
3091:
2851:
2548:
2536:
2519:
2443:
2371:
2315:
2279:
2248:
2228:
1847:
1541:
1136:
971:
816:
753:
made the first successful ascent, partly by ski; they repeated the ascent in 1939.
476:
472:
386:
370:
366:
347:
295:
2815:
The Eruption of Nevado Del Ruiz Volcano Colombia, South America, November 13, 1985
2734:
The Eruption of Nevado Del Ruiz Volcano Colombia, South America, November 13, 1985
2707:
The Eruption of Nevado Del Ruiz Volcano Colombia, South America, November 13, 1985
2565:
The Eruption of Nevado Del Ruiz Volcano Colombia, South America, November 13, 1985
2397:
2336:
The Eruption of Nevado Del Ruiz Volcano Colombia, South America, November 13, 1985
2128:
The Eruption of Nevado Del Ruiz Volcano Colombia, South America, November 13, 1985
1773:
The Eruption of Nevado Del Ruiz Volcano Colombia, South America, November 13, 1985
1715:
The Eruption of Nevado Del Ruiz Volcano Colombia, South America, November 13, 1985
863:
On the morning of February 19, 1845, a large earthquake resulted in a substantial
4507:
4481:
4325:
4159:
4132:
3720:
3692:
3557:
3379:
3217:
3184:
2232:
2093:
700:
654:
633:(20â35 meters / 66â110 ft high) are present. Above these but below the
546:
523:
459:
volcanoes in South America. The Andean Volcanic Belt is produced by the eastward
437:
4300:
4060:
3785:
2022:
645:. Regional vegetation consists of different families of woody plants, including
433:
4519:
4345:
4222:
4087:
3995:
3612:
3537:
1606:
1545:
1285:
1164:
1075:
1024:
909:
905:
884:
614:
591:
558:
456:
382:
185:
4231:
1928:
1585:. Tucson AZ: Geoscience Press in association with the Smithsonian Institution
1557:
1028:
4553:
4024:
3855:
3835:
3467:
1097:
1044:
937:
852:
812:
742:
667:
511:
487:
355:
335:
241:
229:
109:
96:
4305:
4096:
3860:
3339:
1929:
Ramirez, J.; Thouret, J.-C.; Naranjo, J.L.; Vargas, C.A.; Valla, F. (2005).
1659:
4543:
4310:
4213:
4105:
3908:
3870:
3647:
3587:
3512:
2240:
1851:
872:
630:
618:
499:
343:
273:
237:
39:
3208:"After 89 days, Colombia lowers activity alert at Nevado del Ruiz volcano"
2943:
2204:
738:
4430:
4295:
4078:
4051:
4042:
3865:
3715:
3582:
3577:
3567:
3507:
3314:
2296:
2155:"BBC:On this day: November 13: 1985: Volcano kills thousands in Colombia"
1000:
774:
689:
650:
550:
538:
464:
213:
4538:
3933:
2863:
2361:
3775:
3607:
3602:
3562:
3532:
3442:
3409:
3404:
3364:
3250:
2855:
1746:
1040:
1007:
was located in the center of this photograph, taken late November 1985.
897:
activity, deposition of sulfur on the summit of the volcano, and small
685:
681:
460:
4514:
2205:
Naranjo, J.L.; Siggurdsson, H.; Carey, S.N.; Fritz, W. (August 1986).
4426:
4258:
4123:
3725:
3710:
3687:
3652:
3632:
3617:
3472:
3452:
3078:
Venzke, E., ed. (June 2017). "Report on Nevado del Ruiz (Colombia)".
2540:
2006:
1168:
1068:
942:
933:
925:
808:
658:
646:
642:
634:
610:
542:
515:
4372:
4204:
3334:
3244:
2375:
1882:. 63rd Eastern Snow Conference. Newark, Delaware USA. Archived from
1739:
Mosquera, DarĂo; MartĂn, Pedro; Vesga, Carlos; GonzĂĄlez, H. (1998).
1084:
638:
331:
4526:
4186:
3913:
3850:
3760:
3597:
3527:
3522:
3492:
3462:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3374:
3257:
3147:
3114:"Report on Nevado del Ruiz (Colombia) â 24 October-30 October 2018"
2917:
1872:
1384:
1105:
987:
894:
823:
662:
641:
zone, the vegetation is dominated by plants such as bunchgrass and
554:
503:
327:
217:
178:
3790:
3667:
1063:
530:
is located over the Palestina Fault that crosscuts the underlying
4367:
4315:
4195:
4114:
4015:
3980:
3755:
3672:
3657:
3642:
3547:
3517:
3349:
3344:
3212:
3179:
2487:"Deadly Lahars from Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia: November 13, 1985"
1425:
Thouret, Jean-Claude; Murcia, A; Salinas, R; et al. (1990).
983:
929:
864:
848:
835:
677:
673:
579:
519:
491:
369:, which produce swift-moving currents of hot gas and rock called
1320:"22 Mountain Summits with Prominence of 1,500 meters or greater"
3830:
3770:
3637:
3572:
3542:
3502:
3482:
3447:
3419:
3175:"Colombia to evacuate those closest to Nevado del Ruiz volcano"
2130:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 9â10.
1117:
1109:
1004:
994:
921:
749:
were the first to attempt to climb Ruiz. In 1936, W. Cunet and
507:
495:
378:
309:
55:
707:. Other animals inhabiting the surrounding region include the
3497:
3384:
3143:"Nevado del Ruiz: Residents evacuated from slopes of volcano"
1873:
Morris, Jennifer N.; Pool, Alan J.; Klein, Andrew G. (2006).
1318:
Jonathan de Ferranti, John Biggar and Aaron Maizlish (2005).
967:
958:
913:
480:
436:
volcanoes. The massif is located at the intersection of four
413:
374:
196:
3206:
Symmes Cobb, Julia (June 27, 2023). O'Brien, Rosalba (ed.).
3173:
Symmes Cobb, Julia (April 4, 2023). Baum, Bernadette (ed.).
871:
and killing much of the local population. After reaching an
3925:
Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south
1738:
834:. Ruiz is the second-most active volcano in Colombia after
490:: a voluminous, roughly conical volcano consisting of many
339:
305:
2398:"Mount St. Helens â Comparisons With Other Eruptions"
1424:
1383:. Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia. Archived from
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
769:
The first eruptions of Nevado del Ruiz occurred about 1.8
3152:
2841:
2763:
2683:
2651:
2121:
1011:
One of the lahars virtually erased the town of Armero in
770:
733:
Nevado del Ruiz is one of several stratovolcanoes within
1167:, raised worries that the volcano might erupt. In 2010,
1450:"Observatorio VulcanolĂłgico y SismolĂłgico de Manizales"
1265:
486:
Like many other Andean volcanoes, Nevado del Ruiz is a
1352:(2 ed.). Expedition Advisory Centre. p. 12.
4491:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2359:
1996:
1954:
1580:
1058:
553:to the west. On the two major sides of the summit,
2261:
2084:"Frequently Asked Questions: What is an eruption?"
1901:"Ruiz-Tolima Volcanic Massif (Cordillera Central)"
1476:"Ruiz-Tolima Volcanic Massif (Cordillera Central)"
974:in 1980. The eruption reached a value of 3 on the
3199:
2108:
1473:
4551:
2910:
2884:
1997:Rangel-Ch., J. Orlando; GarzĂłn-C., AĂda (1997).
2980:
2913:"Colombian Volcano Erupts, Thousands Evacuated"
2595:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2200:
2198:
2617:"Deadliest Volcanic Eruptions Since 1500 A.D."
2428:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
2300:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
2264:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
1133:Oficina Nacional para la Atencion de Desastres
1079:Photo of Nevado del Ruiz taken on approach to
3949:
3273:
3140:
2837:
2835:
1999:"Region of Los Nevados Natural National Park"
1682:"Nevado del Ruiz: Synonyms & Subfeatures"
402:Volcanic and Seismic Observatory of Manizales
29:
2950:The First 100 IUGS Geological Heritage Sites
2460:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1338:
1336:
1313:
1311:
722:
578:The summit of Nevado del Ruiz is covered by
3205:
3172:
3166:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2983:"Colombia Mudslide Kills Nine Young Hikers"
2784:
2782:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2175:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1819:
1765:
1763:
537:The summit of the volcano has steep slopes
416:mountain range. The volcano is part of the
3956:
3942:
3280:
3266:
3071:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
2958:International Union of Geological Sciences
2945:International Union of Geological Sciences
2832:
2591:"Nevado del Ruiz â Facts and Figures"
1924:
1922:
1866:
1732:
1141:International Union of Geological Sciences
957:Hazard map for Nevado del Ruiz, with 1985
695:Animals living on the volcano include the
3963:
3102:
2092:. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from
1893:
1674:
1493:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1333:
1308:
970:âonly 3% of the amount that erupted from
936:, which were leached from the magma. The
4680:First 100 IUGS Geological Heritage Sites
3242:
3141:BuschschlĂŒter, Vanessa (April 3, 2023).
3080:Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network
2997:
2788:
2779:
2666:
2614:
2395:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2005:; Villa-Lobos, J.; Hamilton, A. (eds.).
1979:
1795:
1793:
1760:
1599:
1206:, a minor planet named after the volcano
1189:List of volcanic eruptions by death toll
1074:
1062:
999:
952:
760:
569:
407:
3134:
3108:
3036:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2076:
1919:
1742:Plancha 225 â Nevado del Ruiz 1:100,000
1628:
1626:
1624:
1467:
1154:During September and October 2010, the
157:Location of Nevado del Ruiz in Colombia
144:
4552:
3077:
2885:Associated Press (September 2, 1989).
2353:
2149:
2147:
1399:
948:
373:. These eruptions often cause massive
3937:
3261:
2644:
2422:Krueger, Arlin J., Walter, Louis S.,
2038:
1790:
1632:
1342:
621:should the glaciers melt completely.
294:
3287:
2677:
2493:. September 30, 1999. Archived from
2468:
2360:Wright, T.L.; Pierson, T.C. (1992).
1621:
314:) is a volcano on the border of the
3018:"Nevado del Ruiz: Bulletin Reports"
2911:Associated Press (April 15, 2008).
2144:
2053:"Nevado del Ruiz: Eruptive History"
1583:Volcanoes of the World, 2nd edition
1581:T. Simkin & L. Siebert (1994).
756:
13:
3236:
2981:Goodman, Joshua (March 20, 2006).
2122:National Research Council (1991).
1801:"Colombia Volcanoes and Volcanics"
1600:Sullivan, Walter (June 13, 1991).
1149:
993:The lahars, formed of water, ice,
878:
703:, both of which are designated as
624:
545:stretch almost to the edge of the
440:, some of which are still active.
44:Steam on the mountain in July 2007
14:
4691:
3053:"Nevado del Ruiz: Weekly Reports"
2588:
2001:. In Davis, S.D.; Heywood, V.H.;
1662:. United States Geological Survey
912:, indicating a direct release of
735:Los Nevados National Natural Park
729:Los Nevados National Natural Park
394:Los Nevados National Natural Park
4537:
4525:
4513:
4501:
4480:
4469:
4468:
4257:
4248:
4239:
4230:
4221:
4212:
4203:
4194:
4185:
4176:
4167:
4158:
4149:
4140:
4131:
4122:
4113:
4104:
4095:
4086:
4077:
4068:
4059:
4050:
4041:
4032:
4023:
4014:
4007:
3096:10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN201706-351020
2160:British Broadcasting Corporation
1059:Current threats and preparedness
807:stages, which included multiple
692:are also present in the region.
469:South American continental plate
443:Nevado del Ruiz lies within the
143:
136:
38:
3128:United States Geological Survey
3059:. Smithsonian Institution. 2013
3024:. Smithsonian Institution. 2012
2974:
2937:
2904:
2878:
2805:
2751:
2724:
2697:
2638:
2620:United States Geological Survey
2608:
2582:
2555:
2509:
2491:United States Geological Survey
2415:
2402:United States Geological Survey
2389:
2368:United States Geological Survey
2326:
2290:
2255:
1948:
1905:United States Geological Survey
1805:United States Geological Survey
1705:
1652:
1593:
1480:United States Geological Survey
1245:
1236:
1227:
1217:
1081:El Dorado International Airport
549:, north of the volcano and the
455:, which contains 75 of the 204
4615:Geography of Tolima Department
4610:Geography of Caldas Department
4455:Servicio GeolĂłgico de Colombia
4451:"Observatorios VulcanolĂłgicos"
1938:Geophysical Research Abstracts
1660:"Principal Types of Volcanoes"
1602:"Plate Under a 'Ring of Fire'"
1574:
1442:
1373:
1199:List of volcanoes by elevation
522:of an ancestral Ruiz volcano:
361:The volcano usually generates
1:
4675:Five-thousanders of the Andes
4655:Natural disasters in Colombia
1258:
1194:List of volcanoes in Colombia
1067:Nevado del Ruiz as seen from
858:
841:
518:, all constructed within the
312:, the name of the nearby town
60:5,321 m (17,457 ft)
16:Volcanic mountain in Colombia
4630:20th-century volcanic events
4625:19th-century volcanic events
4620:16th-century volcanic events
2887:"Colombian Volcano Erupting"
2448:10.1016/0377-0273(90)90081-P
2320:10.1016/0377-0273(90)90067-P
2284:10.1016/0377-0273(90)90066-O
2233:10.1126/science.233.4767.961
1955:MarĂa Isabel GarcĂa (2001).
891:volcanic tectonic seismicity
70:2,035 m (6,677 ft)
7:
4585:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes
4570:Stratovolcanoes of Colombia
3243:GonzĂĄlez, Humberto (2001).
2789:McDowell, Bart (May 1986).
2645:Staff (November 14, 1995).
1346:Mountaineering in the Andes
1182:
1156:Colombian Geological Survey
565:
510:in composition. The modern
418:RuizâTolima volcanic massif
398:Colombian Geological Survey
338:composed of many layers of
10:
4696:
4406:Paipa-Iza volcanic complex
1957:"The Thawing of the Peaks"
1639:San Diego State University
1546:10.3189/172756407782282408
1381:"General Data Los Nevados"
976:Volcanic Explosivity Index
882:
832:phreatic (steam) explosion
726:
534:, dated at 49.1 ± 1.7 Ma.
342:alternating with hardened
4466:
4440:
4414:
4396:
4271:
4002:
3971:
3922:
3879:
3701:
3428:
3295:
2797:: 640â653. Archived from
2680:"Volcano Hell Transcript"
1474:S. Williams; Richard Jr.
1432:] of volcanic hazards
990:found in the lahar flow.
723:Los Nevados National Park
304:
272:
267:
257:
235:
223:
207:
202:
184:
166:
130:
125:
86:
74:
64:
54:
49:
37:
28:
23:
4590:Pliocene stratovolcanoes
4580:Holocene stratovolcanoes
3986:Cerro Negro de Mayasquer
3119:Global Volcanism Program
3057:Global Volcanism Program
3022:Global Volcanism Program
2089:Global Volcanism Program
2058:Global Volcanism Program
1687:Global Volcanism Program
1635:"Nevado del Ruiz (1985)"
1587:Global Volcanism Program
1291:Global Volcanism Program
1210:
773:at the beginning of the
483:(mud and debris flows).
385:âthe deadliest lahar in
296:[neÎČaĂ°oĂ°elËrwis]
3124:Smithsonian Institution
3088:Smithsonian Institution
2063:Smithsonian Institution
1692:Smithsonian Institution
1296:Smithsonian Institution
1053:long-period earthquakes
1019:, in the department of
851:(a form of tephra) and
709:rufous-fronted parakeet
599:glaciers have retreated
392:The volcano is part of
4650:1985 natural disasters
4645:1845 natural disasters
4353:Nevado de Santa Isabel
3702:Southern Volcanic Zone
3488:Andagua volcanic field
3296:Northern Volcanic Zone
2791:"Eruption in Colombia"
2424:Schnetzler, Charles C.
1852:10.1006/qres.1996.0039
1828:Van der Hammen, Thomas
1826:Thouret, Jean-Claude;
1092:
1072:
1008:
962:
766:
751:Augusto Gansser-Biaggi
575:
528:Nevado de Santa Isabel
292:Spanish pronunciation:
247:Northern Volcanic Zone
30:
4640:1595 in South America
4560:Mountains of Colombia
3965:Volcanoes of Colombia
3880:Austral Volcanic Zone
3806:Puyehue-CordĂłn Caulle
3478:Huambo volcanic field
3429:Central Volcanic Zone
1078:
1066:
1003:
956:
764:
573:
494:of hardened lava and
408:Geography and geology
4670:Pleistocene Colombia
4600:Subduction volcanoes
4595:Andean Volcanic Belt
4565:Glaciers of Colombia
3415:Licto volcanic field
2960:. pp. 164â165.
2003:Herrera-MacBryde, O.
1967:on September 5, 2008
1526:Annals of Glaciology
1387:on December 15, 2007
1343:Neate, Jill (1994).
588:last glacial maximum
453:Andean Volcanic Belt
445:Pacific Ring of Fire
252:Andean Volcanic Belt
110:4.89250°N 75.32333°W
4665:Quaternary Colombia
2795:National Geographic
2647:"World News Briefs"
2533:1986Natur.324...51L
2440:1990JVGR...41....7K
2312:1990JVGR...42...13G
2276:1990JVGR...42....1B
2225:1986Sci...233..961N
2163:. November 13, 1985
2096:on January 13, 2012
1844:1996QuRes..46....1T
1832:Quaternary Research
1538:2007AnGla..45..128H
1204:22195 Nevadodelruiz
949:Eruption and lahars
532:El Bosque Batholith
449:North Volcanic Zone
106: /
4336:Nevado del QuindĂo
3801:CarrĂĄn-Los Venados
3746:Nevados de ChillĂĄn
3731:Descabezado Grande
2985:. Associated Press
2856:10.1007/BF00813136
1093:
1073:
1009:
963:
899:phreatic eruptions
828:radiocarbon dating
767:
665:. Flowers such as
576:
278:1936 by Cunet and
115:4.89250; -75.32333
50:Highest point
4489:
4488:
4358:Nevado del Tolima
3931:
3930:
3741:Nevado de LongavĂ
3683:Cueros de Purulla
3663:CordĂłn del Azufre
3325:Nevado del Tolima
2967:978-1-7923-9975-6
2825:978-0-309-04477-6
2767:. August 27, 2003
2744:978-0-585-14407-8
2717:978-0-585-14407-8
2575:978-0-585-14407-8
2346:978-0-309-04477-6
2219:(4767): 991â993.
2137:978-0-309-04477-6
2018:978-2-8317-0199-8
1783:978-0-309-04477-6
1725:978-0-309-04477-6
1359:978-0-907649-64-9
1286:"Nevado del Ruiz"
1089:Nevado del Tolima
771:million years ago
717:Herveo plump toad
713:buffy helmetcrest
477:pyroclastic flows
473:Plinian eruptions
371:pyroclastic flows
367:Plinian eruptions
352:Early Pleistocene
348:pyroclastic rocks
301:La Mesa de Herveo
299:), also known as
285:
284:
31:La Mesa de Herveo
4687:
4660:Neogene Colombia
4635:1985 in Colombia
4575:Active volcanoes
4542:
4541:
4530:
4529:
4518:
4517:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4497:
4484:
4472:
4471:
4459:
4458:
4331:Nevado del Huila
4261:
4252:
4243:
4234:
4225:
4216:
4207:
4198:
4189:
4180:
4171:
4162:
4153:
4144:
4135:
4126:
4117:
4108:
4099:
4090:
4081:
4072:
4063:
4054:
4045:
4036:
4027:
4018:
4011:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3935:
3934:
3926:
3796:Mocho-Choshuenco
3330:Nevado del Huila
3289:Andean volcanoes
3282:
3275:
3268:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3253:. pp. 1â93.
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3049:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3014:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2955:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2921:. Archived from
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2839:
2830:
2829:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2786:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2678:Fielding, Emma.
2675:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2622:. Archived from
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2541:10.1038/324051a0
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2483:
2466:
2465:
2459:
2451:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2202:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2119:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2049:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2021:. Archived from
1994:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1963:. Archived from
1952:
1946:
1945:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1881:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1797:
1788:
1787:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1630:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1556:. Archived from
1523:
1514:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1422:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1351:
1340:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1282:
1252:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1137:Nevado del Huila
1128:due to ashfall.
1126:BogotĂĄ's airport
972:Mount St. Helens
817:tephrochronology
757:Eruptive history
557:show where past
502:. Its lavas are
475:with associated
387:recorded history
313:
298:
293:
188:
147:
146:
140:
121:
120:
118:
117:
116:
111:
107:
104:
103:
102:
99:
42:
33:
21:
20:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4605:VEI-4 volcanoes
4550:
4549:
4548:
4536:
4524:
4512:
4502:
4500:
4492:
4490:
4485:
4462:
4449:
4447:
4436:
4410:
4392:
4341:Nevado del Ruiz
4326:Nevado El Cisne
4267:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4254:
4253:
4245:
4244:
4236:
4235:
4227:
4226:
4218:
4217:
4209:
4208:
4200:
4199:
4191:
4190:
4182:
4181:
4173:
4172:
4164:
4163:
4155:
4154:
4146:
4145:
4137:
4136:
4128:
4127:
4119:
4118:
4110:
4109:
4101:
4100:
4092:
4091:
4083:
4082:
4074:
4073:
4065:
4064:
4056:
4055:
4047:
4046:
4038:
4037:
4029:
4028:
4020:
4019:
4000:
3967:
3962:
3932:
3927:
3924:
3918:
3881:
3875:
3703:
3697:
3693:Ojos del Salado
3623:Aguas Calientes
3430:
3424:
3320:Nevado del Ruiz
3297:
3291:
3286:
3239:
3237:Further reading
3234:
3233:
3223:
3221:
3218:Thomson Reuters
3204:
3200:
3190:
3188:
3185:Thomson Reuters
3171:
3167:
3157:
3155:
3139:
3135:
3107:
3103:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3037:
3027:
3025:
3016:
3015:
2998:
2988:
2986:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2953:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2909:
2905:
2895:
2893:
2883:
2879:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2810:
2806:
2787:
2780:
2770:
2768:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2702:
2698:
2688:
2686:
2676:
2667:
2657:
2655:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2626:on May 31, 2012
2613:
2609:
2599:
2597:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2560:
2556:
2527:(6092): 51â53.
2514:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2497:on May 27, 2010
2485:
2484:
2469:
2453:
2452:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2378:
2376:10.3133/cir1073
2358:
2354:
2347:
2331:
2327:
2295:
2291:
2260:
2256:
2203:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2120:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2051:
2050:
2039:
2028:
2026:
2025:on July 9, 2010
2019:
1995:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1953:
1949:
1933:
1927:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1886:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1768:
1761:
1752:
1750:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1631:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1598:
1594:
1579:
1575:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1521:
1515:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1454:www2.sgc.gov.co
1448:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1423:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1349:
1341:
1334:
1325:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1300:
1298:
1284:
1283:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1185:
1165:Tornillo events
1152:
1150:Recent activity
1061:
951:
887:
881:
879:Eruption (1985)
861:
844:
759:
731:
725:
701:spectacled bear
655:Melastomataceae
627:
625:Flora and fauna
597:Since then the
568:
559:rock avalanches
547:Magdalena River
524:Nevado El Cisne
514:comprises five
463:of the oceanic
410:
291:
288:Nevado del Ruiz
249:
186:
162:
161:
160:
159:
158:
155:
154:
153:
152:
151:Nevado del Ruiz
148:
114:
112:
108:
105:
100:
97:
95:
93:
92:
45:
24:Nevado del Ruiz
17:
12:
11:
5:
4693:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4547:
4546:
4534:
4522:
4510:
4487:
4486:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4424:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4402:
4400:
4398:Eastern Ranges
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4346:Armero tragedy
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4277:
4275:
4273:Central Ranges
4269:
4268:
4256:
4255:
4247:
4246:
4238:
4237:
4229:
4228:
4220:
4219:
4211:
4210:
4202:
4201:
4193:
4192:
4184:
4183:
4175:
4174:
4166:
4165:
4157:
4156:
4148:
4147:
4139:
4138:
4130:
4129:
4121:
4120:
4112:
4111:
4103:
4102:
4094:
4093:
4085:
4084:
4076:
4075:
4067:
4066:
4058:
4057:
4049:
4048:
4040:
4039:
4031:
4030:
4022:
4021:
4013:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3975:
3973:Western Ranges
3969:
3968:
3961:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3938:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3885:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3613:Purico complex
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3285:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3198:
3165:
3133:
3112:, ed. (2018).
3110:Sennert, S. K.
3101:
3070:
3035:
2996:
2973:
2966:
2947:, ed. (2022).
2936:
2903:
2891:New York Times
2877:
2850:(4): 407â413.
2831:
2824:
2804:
2801:on 2005-01-28.
2778:
2750:
2743:
2723:
2716:
2696:
2665:
2637:
2615:Topinka, Lyn.
2607:
2581:
2574:
2554:
2508:
2467:
2414:
2396:Watson, John.
2388:
2352:
2345:
2325:
2306:(1â2): 13â39.
2289:
2254:
2174:
2143:
2136:
2107:
2075:
2037:
2017:
1978:
1947:
1918:
1892:
1889:on 2007-09-26.
1865:
1818:
1789:
1782:
1759:
1731:
1724:
1704:
1673:
1651:
1620:
1607:New York Times
1592:
1589:. p. 349.
1573:
1532:(1): 128â136.
1492:
1466:
1441:
1398:
1372:
1358:
1332:
1307:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1151:
1148:
1060:
1057:
1033:Omayra SĂĄnchez
1025:Armero tragedy
950:
947:
910:sulfur dioxide
906:carbon dioxide
885:Armero tragedy
883:Main article:
880:
877:
860:
857:
843:
840:
819:to date them.
813:volcanologists
809:slope failures
758:
755:
747:Alphons StĂŒbel
727:Main article:
724:
721:
697:mountain tapir
626:
623:
592:Little Ice Age
567:
564:
409:
406:
383:Armero tragedy
283:
282:
276:
270:
269:
265:
264:
261:
255:
254:
244:
233:
232:
227:
221:
220:
211:
205:
204:
200:
199:
193:Central Ranges
190:
182:
181:
168:
164:
163:
156:
150:
149:
142:
141:
135:
134:
133:
132:
131:
128:
127:
123:
122:
90:
84:
83:
78:
72:
71:
68:
62:
61:
58:
52:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4692:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4509:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4465:
4456:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4281:Alto Mellizos
4279:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4260:
4251:
4242:
4233:
4224:
4215:
4206:
4197:
4188:
4179:
4170:
4161:
4152:
4143:
4134:
4125:
4116:
4107:
4098:
4089:
4080:
4071:
4062:
4053:
4044:
4035:
4026:
4017:
4010:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3959:
3954:
3952:
3947:
3945:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3878:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3836:Michinmahuida
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3678:San Francisco
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3588:Aucanquilchaâ
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3468:Hualca Hualca
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:(6° N â 3° S)
3294:
3290:
3283:
3278:
3276:
3271:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3202:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3169:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3137:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2984:
2977:
2969:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2929:September 20,
2925:on 2011-02-04
2924:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2907:
2896:September 20,
2892:
2888:
2881:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2836:
2827:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2808:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2783:
2771:September 13,
2766:
2765:
2760:
2754:
2746:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2700:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2658:September 20,
2654:
2653:
2648:
2641:
2630:September 20,
2625:
2621:
2618:
2611:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2512:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2463:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2434:(1â4): 7â15.
2433:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2407:September 20,
2403:
2399:
2392:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2270:(1â2): 1â12.
2269:
2265:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2139:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1885:
1878:
1877:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1794:
1785:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1766:
1764:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1727:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1708:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1661:
1655:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1613:September 24,
1609:
1608:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1563:on 2009-03-27
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1485:September 20,
1481:
1477:
1470:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1361:
1355:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1337:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1248:
1239:
1230:
1220:
1216:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:Villa Hermosa
1111:
1108:, ChinchinĂĄ,
1107:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1070:
1065:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1046:
1045:civil defense
1042:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1002:
998:
996:
991:
989:
985:
979:
977:
973:
969:
960:
955:
946:
944:
939:
938:thermodynamic
935:
931:
927:
923:
918:
915:
911:
907:
902:
900:
896:
892:
886:
876:
874:
870:
869:river channel
866:
856:
854:
850:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
818:
814:
810:
805:
800:
797:
792:
789:. During the
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
763:
754:
752:
748:
744:
743:Wilhelm Reiss
740:
736:
730:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
669:
668:Polypodiaceae
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
631:mesic forests
622:
620:
616:
612:
607:
603:
600:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
572:
563:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:volcanic cone
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:stratovolcano
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
405:
403:
399:
395:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
356:Late Pliocene
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:stratovolcano
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
311:
307:
302:
297:
289:
281:
277:
275:
271:
266:
262:
260:
259:Last eruption
256:
253:
248:
245:
243:
239:
234:
231:
230:Stratovolcano
228:
226:
225:Mountain type
222:
219:
215:
212:
210:
206:
201:
198:
194:
191:
189:
183:
180:
176:
172:
169:
165:
139:
129:
124:
119:
91:
89:
85:
82:
79:
77:
73:
69:
67:
63:
59:
57:
53:
48:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4340:
4311:El Escondido
4301:Cerro MachĂn
3786:QuetrupillĂĄn
3648:Llullaillaco
3513:Huaynaputina
3319:
3245:
3224:December 21,
3222:. Retrieved
3211:
3201:
3191:December 21,
3189:. Retrieved
3178:
3168:
3158:December 21,
3156:. Retrieved
3146:
3136:
3117:
3104:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3061:. Retrieved
3056:
3026:. Retrieved
3021:
2987:. Retrieved
2976:
2949:
2939:
2927:. Retrieved
2923:the original
2916:
2906:
2894:. Retrieved
2890:
2880:
2847:
2843:
2814:
2807:
2799:the original
2794:
2769:. Retrieved
2762:
2753:
2733:
2726:
2706:
2699:
2689:September 3,
2687:. Retrieved
2656:. Retrieved
2650:
2640:
2628:. Retrieved
2624:the original
2610:
2600:September 3,
2598:. Retrieved
2584:
2564:
2557:
2524:
2518:
2511:
2499:. Retrieved
2495:the original
2456:cite journal
2431:
2427:
2417:
2405:. Retrieved
2391:
2381:December 13,
2379:. Retrieved
2362:
2355:
2335:
2328:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2216:
2210:
2167:September 3,
2165:. Retrieved
2158:
2127:
2100:February 23,
2098:. Retrieved
2094:the original
2087:
2078:
2068:December 13,
2066:. Retrieved
2056:
2029:December 16,
2027:. Retrieved
2023:the original
2007:
1971:December 12,
1969:. Retrieved
1965:the original
1961:Tierramerica
1960:
1950:
1941:
1937:
1909:. Retrieved
1895:
1884:the original
1875:
1868:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1811:September 3,
1809:. Retrieved
1772:
1751:. Retrieved
1741:
1734:
1714:
1707:
1697:November 26,
1695:. Retrieved
1685:
1676:
1664:. Retrieved
1654:
1644:September 3,
1642:. Retrieved
1611:. Retrieved
1605:
1595:
1582:
1576:
1565:. Retrieved
1558:the original
1529:
1525:
1483:. Retrieved
1469:
1457:. Retrieved
1453:
1444:
1431:
1427:
1389:. Retrieved
1385:the original
1375:
1365:November 25,
1363:. Retrieved
1345:
1324:. Retrieved
1299:. Retrieved
1289:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1219:
1177:
1173:
1153:
1145:
1132:
1130:
1094:
1050:
1037:
1010:
992:
980:
964:
961:shown in red
919:
903:
888:
873:alluvial fan
862:
853:pumice bombs
845:
821:
803:
801:
795:
790:
786:
782:
778:
768:
732:
694:
666:
628:
619:water supply
608:
604:
596:
583:
577:
536:
500:volcanic ash
485:
467:beneath the
457:Holocene-age
442:
426:Santa Isabel
411:
391:
360:
344:volcanic ash
300:
287:
286:
274:First ascent
187:Parent range
18:
4431:mud volcano
4422:Providencia
4296:Cerro Bravo
4291:Bordoncillo
3882:(49°â55° S)
3866:Mate Grande
3716:Tupungatito
3704:(33°â46° S)
3583:Olca-Paruma
3578:Irruputuncu
3568:Tata Sabaya
3508:Pichu Pichu
3438:Quimsachata
3431:(14°â27° S)
3315:Cerro Bravo
3220:Corporation
3187:Corporation
2989:January 19,
1838:(1): 1â18.
1749:. p. 1
1666:January 19,
1633:Camp, Vic.
1161:deformative
1041:Hazard maps
1029:Mount Pelée
775:Pleistocene
690:Orchidaceae
651:Leguminosae
551:Cauca River
465:Nazca Plate
316:departments
214:Pleistocene
209:Age of rock
113: /
88:Coordinates
4554:Categories
4306:Doña Juana
4286:Las Ănimas
3826:Hornopirén
3811:Casablanca
3781:Villarrica
3776:Sollipulli
3736:Cerro Azul
3608:Licancabur
3603:Sairecabur
3563:Guallatiri
3553:Parinacota
3533:Purupuruni
3443:Auquihuato
3410:Tungurahua
3405:Chimborazo
3365:Reventador
3340:Doña Juana
3251:INGEOMINAS
2844:GeoJournal
1753:2017-06-06
1747:INGEOMINAS
1567:2008-12-12
1459:3 February
1326:2009-03-03
1322:. Peaklist
1301:2011-05-01
1259:References
859:1845 lahar
842:1595 lahar
815:have used
705:threatened
686:Piperaceae
682:Asteraceae
516:lava domes
498:including
461:subduction
346:and other
334:. It is a
303:(English:
101:75°19âČ24âłW
98:04°53âČ33âłN
66:Prominence
4532:Volcanoes
4427:El Totumo
4383:San Diego
4321:Morasurco
3846:Corcovado
3766:Lonquimay
3726:Calabozos
3711:Tupungato
3688:Incahuasi
3653:Lastarria
3633:Chiliques
3473:Sabancaya
3453:Sara Sara
3370:Pichincha
3305:Paipa-Iza
3063:March 31,
3028:March 31,
2956:. Spain:
2872:189882493
2501:March 18,
1911:March 29,
1860:129575897
1391:March 29,
1122:La Dorada
1102:Mariquita
1069:Manizales
1017:ChinchinĂĄ
988:chlorides
943:degassing
934:potassium
926:magnesium
791:ancestral
779:ancestral
739:Lake OtĂșn
659:Lauraceae
647:Rubiaceae
643:Espeletia
635:tree line
611:meltwater
555:headwalls
543:foothills
539:inclining
504:andesitic
363:Vulcanian
236:Volcanic
126:Geography
56:Elevation
4508:Colombia
4474:Category
4363:Patascoy
3914:Fueguino
3899:Aguilera
3851:Mentolat
3761:Callaqui
3598:Zapaleri
3528:Yucamane
3523:Tutupaca
3493:Chachani
3463:Coropuna
3458:Solimana
3400:Quilotoa
3395:Cotopaxi
3390:Illiniza
3375:Antisana
3148:BBC News
2918:Fox News
2864:41146332
2241:17732038
1554:18144817
1224:surface.
1183:See also
1106:Ambalema
984:sulfates
895:fumarole
824:Holocene
663:Moraceae
580:glaciers
566:Glaciers
400:via the
328:Colombia
268:Climbing
218:Holocene
179:Colombia
167:Location
4520:Geology
4494:Portals
4378:Romeral
4368:Petacas
4316:Galeras
3981:Azufral
3889:Lautaro
3841:Chaitén
3821:Calbuco
3756:Copahue
3673:Peinado
3658:Lazufre
3643:Socompa
3548:Taapaca
3518:Ticsani
3360:Cayambe
3350:Azufral
3345:Galeras
3310:Romeral
3213:Reuters
3180:Reuters
2589:Staff.
2549:4315639
2529:Bibcode
2436:Bibcode
2308:Bibcode
2272:Bibcode
2249:6358629
2221:Bibcode
2212:Science
1840:Bibcode
1534:Bibcode
930:calcium
865:mudflow
849:lapilli
836:Galeras
804:present
787:present
678:Poaceae
674:Araceae
520:caldera
508:dacitic
451:of the
430:Quindio
280:Gansser
203:Geology
76:Listing
4478:Images
4441:Source
4388:SotarĂĄ
4373:Puracé
3996:Cumbal
3991:Chiles
3909:Burney
3904:Reclus
3894:Viedma
3871:Hudson
3831:Huequi
3816:Osorno
3771:Llaima
3751:Antuco
3638:Aracar
3628:Lascar
3618:Pacana
3593:Azufre
3573:Isluga
3543:Tacora
3538:Casiri
3503:Ubinas
3483:Ampato
3448:Firura
3420:Sangay
3355:Chiles
3335:Puracé
2964:
2870:
2862:
2822:
2741:
2714:
2572:
2547:
2520:Nature
2343:
2247:
2239:
2134:
2015:
1944:: 1â2.
1907:. 1999
1858:
1807:. 2001
1780:
1722:
1552:
1356:
1118:Salgar
1110:Herveo
1085:BogotĂĄ
1071:, 2006
1021:Caldas
1013:Tolima
1005:Armero
995:pumice
968:tonnes
959:lahars
922:sulfur
715:, and
688:, and
661:, and
639:PĂĄramo
615:Runoff
584:nevado
496:tephra
492:strata
481:lahars
438:faults
434:Machin
422:Tolima
379:Armero
375:lahars
332:BogotĂĄ
324:Tolima
320:Caldas
310:Herveo
250:
175:Tolima
173:&
171:Caldas
4544:Andes
4415:Other
3791:LanĂn
3721:Maipo
3668:GalĂĄn
3558:Lauca
3498:Misti
3385:Soche
3380:Aliso
3086:(6).
2954:(PDF)
2868:S2CID
2860:JSTOR
2545:S2CID
2245:S2CID
1934:(PDF)
1887:(PDF)
1880:(PDF)
1856:S2CID
1561:(PDF)
1550:S2CID
1522:(PDF)
1436:(PDF)
1350:(PDF)
1211:Notes
1098:Honda
914:magma
796:older
783:older
414:Andes
197:Andes
81:Ultra
3861:MacĂĄ
3226:2023
3193:2023
3160:2023
3126:and
3065:2013
3030:2013
2991:2014
2962:ISBN
2931:2008
2898:2008
2820:ISBN
2773:2008
2739:ISBN
2712:ISBN
2691:2008
2660:2008
2632:2008
2602:2008
2570:ISBN
2503:2010
2462:link
2409:2008
2383:2008
2341:ISBN
2237:PMID
2169:2009
2132:ISBN
2102:2009
2070:2008
2031:2008
2013:ISBN
1973:2008
1913:2009
1813:2008
1778:ISBN
1720:ISBN
1699:2008
1668:2009
1646:2008
1615:2008
1487:2013
1461:2019
1393:2009
1367:2008
1354:ISBN
1169:tilt
1120:and
986:and
932:and
908:and
802:The
785:and
745:and
699:and
670:s.l.
609:The
432:and
340:lava
322:and
306:Mesa
263:2022
242:belt
3856:Cay
3153:BBC
3092:doi
2852:doi
2764:BBC
2684:BBC
2652:CNN
2537:doi
2525:324
2444:doi
2372:doi
2316:doi
2280:doi
2229:doi
2217:233
2124:"1"
1848:doi
1542:doi
1430:sic
365:to
354:or
326:in
318:of
308:of
238:arc
4556::
4476:âą
4453:.
4448:âą
3249:.
3216:.
3210:.
3183:.
3177:.
3151:.
3145:.
3122:.
3116:.
3090:.
3084:42
3082:.
3055:.
3038:^
3020:.
2999:^
2915:.
2889:.
2866:.
2858:.
2848:34
2846:.
2834:^
2793:.
2781:^
2761:.
2682:.
2668:^
2649:.
2593:.
2543:.
2535:.
2523:.
2489:.
2470:^
2458:}}
2454:{{
2442:.
2432:41
2430:.
2400:.
2370:.
2366:.
2314:.
2304:42
2302:.
2278:.
2268:42
2266:.
2243:.
2235:.
2227:.
2215:.
2209:.
2177:^
2157:.
2146:^
2126:.
2110:^
2086:.
2061:.
2055:.
2040:^
1981:^
1959:.
1940:.
1936:.
1921:^
1903:.
1854:.
1846:.
1836:46
1834:.
1803:.
1792:^
1762:^
1745:.
1690:.
1684:.
1637:.
1623:^
1604:.
1548:.
1540:.
1530:45
1528:.
1524:.
1495:^
1478:.
1452:.
1401:^
1335:^
1310:^
1294:.
1288:.
1267:^
1116:,
1112:,
1104:,
1100:,
1087:.
1083:,
928:,
838:.
781:,
711:,
684:,
680:,
676:,
672:,
657:,
653:,
649:,
428:,
424:,
404:.
195:,
177:,
4496::
4457:.
4433:)
4429:(
3957:e
3950:t
3943:v
3281:e
3274:t
3267:v
3228:.
3195:.
3162:.
3130:.
3098:.
3094::
3067:.
3032:.
2993:.
2970:.
2933:.
2900:.
2874:.
2854::
2828:.
2775:.
2747:.
2720:.
2693:.
2662:.
2634:.
2604:.
2578:.
2551:.
2539::
2531::
2505:.
2464:)
2450:.
2446::
2438::
2411:.
2385:.
2374::
2349:.
2322:.
2318::
2310::
2286:.
2282::
2274::
2251:.
2231::
2223::
2171:.
2140:.
2104:.
2072:.
2035:.
2033:.
1975:.
1942:7
1915:.
1862:.
1850::
1842::
1815:.
1786:.
1756:.
1728:.
1701:.
1670:.
1648:.
1617:.
1570:.
1544::
1536::
1489:.
1463:.
1395:.
1369:.
1329:.
1304:.
582:(
506:â
290:(
240:/
216:â
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.