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power to censor the press was abolished so that the press would remain forever free to censure the
Government. The press was protected so that it could bare the secrets of the government and inform the people. Only a free and unrestrained press can effectively expose deception in government. And paramount among the responsibilities of a free press is the duty to prevent any part of the government from deceiving the people and sending them off to distant lands to die of foreign fevers and foreign shot and shell. ... e are asked to hold that ... the Executive Branch, the Congress, and the Judiciary can make laws ... abridging the freedom of the press in the name of 'national security.' ... To find that the President has 'inherent power' to halt the publication of news ... would wipe out the First Amendment and destroy the fundamental liberty and security of the very people the Government hopes to make 'secure.' ... The word 'security' is a broad, vague generality whose contours should not be invoked to abrogate the fundamental law embodied in the First Amendment. The guarding of military and diplomatic secrets at the expense of informed representative government provides no real security... . The Framers of the First Amendment, fully aware of both the need to defend a new nation and the abuses of the English and Colonial governments, sought to give this new society strength and security by providing that freedom of speech, press, religion, and assembly should not be abridged.
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States or the advantage of any foreign nation"? If the motivation was to educate the public, was that a defense that served to help, not hinder, the country? Would the public be "a person not entitled to receive" the information? Of equal importance was what the statute did not say: No references to "publication" (as
Attorney General Mitchell's cease-and-desist order referenced), no reference to classified information, and no support for Mitchell's reliance on the top secret classification to justify restraint on publication. Additionally, there was no statutory language providing authority for prior restraint on publication at all.
31:
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expression comes to this Court bearing a heavy presumption against its constitutional validity". The purpose of this statement was to make clear the presence of the inherent conflict between the
Government's efforts and the First Amendment. The decision then stated that the government "thus carries a heavy burden of showing justification for the imposition of such a restraint". This reinforced the idea that it was the Nixon Administration's responsibility to show sufficient evidence that the newspapers' actions would cause a "grave and irreparable" danger.
824: (1951). During this case, the wording was changed to the grave and irreparable danger standard. The idea behind the numerous versions of the rule is that if a certain message will likely cause a "grave and irreparable" danger to the American public when expressed, then the message's prior restraint could be considered an acceptable infringement of civil liberties. The Supreme Court was therefore charged with determining if the Government had sufficiently met the "burden of showing justification for the imposition of such a restraint".
642:
which information the possessor has reason to believe could be used to the injury of the United States or to the advantage of any foreign nation, willfully communicates, delivers, transmits or causes to be communicated, delivered, or transmitted, or attempts to communicate, deliver, transmit or cause to be communicated, delivered, or transmitted the same to any person not entitled to receive it, or willfully retains the same and fails to deliver it to the officer or employee of the United States entitled to receive it .
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obtained the documents (which was being investigated by a federal grand jury elsewhere) the real issue for the Court was whether there was a sufficient justification for prior restraint, which would be a suspension of the newspaper's First
Amendment rights to freedom of the press. The First Amendment
714:
agreed to abide by the restraining order and on June 19, Judge
Gurfein rejected the administration's request for an injunction, writing that "he security of the Nation is not at the ramparts alone. Security also lies in the value of our free institutions. A cantankerous press, an obstinate press, a
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Bickel argued that the separation of powers barred the court from issuing the restraining order since there was no statute authorizing such relief. He further argued that there was no exception to the general unavailability of prior restraint that applied in this case. Gurfein called all counsel to
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felt there were three preliminary arguments to raise. First, the wording of the statute was very broad. Was each article about foreign policy one "relating to the national defense"? What was the significance of "reason to believe" that the
Pentagon Papers "could be used to the injury of the United
641:
Whoever having unauthorized possession of, access to, or control over any document, writing, code book, signal book, sketch, photograph, photographic negative, blueprint, plan, map, model, instrument, appliance, or note relating to the national defense, or information relating to the national defense
861:
should have been vacated without oral argument when the cases were first presented... . very moment's continuance of the injunctions ... amounts to a flagrant, indefensible, and continuing violation of the First
Amendment. ... The press was to serve the governed, not the governors. The Government's
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is generally considered a victory for an expansive reading of the First
Amendment, but as the Supreme Court ruled on whether the government had made a successful case for prior restraint, its decision did not void the Espionage Act or give the press unlimited freedom to publish classified documents.
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Second, was the relevance of
Mitchell's reliance on a criminal statute in a civil proceeding seeking prior restraint. There was a Supreme Court precedent that lent support to the idea that bans on the publication of information by the press were unconstitutional. In 1907 Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote
671:
The third possible approach was a very broad view of the First
Amendment, one not focused on the impact of a government victory on the life of a democratic society if prior restraint were granted; but that the publication of just these sorts of materials—governmental misjudgments and misconducts of
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agreed that it is the responsibility of the Executive to ensure national security through the protection of its information. However, in areas of national defense and international affairs, the President possesses great constitutional independence that is virtually unchecked by the Legislative and
833:
opinion, stating only that the Court concurred with the decisions of the two lower courts to reject the Government's request for an injunction. In its decision, the court first established the legal question with the use of precedents. It first stated that "Any system of prior restraints of
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wrote that the Supreme Court "rejected all manner of prior restraint on publication." This second line of reasoning made it seem the statute should only be dealt with in passing, making the case a First Amendment one and the relief the government wanted—a bar on publication—unavailable.
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should have discussed the possible societal repercussions with the Government prior to publication of the material. The Chief Justice did not argue that the Government had met the aforementioned standard, but rather that the decision should not have been made so hastily.
695:'s statement reported earlier that day that a number of nations were concerned about the Papers publication and an affidavit from the general counsel of the Navy that alleged irreparable injury if publication did not cease. Hess asked for a temporary restraining order.
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states that no federal law can be made abridging the freedom of the press, but a few landmark cases in the 20th century had established precedents creating exceptions to that rule, among them the "clear and present danger" test first articulated by Justice
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stated in 1971, during the organization's ongoing fight to publish the Pentagon Papers, that secrets are often leaked to the press as a means of "testing policy ideas and government initiatives." Frankel recounted, for example, that presidents
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cease publication of the Papers until he could review them. Bickel responded that Gurfein would be the first judge in American history to enter a prior restraint enjoining the publication of news if he granted the government's request. The
691:, argued "serious injuries are being inflicted on our foreign relations, to the benefit of other nations opposed to our foreign relations, to the benefit of other nations opposed to our form of government." Hess relied on Secretary of State
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received an order to cease further publication from a District Court judge, at the request of the administration. The government claimed it would cause "irreparable injury to the defense interests of the United States" and wanted to "enjoin
899:", wrote Justice Stewart, "the only effective restraint upon executive policy and power in may lie in an enlightened citizenry – in an informed and critical public opinion which alone can here protect the values of democratic government".
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for six years. At this point, about 58,000 American soldiers had died and the government was facing widespread dissent from large portions of the American public. In 1967, Secretary of Defense
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were released outside the unspoken rules of this framework by originating from a source at the lower levels of government. By 1971, the United States had been engaged in an undeclared
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argued that the term "national security" was too broad to legitimize prior restraint, and also argued that it is not the Court's job to create laws where the Congress had not spoken.
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ubiquitous press must be suffered by those in authority in order to preserve the even greater values of freedom of expression and the right of the people to know." However, the
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On June 30, with six Justices concurring and three dissenting, the Supreme Court upheld the right of the newspapers to publish the material. The Court issued a terse
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In 1931 the Court wrote that only the narrowest circumstances—such as publication of the dates of departure of ships during wartime—were permissibly restrained.
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hotel in Washington for initial reading, then mailed them to New York for final organization, and the paper began publishing articles outlining the findings.
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the "main purpose" of the First Amendment was "to prevent all such previous restraints upon publications as had been practiced by other governments."
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1934:
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1795:. The site provides historical context, timelines, bibliographical resources, information on discussions with current journalists, and helpful links.
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joined Burger in arguing the faults in the proceedings, and the lack of attention towards national security and the rights of the Executive.
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concurred with Black, arguing that the need for a free press as a check on government prevents any governmental restraint on the press.
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in Boston on March 2, 1971, then Sheehan surreptitiously copied them against Ellsberg's wishes and took them by plane to
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of classified information in its possession. The question before the court was whether the constitutional
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The most recent incarnation of the exception was the grave and probable danger rule, established in
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wrote an opinion that elaborated on his view of the absolute superiority of the First Amendment:
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refused to cease publication. Gurfein granted the request and set a hearing for June 17th.
54:
New York Times Company v. United States; United States v. The Washington Post Company et al.
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Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
2379:
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Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
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to cease publication. After the paper refused, Rehnquist sought an injunction in the
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revealed Cold War secrets for political and communication purposes. In contrast, the
432:
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as cause for the United States to bar further publication of stories based upon the
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commissioned a "massive top-secret history of the United States role in Indochina".
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Ibanez v. Florida Dept. of Business and Professional Regulation, Bd. of Accountancy
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1346:"United States v. New York Times Company, 328 F. Supp. 324 (S.D.N.Y. 1971)"
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Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California
4651:
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California
3285:
1791:
a resource site that supports a currently playing docu-drama about the
1618:
1485:
850:
829:
579:
559:
187:
83:
1020:, a 2017 historical drama film directed by Steven Spielberg about the
5766:
Peel v. Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission of Illinois
3182:
Little Sisters of the Poor Saints Peter and Paul Home v. Pennsylvania
527:
5678:
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission
1610:
7340:
Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc.
7196:
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston
4659:
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston
3290:
1663:
5734:
San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. U.S. Olympic Committee
1716:
5710:
Zauderer v. Off. of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio
5614:
Virginia State Pharmacy Bd. v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council
4554:
Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association
3897:
American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland
1277:
irreparable injury to the defense interests of the United States.
781:
The Supreme Court heard arguments from the Executive Branch, the
721:
594:
5854:
Los Angeles Police Department v. United Reporting Publishing Co.
5521:
Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.
2920:
Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.
482:
Sunday edition, on June 13, 1971. By the following Tuesday, the
4784:
Board of Regents of the Univ. of Wisconsin System v. Southworth
4667:
Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic & Institutional Rights, Inc.
1817:
1781:
1593:"The Espionage Statutes and Publication of Defense Information"
497:
History of U.S. Decision-Making Process on the Vietnam Policy.
30:
5902:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
5412:
U.S. Civil Service Comm'n v. National Ass'n of Letter Carriers
5340:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
5324:
Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.
5177:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
5169:
Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.
2119:
Levitt v. Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty
1807:
General case background. Includes audio of the oral arguments
5846:
Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Assn., Inc. v. United States
2872:
Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Market of Massachusetts, Inc.
2199:
Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Regan
1257:
Revolutionary Sparks: Freedom of Expression in Modern America
1084:
1082:
7287:
Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party
5582:
Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm'n on Human Relations
4570:
International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee
4244:
City of Austin v. Reagan National Advertising of Austin, LLC
1625:
495:
from publishing the contents of a classified study entitled
7420:
BE and K Construction Co. v. National Labor Relations Board
5918:
Jerman v. Carlisle, McNellie, Rini, Kramer & Ulrich LPA
5726:
Posadas de Puerto Rico Assoc. v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico
2570:
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Juan v. Acevedo Feliciano
1221:"Behind the Race to Publish the Top-Secret Pentagon Papers"
741:
began publishing its own series of articles based upon the
6873:
Denver Area Ed. Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. FCC
6157:
Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett
4675:
National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra
3158:
Gonzales v. O Centro EspĂrita Beneficente UniĂŁo do Vegetal
2731:
Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet
2255:
Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet
2239:
Witters v. Washington Department of Services for the Blind
1858:
1079:
1094:
3016:
Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission
2447:
Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School Dist.
1073:
public domain material from this U.S government document
6758:
Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler
4866:
728:
6790:
Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.
5910:
Milavetz, Gallop & Milavetz, P.A. v. United States
5702:
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.
5529:
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.
7498:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
6077:
FEC v. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee
6061:
Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC
5958:
Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants
4236:
Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants
2455:
Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board v. Pinette
1919:
County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union
1290:"Court Here Refuses to Order Return of Documents Now"
1091:"Washington's Culture Of Secrets, Sources, And Leaks"
1002:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 403
699:
his chambers and asked Bickel and Abrams to have the
379:
without risk of government censorship or punishment.
7380:
California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited
6782:
Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc.
4578:
Arkansas Educational Television Commission v. Forbes
3370:
Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Bd.
2976:
Frazee v. Illinois Department of Employment Security
1169:
Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers
941:
687:. Michael Hess, chief of the Civil Division of the
685:
District Court for the Southern District of New York
5252:
Mt. Healthy City School Dist. Board of Ed. v. Doyle
4948:
USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International II
4908:
Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington
2087:
Board of Ed. of Central School Dist. No. 1 v. Allen
1396:
Court Here Refuses to Order Return of Documents Now
589:
5308:United States v. National Treasury Employees Union
5101:West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
4979:Walker v. Texas Div., Sons of Confederate Veterans
4940:USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International I
3841:United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.
3000:Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah
2640:Two Guys from Harrison-Allentown, Inc. v. McGinley
1254:
622:. The statute was spread over three pages of the
7412:Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation
7279:New York State Board of Elections v. Lopez Torres
6240:Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee
6013:Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley
4464:Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York
4212:Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. Crime Victims Board
1935:McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union
745:. That same day, Assistant U.S. Attorney General
510:from posting any further articles based upon the
7454:
5109:Tinker v. Des Moines Ind. Community School Dist.
4883:Minnesota Board for Community Colleges v. Knight
4048:Board of Airport Commissioners v. Jews for Jesus
2554:Serbian Eastern Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich
1967:American Legion v. American Humanist Association
1823:Landmark Cases: Historic Supreme Court Decisions
629:and the only part that appeared to apply to the
526:, president and publisher; Harding Bancroft and
7463:United States Supreme Court per curiam opinions
7059:Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath
6814:Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton
6165:American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Bullock
5838:Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.
5622:Linmark Assoc., Inc. v. Township of Willingboro
4776:Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.
3130:Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru
2514:Gonzalez v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
895:Judicial branches. "In absence of governmental
6392:National Rifle Association of America v. Vullo
5441:Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Comm'n of Ohio
3254:
761:rejected the government's request, as did the
725:hearing, granted an injunction until June 25.
534:, Sydney Gruson, Walter Mattson, John McCabe,
4848:Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association
2247:Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District
1844:
1782:"Top Secret: Battle for the Pentagon Papers"
1626:Prados, John; Porter, Margaret Pratt (2004).
1591:Edgar, Harold; Schmidt, Benno C. Jr. (1973).
1166:(2002). "Chapter 26: To The New York Times".
356:First Amendment right to freedom of the press
7099:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
7015:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
6697:Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner
6264:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
5268:Smith v. Arkansas State Hwy. Employees Local
4619:West Virginia State Board of Ed. v. Barnette
4424:Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence
4111:Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence
2984:Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization
2723:Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization
2159:Public Funds for Public Schools v. Marburger
1590:
1371:"Patterson v. Colorado, 205 U.S. 454 (1907)"
1116:
6908:Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
6299:Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck
5806:Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp.
5260:Givhan v. Western Line Consol. School Dist.
3024:Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo
2613:Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn
2287:Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn
2175:Roemer v. Board of Public Works of Maryland
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
765:. This led to an inconsistency between the
755:District Court for the District of Columbia
470:
246:
7473:History of mass media in the United States
7038:
5630:Carey v. Population Services International
5316:Board of Comm'rs, Wabaunsee Cty. v. Umbehr
5153:Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens
5003:Houston Community College System v. Wilson
4408:USPS v. Council of Greenburgh Civic Assns.
3849:City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books, Inc.
3809:American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut
3535:Nat'l Socialist Party v. Village of Skokie
2396:Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens
1988:Walz v. Tax Comm'n of the City of New York
1911:Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary
1851:
1837:
1195:"How Neil Sheehan Got the Pentagon Papers"
530:, executive vice presidents; Francis Cox,
7493:American Civil Liberties Union litigation
7468:United States Free Speech Clause case law
7388:Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Employees
6601:Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia
5997:First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti
5878:Thompson v. Western States Medical Center
5670:Consol. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n
4924:National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley
4824:Ysursa v. Pocatello Education Association
4752:Communications Workers of America v. Beck
3761:United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film
3729:United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs
3085:Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue
3008:Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton
2303:Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue
2135:Committee for Public Education v. Nyquist
1667:; Shelley, Mack; Bardes, Barbara (2005).
1486:"New York Times Company v. United States"
1252:
1186:
6501:
6446:Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Union
3625:United States v. One Book Called Ulysses
2762:
2605:Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation
2471:Good News Club v. Milford Central School
1872:
1733:, 403 U.S. 713 (1971) is available from:
1687:
1630:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
1425:
1162:
1034:
593:
7310:
7180:New York Club Ass'n v. City of New York
6947:
6881:Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC
6149:Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan
6069:Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC
6021:FEC v. National Right to Work Committee
5934:Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman
5774:City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network
4808:Davenport v. Washington Education Ass'n
4627:Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo
3865:United States v. American Library Ass'n
3825:United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc.
3777:Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. v. Conrad
1659:. Toronto: Chandler Publishing Company.
1654:
1645:
1218:
1135:
1088:
7455:
6916:Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises
6085:Republican Party of Minnesota v. White
6053:Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce
6045:Eu v. S.F. Cty. Democratic Cent. Comm.
6037:FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life
5790:United States v. Edge Broadcasting Co.
5545:Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement
5145:Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier
5093:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
5072:Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb
5040:American Communications Ass'n v. Douds
4744:Chicago Local Teachers Union v. Hudson
4611:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
3921:Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n
3801:Vance v. Universal Amusement Co., Inc.
2800:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
2420:Elk Grove Unif. School Dist. v. Newdow
1670:American Government and Politics Today
1315:"Text of Espionage Act at Findlaw.com"
1253:Blanchard, Margaret A. (May 7, 1992).
1156:
909:
844:
7309:
7255:Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party
7172:Rotary Int'l v. Rotary Club of Duarte
7037:
6946:
6500:
6005:California Medical Association v. FEC
5654:Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association
5292:Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois
4562:Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense Fund
4456:Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc.
3793:Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc.
3253:
2944:Bob Jones University v. United States
2761:
2004:Bob Jones University v. United States
1871:
1832:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1192:
1136:Correll, John T. (February 1, 2007).
562:, associate editors; Gerald Gold and
18:1971 United States Supreme Court case
7263:California Democratic Party v. Jones
6705:Arkansas Writers' Project v. Ragland
6125:FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.
6109:Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. v. FEC
5894:Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n
5201:Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.
5129:Island Trees School District v. Pico
4800:Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n
3929:FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc.
2223:School Dist. of Grand Rapids v. Ball
1605:(5). Columbia Law Review: 929–1087.
1450:United States v. Washington Post Co.
1219:Chokshi, Niraj (December 20, 2017).
1140:. Air Force Magazine. Archived from
730:United States v. Washington Post Co.
133:United States v. Washington Post Co.
7212:Christian Legal Society v. Martinez
6577:New York Times Co. v. United States
5830:44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island
5758:State University of New York v. Fox
5742:Shapero v. Kentucky Bar Association
4728:Abood v. Detroit Board of Education
4643:Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins
4586:Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky
4056:Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky
3166:Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.
2356:Abington School District v. Schempp
1996:California v. Grace Brethren Church
1801:New York Times Co. v. United States
1731:New York Times Co. v. United States
1723:New York Times Co. v. United States
1646:Sheehan, Neil; et al. (1971).
1575:New York Times Co. v. United States
1563:New York Times Co. v. United States
1551:New York Times Co. v. United States
1539:New York Times Co. v. United States
1527:New York Times Co. v. United States
1515:New York Times Co. v. United States
1503:New York Times Co. v. United States
1473:New York Times Co. v. United States
1433:United States v. New York Times Co.
1415:United States v. New York Times Co.
1261:. Oxford University Press. p.
1050:New York Times Co. v. United States
763:Court of Appeals for the DC Circuit
343:New York Times Co. v. United States
117:United States v. New York Times Co.
101:United States v. New York Times Co.
24:New York Times Co. v. United States
13:
6830:Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox
5862:United States v. United Foods Inc.
5513:Mine Workers v. Illinois Bar Assn.
4875:Steele v. Louisville & N.R. Co
4792:United States v. United Foods Inc.
4007:Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project
3114:NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago
2656:Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.
2546:Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church
2012:Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.
1799:First Amendment Library entry for
1657:The Pentagon Papers and the Courts
1584:
1333:
475:The black article appeared in the
358:. The ruling made it possible for
352:Supreme Court of the United States
315:Harlan, joined by Burger, Blackmun
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
7519:
7508:United States Supreme Court cases
7364:United Mine Workers v. Pennington
6248:McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm'n
5750:Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind
5537:Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind
5497:Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia Bar
5404:United Public Workers v. Mitchell
5372:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
4932:Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez
4760:Keller v. State Bar of California
4400:Org. for a Better Austin v. Keefe
4273:Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.
3974:Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition
3785:Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville
3460:Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus
3048:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
2538:Kreshik v. St. Nicholas Cathedral
2530:Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral
2487:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
2428:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
2412:Santa Fe Ind. School Dist. v. Doe
2020:Corp. of Presiding Bishop v. Amos
1709:
7164:Roberts v. United States Jaycees
6849:Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC
6029:FEC v. National Conservative PAC
5822:Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc.
5161:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
5137:Bethel School District v. Fraser
4509:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
4384:Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne
3077:Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer
2463:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
2295:Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer
1715:
1193:Scott, Janny (January 7, 2021).
1064:
1012:, a similar case in West Germany
986:
972:
958:
944:
590:Section 793 of the Espionage Act
522:named the following defendants:
29:
6822:Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.
6411:NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co.
6360:Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach
5870:Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly
5574:Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept.
5220:Pickering v. Board of Education
5048:Garner v. Board of Public Works
4768:Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n
3937:Free Speech Coalition v. Paxton
3753:Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton
3665:MANual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day
3306:Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten
1813:New York Times v. United States
1673:. Toronto: Thompson Wadsworth.
1568:
1556:
1544:
1532:
1520:
1508:
1496:
1478:
1466:
1443:
1407:
1388:
1363:
838:New York Times v. United States
672:high import—is exactly why the
370:newspapers to publish the then-
7488:1971 in United States case law
7436:Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri
6750:Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts
6742:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
6673:Grosjean v. American Press Co.
6644:Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn
6593:Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart
5598:Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar
5473:Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson
5348:Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri
4712:Ry. Emps. Department v. Hanson
3503:Terminiello v. City of Chicago
3436:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
3141:Statutory religious exemptions
3040:Fulton v. City of Philadelphia
2332:McCollum v. Board of Education
2028:Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock
1650:. New York: New York Times Co.
1422:, 331 (S.D.N.Y. 1971).
1307:
1282:
1246:
1212:
689:United States Attorneys Office
612:was cited by Attorney General
1:
7239:Democratic Party v. Wisconsin
7204:Boy Scouts of America v. Dale
7156:Hishon v. King & Spalding
6181:Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar
5686:Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego
5638:Bates v. State Bar of Arizona
5481:Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown
5364:Heffernan v. City of Paterson
5064:Keyishian v. Board of Regents
4971:Pleasant Grove City v. Summum
4188:Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego
4015:Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar
2699:Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc.
2191:New York v. Cathedral Academy
2071:Everson v. Board of Education
2063:Cochran v. Board of Education
1943:Pleasant Grove City v. Summum
1860:United States First Amendment
1027:
566:, assistant foreign editors;
408:
346:, 403 U.S. 713 (1971), was a
7247:Tashjian v. Republican Party
7083:Bates v. City of Little Rock
6989:Protection from prosecution
6569:Lamont v. Postmaster General
6224:Bates v. City of Little Rock
4392:Coates v. City of Cincinnati
4289:Packingham v. North Carolina
4180:Lamont v. Postmaster General
2992:Employment Division v. Smith
7:
7324:United States v. Cruikshank
6970:United States v. Cruikshank
6865:FCC v. WNCN Listeners Guild
6806:Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
6766:Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.
5011:Shurtleff v. City of Boston
4440:Ward v. Rock Against Racism
4336:Martin v. City of Struthers
4151:City of Erie v. Pap's A. M.
3681:Quantity of Books v. Kansas
3495:Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire
3444:Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
2968:O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz
2479:Shurtleff v. City of Boston
1694:. New York: Facts on File.
937:
10:
7524:
6857:FCC v. Pacifica Foundation
6197:FEC v. Ted Cruz for Senate
5926:Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc.
5814:Rubin v. Coors Brewing Co.
4683:303 Creative LLC v. Elenis
4220:R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul
3543:R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul
3519:Gregory v. City of Chicago
1959:Town of Greece v. Galloway
1774:Oyez (oral argument audio)
1688:Schwartz, Bernard (1992).
1628:Inside the Pentagon papers
1172:. New York: Viking Press.
1089:Frenkel, Max (June 1971).
1071:This article incorporates
776:
633:was 793(e), which made it
516:The New York Times Company
412:
7483:Vietnam War and the media
7356:Edwards v. South Carolina
7318:
7305:
7222:
7147:
7128:
7109:
7050:
7046:
7033:
6988:
6959:
6955:
6942:
6899:
6840:
6723:
6713:Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.
6662:
6627:
6561:Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc.
6545:Lovell v. City of Griffin
6513:
6509:
6496:
6429:
6402:
6325:
6274:
6207:
5976:
5555:
5430:
5382:
5211:
5082:
5029:
4958:
4897:
4701:
4600:
4527:
4490:
4352:Edwards v. South Carolina
4299:
4254:
4169:
4066:
4025:
3996:
3947:
3905:United States v. Kilbride
3889:United States v. Williams
3689:Ginzburg v. United States
3606:
3561:
3470:
3420:
3284:
3273:
3269:
3249:
3200:
3147:
3140:
3103:
3058:
2776:Reynolds v. United States
2770:
2757:
2666:
2623:
2580:
2497:
2438:
2321:
2054:
1977:
1884:
1880:
1867:
796:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
546:, editorial page editor;
332:
327:
319:
311:
303:
295:
287:
279:
271:
263:
255:
244:
239:
173:
168:
159:
154:
96:
91:
59:
49:
42:
28:
23:
7067:Watkins v. United States
6652:Florida Star v. B. J. F.
5590:Lehman v. Shaker Heights
5566:Valentine v. Chrestensen
5193:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
4867:Compelled representation
4832:Knox v. SEIU, Local 1000
4538:Lehman v. Shaker Heights
4517:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
4135:United States v. Eichman
4087:United States v. O'Brien
3913:United States v. Stevens
3697:Memoirs v. Massachusetts
3657:Marcus v. Search Warrant
3452:United States v. Alvarez
3383:clear and present danger
3314:Schenck v. United States
2824:United States v. Ballard
2522:United States v. Ballard
2439:Private religious speech
2279:Zelman v. Simmons-Harris
2036:City of Boerne v. Flores
1655:Shapiro, Martin (1972).
1440: (2d Cir. 1971).
1420:328 F. Supp. 324
994:Freedom of speech portal
801:Schenck v. United States
646:Based on this language,
502:The government sought a
471:Restraining order sought
422:Washington Bureau Chief
405:to print the materials.
291:White, joined by Stewart
283:Stewart, joined by White
267:Douglas, joined by Black
259:Black, joined by Douglas
7223:Primaries and elections
6774:Time, Inc. v. Firestone
6734:Beauharnais v. Illinois
6419:FTC v. Superior Ct. TLA
5457:Murdock v. Pennsylvania
4736:Ellis v. Railway Clerks
4691:Moody v. NetChoice, LLC
4281:City of Ladue v. Gilleo
4265:Schneider v. New Jersey
4228:Reed v. Town of Gilbert
4079:Stromberg v. California
3982:United States v. Hansen
3588:Elonis v. United States
3487:Cantwell v. Connecticut
3403:imminent lawless action
3362:Dennis v. United States
3330:Abrams v. United States
3299:Alien and Sedition Acts
2816:Murdock v. Pennsylvania
2792:Cantwell v. Connecticut
2498:Internal church affairs
875:William J. Brennan, Jr.
810:Dennis v. United States
683:heard arguments in the
665:John Marshall Harlan II
389:authority to force the
383:President Richard Nixon
7148:Membership restriction
7040:Freedom of association
6991:and state restrictions
6689:Houchins v. KQED, Inc.
6141:Citizens United v. FEC
5114:substantial disruption
4416:United States v. Grace
4312:Davis v. Massachusetts
4143:Barnes v. Glen Theatre
3617:Rosen v. United States
3596:Counterman v. Colorado
3572:Watts v. United States
3378:Yates v. United States
2928:Thomas v. Review Board
2856:Fowler v. Rhode Island
864:
857:he injunction against
644:
605:
574:, E. W. Kenworthy and
524:Arthur Ochs Sulzberger
247:
208:William J. Brennan Jr.
6900:Copyrighted materials
6529:Patterson v. Colorado
6438:Procunier v. Martinez
6291:Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner
5433:restriction of speech
5420:Broadrick v. Oklahoma
3633:Roth v. United States
3346:Whitney v. California
3322:Debs v. United States
3122:Hosanna-Tabor v. EEOC
3105:Ministerial exception
3059:Exclusion of religion
2960:Goldman v. Weinberger
1577:, 403 U.S. at 752–63.
1565:, 403 U.S. at 748–52.
1553:, 403 U.S. at 740–48.
1541:, 403 U.S. at 727–30.
1529:, 403 U.S. at 724–27.
1517:, 403 U.S. at 720–24.
1505:, 403 U.S. at 714–20.
1138:"The Pentagon Papers"
855:
639:
597:
413:Further information:
45:Decided June 30, 1971
6503:Freedom of the press
6327:Official retaliation
5981:and political speech
5505:Freedman v. Maryland
5449:Cox v. New Hampshire
5332:Garcetti v. Ceballos
4720:Machinists v. Street
4344:Niemotko v. Maryland
4328:Thornhill v. Alabama
4204:Butterworth v. Smith
4103:Spence v. Washington
3745:Miller v. California
3713:Ginsberg v. New York
3061:from public benefits
2936:United States v. Lee
2840:Niemotko v. Maryland
2764:Free Exercise Clause
2388:Edwards v. Aguillard
2364:Epperson v. Arkansas
2111:Lemon v. Kurtzman II
2103:Tilton v. Richardson
1874:Establishment Clause
1691:Freedom of the Press
1438:444 F.2d 544
952:United States portal
773:Courts of Appeals.
548:A. M. Rosenthal
399:freedom of the press
334:U.S. Const. amend. I
43:Argued June 26, 1971
7312:Freedom to petition
6978:Presser v. Illinois
6949:Freedom of assembly
6889:Bartnicki v. Vopper
6470:Overton v. Bazzetta
6384:Gonzalez v. Trevino
5886:Nike, Inc. v. Kasky
5606:Bigelow v. Virginia
5300:Waters v. Churchill
5284:Rankin v. McPherson
5228:Perry v. Sindermann
4480:McCullen v. Coakley
4376:Adderley v. Florida
4095:Cohen v. California
3950:to criminal conduct
3873:Ashcroft v. ACLU II
3649:Smith v. California
3641:One, Inc. v. Olesen
3527:Cohen v. California
3398:Brandenburg v. Ohio
2632:McGowan v. Maryland
2044:Cutter v. Wilkinson
1978:Statutory religious
1765:Library of Congress
1648:The Pentagon Papers
1598:Columbia Law Review
1144:on January 27, 2021
1104:on February 1, 2021
910:Dissenting opinions
897:checks and balances
845:Concurring opinions
738:The Washington Post
608:Section 793 of the
550:, managing editor;
542:, vice presidents;
506:that prevented the
493:The Washington Post
395:suspend publication
367:The Washington Post
78:91 S. Ct. 2140; 29
7478:The New York Times
7271:Clingman v. Beaver
7188:Dallas v. Stanglin
7118:Baggett v. Bullitt
6999:De Jonge v. Oregon
6924:Eldred v. Ashcroft
6681:Branzburg v. Hayes
6636:Time, Inc. v. Hill
6368:Nieves v. Bartlett
6344:Reichle v. Howards
6315:Murthy v. Missouri
6189:Thompson v. Hebdon
6117:Randall v. Sorrell
5662:Friedman v. Rogers
5185:Morse v. Frederick
5056:Speiser v. Randall
4368:Brown v. Louisiana
4119:Dallas v. Stanglin
3958:New York v. Ferber
3857:Ashcroft v. ACLU I
3769:Jenkins v. Georgia
3721:Stanley v. Georgia
3705:Redrup v. New York
3673:Jacobellis v. Ohio
3511:Feiner v. New York
3338:Gitlow v. New York
3227:Ramirez v. Collier
2904:Wisconsin v. Yoder
2888:Sherbert v. Verner
2880:Torcaso v. Watkins
2864:Braunfeld v. Brown
2675:Torcaso v. Watkins
2648:Braunfeld v. Brown
2380:Wallace v. Jaffree
2263:Agostini v. Felton
2151:Wheeler v. Barrera
1927:Van Orden v. Perry
1787:2021-03-06 at the
1475:, 403 U.S. at 714.
1401:The New York Times
1294:The New York Times
1225:The New York Times
1199:The New York Times
868:William O. Douglas
859:The New York Times
735:On June 18, 1971,
712:The New York Times
625:United States Code
606:
603:The New York Times
520:Justice Department
489:The New York Times
461:The New York Times
449:Robert S. McNamara
420:The New York Times
403:The New York Times
361:The New York Times
196:William O. Douglas
184:Associate Justices
7450:
7449:
7446:
7445:
7396:McDonald v. Smith
7332:Thomas v. Collins
7301:
7300:
7297:
7296:
7231:Cousins v. Wigoda
7029:
7028:
7025:
7024:
7007:Thomas v. Collins
6938:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6798:McDonald v. Smith
6585:Pell v. Procunier
6537:Near v. Minnesota
6492:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6173:McCutcheon v. FEC
5950:Iancu v. Brunetti
5782:Edenfield v. Fane
5557:Commercial speech
5236:Arnett v. Kennedy
4995:Iancu v. Brunetti
4898:Government grants
4893:
4892:
4704:of others' speech
4702:Compelled subsidy
4635:Wooley v. Maynard
4596:
4595:
4501:Widmar v. Vincent
4448:Burson v. Freeman
4432:Frisby v. Schultz
4159:Virginia v. Black
3992:
3991:
3881:Nitke v. Gonzales
3817:People v. Freeman
3737:Kois v. Wisconsin
3580:Virginia v. Black
3256:Freedom of speech
3245:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3211:Sossamon v. Texas
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2715:Bowen v. Kendrick
2707:Larson v. Valente
2581:Taxpayer standing
2340:Zorach v. Clauson
2271:Mitchell v. Helms
2231:Aguilar v. Felton
2167:Meek v. Pittenger
2095:Lemon v. Kurtzman
1903:Lynch v. Donnelly
1895:Marsh v. Chambers
1720:Works related to
1701:978-0-8160-2505-3
1680:978-0-534-63162-8
1637:978-0-7006-1325-0
1463:(D.C. Cir. 1971).
1272:978-0-19-536373-9
1179:978-0-670-03030-9
980:Journalism portal
932:Harry A. Blackmun
904:Thurgood Marshall
880:Near v. Minnesota
747:William Rehnquist
693:William P. Rogers
578:, reporters; and
554:, Sunday editor;
514:. In addition to
504:restraining order
433:Lyndon B. Johnson
348:landmark decision
339:
338:
224:Thurgood Marshall
200:John M. Harlan II
7515:
7372:Cox v. Louisiana
7307:
7306:
7075:NAACP v. Alabama
7048:
7047:
7035:
7034:
6957:
6956:
6944:
6943:
6515:Prior restraints
6511:
6510:
6498:
6497:
6454:Turner v. Safley
6336:Hartman v. Moore
6283:Marsh v. Alabama
6232:Buckley v. Valeo
6216:NAACP v. Alabama
6208:Anonymous speech
6101:McConnell v. FEC
5989:Buckley v. Valeo
5978:Campaign finance
5465:Kunz v. New York
5276:Connick v. Myers
5212:Public employees
4916:Rust v. Sullivan
4864:
4863:
4602:Compelled speech
4472:Hill v. Colorado
4360:Cox v. Louisiana
4297:
4296:
4127:Texas v. Johnson
3551:Snyder v. Phelps
3282:
3281:
3271:
3270:
3264:
3251:
3250:
3190:Tanzin v. Tanvir
3174:Zubik v. Burwell
3145:
3144:
3056:
3055:
3032:Tandon v. Newsom
2912:McDaniel v. Paty
2848:Kunz v. New York
2808:Jamison v. Texas
2759:
2758:
2683:McDaniel v. Paty
2215:Mueller v. Allen
2183:Wolman v. Walter
1951:Salazar v. Buono
1882:
1881:
1869:
1868:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1719:
1705:
1684:
1665:Schmidt, Steffen
1660:
1651:
1641:
1622:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1404:, June 16, 2010.
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1342:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1317:. Archived from
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1260:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1164:Ellsberg, Daniel
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1133:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1100:. Archived from
1086:
1077:
1068:
1067:
1047:
996:
991:
990:
989:
982:
977:
976:
975:
968:
963:
962:
954:
949:
948:
947:
916:Warren E. Burger
717:Court of Appeals
648:Alexander Bickel
614:John N. Mitchell
481:
250:
180:Warren E. Burger
169:Court membership
33:
32:
21:
20:
7523:
7522:
7518:
7517:
7516:
7514:
7513:
7512:
7503:Pentagon Papers
7453:
7452:
7451:
7442:
7348:NAACP v. Button
7314:
7293:
7218:
7143:
7124:
7105:
7091:NAACP v. Button
7042:
7021:
6990:
6984:
6951:
6930:
6895:
6841:Broadcast media
6836:
6833:(9th Cir. 2014)
6719:
6664:
6658:
6623:
6617:Tory v. Cochran
6553:Tucker v. Texas
6517:
6505:
6484:
6425:
6398:
6376:Egbert v. Boule
6321:
6307:Lindke v. Freed
6270:
6203:
6093:FEC v. Beaumont
5980:
5972:
5966:Vidal v. Elster
5551:
5489:NAACP v. Button
5432:
5426:
5396:Ex parte Curtis
5387:
5378:
5207:
5078:
5025:
5019:Vidal v. Elster
4961:
4954:
4899:
4889:
4862:
4856:Janus v. AFSCME
4840:Harris v. Quinn
4816:Locke v. Karass
4703:
4697:
4592:
4546:Brown v. Glines
4529:
4523:
4492:
4486:
4301:
4295:
4256:
4255:Content-neutral
4250:
4171:
4165:
4070:
4068:Symbolic speech
4062:
4040:Smith v. Goguen
4029:
4021:
3998:Strict scrutiny
3988:
3966:Osborne v. Ohio
3949:
3948:Speech integral
3943:
3908:(9th Cir. 2009)
3900:(6th Cir. 2009)
3884:(S.D.N.Y. 2005)
3812:(7th Cir. 1985)
3628:(S.D.N.Y. 1933)
3602:
3557:
3475:
3466:
3425:
3416:
3410:Hess v. Indiana
3354:Fiske v. Kansas
3309:(S.D.N.Y. 1917)
3288:
3276:
3265:
3258:
3233:
3196:
3136:
3099:
3093:Carson v. Makin
3060:
3054:
2832:Tucker v. Texas
2784:Davis v. Beason
2766:
2745:
2739:Trump v. Hawaii
2691:Harris v. McRae
2662:
2619:
2576:
2506:Watson v. Jones
2493:
2434:
2372:Stone v. Graham
2348:Engel v. Vitale
2323:
2317:
2311:Carson v. Makin
2050:
1979:
1973:
1886:
1885:Public displays
1876:
1863:
1857:
1793:Pentagon Papers
1789:Wayback Machine
1776:
1770:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1712:
1702:
1681:
1638:
1611:10.2307/1121711
1587:
1585:Further reading
1582:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1448:
1444:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1344:
1343:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1321:on May 10, 2008
1313:
1312:
1308:
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1237:
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1157:
1147:
1145:
1134:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1087:
1080:
1065:
1048:
1035:
1030:
1022:Pentagon Papers
992:
987:
985:
978:
973:
971:
966:Politics portal
964:
957:
950:
945:
943:
940:
912:
847:
779:
743:Pentagon Papers
733:
674:First Amendment
619:Pentagon Papers
592:
576:Fox Butterfield
564:Allan M. Siegal
512:Pentagon Papers
479:
473:
453:Daniel Ellsberg
437:Pentagon Papers
429:John F. Kennedy
417:
415:Pentagon Papers
411:
376:Pentagon Papers
222:
210:
198:
162:prior restraint
131:
115:
87:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
7521:
7511:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
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7475:
7470:
7465:
7448:
7447:
7444:
7443:
7441:
7440:
7432:
7424:
7416:
7408:
7404:Meyer v. Grant
7400:
7392:
7384:
7376:
7368:
7360:
7352:
7344:
7336:
7328:
7319:
7316:
7315:
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7125:
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7122:
7113:
7111:
7110:Future Conduct
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7106:
7104:
7103:
7095:
7087:
7079:
7071:
7063:
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7052:
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7043:
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6533:
6524:
6522:
6507:
6506:
6494:
6493:
6490:
6489:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6478:Beard v. Banks
6474:
6466:
6462:Shaw v. Murphy
6458:
6450:
6442:
6433:
6431:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6423:
6415:
6406:
6404:
6400:
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6396:
6388:
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6356:
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5954:
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5906:
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5802:
5794:
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5762:
5754:
5746:
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5722:
5714:
5706:
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5690:
5682:
5674:
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5658:
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5642:
5634:
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5559:
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5549:
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5509:
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5469:
5461:
5453:
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5428:
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5425:
5424:
5416:
5408:
5400:
5391:
5389:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5368:
5360:
5356:Lane v. Franks
5352:
5344:
5336:
5328:
5320:
5312:
5304:
5296:
5288:
5280:
5272:
5264:
5256:
5248:
5244:Elrod v. Burns
5240:
5232:
5224:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5197:
5189:
5181:
5173:
5165:
5157:
5149:
5141:
5133:
5125:
5121:Healy v. James
5117:
5105:
5097:
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5086:
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5068:
5060:
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5044:
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5007:
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4772:
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4356:
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4147:
4139:
4131:
4123:
4115:
4107:
4099:
4091:
4083:
4074:
4072:
4071:versus conduct
4064:
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4044:
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3491:
3482:
3480:
3478:heckler's veto
3472:Fighting words
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3456:
3448:
3440:
3431:
3429:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3406:
3394:
3386:
3374:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3342:
3334:
3326:
3318:
3310:
3302:
3295:
3293:
3279:
3267:
3266:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3206:
3204:
3198:
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3194:
3186:
3178:
3170:
3162:
3153:
3151:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3126:
3118:
3109:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3089:
3081:
3073:
3069:Locke v. Davey
3064:
3062:
3053:
3052:
3044:
3036:
3028:
3020:
3012:
3004:
2996:
2988:
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2796:
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2735:
2727:
2719:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2589:Flast v. Cohen
2584:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2566:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2534:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2483:
2475:
2467:
2459:
2451:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2424:
2416:
2408:
2404:Lee v. Weisman
2400:
2392:
2384:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2344:
2336:
2327:
2325:
2324:public schools
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2307:
2299:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2187:
2179:
2171:
2163:
2155:
2147:
2143:Sloan v. Lemon
2139:
2131:
2127:Hunt v. McNair
2123:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2091:
2083:
2079:Flast v. Cohen
2075:
2067:
2058:
2056:
2055:Public funding
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1983:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1915:
1907:
1899:
1890:
1888:
1887:and ceremonies
1878:
1877:
1865:
1864:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1809:
1804:
1796:
1779:
1727:
1711:
1710:External links
1708:
1707:
1706:
1700:
1685:
1679:
1661:
1652:
1643:
1636:
1623:
1586:
1583:
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1579:
1567:
1555:
1543:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1495:
1477:
1465:
1442:
1424:
1406:
1394:Fred Graham, "
1387:
1362:
1332:
1306:
1281:
1271:
1245:
1211:
1185:
1178:
1155:
1115:
1078:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1013:
1004:
998:
997:
983:
969:
955:
939:
936:
928:John M. Harlan
914:Chief Justice
911:
908:
892:Byron R. White
888:Potter Stewart
846:
843:
778:
775:
771:Second Circuit
759:Gerhard Gesell
732:
727:
681:Murray Gurfein
679:Federal judge
591:
588:
556:Clifton Daniel
552:Daniel Schwarz
472:
469:
410:
407:
337:
336:
330:
329:
325:
324:
321:
317:
316:
313:
309:
308:
305:
301:
300:
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293:
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273:
269:
268:
265:
261:
260:
257:
253:
252:
242:
241:
237:
236:
235:
234:
232:Harry Blackmun
212:Potter Stewart
185:
182:
177:
171:
170:
166:
165:
157:
156:
152:
151:
98:
94:
93:
89:
88:
77:
61:
57:
56:
51:
50:Full case name
47:
46:
40:
39:
34:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7520:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
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7460:
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7350:
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7341:
7337:
7334:
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7325:
7321:
7320:
7317:
7313:
7308:
7304:
7289:
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7284:
7281:
7280:
7276:
7273:
7272:
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7265:
7264:
7260:
7257:
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7236:
7233:
7232:
7228:
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7225:
7221:
7214:
7213:
7209:
7206:
7205:
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7185:
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7169:
7166:
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7146:
7139:
7138:
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7120:
7119:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7108:
7101:
7100:
7096:
7093:
7092:
7088:
7085:
7084:
7080:
7077:
7076:
7072:
7069:
7068:
7064:
7061:
7060:
7056:
7055:
7053:
7051:Organizations
7049:
7045:
7041:
7036:
7032:
7017:
7016:
7012:
7009:
7008:
7004:
7001:
7000:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6987:
6980:
6979:
6975:
6972:
6971:
6967:
6966:
6964:
6962:
6961:Incorporation
6958:
6954:
6950:
6945:
6941:
6926:
6925:
6921:
6918:
6917:
6913:
6910:
6909:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6898:
6891:
6890:
6886:
6883:
6882:
6878:
6875:
6874:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6862:
6859:
6858:
6854:
6851:
6850:
6846:
6845:
6843:
6839:
6832:
6831:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6819:
6816:
6815:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6803:
6800:
6799:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6787:
6784:
6783:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6771:
6768:
6767:
6763:
6760:
6759:
6755:
6752:
6751:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6726:
6722:
6715:
6714:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6678:
6675:
6674:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6661:
6654:
6653:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6641:
6638:
6637:
6633:
6632:
6630:
6626:
6619:
6618:
6614:
6611:
6610:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6590:
6587:
6586:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6566:
6563:
6562:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6534:
6531:
6530:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6521:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6499:
6495:
6480:
6479:
6475:
6472:
6471:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6428:
6421:
6420:
6416:
6413:
6412:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6401:
6394:
6393:
6389:
6386:
6385:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6365:
6362:
6361:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6341:
6338:
6337:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6328:
6324:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6273:
6266:
6265:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6253:
6250:
6249:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6229:
6226:
6225:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6206:
6199:
6198:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6178:
6175:
6174:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6154:
6151:
6150:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6122:
6119:
6118:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6090:
6087:
6086:
6082:
6079:
6078:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5994:
5991:
5990:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5968:
5967:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5627:
5624:
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5619:
5616:
5615:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5558:
5554:
5547:
5546:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5431:Licensing and
5429:
5422:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5385:
5381:
5374:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5084:School speech
5081:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5031:Loyalty oaths
5028:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4957:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4900:and subsidies
4896:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4700:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4526:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4489:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4298:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4253:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4196:Boos v. Barry
4193:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4170:Content-based
4168:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4148:
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3404:
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3391:
3390:Bond v. Floyd
3387:
3384:
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3272:
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3257:
3252:
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3229:
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3224:
3221:
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3219:Holt v. Hobbs
3216:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3205:
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3199:
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3111:
3110:
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3095:
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3079:
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3066:
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3018:
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3010:
3009:
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2997:
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2591:
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2579:
2572:
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2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:Jones v. Wolf
2559:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2532:
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2240:
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2212:
2209:
2208:
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2201:
2200:
2196:
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2188:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2168:
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2140:
2137:
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2132:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2113:
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2108:
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2100:
2097:
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2041:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1998:
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1993:
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1982:
1976:
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1747:CourtListener
1739:
1732:
1728:
1726:at Wikisource
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1120:
1103:
1099:
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1092:
1085:
1083:
1076:
1074:
1063: (1971).
1062:
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1038:
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1023:
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839:
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832:
831:
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797:
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768:
764:
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748:
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731:
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723:
718:
713:
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694:
690:
686:
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677:
675:
669:
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662:
656:
653:
649:
643:
638:
636:
632:
628:
626:
621:
620:
615:
611:
610:Espionage Act
604:
601:, counsel to
600:
596:
587:
586:copy editor.
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:Hedrick Smith
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
544:John B. Oakes
541:
537:
536:John Mortimer
533:
532:James Goodale
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
498:
494:
490:
485:
478:
468:
466:
465:The Jefferson
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
445:North Vietnam
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
421:
416:
406:
404:
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314:
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306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
251:
249:
243:
240:Case opinions
238:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:Chief Justice
175:
174:
172:
167:
163:
158:
153:
149:
145:
141:
138:
134:
129:
125:
122:
118:
113:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
90:
85:
81:
75:
74:
69:
66:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
41:
37:
27:
22:
16:
7434:
7426:
7418:
7410:
7402:
7394:
7386:
7378:
7370:
7362:
7354:
7346:
7338:
7330:
7322:
7285:
7277:
7269:
7261:
7253:
7245:
7237:
7229:
7210:
7202:
7194:
7186:
7178:
7170:
7162:
7154:
7137:In re Primus
7135:
7129:Solicitation
7116:
7097:
7089:
7081:
7073:
7065:
7057:
7013:
7005:
6997:
6976:
6968:
6922:
6914:
6906:
6887:
6879:
6871:
6863:
6855:
6847:
6828:
6820:
6812:
6804:
6796:
6788:
6780:
6772:
6764:
6756:
6748:
6740:
6732:
6711:
6703:
6695:
6687:
6679:
6671:
6663:Taxation and
6650:
6642:
6634:
6615:
6607:
6599:
6591:
6583:
6576:
6575:
6567:
6559:
6551:
6543:
6535:
6527:
6476:
6468:
6460:
6452:
6444:
6436:
6417:
6409:
6390:
6382:
6374:
6366:
6358:
6352:Wood v. Moss
6350:
6342:
6334:
6313:
6305:
6297:
6289:
6281:
6275:State action
6262:
6254:
6246:
6238:
6230:
6222:
6214:
6195:
6187:
6179:
6171:
6163:
6155:
6147:
6139:
6133:Davis v. FEC
6131:
6123:
6115:
6107:
6099:
6091:
6083:
6075:
6067:
6059:
6051:
6043:
6035:
6027:
6019:
6011:
6003:
5995:
5987:
5964:
5956:
5948:
5942:Matal v. Tam
5940:
5932:
5924:
5916:
5908:
5900:
5892:
5884:
5876:
5868:
5860:
5852:
5844:
5836:
5828:
5820:
5812:
5804:
5796:
5788:
5780:
5772:
5764:
5756:
5748:
5740:
5732:
5724:
5716:
5708:
5700:
5694:In re R.M.J.
5692:
5684:
5676:
5668:
5660:
5652:
5646:In re Primus
5644:
5636:
5628:
5620:
5612:
5604:
5596:
5588:
5580:
5572:
5564:
5543:
5535:
5527:
5519:
5511:
5503:
5495:
5487:
5479:
5471:
5463:
5455:
5447:
5439:
5418:
5410:
5402:
5394:
5388:similar laws
5370:
5362:
5354:
5346:
5338:
5330:
5322:
5314:
5306:
5298:
5290:
5282:
5274:
5266:
5258:
5250:
5242:
5234:
5226:
5218:
5199:
5191:
5183:
5175:
5167:
5159:
5151:
5143:
5135:
5127:
5119:
5107:
5099:
5091:
5070:
5062:
5054:
5046:
5038:
5017:
5009:
5001:
4993:
4987:Matal v. Tam
4985:
4977:
4969:
4946:
4938:
4930:
4922:
4914:
4906:
4881:
4873:
4854:
4846:
4838:
4830:
4822:
4814:
4806:
4798:
4790:
4782:
4774:
4766:
4758:
4750:
4742:
4734:
4726:
4718:
4710:
4689:
4681:
4673:
4665:
4657:
4649:
4641:
4633:
4625:
4617:
4609:
4584:
4576:
4568:
4560:
4552:
4544:
4536:
4515:
4507:
4499:
4493:public forum
4478:
4470:
4462:
4454:
4446:
4438:
4430:
4422:
4414:
4406:
4398:
4390:
4382:
4374:
4366:
4358:
4350:
4342:
4334:
4326:
4320:Hague v. CIO
4318:
4310:
4303:public forum
4287:
4279:
4271:
4263:
4257:restrictions
4242:
4234:
4226:
4218:
4210:
4202:
4194:
4186:
4178:
4172:restrictions
4157:
4149:
4141:
4133:
4125:
4117:
4109:
4101:
4093:
4085:
4077:
4054:
4046:
4038:
4013:
4005:
3980:
3972:
3964:
3956:
3935:
3927:
3919:
3911:
3903:
3895:
3887:
3879:
3871:
3863:
3855:
3847:
3839:
3833:Reno v. ACLU
3831:
3823:
3815:
3807:
3799:
3791:
3783:
3775:
3767:
3759:
3751:
3743:
3735:
3727:
3719:
3711:
3703:
3695:
3687:
3679:
3671:
3663:
3655:
3647:
3639:
3631:
3623:
3615:
3594:
3586:
3578:
3570:
3563:True threats
3549:
3541:
3533:
3525:
3517:
3509:
3501:
3493:
3485:
3458:
3450:
3442:
3434:
3427:false speech
3408:
3396:
3388:
3376:
3373:(1955; 1961)
3368:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3320:
3312:
3304:
3225:
3217:
3209:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3156:
3128:
3120:
3112:
3091:
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3075:
3067:
3046:
3038:
3030:
3022:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2990:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2952:Bowen v. Roy
2950:
2942:
2934:
2926:
2918:
2910:
2902:
2896:Cruz v. Beto
2894:
2886:
2878:
2870:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2822:
2814:
2806:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2737:
2729:
2721:
2713:
2705:
2697:
2689:
2681:
2673:
2654:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2611:
2603:
2595:
2587:
2568:
2560:
2552:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2520:
2512:
2504:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2426:
2418:
2410:
2402:
2394:
2386:
2378:
2370:
2362:
2354:
2346:
2338:
2330:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2197:
2189:
2181:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2149:
2141:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2061:
2042:
2034:
2026:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1986:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1821:
1812:
1800:
1792:
1730:
1722:
1690:
1669:
1656:
1647:
1627:
1602:
1596:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1489:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1449:
1445:
1432:
1427:
1414:
1409:
1399:
1390:
1378:. Retrieved
1374:
1365:
1353:. Retrieved
1349:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:the original
1309:
1297:. Retrieved
1293:
1284:
1276:
1256:
1248:
1236:. Retrieved
1224:
1214:
1202:. Retrieved
1198:
1188:
1168:
1158:
1148:February 10,
1146:. Retrieved
1142:the original
1108:February 10,
1106:. Retrieved
1102:the original
1070:
1049:
1021:
1016:
1007:
930:and Justice
925:
919:
913:
901:
885:
878:
872:
865:
858:
856:
848:
837:
836:
828:
826:
808:
806:
799:
790:
786:
782:
780:
767:D.C. Circuit
757:, but Judge
750:
742:
736:
734:
729:
720:
711:
710:
705:
700:
697:
678:
670:
657:
652:Floyd Abrams
645:
640:
630:
623:
617:
607:
602:
599:Floyd Abrams
584:foreign desk
568:Neil Sheehan
540:James Reston
511:
507:
501:
496:
492:
488:
483:
476:
474:
460:
457:Neil Sheehan
436:
419:
418:
402:
390:
385:had claimed
381:
374:
365:
359:
342:
341:
340:
328:Laws applied
245:
227:
215:
203:
191:
160:To exercise
132:
116:
100:
92:Case history
71:
53:
15:
7428:Doe v. Reed
6609:Lowe v. SEC
6256:Doe v. Reed
4027:Overbreadth
3820:(Cal. 1988)
3275:Unprotected
2322:Religion in
1299:January 20,
1238:January 20,
719:, after an
424:Max Frankel
296:Concurrence
288:Concurrence
280:Concurrence
272:Concurrence
264:Concurrence
256:Concurrence
220:Byron White
7457:Categories
6725:Defamation
6665:privileges
6520:censorship
4962:as speaker
4960:Government
4491:Designated
3422:Defamation
3286:Incitement
1980:exemptions
1375:Justia Law
1350:Justia Law
1028:References
851:Hugo Black
830:per curiam
749:asked the
580:Samuel Abt
560:Tom Wicker
409:Background
372:classified
248:Per curiam
188:Hugo Black
84:U.S. LEXIS
82:822; 1971
5384:Hatch Act
4528:Nonpublic
4031:Vagueness
3608:Obscenity
2624:Blue laws
1325:March 25,
1233:0362-4331
1098:Frontline
886:Justices
627:Annotated
528:Ivan Veit
387:executive
148:D.C. Cir.
80:L. Ed. 2d
60:Citations
6403:Boycotts
3291:sedition
1862:case law
1785:Archived
1729:Text of
1204:June 25,
1017:The Post
938:See also
926:Justice
902:Justice
883:(1931).
873:Justice
866:Justice
849:Justice
676:exists.
663:In 1969
635:criminal
323:Blackmun
299:Marshall
112:S.D.N.Y.
105:F. Supp.
6628:Privacy
6430:Prisons
5112:(1969,
3401:(1969,
3381:(1957,
1738:Cornell
1619:1121711
1380:June 6,
1355:June 6,
1008:Spiegel
777:Opinion
722:en banc
354:on the
350:of the
320:Dissent
312:Dissent
304:Dissent
275:Brennan
155:Holding
128:2d Cir.
7439:(2011)
7431:(2010)
7423:(2002)
7415:(1999)
7407:(1988)
7399:(1985)
7391:(1979)
7383:(1972)
7375:(1965)
7367:(1965)
7359:(1963)
7351:(1963)
7343:(1961)
7335:(1945)
7327:(1876)
7290:(2008)
7282:(2008)
7274:(2005)
7266:(2000)
7258:(1997)
7250:(1986)
7242:(1981)
7234:(1975)
7215:(2010)
7207:(2000)
7199:(1995)
7191:(1989)
7183:(1988)
7175:(1987)
7167:(1984)
7159:(1984)
7140:(1978)
7121:(1964)
7102:(2021)
7094:(1963)
7086:(1960)
7078:(1958)
7070:(1957)
7062:(1951)
7018:(2021)
7010:(1945)
7002:(1937)
6981:(1886)
6973:(1876)
6927:(2003)
6919:(1985)
6911:(1977)
6892:(2001)
6884:(1997)
6876:(1996)
6868:(1981)
6860:(1978)
6852:(1969)
6825:(1990)
6817:(1989)
6809:(1988)
6801:(1985)
6793:(1985)
6785:(1984)
6777:(1976)
6769:(1974)
6761:(1970)
6753:(1967)
6745:(1964)
6737:(1952)
6716:(1991)
6708:(1987)
6700:(1983)
6692:(1978)
6684:(1972)
6676:(1936)
6655:(1989)
6647:(1975)
6639:(1967)
6620:(2005)
6612:(1985)
6604:(1978)
6596:(1976)
6588:(1974)
6580:(1971)
6572:(1965)
6564:(1946)
6556:(1946)
6548:(1938)
6540:(1931)
6532:(1907)
6481:(2006)
6473:(2003)
6465:(2001)
6457:(1987)
6449:(1977)
6441:(1974)
6422:(1990)
6414:(1982)
6395:(2024)
6387:(2024)
6379:(2022)
6371:(2019)
6363:(2018)
6355:(2014)
6347:(2012)
6339:(2006)
6318:(2024)
6310:(2024)
6302:(2019)
6294:(1972)
6286:(1946)
6267:(2021)
6259:(2010)
6251:(1995)
6243:(1982)
6235:(1976)
6227:(1960)
6219:(1958)
6200:(2022)
6192:(2019)
6184:(2015)
6176:(2014)
6168:(2012)
6160:(2011)
6152:(2011)
6144:(2010)
6136:(2008)
6128:(2007)
6120:(2006)
6112:(2006)
6104:(2003)
6096:(2003)
6088:(2002)
6080:(2001)
6072:(2000)
6064:(1996)
6056:(1990)
6048:(1989)
6040:(1986)
6032:(1985)
6024:(1982)
6016:(1981)
6008:(1981)
6000:(1978)
5992:(1976)
5969:(2024)
5961:(2020)
5953:(2019)
5945:(2017)
5937:(2017)
5929:(2011)
5921:(2010)
5913:(2010)
5905:(2007)
5897:(2005)
5889:(2003)
5881:(2002)
5873:(2001)
5865:(2001)
5857:(1999)
5849:(1999)
5841:(1997)
5833:(1996)
5825:(1995)
5817:(1995)
5809:(1995)
5801:(1994)
5793:(1993)
5785:(1993)
5777:(1993)
5769:(1990)
5761:(1989)
5753:(1988)
5745:(1988)
5737:(1987)
5729:(1986)
5721:(1986)
5713:(1985)
5705:(1982)
5697:(1982)
5689:(1981)
5681:(1980)
5673:(1980)
5665:(1979)
5657:(1978)
5649:(1978)
5641:(1977)
5633:(1977)
5625:(1977)
5617:(1976)
5609:(1975)
5601:(1975)
5593:(1974)
5585:(1973)
5577:(1970)
5569:(1942)
5548:(1992)
5540:(1988)
5532:(1982)
5524:(1981)
5516:(1967)
5508:(1965)
5500:(1964)
5492:(1963)
5484:(1957)
5476:(1952)
5468:(1951)
5460:(1943)
5452:(1941)
5444:(1915)
5423:(1973)
5415:(1973)
5407:(1947)
5399:(1882)
5375:(2022)
5367:(2016)
5359:(2014)
5351:(2011)
5343:(2007)
5335:(2006)
5327:(2001)
5319:(1996)
5311:(1995)
5303:(1994)
5295:(1990)
5287:(1987)
5279:(1983)
5271:(1979)
5263:(1979)
5255:(1977)
5247:(1976)
5239:(1974)
5231:(1972)
5223:(1968)
5204:(2021)
5196:(2021)
5188:(2007)
5180:(2007)
5172:(2001)
5164:(1995)
5156:(1990)
5148:(1988)
5140:(1986)
5132:(1982)
5124:(1972)
5104:(1943)
5096:(1940)
5075:(1974)
5067:(1967)
5059:(1958)
5051:(1951)
5043:(1950)
5022:(2024)
5014:(2022)
5006:(2022)
4998:(2019)
4990:(2017)
4982:(2015)
4974:(2009)
4951:(2020)
4943:(2013)
4935:(2001)
4927:(1998)
4919:(1991)
4911:(1983)
4886:(1984)
4878:(1944)
4859:(2018)
4851:(2016)
4843:(2014)
4835:(2012)
4827:(2009)
4819:(2008)
4811:(2007)
4803:(2005)
4795:(2001)
4787:(2000)
4779:(1997)
4771:(1991)
4763:(1990)
4755:(1988)
4747:(1986)
4739:(1984)
4731:(1977)
4723:(1961)
4715:(1956)
4694:(2024)
4686:(2023)
4678:(2018)
4670:(2006)
4662:(1995)
4654:(1986)
4646:(1980)
4638:(1977)
4630:(1974)
4622:(1943)
4614:(1940)
4589:(2018)
4581:(1997)
4573:(1992)
4565:(1985)
4557:(1983)
4549:(1980)
4541:(1974)
4520:(2021)
4512:(1995)
4504:(1981)
4483:(2014)
4475:(2000)
4467:(1997)
4459:(1994)
4451:(1992)
4443:(1989)
4435:(1988)
4427:(1984)
4419:(1983)
4411:(1981)
4403:(1971)
4395:(1971)
4387:(1968)
4379:(1966)
4371:(1966)
4363:(1965)
4355:(1963)
4347:(1951)
4339:(1943)
4331:(1940)
4323:(1939)
4315:(1897)
4300:In the
4292:(2017)
4284:(1994)
4276:(1986)
4268:(1939)
4247:(2022)
4239:(2020)
4231:(2015)
4223:(1992)
4215:(1991)
4207:(1990)
4199:(1988)
4191:(1981)
4183:(1965)
4162:(2003)
4154:(2000)
4146:(1991)
4138:(1990)
4130:(1989)
4122:(1989)
4114:(1984)
4106:(1974)
4098:(1971)
4090:(1968)
4082:(1931)
4059:(2018)
4051:(1987)
4043:(1974)
4018:(2015)
4010:(2010)
3985:(2023)
3977:(2002)
3969:(1990)
3961:(1982)
3940:(2025)
3932:(2012)
3924:(2011)
3916:(2010)
3892:(2008)
3876:(2004)
3868:(2003)
3860:(2002)
3852:(2002)
3844:(2000)
3836:(1997)
3828:(1994)
3804:(1980)
3796:(1976)
3788:(1975)
3780:(1975)
3772:(1974)
3764:(1973)
3756:(1973)
3748:(1973)
3740:(1972)
3732:(1971)
3724:(1969)
3716:(1968)
3708:(1967)
3700:(1966)
3692:(1966)
3684:(1964)
3676:(1964)
3668:(1962)
3660:(1961)
3652:(1959)
3644:(1958)
3636:(1957)
3620:(1896)
3599:(2023)
3591:(2015)
3583:(2003)
3575:(1969)
3554:(2011)
3546:(1992)
3538:(1977)
3530:(1971)
3522:(1969)
3514:(1951)
3506:(1949)
3498:(1942)
3490:(1940)
3463:(2014)
3455:(2012)
3447:(1988)
3439:(1964)
3413:(1973)
3393:(1966)
3365:(1951)
3357:(1927)
3349:(1927)
3341:(1925)
3333:(1919)
3325:(1919)
3317:(1919)
3301:(1798)
3277:speech
3261:portal
3230:(2022)
3222:(2015)
3214:(2011)
3202:RLUIPA
3193:(2020)
3185:(2020)
3177:(2016)
3169:(2014)
3161:(2006)
3133:(2020)
3125:(2012)
3117:(1979)
3096:(2022)
3088:(2020)
3080:(2017)
3072:(2004)
3051:(2022)
3043:(2021)
3035:(2021)
3027:(2020)
3019:(2018)
3011:(2002)
3003:(1993)
2995:(1990)
2987:(1989)
2979:(1989)
2971:(1987)
2963:(1986)
2955:(1986)
2947:(1983)
2939:(1982)
2931:(1981)
2923:(1981)
2915:(1978)
2907:(1972)
2899:(1972)
2891:(1963)
2883:(1961)
2875:(1961)
2867:(1961)
2859:(1953)
2851:(1951)
2843:(1951)
2835:(1946)
2827:(1944)
2819:(1943)
2811:(1943)
2803:(1940)
2795:(1940)
2787:(1890)
2779:(1879)
2742:(2018)
2734:(1994)
2726:(1989)
2718:(1988)
2710:(1982)
2702:(1982)
2694:(1980)
2686:(1978)
2678:(1961)
2659:(1985)
2651:(1961)
2643:(1961)
2635:(1961)
2616:(2011)
2608:(2007)
2600:(1982)
2592:(1968)
2573:(2020)
2565:(1979)
2557:(1976)
2549:(1969)
2541:(1960)
2533:(1952)
2525:(1944)
2517:(1929)
2509:(1872)
2490:(2022)
2482:(2022)
2474:(2001)
2466:(1995)
2458:(1995)
2450:(1993)
2431:(2022)
2423:(2004)
2415:(2000)
2407:(1992)
2399:(1990)
2391:(1987)
2383:(1985)
2375:(1980)
2367:(1968)
2359:(1963)
2351:(1962)
2343:(1952)
2335:(1948)
2314:(2022)
2306:(2020)
2298:(2017)
2290:(2011)
2282:(2002)
2274:(2000)
2266:(1997)
2258:(1994)
2250:(1993)
2242:(1986)
2234:(1985)
2226:(1985)
2218:(1983)
2210:(1982)
2202:(1980)
2194:(1977)
2186:(1977)
2178:(1976)
2170:(1975)
2162:(1974)
2154:(1974)
2146:(1973)
2138:(1973)
2130:(1973)
2122:(1973)
2114:(1973)
2106:(1971)
2098:(1971)
2090:(1968)
2082:(1968)
2074:(1947)
2066:(1930)
2047:(2005)
2039:(1997)
2031:(1989)
2023:(1987)
2015:(1985)
2007:(1983)
1999:(1982)
1991:(1970)
1970:(2019)
1962:(2014)
1954:(2010)
1946:(2009)
1938:(2005)
1930:(2005)
1922:(1989)
1914:(1985)
1906:(1984)
1898:(1983)
1818:C-SPAN
1777:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1756:Justia
1753:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1698:
1677:
1634:
1617:
1452:, 446
1436:,
1418:,
1269:
1231:
1176:
1069:
1052:,
1010:affair
785:, the
518:, the
307:Burger
230:
228:·
226:
218:
216:·
214:
206:
204:·
202:
194:
192:·
190:
135:, 446
119:, 444
103:, 328
4530:forum
2667:Other
1816:from
1615:JSTOR
1056:
920:Times
817:
791:Times
783:Times
706:Times
701:Times
637:for:
631:Times
508:Times
484:Times
480:'
477:Times
443:with
391:Times
150:1971)
130:1971)
114:1971)
97:Prior
6518:and
3476:the
3289:and
3149:RFRA
1696:ISBN
1675:ISBN
1632:ISBN
1490:Oyez
1461:1327
1457:1322
1454:F.2d
1382:2024
1357:2024
1327:2008
1301:2018
1267:ISBN
1240:2018
1229:ISSN
1206:2023
1174:ISBN
1150:2021
1110:2021
1058:U.S.
890:and
819:U.S.
787:Post
769:and
751:Post
650:and
582:, a
558:and
538:and
491:and
431:and
364:and
144:1327
140:1322
137:F.2d
121:F.2d
73:more
65:U.S.
63:403
5386:and
3474:and
3424:and
1820:'s
1607:doi
1398:",
1263:370
1095:PBS
1061:713
1054:403
822:494
815:341
798:in
459:of
441:war
393:to
124:544
108:324
86:100
68:713
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1601:.
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