New Zealand Company

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Wakefield in which he declared that one of the aims of colonisation was to "civilise a barbarous people" who could "scarcely cultivate the earth". Māori, Wakefield wrote, "craved" colonisation and looked up to the Englishman "as being so eminently superior to himself, that the idea of asserting his own independence of equality never enters his mind". Wakefield suggested that once Māori chiefs had sold their land to settlers for a very small sum, they would be "adopted" by English families and be instructed and corrected. At a meeting on 6 June 1837 the Church Missionary Society passed four resolutions expressing its objection to the New Zealand Association plans, including the observation that previous experience had shown that European colonisation invariably inflicted grave injuries and injustices on the indigenous inhabitants. It also said the colonisation plans would interrupt or defeat missionary efforts for the religious improvement and civilisation of the Māori. The society resolved to use "all suitable means" to defeat the association and both the Church and Wesleyan missionary societies began to wage campaigns in opposition to the company's plans, through pamphlets and lobbying to government.

506:, and therefore have "a certain subscribed capital". In a letter to Lord Durham, Lord Glenelg explained that the government was aware of the risks of the proposed New Zealand venture and knew that the South Australian colony established under the Wakefield system was already heavily in debt. It therefore considered it reasonable that the interests of shareholders should coincide with those of emigrants in the pursuit of the colony's prosperity. But members of the association decided the requirement was unacceptable. Reluctant to invest their own money in the venture, and wary of the risks of the shares being subject to fluctuations in the stock market, they rejected the offer. On 5 February 1838 the Colonial Secretary in turn advised Lord Durham that the charter had therefore been withdrawn. The New Zealand Association's plans would again hinge on a Bill being introduced to, and passed by, Parliament. 929: 139: 651:" and 100 "country acres", would be sold in London, sight unseen, at £1 per acre, with the funds raised used to transport the emigrants to New Zealand. Emigrants would be selected either as capitalists or labourers, with labourers being required to work for the capitalists for several years before obtaining land of their own. One in 10 surveyed sections—scattered throughout the settlement—would be reserved for Māori who had been displaced, and the rest would be sold to raise £99,999, of which the company would retain 25 per cent to cover its expenses. Labourers would travel to New Zealand for free, while those who bought land and migrated could claim a 75 percent rebate on their fare. 1054:, an area described as marshy land covered with scrub and fern. In a meeting with local Māori, expedition leader Arthur Wakefield claimed to have gained recognition – in exchange for "presents" of axes, a gun, gunpowder, blankets, biscuits and pipes – for the 1839 "purchases" in the area by William Wakefield. By January 1842 the advance guard had built more than 100 huts on the site of the future town in preparation for the arrival of the first settlers. A month later the township was described as having a population of 500, along with bullocks, sheep, pigs and poultry, although the company was yet to identify or purchase any of the rural land for which purchasers had paid. 1131:, formed in January 1840, to have oversight of the company's colonisation activities. Russell also agreed to assess the total sum of money the company had spent on colonisation and then grant the company title to four acres for every pound it had expended. In return, the company would relinquish its claim to 20 million acres. He also promised the company a discount—at a level to be decided later—for a purchase from the government of 50,000 acres. The company began providing figures to the Colonial Office of its total outgoings, which included £20,000 paid to the 1825 company and £40,000 paid to the New Zealand Colonisation Company of 1838 as well as £5250 paid for the 1144:

waive its rights of pre-emption in those defined areas (thus abandoning any move to reclaim or resell lands possibly still owned by "residents" in the wake of the company's purchase from the "overlords"), and in a confidential note Hobson promised that the government would "sanction any equitable arrangement you may make to induce those natives who reside within the limits referred to in the accompanying schedule, to yield up possession of their habitations" as long as no force was used. FitzRoy pressured Te Aro Māori to accept £300 for valuable land in the middle of Wellington for which they had never been paid, by explaining that their land was almost valueless.

1162:, who had been appointed by Russell in January 1841 as an independent Land Commissioner, opened his official inquiry into New Zealand Company land claims and any non-Company counter-claims to the same lands. Spain quickly discovered that the New Zealand Company purchases in the Port Nicholson, Wanganui, and New Plymouth districts were hotly contested by Māori. In Wellington several important chiefs, notably those of Te Aro, Pipitea and Kumutoto pā took little or no part in the proceedings. Those in favour of "selling" the land gave two main reasons for their stance: European arms and settlement would give them protection against their enemies, notably the 729:"You will readily explain that after English emigration and settlement a tenth of the land will be far more valuable than the whole was before ... the intention of the Company is not to make reserves for the Native owners in large blocks, as has been the common practice as to Indian reserves in North America, whereby settlement is impeded, and the savages are encouraged to continue savage, living apart from the civilized community ... instead of a barren possession with which they have parted, they will have a property in land intermixed with the property of civilised and industrious settlers and made really valuable by that circumstance." 1171:, with assent to purchases deemed as proof of status. Company officials and the Colonial Office in London each argued that if the Māori were to be compensated for land they had not sold, the other should pay it; the Colonial Office claimed that its agreement of November 1840 was made on the assumption that the company's claim was valid, while the company objected to being asked to prove that Māori in all transactions had both understood the contracts and had the right to sell. Company representatives in London attempted to challenge the legality of Spain's inquiry and instructed William Wakefield that he should not answer to it. 1509: 1431: 1325: 753:. Within a week he had secured the entire harbour and all surrounding ranges, and from then until November went on to secure signatures and marks on parchments that supposedly gave the company ownership of 20 million acres (8 million hectares)—about one-third of New Zealand's land surface at a cost of about a halfpenny an acre. On 25 October he persuaded 10 chiefs at Kapiti to add crosses at the foot of an 1180-word document that confirmed they were permanently parting with all "rights, claims, titles and interests" to vast areas of land in both the South and North Islands as far north as present-day 972:, an aggressive and boastful young chief eager to prove his importance, had sold land he did not control; and that Barrett's explanation and interpretation of the terms of the sale was woefully inadequate. Barrett told the Spain Commission hearing in February 1843: "I said that when they signed their names the gentlemen in England who had sent out the trade might know who were the chiefs." Historian Angela Caughey also claimed it was extremely unlikely that Wakefield and Barrett could have visited all the villages at Whanganui-a-Tara in one day to explain the company's intentions and seek approval. 1175:

Nelson after payment of £800 but the claim on the Wairau valley was rejected. At Wellington the company was ordered to pay £1500 to complete the Port Nicholson agreement and it was then awarded 71,900 acres (29,100ha). Spain refused a Crown grant of any land at Porirua and promised just 100 acres (40.5ha) at Manawatu. He awarded 40,000 acres (16,200ha) at Wanganui and 60,000 acres (24,300ha) at Taranaki. In London, the Colonial Office had already decided that land claimed by settlers but not awarded to them by the Land Claims Commission should revert not to the Māori owners, but to the Crown.

1026:) when Molesworth showed little interest in leading the colony. It was planned to cover 201,000 acres (810 km), consisting of 1000 allotments. Each would be 150 acres (60 hectares) of rural land, 50 acres (20 hectares) of accommodation land and one "town acre" (4000 square metres), with half the funds raised by land sales being spent on emigration and about £50,000 ending up as company profits. The land would be sold at £301 per allotment or 30 shillings an acre, one pound an acre more than land at Wellington, with a lottery to determine the ownership of specific allotments. 568:

Government. Such a move would be a catastrophic blow for the Colonisation Association, for whom success depended on being able to acquire land at a cheap price, directly from Māori, and then sell it at a high price to make a profit for shareholders and fund colonisation. The news created the need for swift action if private enterprise was to beat the Government to New Zealand. In a stirring speech, Wakefield told those present: "Possess yourselves of the soil and you are secure—but if from delay you allow others to do it before you, they will succeed and you will fail."

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Māori owned only the land which they "occupied", by living on or cultivating it; all other land was deemed "waste" land and owned by the Crown. The subsequent Act, passed on 4 August, prohibited the grant of any land purchase greater than four square miles (2560 acres). The New Zealand Company had already claimed to have bought two million acres (8,000 km), part of which it had sold directly to settlers, and when news of the government move reached Wellington in August it sparked panic, prompting hundreds of settlers to prepare to abandon their land and sail to

1135:. The company's spending on placards, printing and advertising, employee salaries, and food and transport for the emigrants were also included in the total, along with the costs of goods, including firearms, that had been used to buy land. A final calculation in May 1841 was that under the agreed formula the company was entitled to an initial 531,929 acres, with possibly another 400,000 to 500,000 acres to come. In May Russell agreed to allow the company a 20 per cent discount on the cost of 50,000 acres it wished to buy in New Plymouth and Nelson. 1197:

station a body of troops at New Plymouth or sanction the formation of a militia to protect their land. FitzRoy later wrote: "It appeared so clear ... that the view taken by the land commissioner could not be adopted by the government without causing bloodshed, and the probable ruin of the settlement; because the injustice of awarding land to the New Zealand Company, which was well known not to have been purchased by them, was apparent to every native." FitzRoy's decision infuriated Spain, whose resignation was then demanded by the Governor.

1043:, sailed that month for New Zealand with surveyors and labourers to prepare plots for the first settlers (scheduled to follow five months later). Land sales proved disappointing, however, and threatened the viability of the settlement: by early June only 326 allotments had been sold, with only 42 purchasers intending to actually travel to New Zealand. Things had improved little by the drawing of the lottery in late August 1841, when only 371 of the allotments were drawn by purchasers, three-quarters of whom were absentee owners. 22: 1115:. In a bid to restore certainty to the settlers over their land claims a three-man deputation was sent to Sydney to meet Gipps; in early December the deputation returned with news that Gipps would procure for the Wellington settlers a confirmation of their titles to 110,000 acres of land, as well as their town, subject to several conditions including that the 110,000 acres were taken in one continuous block, native reserves were guaranteed and that reserves were made for public purposes. 374: 903:, with 30 soldiers and six mounted police on 30 June 1840, to Port Nicholson to tear down the flag. Shortland commanded the residents to withdraw from their "illegal association" and to submit to the representatives of the Crown. Hobson, claiming his hand had been forced by the New Zealand Company's actions, also proclaimed sovereignty over the whole of New Zealand—the North Island by right of cession at Waitangi, and the South and Stewart Islands by right of discovery. 4204: 660: 949:. Surveyors quickly encountered problems, however, when they discovered the land selected for the new settlement was still inhabited by Māori, who expressed astonishment and bewilderment to find Pākehā tramping through their homes, gardens and cemeteries and driving wooden survey pegs into the ground. Surveyors became involved in skirmishes with the Māori, most of whom refused to budge, and were provided with weapons to continue their work. 1300:

for free passage of the working-class colonists and for public works, churches and schools for instance. For this scheme to work it was important to get the right proportion of labouring to propertied immigrants. In part the failure of the company's plans were because this proportion was never achieved – there were always more labourers, whose emigration was heavily subsidised by the company, than landed gentry.

111:, which was an obstacle to the company's obtaining the greatest possible amount of New Zealand land at the cheapest price. The company, in turn, was frequently criticised by the Colonial Office and New Zealand governors for its "trickery" and lies. Missionaries in New Zealand were also critical of the company for fear that its activities would lead to the "conquest and extermination" of Māori inhabitants. 479: 925:

anchor 1600 metres from the shore. But construction of temporary houses began, as well as the assembly of wooden houses that had been carried on each ship, while tents also soon dotted the dunes behind the beach. Local Māori assisted with the construction and also provided food—fish, potatoes and other vegetables and occasionally pork.

532:, the company was to have paid-up capital of £25,000 in 50 shares of £50, and declared its purpose was "the purchase and sale of lands, the promotion of emigration, and the establishment of public works". A reserved share of £500 was offered to Wakefield, who by then was in Canada, working on the staff of that colony's new 1597:

major employer in the new colonies and this proved a serious financial drain on the company. Repeated approaches were made to the British government seeking financial assistance and in late 1846 the company accepted an offer for a £236,000 advance with strict conditions on, and oversight of, future company operations.

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representatives, including Barrett, had an equally poor grasp of Māori. Williams found that company representatives had met Māori chiefs at Port Nicholson, Kapiti and Taranaki, where neither party understanding the other and had not visited other places where the company claimed to have purchased land.

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reasons by people who had no intention of migrating to New Zealand and developing the land they had bought. This meant that the new colonies had a serious shortage of employers and consequently a shortage of work for the labouring classes. From the outset, the New Zealand Company was forced to be the

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in 1840, chiefly as a spillover settlement, the site of the rural land promised to Wellington purchasers. A traveller in the colony at the time described Wanganui as "one of the unwholesome, mushroom settlements engendered by the New Zealand Company for the purpose of removing to a distance a portion

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In line with his instructions, Wakefield promised local Māori they would be given reserves of land equal to one-tenth of the area, with their allotments chosen by lottery and sprinkled among the European settlers. The reserves were to remain inalienable to ensure that the Māori would not quickly sell

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Further purchases followed in Taranaki (60,000 acres in February 1840) and Wanganui (May 1840, the conclusion of negotiations begun the previous November); the company explained to the 1842 Land Claims Commission that while the earlier deeds covering the same land had been with the "overlords", these

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near Kapiti to tell Wakefield that in its October agreement Ngāti Toa intended the company to have not millions of acres at the top of the South Island, but just the two small areas of Whakatu and Taitapu. And in December, a week after arriving at Hokianga to inspect the land bought from the 1825 New

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at the north of the South Island. He was told to explain to Māori that the company wanted to buy land for resale to allow large-scale European settlement and that he should emphasise to tribes that in every land sale, one-tenth would be reserved for Māori, who would then live where they were assigned

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The company provided Wakefield with a lengthy list of instructions to be carried out on his arrival. He was told to seek land for settlements where there were safe harbours that would foster export trade, rivers allowing passage to fertile inland property, and waterfalls that could power industry. He

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was offered at £1 an acre on maps showing town and country sites—though the area was still little more than a sandhill—but sales were poor. In March 1836 a survey party sailed for South Australia and the first emigrants followed four months later. Wakefield claimed all credit for the establishment of

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The company, in its final report in May 1858, conceded it had erred, but said the communities they had planted had now assumed "gratifying proportions" and they could look forward to the day when "New Zealand shall take her place as the offspring and counterpart of her Parent Isle ... the Britain of

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The New Zealand Company began falling into financial difficulties from mid-1843 for two reasons. It had planned to buy land cheaply and sell it dearly and anticipated that a colony based on a higher land price would attract affluent colonists. The profits from the sale of land were to be used to pay

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in 1841, through its links with the Plymouth Company, to which it sold a total of 60,000 acres, of indeterminate location, in mid-1840. The Plymouth Company sent a survey party to choose where the settlement would be located and in January 1841 that company's surveyor, Frederick Carrington, selected

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Spain, who was given a price scale that determined arbitrarily what each purchase should have been worth, concluded each of his investigations into the validity of the New Zealand Company purchases by announcing how much land they would be rewarded. The company was awarded 151,000 acres (61,155ha)at

920:, were laid out in parallelograms, with the plan including boulevards and public parks. Settlers who had bought a town section had also bought 100 "country acres" (about 40ha), where they could grow their food. Smith considered it important to locate the town and country areas close together and the 784:

Wakefield had learned from Barrett the complicated nature of land ownership in the Port Nicholson area because of past wars and expulsions and from late October Wakefield was informed of—but dismissed—rumours that Māori had sold land that did not belong to them. Problems with some of their purchases

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On 20 March 1839 an informal meeting of members of the Colonisation Association and the 1825 New Zealand Company learned from Hutt the disturbing news that the Government's Bill for the colonisation of New Zealand would contain a clause that land from then on would be able to be bought only from the

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and Permanent Under-Secretary James Stephen both were concerned about proposals for the settlements' founders to make laws for the colony, fearing it would create a dynasty beyond British government control, while Anglican and Wesleyan missionaries were alarmed by claims made in pamphlets written by

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In May 1830 Wakefield was released from prison and joined the National Colonisation Society, whose committee included Wilmot-Horton, nine MPs and three clergymen. Wakefield's influence within the society quickly grew and by the end of the year his plans for colonisation of Australasia had become the

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Gipps introduced his New Zealand Land Claims Bill to the New South Wales Legislative Council in May 1840, instituting a process to appoint commissioners who would investigate all lands acquired from Māori and the conditions under which the transactions had taken place. The Bill also stipulated that

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and cultivations would be protected, but within days provided William Wakefield with a schedule, dated 1 September, which identified 110,000 acres at Port Nicholson, Porirua and Manawatu, 50,000 acres at Wanganui and 50,000 acres (later lifted to 60,000 acres) at New Plymouth; the government would

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The New Zealand Company had begun its colonisation scheme without the approval of the British government; as late as May 1839 Parliamentary Under-secretary Henry Labouchere warned company director William Hutt that there was no guarantee that titles to land purchased from Māori would be recognised

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appeared to promise that space. The drawback was that his chosen locality was a mix of dense forest, scrub, flax and swamp, its river was prone to flooding and the beach so flat that when the first passenger ships began to arrive—just four days after Smith began his survey work—they were forced to

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In September 1837, four months after the New Zealand Association's first meeting, discussions began with the 1825 New Zealand Company over a possible merger. The 1825 company claimed ownership of a million acres of New Zealand land acquired during its 1826 voyage, and Lord Durham, chairman of that

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committee which itself comprised many Wakefield supporters, and when the committee handed down a report endorsing his ideas, he wrote to Lord Durham explaining that New Zealand was "the fittest country in the world for colonisation". Wakefield formed the New Zealand Association, and on 22 May 1837

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Spain's award in Wanganui also failed to be delivered in full: some chiefs refused to sell regardless of the amount of compensation offered. Spain offered to return to Māori four sections of land along with £1000, which Wakefield attempted to distribute with the money in gold and silver, but when

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and then announced he would reverse Spain's decision. Instead of the 60,000 acres in Taranaki, the company would be awarded just 3800 acres, where settlers were already located. The decision outraged settlers, who were aware of friction with returning Māori, but had been hoping the Governor would

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was sent south by Hobson to seek further signatures to the treaty in the Port Nicholson area. He was forced to wait for 10 days before local chiefs would approach him and blamed their reluctance to sign the treaty on pressure by William Wakefield. On 29 April, however, Williams was able to report

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Under instructions from the Colonial Office, Hobson was to set up a system in which much of the revenue raised from the sale of land to settlers would be used to cover the costs of administration and development, but a portion of the funds would also be used to send emigrants to New Zealand. That

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Gibbon Wakefield, who had resigned from the company in disgust after its 1846 financial arrangement with the British government, remained defiant to the end, declaring in 1852 that had the company been left alone it would have paid a dividend, recouped its capital "and there would now be 200,000

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In June 1850 the company admitted land sales in Wellington, Nelson and New Plymouth had remained poor and its land sales for the year ended April 1849 amounted to only £6,266. With little prospect of trading its way to profitability, the company surrendered its charter. A select committee report

337:. The price for the land was "five muskets, fifty three pounds powder, four pair blankets, three hundred flints and four musket cartridge boxes". After several weeks Herd and the New Zealand Company agent decided the cost of exporting goods was too high to be of economic value and they sailed to 1187:

or the Cook Strait region after defeat by raiding Waikato war parties in the 1820s, or been enslaved by the Waikato, but many were now returning. Spain ruled that regardless of the reason for their departure, Te Āti Awa had forfeited the land and that the company purchase from the few remaining

1061:– then known as the "Wairau Massacre" – of 17 June 1843, when 22 Europeans and four Māori died in a skirmish over land in the Wairau Valley, 25 km from Nelson. Arthur Wakefield claimed to have bought the land from the widow of a whaler who, in turn, had claimed to have bought it from chief 984:

in 1839, espoused the company's hope that interspersing Māori with white settlers would help them change their "rude and uncivilised habits". In a later book on his New Zealand adventures he wrote: "The constant example before their eyes, and constant emulation to attain the same results, would

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at Port Nicholson, proclaiming government by "colonial council" that claimed to derive its powers from authority granted by local chiefs. Interpreting the moves as smacking of "high treason," Hobson declared British sovereignty over the entirety of the North Island on 21 May 1840, and on 23 May

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immediately froze all land sales and declared all existing purchases invalid pending investigation. The treaty put the New Zealand Company in a very difficult position. It did not have enough land to satisfy the arriving settlers and it could no longer legally sell the land it claimed it owned.

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Three weeks after the Bill's defeat, the New Zealand Association held its final meeting and passed a resolution to the effect that "notwithstanding this temporary failure", members would persevere with their efforts to establish "a well-regulated system of colonization". Two months later, on 29

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similar to those under which British colonies had been earlier established in North America. The chartered body was to take responsibility for the administration, and the legislative, judicial, military and financial affairs of the colony of New Zealand, subject to safeguards of control by the

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Undeterred by the lack of government support for its plan to establish a settlement protected by a small military force, the company dispatched two ships to New Zealand the following year under the command of Captain James Herd, who was given the task of exploring trade prospects and potential

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had arrived in New Zealand—all available sections for its first settlement had been sold. The company had already been warned in a letter from the Parliamentary Under-Secretary that the government could give no guarantee of title to land bought from Māori, which would "probably" be liable to

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Ignoring the wishes of William Wakefield, who wanted the initial settlement at the southwest side of the harbour where there were excellent anchorages for ships, Surveyor-General William Mein Smith began in January 1840 to layout 1100 one-acre (4047 m) sections of the town, initially called

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Wakefield's plan entailed a company buying land from the indigenous residents of Australia or New Zealand very cheaply, then selling it to speculators and "gentleman settlers" for a much higher sum. The immigrants would provide the labour to break in the gentlemen's lands and cater to their

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of the clamorous script-holders who, on arriving from England, looked, and looked in vain, for their land." The Wanganui settlement was beset with problems when settlers arrived to find Māori on the land, denying it had been sold. The company also sent surveyors down the east coast of the

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Williams, in turn, was critical of the company's dealings, noting that the deeds of purchase for land it had claimed to have bought from the 38 deg. to the 42 degrees parallel of latitude were drawn up in English, which was not understood by Māori who had signed it, and that the company's

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for state-assisted emigration programmes that would help British paupers escape poverty by moving to any of Britain's colonies. In 1829 Wakefield began publishing pamphlets and writing newspaper articles that were reprinted in a book, promoting the concept of systematic emigration to

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In July 1843 the New Zealand Company issued a prospectus for the sale of 120,550 acres (48,000 hectares), divided between town, suburban and rural lots at a new settlement called New Edinburgh. The location of the settlement still remained undetermined. An office was established in

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to the German Colonisation Company—yet to be formed—for £10,000 was quashed by the British Government, which declared that the islands were to be part of the colony of New Zealand and that any Germans settling there would be treated as aliens. The party of German migrants on the

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Eight weeks later, in March, after all passenger ships had arrived, settlers voted to abandon surveying at Pito-one—where the swamps, repeated flooding and poor anchorage facilities were proving too much of an obstacle—and move the town to Wakefield's preferred location of

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The Taranaki ruling led to Spain's downfall. Spain had made the decision based on information from William Wakefield that much of the Taranaki region had been sparsely populated by Māori at the time of the purchase. The cause of the depopulation was that most of the local

1273:, Gibbon Wakefield's new project, and the New Zealand Company became a silent partner in the settlement process, providing little more than the initial purchase funds. The first of the body of 1512 Canterbury settlers sailed on 8 September 1850 for their new home. 883:

that Port Nicholson chiefs had "unanimously" signed the treaty. William Wakefield was already strongly critical of both the treaty and Williams and repeatedly attacked the missionary in the company's newspaper for his "hypocrisy and unblushing rapaciousness".

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appealed to the Colonial Office for help for the company which he claimed was in "distress". Over the next month, the two parties negotiated a three-part agreement that, once agreed, was hailed by the company as "all that we could desire". Colonial Secretary

806:. There was a prize for him, however, with his purchase on 13 December of the Wairau Valley in the north of the South Island. Wakefield bought the land for £100 from the widow of whaling Captain John Blenkinsopp, who had claimed to have earlier bought it off 94:

using questionable contracts and in many cases resold that land, with its title in doubt. The company launched elaborate, grandiose and sometimes fraudulent advertising campaigns. It vigorously attacked those it perceived as its opponents—chiefly the British

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Wakefield had purchased the land during a frantic week-long campaign the previous September, with payment made in the form of iron pots, soap, guns, ammunition, axes, fish hooks, clothing—including red nightcaps—slates, pencils, umbrellas, sealing wax and

49:. Under Wakefield's model, the colony would attract capitalists, who would then have a ready supply of labour: migrant labourers who could not initially afford to be property owners but would have the expectation of one-day buying land with their savings. 1138:

Hobson visited the Wellington area for the first time in August 1841 and heard complaints first-hand from Māori both in the town and also from as far afield as Porirua and Kapiti that they had never sold their land. Hobson assured them that their unsold

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The company's board members included aristocrats, Members of Parliament and a prominent magazine publisher, who used their political connections to ceaselessly lobby the British government to achieve its aims. The company bought a lot of land from

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where they would be told of their final destination. It was expected that by that time William Wakefield would have bought land for the first settlement and had it surveyed, and also inspected the company's land claims at Kaipara and Hokianga.

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of Ōtaki who were expected to attack at any time; and they were aware of the wealth that a European settlement—"their Pākehā"—would bring them through trade and employment. Some sales were also motivated by complex power struggles among Māori

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on 6 February 1840. The treaty transferred sovereignty from the Māori to the British Crown, while under its so-called pre-emption clause, Māori were prohibited from selling land to anyone but the Government and its agents. Lieutenant-Governor

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in the east, with the north reserved for Māori and missionaries and the south becoming a self-governing province, known as "New Victoria" and managed by the company for that purpose. The British Colonial Secretary rejected the proposal.

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Early in 1840 the first six immigrant ships arrived off Pito-one (now Petone). There had been little preparation for their arrival. With Māori help the first settlers built huts along the foreshore. The young settlement was called

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authorising the establishment of the British Province of South Australia, but the planning and initial sales of land proceeded without Wakefield's involvement because of the illness and death of his daughter. Land in the town of

461:, who took issue both with the "unlimited power" the colony's founders would wield and what they regarded as the inevitable "conquest and extermination of the present inhabitants". Parliamentary Under-Secretary for the colonies 1662:, has a slightly different list of "members" of the association: Lyall, Marjoribanks, Palmer, Torrens, Lambton, Edward Ellice, Boyle, Buckle, Fenwick, Pattison, Littleton, Roberts, George Varlo, Anthony Gordon and John Dixon. 515:

wrote disparagingly of the "moral and political paradise", the "radical Utopia in the Great Pacific" conceived in "the gorgeous fancy of Mr Edward Gibbon Wakefield", in March Parliament debated—then defeated—Molesworth's

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in 1840, reached the peak of efficiency about 1841, encountered financial problems from 1843 from which it never recovered, returned its charter in 1850 and wound up all remaining business with a final report in 1858.

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Despite the £20,000 loss incurred in his earlier venture, Lambton (from the 1830s known as Lord Durham) continued to pursue ways to become involved in commercial emigration schemes and was joined in his endeavours by

957:. Signatures had been gained from local chiefs after an explanation, given by Wakefield and interpreted by Barrett, that the land would no longer be theirs once payment was made. Evidence later provided to the 1102:

and Hobson in New Zealand issued proclamations that all land previously purchased from Māori would have to be confirmed by government title, and that any future direct purchases from Māori were null and void.

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Members of the two colonisation groups subsequently formed a new organisation, the New Zealand Land Company, with Lord Durham as its governor and five MPs among its 17 directors (in 1840 the directors were

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left England under the command of Captain Edward Chaffers, the company had already begun advertising and selling land in New Zealand, and by the end of July—months before the company had even learned the

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In April 1841 the company informed the Colonial Secretary of its intention to establish a second colony "considerably larger" than the first. The colony was initially to be called Molesworth after

3922: 301:), which Herd named Lambton Harbour. Herd explored the area and identified land at the south-west of the harbour as the best place for a European settlement, ignoring the presence of a large 261:

The company unsuccessfully petitioned the British Government for a 31-year term of exclusive trade and for command over a military force, anticipating that large profits could be made from

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chiefs that the only land the New Zealand Land Company could claim in the north was about a square mile at Hokianga. Further, there was nothing at all for them at either Kaipara or

76:. The original New Zealand Company started in 1825, with little success, then rose as a new company when it merged with Wakefield's New Zealand Association in 1837, received its 716:

was told the company was eager to acquire land around harbours on both sides of Cook Strait and that while Port Nicholson appeared the best site he should also closely examine

992:

in recognition of his strong support for the company's principles of colonisation and his "strenuous and successful defence against its enemies of the measure for colonising

402:. In 1831 and again in 1833 Buller and Molesworth backed Wakefield as he took to the Colonial Office elaborate plans to recreate a perfect English society in a new colony in 4279: 825:

In July the company reported it had sent 1108 labouring emigrants and 242 cabin passengers to New Zealand and despatched a total of 13 ships. Another immigrant vessel, the

528:

August 1838, 14 supporters of the association and the 1825 New Zealand Company convened to form a joint-stock company, the New Zealand Colonisation Association. Chaired by

382:

employers' everyday needs. They would eventually be able to buy their own land, but high land prices and low rates of pay would ensure they first laboured for many years.

861:

The New Zealand Company had long expected intervention by the British Government in its activities in New Zealand, and this finally occurred following the signing of the

3757: 4274: 781:. The areas in each deed were so vast Wakefield documented them by writing lists of place names, and finally expressed the company's territory in degrees of latitude. 564:, immediately brushed off demands from the New Zealand Colonisation Association for the royal charter that had been previously offered to the New Zealand Association. 890:

Hobson, meanwhile, was becoming alarmed at the news of the company's growing assumption of power. He learned of their bid to imprison a Captain Pearson of the barque

556:. Because of the population of British subjects there, officials believed colonisation was now inevitable and at the end of 1838 the decision was made to appoint a 524:

on 1 June, was defeated 92 votes to 32 at its second reading. Lord Howick described the failed Bill as "the most monstrous proposal I ever knew made to the House".

4143: 3997: 1601:

concluded the company's losses were "mainly attributable to their own proceedings, characterised as they were in many respects by rashness and maladministration."

560:

as a prelude to the declaration of British sovereignty over New Zealand. And when Lord Glenelg was replaced as Colonial Secretary in late February, his successor,

552:, meanwhile, concern had grown about the welfare of Māori and increasing lawlessness among the 2,000 British subjects in New Zealand, who were concentrated in the 1612:

provided for a quarter of the proceeds of land sales of land previously purchased by the New Zealand Company would go to pay off the debt until it was paid off.

419:

Instead, in late 1836, he set his sights on New Zealand, where his theories of "systematic" colonisation could be put into full effect. He gave evidence to a

985:

naturally lead the inferior race, by an easy ascent, to a capacity for acquiring the knowledge, habits, desires and comforts of their civilised neighbours."

1085:, with 140 passengers including John Beit, the "overbearing and arrogant, greedy, untruthful" New Zealand Company agent in Hamburg, went to Nelson instead. 647:

The company's prospectus, issued on 2 May, detailed the Wakefield system of colonisation the company would carry out: 1100 sections, each comprising one "

3692: 630:

as the expedition's commander. William Wakefield was authorised to spend £3000 on goods that could be used to barter for land. By 12 May 1839, when the

114:

The company viewed itself as a prospective quasi-government of New Zealand and in 1845 and 1846 proposed splitting the colony in two, along a line from

4254: 1065:. The chief denied having sold it. Although settlers in Nelson and Wellington were appalled at the slaughter at Wairau, an investigation by Governor 362: 4269: 3687: 520:

in the Colonial Secretary over his rejection of the association's plans, and later that month the association's second Bill, introduced by Whig MP

341:, where Herd paid off the crew and sold the stores and equipment, then returned to London. The venture had cost the New Zealand Company £20,000. 4264: 3927: 4234: 1127:

agreed to offer a royal charter for 40 years, which would allow the company to buy, sell, settle and cultivate lands in New Zealand, with the

490:, then returned with a revised Bill that addressed some of the government's concerns. On 20 December 1837 it was rewarded with the offer of a 3607: 3200: 3112: 2991: 3162: 2451: 4259: 3662: 998: 561: 126:

Only 15,500 settlers arrived in New Zealand as part of the company's colonisation schemes, but three of its settlements would, along with

37:, was a company that existed in the first half of the 19th century on a business model that was focused on the systematic colonisation of 496: 34: 130:, become and remain the country's "main centres" and provide the foundation for the system of provincial government introduced in 1853. 1188:

residents was valid. With tensions between settlers and Māori in Taranaki at an all-time high, and alerted by Protector of Aborigines

3657: 988:

In November 1840, the New Zealand Company directors advised Wakefield that they wished to name the town at Lambton Harbour after the

822:

new contracts were with residents of the lands, to overcome any resistance they might have to yield physical possession of the land.

4249: 4229: 989: 964:—set up by the Colonial Office to investigate New Zealand Company land claims—revealed three major flaws: that chiefs representing 577: 671:

was the first of three New Zealand Company surveyor ships sent off in haste to prepare for settlers in New Zealand. In August the

1128: 406:

in which land would be sold at a price high enough to generate profit to fund emigration. The Whig government in 1834 passed an

357:. Wakefield, who had grown up in a family with roots in philanthropy and social reform, also showed an interest in proposals by 3518: 1531: 1453: 1347: 420: 3944: 3556: 1823: 475:

company, was suggested as an ideal chairman of the new partnership. By the end of the year he had been elected to that role.

439: 203: 2827: 1230:

Taranaki. The Plymouth Company encountered financial difficulties that led to a merger of the two companies on 10 May 1841.

1222:

with the fledgling French colony established there under the auspices of Jean-François Langlois's Nanto-Bordelaise Company.

1072:

As early as 1839 the New Zealand Company had resolved to "take steps to procure German emigrants" and appointed an agent in

969: 4024: 3647: 1655: 1526:

An Act to amend an Act of the present Session for authorizing a Loan from the Consolidated Fund to the New Zealand Company.

487: 1855:

Adventure in New Zealand, from 1839 to 1844: With Some Account of the Beginning of the British Colonization of the Islands

1050:), where the expedition leaders searched for land suitable for the new colony, before settling on the site of present-day 4244: 3197:"Rose Daamen, "The Crown's Right of Pre-Emption and Fitzroy's Waiver Purchases", Waitangi Tribunal, August 1998, page 48" 3109:"Rose Daamen, "The Crown's Right of Pre-Emption and Fitzroy's Waiver Purchases", Waitangi Tribunal, August 1998, page 43" 2988:"Rose Daamen, "The Crown's Right of Pre-Emption and Fitzroy's Waiver Purchases", Waitangi Tribunal, August 1998, page 36" 1243: 1193: 1192:

of problems with Spain's Taranaki ruling, FitzRoy sailed in August 1844 for New Plymouth, where he was briefed by Bishop

1023: 1019: 968:

of Te Aro, Pipitea and Kumutoto, where the settlement of Thorndon was to be sited, were neither consulted nor paid; that

758: 717: 536:, Lord Durham. By December, although it was still yet to attract 20 paid-up shareholders, the company decided to buy the 521: 399: 928: 4170: 3022: 177: 3846: 3600: 3533: 3459: 3437: 3415: 3396: 2912: 2607:"Proclamation on the Illegal Assumption of Authority in the Port Nicholson District 1840 [1840] NZConLRes 11" 2154: 1609: 708: 4087: 2387: 2375: 2315: 1513: 1435: 1329: 946: 609: 601: 499: 151: 3361:"The Amazing Career of Edward Gibbon Wakefield 1796–1862" by A. J. Harrop, London, 1928, quoted by Patricia Burns. 1201:

they continued to refuse Spain informed them their refusal would not prevent the land from going to the settlers.

3835: 2831: 1261:

region in the lower North Island. When local Māori refused to sell, however, its surveyor inspected Port Cooper (

529: 443: 228: 155: 3577: 3569: 765:, and 31 others for land whose description was near-identical to that of the Kapiti deal. On 16 November as the 486:

Through late 1837 the New Zealand Association vigorously lobbied both the British government and Prime Minister

146:

The earliest organised attempt to colonise New Zealand came in 1825, when the New Zealand Company was formed in

3732: 3561: 3481: 2522: 2273: 1265:) on the east coast of the South Island and chose this as the location. Land was bought from 40 members of the 1124: 289:, which Herd explored and then dismissed as a possible settlement, before sailing north to inspect land around 1481: 4082: 3939: 3934: 3642: 1577: 1393: 1246:

on the sale of, and ballot for, land and the first body of settlers sailed for what became the settlement of

875:

plan, says historian Patricia Burns, was further proof of the "pervasive influence of the Wakefield theory".

280: 274: 138: 644:. The company had also been told that the Government could neither encourage nor recognise its proceedings. 4239: 4207: 3762: 3632: 3593: 895: 173: 3529: 621: 540: 4019: 3904: 3677: 1849: 1238:

to attract Scottish emigrants. A 400,000 acre (160,000 hectare) block was selected around the harbour at

1153: 961: 879: 737:

on 16 August and spent several weeks exploring the bays and sounds at the north of the South Island. The

597: 104: 2727:

Edward Jerningham Wakefield, "Adventure in New Zealand", Vol. 1, pub. John Murray, 1845, pages 199, 215.

4148: 4125: 4110: 4054: 3889: 3828: 3712: 3086:

Edward Jerningham Wakefield, "Adventure in New Zealand", Vol. 1, pub. John Murray, 1845, pages 415–418.

3077:

Edward Jerningham Wakefield, "Adventure in New Zealand", Vol. 1, pub. John Murray, 1845, pages 350–358.

533: 235: 199: 2275:

WHITE WINGS VOL II. FOUNDING OF THE PROVINCES AND OLD-TIME SHIPPING. PASSENGER SHIPS FROM 1840 TO 1885

596:, John Hine, William Hutt, M.P., Stewart Marjoribanks, Sir William Molesworth, M.P., Alexander Nairn, 4165: 4160: 4077: 4002: 3899: 3866: 3861: 3851: 3737: 2808:

Edward Jerningham Wakefield, "Adventure in New Zealand", Vol. 1, pub. John Murray, 1845, pages 41, 42

1625: 462: 458: 447: 425: 100: 1798: 1592:

The second major flaw arose because a large proportion of the land in the new colony was bought for

509:

Public and political opinion continued to run against the association's proposals. In February 1838

450:

were also on board and the group was attracting favourable newspaper attention, Wakefield drafted a

4188: 4044: 4014: 3884: 3777: 3717: 3425: 2206: 438:. After the association's third meeting, by which time London banker John Wright, Irish aristocrat 407: 321:, where either he or the company's agent on board negotiated the "purchase" of tracts of land from 192: 2718:

Edward Jerningham Wakefield, "Adventure in New Zealand", Vol. 1, pub. John Murray, 1845, page 196.

1094:

and that such land would be subject to repurchase by the Crown. In January and February 1840 both

3702: 3697: 2530: 1279: 917: 838: 745:—who had lived among Māori in Taranaki and the Wellington area since 1828 and also spoke "pidgin- 581: 557: 517: 391: 350: 224: 42: 3159:"D. Moore, B. Rigby, M, Russell, "Old Land Claims", Waitangi Tribunal, July 1997, pages 186–188" 416:

the colony, but was disappointed with the outcome, claiming the land had been sold too cheaply.

4155: 4115: 4105: 4029: 1630: 1287: 1270: 742: 617: 585: 429: 309:

tribe. The ships then sailed up the east coast to explore prospects for trade, stopping at the

242: 2678: 1813: 4120: 4009: 3742: 1521: 1443: 1337: 1189: 938: 1853: 1184: 3841: 3772: 3767: 1035: 977: 900: 613: 358: 310: 181: 158: 1253:

A month later Gibbon Wakefield began actively promoting a plan he had proposed in 1843: a

774: 349:

The failure of Lambton's project came to the attention of 30-year-old aspiring politician

8: 4049: 4034: 3856: 3752: 3667: 1051: 749:"—Wakefield began to offer guns, utensils and clothing to buy land from the Māori around 589: 503: 451: 424:

chaired its first meeting, which was attended by ten others including MPs Molesworth and

294: 57: 46: 2817:

Edward Jerningham Wakefield, "Adventure in New Zealand", Vol. 1, pub. John Murray, 1845.

2115: 1257:

settlement. New Zealand Company directors initially hoped to site the settlement in the

3959: 3747: 3672: 2606: 1786: 1057:

The search for this remaining 200,000 acres (810 km) would ultimately lead to the

862: 856: 707:, which all sailed with instructions to rendezvous on 10 January 1840 at Port Hardy on 676: 593: 549: 354: 298: 169: 108: 2655: 2584: 1766: 3984: 3782: 3616: 3552: 3477: 3455: 3433: 3411: 3392: 3018: 2908: 2150: 1819: 1762: 1635: 1262: 1254: 627: 746: 4059: 3964: 3802: 3797: 3682: 2656:"Proclamation of Sovereignty over the North Island 1840 [1840] NZConLRes 9" 2585:"Proclamation of Sovereignty over the North Island 1840 [1840] NZConLRes 9" 2388:

New Zealand Land Company deed of purchase at Queen Charlotte Sound, 8 November 1839

1593: 262: 21: 3954: 3949: 2559: 2354:

The Taranaki Report, Kaupapa Tuatahi, Chapter 5, Waitangi Tribunal, 1996, page 23.

1780:

including Thomas Shepherd's Journal and his coastal views, The NZ Company of 1825.

1163: 3787: 3722: 3637: 2448:"D. Moore, B. Rigby, M, Russell, "Old Land Claims", Waitangi Tribunal, July 1997" 1536: 1458: 1352: 1342:

An Act to authorize a Loan from the Consolidated Fund to the New Zealand Company.

1095: 1077: 993: 965: 803: 605: 495:

British Government. To receive the charter, however, the association was told by

457:

The draft attracted stiff opposition from Colonial Office officials and from the

403: 330: 217: 207: 119: 96: 1069:

laid the blame squarely at the feet of the New Zealand Company representatives.

762: 691:, the first of five 500-ton immigrant ships hired by the company. Following the 322: 91: 4039: 3969: 3807: 3792: 3707: 3652: 3624: 3492: 3469: 1119: 1066: 867: 553: 395: 314: 293:. Herd was unconvinced that area was the ideal location and sailed instead for 286: 185: 162: 1118:

In late September or early October 1840, MP and New Zealand Company Secretary

829:, sailed for New Zealand on 13 August, and before the year it was followed by 545:

for £5250 from Joseph Somes, a wealthy shipowner and member of the committee.

4223: 3989: 3894: 3063:

An Account of the Settlements of the New Zealand Company by The Hon H W Petre

1286:

For more information on New Zealand Company involvement in Christchurch, see

1278:

For more information on New Zealand Company involvement in New Plymouth, see

1159: 1058: 1015: 1003: 958: 815: 679:, R.A., set sail, and a month later—still with no word on the success of the 659: 491: 434: 290: 77: 1180: 1108: 1002:

was published in Wellington from 1840 to 1844. Initially privately owned by

306: 2527:

The Life of Henry Williams: "Early Recollections" written by Henry Williams

1549: 1471: 1365: 1226: 1215: 1099: 1062: 942: 811: 790: 754: 663:

Plaque in Adam Street, London commemorating the New Zealand Company offices

573: 73: 69: 1768:

The Rosanna Settlers: with Captain Herd on the coast of New Zealand 1826-7

1266: 807: 786: 741:

crossed Cook Strait on 20 September and with the aid of whaler and trader

373: 3549:

A Society of Gentlemen: The Untold Story of the First New Zealand Company

921: 899:

declared the council illegal. He then despatched his Colonial Secretary,

734: 367: 38: 3364: 1047: 721: 213: 53: 3585: 3127: 2225: 799: 3447: 2316:

New Zealand Land Company instructions to Colonel Wakefield, May 1839.

1258: 1235: 687:—on 15 September 1839 it was followed from Gravesend, London, by the 648: 641: 511: 1242:

in January 1844. The company worked with the Lay Association of the

916:), at the north of the harbour. The sections, near the mouth of the 3914: 1210: 954: 412: 326: 318: 127: 61: 45:, who envisaged the creation of a new-model English society in the 4135: 3876: 2563: 1247: 1225:

The company also became indirectly involved in the settlement of

65: 2766: 1006:, it was regarded as a "mouthpiece of the New Zealand Company". 41:. The company was formed to carry out the principles devised by 4180: 4097: 3819: 1815:

Fatal Necessity: British Intervention in New Zealand, 1830–1847

1572: 1388: 1219: 1073: 913: 750: 537: 478: 338: 334: 147: 2282: 1269:

iwi in June 1848. The colonising efforts were taken up by the

980:, the nephew of William Wakefield who had also arrived on the 4069: 2754: 1239: 1112: 818:

in which 22 English settlers and four Māori would be killed.

778: 266: 115: 616:, M.P., Edward G. Wakefield, Sir Henry Webb, Arthur Willis, 302: 273:

settlement sites in New Zealand. On 5 March 1826 the ships,

3043: 2874: 2872: 2163: 1448:

An Act to grant certain Powers to the New Zealand Company.

1022:, a supporter of Wakefield, but was renamed Nelson (after 626:, advertise for a captain and surveyor and select Colonel 3408:

The Interpreter: The Biography of Richard "Dicky" Barrett

3316: 3275: 3263: 2845: 2466: 2416: 2404: 2253: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1294: 1209:

The New Zealand Company also established a settlement at

996:". Settlers enthusiastically accepted the proposal. The 195:(brother of Russell, and also brother-in-law of Lambton); 3251: 3139: 3089: 2921: 2884: 2869: 2790: 2742: 2730: 2700: 2537: 2392: 1727: 317:. In January 1827 Herd surveyed parts of the harbour at 16:

Company formed for the purpose of colonising New Zealand

3551:

by Richard Wolfe (2007, Penguin, North Shore Auckland)

2626: 2624: 2533:(ENZB), University of Auckland Library. pp. 15–17. 2428: 2083: 2047: 2010: 1914: 1902: 386:

central focus of the society's pamphlets and lectures.

3536:– New Zealand Electronic Text Collection. 30 June 1852 2658:. New Zealand Legal Information Institute. 21 May 1840 2609:. New Zealand Legal Information Institute. 23 May 1840 2587:. New Zealand Legal Information Institute. 21 May 1840 2071: 2059: 1998: 1986: 1974: 1962: 1938: 1885: 1705: 1703: 1218:

to consider further sites, where they made contact at

761:

he secured the signature of an exiled Taranaki chief,

3340: 3328: 3304: 3239: 3215: 2778: 2376:

New Zealand Company deed of purchase, 25 October 1839

1950: 654: 227:(sometime chair of the East India Company, and later 4280:

Trading companies disestablished in the 19th century

3227: 3177: 3031: 2955: 2857: 2636: 2621: 2502: 2490: 2357: 2294: 2175: 2022: 894:

and that on 2 March they had raised the flag of the

3497:(MA thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch) 3389:

Fatal Success: A History of the New Zealand Company

2478: 2336: 2278:. Auckland: The Brett Printing Company. p. 19. 2242: 2240: 2187: 2126: 2095: 1926: 1873: 1818:. BWB e-Book. Bridget Williams Books. p. 197. 1715: 1700: 52:The New Zealand Company established settlements at 2122:. Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 1739: 1688: 1676: 4275:Trading companies established in the 19th century 3494:The first New Zealand land commissions, 1840–1845 1658:? Note also that EJ Wakefield, in his 1845 book, 773:to negotiate the sale of all their district from 725:by a lottery draw in London. Wakefield was told: 363:Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies 4221: 3528: 3370: 2237: 1654:"Mannings" is an unusual surname. Could this be 2311: 2309: 1046:The ships arrived at Blind Bay (today known as 912:"Britannia", on the flat land at Pito-one (now 370:through a commercial profit-making enterprise. 2828:"New Zealand Gazette and Wellington Spectator" 2207:"NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE AND WELLINGTON SPECTATOR" 2144: 1147: 454:to bring the association's plans to fruition. 3601: 2977:, Auckland University Press, 1977, chapter 7. 2952:, Auckland University Press, 1977, chapter 6. 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2250:, Auckland University Press, 1977, chapter 5. 2044:, Auckland University Press, 1977, chapter 3. 769:passed Wanganui three chiefs came aboard the 620:). The company acted urgently to fit out the 3663:Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands 2325: 2323: 2306: 1763:"Chapter 3: The New Zealand Company of 1825" 999:New Zealand Gazette and Wellington Spectator 68:and also became involved in the settling of 675:, with a surveyors' team headed by Captain 142:John George Lambton, the future Lord Durham 99:, successive governors of New Zealand, the 3608: 3594: 3516: 3357: 3355: 2933: 2902: 2560:"New Zealand Company / United Tribes flag" 2543: 1088: 353:, who was serving three years in jail for 3658:Company of Merchant Adventurers of London 2320: 2149:(revised ed.). Penguin. p. 69. 1848: 1842: 1760: 1756: 1754: 1496:New Zealand Company (No. 2) Act 1846 4255:British companies disestablished in 1858 3581:in the 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand 3573:in the 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand 3565:in the 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand 2520: 2348: 2138: 927: 658: 477: 372: 344: 165:). Other directors of the company were: 137: 20: 4270:Trading companies of the United Kingdom 4020:Imperial Company of Trieste and Antwerp 3615: 3524:. New Zealand Flag Consideration Panel. 3405: 3352: 3067:(Smith, Elder and Co, 1842), Chapter 3. 3049: 2784: 2772: 2683:Te Ara: the Encyclopedia of New Zealand 2676: 2554: 2552: 2514: 1956: 1129:Colonial Land and Emigration Commission 798:Zealand Company, Wakefield was told by 4265:1850s disestablishments in New Zealand 4222: 3468: 3012: 2642: 2508: 2496: 2181: 2028: 1751: 1295:Financial difficulties and dissolution 1204: 1076:. A bid in September 1841 to sell the 103:and the prominent missionary Reverend 4235:British companies established in 1839 3589: 3386: 3346: 3334: 3310: 3281: 3269: 3245: 3221: 3145: 3133: 3095: 3037: 3017:. Canberra: ANU E Press. p. 40. 2961: 2927: 2905:FitzRoy: Governor in Crisis 1843–1845 2890: 2878: 2863: 2851: 2796: 2760: 2748: 2736: 2706: 2630: 2484: 2472: 2422: 2410: 2398: 2363: 2300: 2288: 2271: 2259: 2231: 2193: 2169: 2132: 2101: 2089: 2077: 2065: 2053: 2016: 2004: 1992: 1980: 1968: 1944: 1932: 1896: 1879: 1811: 1733: 1721: 1709: 1482:Text of statute as originally enacted 850: 4025:Imperial Privileged Oriental Company 3490: 3446: 3424: 3322: 3257: 3233: 3183: 2896: 2549: 2434: 2342: 1920: 1908: 1805: 1745: 1694: 1682: 1656:William Manning (British politician) 1383:New Zealand Company (No. 2) Act 1846 4260:1830s establishments in New Zealand 3530:"New Zealand Constitution Act 1852" 814:. That sale would lead to the 1843 13: 4171:Royal Greenland Trading Department 3510: 3430:The Penguin History of New Zealand 1183:population had either migrated to 932:Lambton Harbour at Port Nicholson. 697:Aurora, Adelaide, Duke of Roxburgh 655:1839 expedition and land purchases 133: 14: 4291: 3847:Company of One Hundred Associates 3534:Victoria University of Wellington 3476:. Wellington: Allen & Unwin. 3136:, pp. 165–166, 171–173, 190. 2234:, pp. 16, 17, 84–87, 92, 99. 1610:New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 4203: 4202: 4088:Royal Company of the Philippines 3836:Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique 3287: 3189: 3151: 2113: 1514:Parliament of the United Kingdom 1507: 1436:Parliament of the United Kingdom 1429: 1330:Parliament of the United Kingdom 1323: 945:), which was named in honour of 107:, and it stridently opposed the 25:New Zealand Company coat of arms 4250:British colonisation of Oceania 4230:Companies of the United Kingdom 3491:Tonk, Rosemarie V. (May 1986). 3380: 3297:, 1849, as cited by Paul Moon, 3101: 3080: 3071: 3055: 3006: 2980: 2967: 2832:National Library of New Zealand 2820: 2811: 2802: 2721: 2712: 2677:Maclean, Chris (15 June 2008). 2670: 2648: 2599: 2577: 2440: 2381: 2369: 2265: 2199: 2107: 2034: 1158:In May 1842 Hampshire attorney 482:Colonial Secretary Lord Glenelg 355:abducting a 15-year-old heiress 248:shipping insurer Ralph Fenwick; 229:Governor of the Bank of England 3975:Pernambuco and Paraíba Company 3945:Grão Pará and Maranhão Company 1648: 584:, M.P., Francis Baring, M.P., 269:timber, whaling, and sealing. 251:solicitor John William Buckle; 1: 4083:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 3935:Cacheu and Cape Verde Company 3643:British American Land Company 1669: 1578:Statute Law Revision Act 1875 1415:New Zealand Company Act 1846 1394:Statute Law Revision Act 1875 906: 703:, plus a freight vessel, the 3633:African Company of Merchants 2120:Encyclopaedia of New Zealand 1850:Wakefield, Edward Jerningham 1641: 1567:New Zealand Company Act 1846 1312:New Zealand Company Act 1846 896:United Tribes of New Zealand 305:that was home to members of 7: 3885:Brandenburg African Company 3678:Eastern Archipelago Company 3648:British East Africa Company 3517:Malcolm Mulholland (2016). 3299:Fitzroy: Governor in Crisis 3015:Past Law, Present Histories 3013:Kirkby, Diane, ed. (2012). 1837:...first published in 1977. 1619: 1154:New Zealand Land Commission 1148:New Zealand Land Commission 202:; landowner and politician 10: 4296: 4245:Immigration to New Zealand 4126:Swedish West India Company 4111:Swedish East India Company 4055:Compagnie van De Moucheron 3808:Virginia Company of London 3713:London and Bristol Company 3571:Second New Zealand Company 1616:the Southern Hemisphere." 1605:settlers in New Zealand". 1489:United Kingdom legislation 1408:United Kingdom legislation 1305:United Kingdom legislation 1151: 854: 614:Frederick James Tollemache 502:it would have to become a 469: 84: 4197: 4179: 4166:Danish West India Company 4161:Danish East India Company 4134: 4096: 4078:Barcelona Trading Company 4068: 3983: 3913: 3875: 3818: 3758:Royal West Indian Company 3738:Providence Island Company 3718:Massachusetts Bay Company 3623: 3563:First New Zealand Company 2907:. David Ling Publishing. 2775:, pp. 214, 228, 229. 2291:, pp. 106, 110, 126. 2211:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz 1761:McDonnell, Hilda (2002). 1626:New Zealand Company ships 1583: 1571: 1563: 1558: 1548: 1543: 1530: 1520: 1506: 1501: 1494: 1480: 1470: 1465: 1452: 1442: 1428: 1423: 1413: 1399: 1387: 1379: 1374: 1364: 1359: 1346: 1336: 1322: 1317: 1310: 1009: 976:the land to speculators. 459:Church Missionary Society 448:William Wolryche-Whitmore 216:officer and politician 101:Church Missionary Society 4189:Russian-American Company 4045:Dutch West India Company 4015:Dutch East India Company 3778:South Australian Company 3519:"New Zealand Flag Facts" 3406:Caughey, Angela (1998). 3387:Burns, Patricia (1989). 2763:, pp. 98, 116, 209. 2331:Adventure in New Zealand 2147:A History of New Zealand 1858:. John Murray. p. 4 1660:Adventure in New Zealand 785:were emerging, however. 191:politician and merchant 150:, headed by the wealthy 3829:Compagnie de l'Occident 3295:Sketches in New Zealand 2531:Early New Zealand Books 2521:Carleton, Hugh (1874). 2145:Keith Sinclair (2000). 1280:History of New Plymouth 1250:in late November 1847. 1244:Free Church of Scotland 1089:Government intervention 518:motion of no confidence 377:Edward Gibbon Wakefield 351:Edward Gibbon Wakefield 43:Edward Gibbon Wakefield 4156:Danish Asiatic Company 4144:Danish African Company 4116:Swedish Levant Company 4106:Swedish Africa Company 4030:New Netherland Company 3998:Australische Compagnie 3474:The Treaty of Waitangi 2172:, pp. 13, 75, 76. 1868:Digitised 22 July 2009 1631:Canterbury Association 1288:Canterbury Association 1271:Canterbury Association 941:at Lambton Bay (later 933: 731: 664: 618:George Frederick Young 586:John Ellorker Boulcott 483: 400:Sir William Molesworth 378: 243:Abraham Wildey Robarts 241:politician and banker 234:writer and politician 143: 26: 4121:Swedish South Company 4010:Brabantsche Compagnie 3743:Royal African Company 3454:. Auckland: Penguin. 3410:. David Bateman Ltd. 3371:Constitution Act 1852 2272:Brett, Henry (1928). 1812:Adams, Peter (2013). 931: 759:Queen Charlotte Sound 733:Wakefield arrived at 727: 718:Queen Charlotte Sound 662: 610:William Thompson, M.P 481: 376: 345:Wakefield's influence 254:William Mannings; and 141: 24: 3905:West African Company 3842:Company of Habitants 3773:Somers Isles Company 3768:Sierra Leone Company 3763:South Africa Company 3733:North Borneo Company 3703:Hudson's Bay Company 3325:, pp. 252, 253. 3052:, pp. 164, 165. 2854:, pp. 170, 179. 2475:, pp. 144, 145. 2425:, pp. 121, 122. 2413:, pp. 120, 121. 2262:, pp. 101, 102. 1736:, pp. 265, 283. 978:Jerningham Wakefield 901:Willoughby Shortland 580:, M.P., Lord Petre, 359:Robert Wilmot-Horton 311:Coromandel Peninsula 198:political economist 182:Stewart Marjoribanks 4240:Chartered companies 4050:Compagnie van Verre 4035:Noordsche Compagnie 3890:East Africa Company 3857:Mississippi Company 3753:Royal Niger Company 3728:New Zealand Company 3668:Company of Scotland 3617:Chartered companies 3284:, pp. 273–275. 3272:, pp. 272–273. 3260:, pp. 139–148. 3148:, pp. 177–178. 3098:, pp. 157–158. 2930:, pp. 243–245. 2903:Moon, Paul (2000). 2893:, pp. 184–187. 2881:, pp. 180–182. 2799:, pp. 89, 114. 2751:, pp. 113–117. 2739:, pp. 151–152. 2709:, pp. 131–134. 2437:, pp. 250–252. 2401:, pp. 111–119. 1923:, pp. 166–167. 1911:, pp. 161–165. 1205:Further settlements 1024:the British admiral 757:. On 8 November in 602:Sir George Sinclair 598:Alderman John Pirie 590:John William Buckle 504:joint stock company 295:Te Whanganui-a-Tara 152:John George Lambton 47:Southern Hemisphere 33:, chartered in the 31:New Zealand Company 3960:Mozambique Company 3940:East India Company 3900:New Guinea Company 3867:West India Company 3852:East India Company 3748:Royal British Bank 3673:East India Company 3579:The Wakefield Myth 3391:. Heinemann Reed. 2333:, 1845, chapter 2. 2213:. 21 November 1840 2092:, pp. 64, 72. 2056:, pp. 48, 59. 2019:, pp. 52, 53. 1020:William Molesworth 990:Duke of Wellington 934: 878:In April the Rev. 863:Treaty of Waitangi 857:Treaty of Waitangi 851:Treaty of Waitangi 677:William Mein Smith 665: 594:James Robert Gowen 592:, Russell Ellice, 550:British Government 497:Colonial Secretary 484: 440:Earl Mount Cashell 379: 299:Wellington Harbour 200:Robert Torrens snr 170:East India Company 144: 109:Treaty of Waitangi 27: 4217: 4216: 3950:Company of Guinea 3783:South Sea Company 3693:Greenland Company 3557:978-0-14-302051-6 3432:. Penguin Books. 2114:Hare, Mclintock. 2080:, pp. 61–64. 2068:, pp. 55–60. 2007:, pp. 44–47. 1995:, pp. 42–44. 1983:, pp. 38–41. 1971:, pp. 35–36. 1947:, pp. 25–28. 1899:, pp. 18–21. 1825:978-1-927277-19-5 1636:Otago Association 1590: 1589: 1559:Other legislation 1502:Act of Parliament 1487: 1486: 1424:Act of Parliament 1406: 1405: 1375:Other legislation 1318:Act of Parliament 1263:Lyttelton Harbour 1255:Church of England 1125:Lord John Russell 1029:Three ships, the 628:William Wakefield 608:, M.P., Alderman 582:Henry A. Aglionby 578:Viscount Ingestre 4287: 4206: 4205: 4152: 4060:Veerse Compagnie 4006: 3965:Zambezia Company 3931: 3803:Plymouth Company 3798:Virginia Company 3683:Eastland Company 3610: 3603: 3596: 3587: 3586: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3525: 3523: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3487: 3465: 3452:A Savage Country 3443: 3421: 3402: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3199:. Archived from 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3161:. Archived from 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3111:. Archived from 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3084: 3078: 3075: 3069: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3010: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2990:. Archived from 2984: 2978: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2946: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2809: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2691: 2689: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2556: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2450:. Archived from 2444: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2329:E.J. Wakefield, 2327: 2318: 2313: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2244: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2203: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2093: 2087: 2081: 2075: 2069: 2063: 2057: 2051: 2045: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1936: 1930: 1924: 1918: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1883: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1863: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1834: 1832: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1796: 1792: 1790: 1782: 1777: 1775: 1758: 1749: 1743: 1737: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1707: 1698: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1663: 1652: 1585:Status: Repealed 1537:9 & 10 Vict. 1511: 1510: 1497: 1492: 1491: 1459:9 & 10 Vict. 1433: 1432: 1419: 1411: 1410: 1401:Status: Repealed 1353:9 & 10 Vict. 1327: 1326: 1313: 1308: 1307: 709:d'Urville Island 534:governor general 421:House of Commons 263:New Zealand flax 204:Edward Littleton 4295: 4294: 4290: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4285: 4284: 4220: 4219: 4218: 4213: 4193: 4175: 4146: 4130: 4092: 4064: 4000: 3988: 3979: 3925: 3909: 3871: 3862:Senegal Company 3814: 3788:Spanish Company 3723:Muscovy Company 3638:Barbary Company 3619: 3614: 3539: 3537: 3521: 3513: 3511:Further reading 3500: 3498: 3484: 3470:Orange, Claudia 3462: 3440: 3418: 3399: 3383: 3378: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3353: 3349:, pp. 295. 3345: 3341: 3337:, pp. 251. 3333: 3329: 3321: 3317: 3313:, pp. 216. 3309: 3305: 3301:(2000), pg 147. 3292: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3268: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3248:, pp. 271. 3244: 3240: 3236:, pp. 139. 3232: 3228: 3224:, pp. 247. 3220: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3203:on 4 March 2016 3195: 3194: 3190: 3186:, pp. 142. 3182: 3178: 3168: 3166: 3165:on 3 March 2016 3157: 3156: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3118: 3116: 3115:on 4 March 2016 3107: 3106: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3060: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3040:, pp. 157. 3036: 3032: 3025: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2995: 2994:on 4 March 2016 2986: 2985: 2981: 2975:Fatal Necessity 2972: 2968: 2964:, pp. 138. 2960: 2956: 2950:Fatal Necessity 2947: 2934: 2926: 2922: 2915: 2901: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2877: 2870: 2866:, pp. 179. 2862: 2858: 2850: 2846: 2836: 2834: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2747: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2687: 2685: 2675: 2671: 2661: 2659: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2633:, pp. 155. 2629: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2590: 2588: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2568: 2566: 2558: 2557: 2550: 2544:Mulholland 2016 2542: 2538: 2519: 2515: 2507: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2471: 2467: 2457: 2455: 2454:on 3 March 2016 2446: 2445: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2421: 2417: 2409: 2405: 2397: 2393: 2386: 2382: 2374: 2370: 2366:, pp. 144. 2362: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2345:, pp. 181. 2341: 2337: 2328: 2321: 2314: 2307: 2303:, pp. 111. 2299: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2270: 2266: 2258: 2254: 2248:Fatal Necessity 2245: 2238: 2230: 2226: 2216: 2214: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2192: 2188: 2180: 2176: 2168: 2164: 2157: 2143: 2139: 2131: 2127: 2116:"Ships, Famous" 2112: 2108: 2100: 2096: 2088: 2084: 2076: 2072: 2064: 2060: 2052: 2048: 2042:Fatal Necessity 2039: 2035: 2027: 2023: 2015: 2011: 2003: 1999: 1991: 1987: 1979: 1975: 1967: 1963: 1955: 1951: 1943: 1939: 1931: 1927: 1919: 1915: 1907: 1903: 1895: 1886: 1878: 1874: 1861: 1859: 1847: 1843: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1810: 1806: 1794: 1793: 1784: 1783: 1773: 1771: 1759: 1752: 1748:, pp. 173. 1744: 1740: 1732: 1728: 1724:, pp. 256. 1720: 1716: 1712:, pp. 154. 1708: 1701: 1697:, pp. 172. 1693: 1689: 1685:, pp. 171. 1681: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1666: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1622: 1586: 1516: 1508: 1495: 1490: 1438: 1430: 1414: 1409: 1402: 1332: 1324: 1311: 1306: 1297: 1207: 1156: 1150: 1096:New South Wales 1091: 1078:Chatham Islands 1012: 994:South Australia 962:Land Commission 909: 859: 853: 804:Manukau Harbour 701:Bengal Merchant 657: 606:John Abel Smith 472: 404:South Australia 347: 297:, (present-day 218:Courtenay Boyle 208:Baron Hatherton 161:(and later 1st 136: 134:1825 expedition 120:Cape Kidnappers 118:in the west to 97:Colonial Office 87: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4293: 4283: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4211: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4191: 4185: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4140: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4102: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4074: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4040:Ostend Company 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 3994: 3992: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3977: 3972: 3970:Niassa Company 3967: 3962: 3957: 3955:House of India 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3919: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3881: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3832: 3824: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3812: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3795: 3793:Venice Company 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3708:Levant Company 3705: 3700: 3698:Guinea Company 3695: 3690: 3688:French Company 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3653:Canada Company 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3629: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3613: 3612: 3605: 3598: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3575: 3567: 3559: 3546: 3526: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3507: 3488: 3482: 3466: 3460: 3444: 3438: 3422: 3416: 3403: 3397: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3363: 3351: 3339: 3327: 3315: 3303: 3286: 3274: 3262: 3250: 3238: 3226: 3214: 3188: 3176: 3150: 3138: 3126: 3100: 3088: 3079: 3070: 3054: 3042: 3030: 3024:978-1922144027 3023: 3005: 2979: 2966: 2954: 2932: 2920: 2913: 2895: 2883: 2868: 2856: 2844: 2819: 2810: 2801: 2789: 2787:, pp. 96. 2777: 2765: 2753: 2741: 2729: 2720: 2711: 2699: 2669: 2647: 2645:, pp. 84. 2635: 2620: 2598: 2576: 2548: 2536: 2513: 2511:, pp. 72. 2501: 2499:, pp. 30. 2489: 2487:, pp. 97. 2477: 2465: 2439: 2427: 2415: 2403: 2391: 2380: 2368: 2356: 2347: 2335: 2319: 2305: 2293: 2281: 2264: 2252: 2236: 2224: 2198: 2196:, pp. 13. 2186: 2184:, pp. 28. 2174: 2162: 2155: 2137: 2135:, pp. 81. 2125: 2106: 2104:, pp. 73. 2094: 2082: 2070: 2058: 2046: 2033: 2031:, pp. 26. 2021: 2009: 1997: 1985: 1973: 1961: 1959:, pp. 11. 1949: 1937: 1935:, pp. 24. 1925: 1913: 1901: 1884: 1882:, pp. 18. 1872: 1841: 1824: 1804: 1795:|website= 1750: 1738: 1726: 1714: 1699: 1687: 1674: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1646: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1621: 1618: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1575: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1555: 1554:26 August 1846 1552: 1546: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1524: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1498: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1478: 1477: 1476:18 August 1846 1474: 1468: 1467: 1463: 1462: 1456: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1440: 1439: 1434: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1391: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1362: 1361: 1357: 1356: 1350: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1334: 1333: 1328: 1320: 1319: 1315: 1314: 1304: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1283: 1206: 1203: 1152:Main article: 1149: 1146: 1120:Charles Buller 1090: 1087: 1067:Robert FitzRoy 1011: 1008: 908: 905: 880:Henry Williams 855:Main article: 852: 849: 656: 653: 640:repurchase by 554:Bay of Islands 522:Francis Baring 488:Lord Melbourne 471: 468: 396:Charles Buller 346: 343: 315:Bay of Islands 287:Stewart Island 259: 258: 255: 252: 249: 246: 239: 232: 225:James Pattison 221: 211: 196: 189: 186:Russell Ellice 163:Earl of Durham 135: 132: 105:Henry Williams 86: 83: 35:United Kingdom 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4292: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4210: 4209: 4200: 4199: 4196: 4190: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4178: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4095: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3990:Low Countries 3986: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3895:Emden Company 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3817: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3606: 3604: 3599: 3597: 3592: 3591: 3588: 3582: 3580: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3520: 3515: 3514: 3496: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3461:9780143567387 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3439:0-14-301867-1 3435: 3431: 3427: 3426:King, Michael 3423: 3419: 3417:1-86953-346-1 3413: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3398:0-7900-0011-3 3394: 3390: 3385: 3384: 3373:, Section 74. 3372: 3367: 3358: 3356: 3348: 3343: 3336: 3331: 3324: 3319: 3312: 3307: 3300: 3296: 3293:W. T. 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