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53:
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retrieve bone samples. A genetic analysis of bones from paleontological and archaeological sites, to determine the extent of fauna and the human impact on them, identified kererū bones at seven archaeological sites. These sites give insight into the interactions between humans and kererū, including the effect of Māori hunting on historic kererū populations. As well as being found on the main islands of New
Zealand, kererū bones have also been recovered from sites excavated at
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77:
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348:. However, due to the previous decline in its population, hunting is illegal. Customary use of kererū is restricted to the use of feathers and bones obtained from dead birds collected by DOC. This issue has received significant public and political attention, as some people argue that bans on kererū hunting are detrimental to Māori traditions. In 2018, the kererū was designated
1053:, which tends to take place between March and May. Further, south fewer subtropical tree species grow, and in these areas breeding usually occurs between October (early spring) and April (late summer/early autumn), again depending on fruit availability. During the breeding season the male kererū performs display flights, where it ascends steeply and appears to
857:. However their numbers declined significantly after European colonisation. This was due mainly to a decrease in habitat, introduced predators and hunting. Currently, whether kererū are present at a particular location within New Zealand is dependent on numerous factors such as forest cover, forest type and density of predators. Although
800:
coverts are mainly pale grey. The bill is red with an orange tip, the feet dark red, and eyes are red with a pink orbital ring. Juveniles have a similar colouration but are generally paler with dull colours for the beak, eyes and feet and a shorter tail. The extinct
Norfolk Island subspecies had a chestnut
1296:, a trap where snares were placed on the sides of a water trough suspended in a tree. As the kererū landed to drink from the trough, they would become caught by the snare. Occasionally, tame kererū were used as decoys to entice others. Once caught, kererū were typically preserved in their own fat within
1084:
in shifts of around six hours. Fieldwork in
Motatau Forest in Northland found that both parents then brooded the chick for 9–13 days, followed by the female alone. After 13–27 days, parents fed the chick without brooding. Weight gain is rapid in the first 8 days, while feathers appear between 5th and
1201:
A survey of kererū population was undertaken for 10 consecutive days every year from 2013 to 2021, using observations from members of the public. The Great Kererū Count has been claimed to be New
Zealand's largest citizen science project. It was led by the conservation organisations Kererū Discovery
799:
are a copper-sheened purple, lightening to a more grey-green on the lower back, rump and the rest of upper surface of the wings. The tail is dark brown with green highlights and a pale edge. The breast is white, and sharply demarcated from the darker parts of its plumage. The undertail and underwing
984:
While fruit comprises the major part of its diet, the kererū also browses on leaves and buds from a wide variety of both native and exotic species, especially nitrogen-rich foliage during breeding. Its diet changes seasonally as the availability of fruit changes, and leaves can comprise most of its
1048:
The kererū is monogamous; pairs are thought to reproduce together over multiple seasons, and remain together when not breeding. Breeding generally depends on the availability of ripe fruit, which varies seasonally, annually, and by location. In the warmer
Northland region, kererū are able to raise
1153:
The Wild Birds
Protection Act 1864 established hunting season for the species from April to July. With kererū populations declining across the country, harvests became increasingly restricted by the government. This culminated in the Animals Protection and Game Act 1921–1922, which designated the
1221:
The findings from the annual count, together with the results of a separate citizen science project—the annual New
Zealand Garden Bird Survey—indicate that there has been a recovery in the population of kererū in suburban areas, with a 79% increase in sightings from 2010 to 2020. The final Great
1165:
in
Wellington, as a result of low-flying birds being struck by vehicles as they fly across the motorway to feed on the flowers of tree lucerne. Kererū can also be injured or killed following collisions with the windows of buildings. In 2021, the Urban Wildlife Trust commenced a campaign to help
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at the top of the flight, before a steep swooping descent. The courtship display includes the male turning around on a perch adjacent to a female, placing the tip of the bill into a wing, and stretching out his neck while bowing his head. He then bounces up and down with his bill resting on his
1336:
Kererū remains have been found in both inland and coastal sites throughout New
Zealand. Identification of bone specimens in archaeological sites has been difficult due to their being fragmented during preparation for food, or because fine-mesh sieving was not carried out during excavations to
1315:
took the form of a kererū when he went down into the underworld in search of his parents. According to this legend, the reason for the kererū's iridescent green-blue and white plumage is because when Māui transformed into the kererū, he was carrying the skirt/apron and belt of his mother,
304:
Found in a variety of habitats across the country, the kererū feeds mainly on fruits, as well as leaves, buds and flowers. Although widespread in both forest and urban habitats, its numbers have declined significantly since
European colonisation and the arrival of invasive mammals such as
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after 30–45 days. A pair may begin building a second nest before their chick in the first nest fledges. In seasons of plentiful fruit the kererū can successfully nest up to four times. Kererū have a lifespan of 15 to 25 years; in 2020, a 29-year-old bird nicknamed "Pidge" turned up in
794:
is that of a typical pigeon, in that it has a relatively small head, a straight soft-based bill and loosely attached feathers. The sexes have similar plumage. The head, neck and upper breast are dark green with a gold-bronze highlights, while the nape, upper back and secondary
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1039:
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published a discussion paper about allowing the harvest of various species protected under the Wildlife Act 1953, including the kererū. It has been argued that preventing the customary harvests of taonga such as kererū is in-part degrading or facilitating the loss of
1040:
4165:
Seersholm, Frederik V.; Cole, Theresa L.; Grealy, Alicia; Rawlence, Nicolas J.; Greig, Karen; Knapp, Michael; Stat, Michael; Hansen, Anders J.; Easton, Luke J.; Shepherd, Lara; Tennyson, Alan J. D.; Scofield, R. Paul; Walter, Richard; Bunce, Michael (2018).
284:
described the bird in 1789 as a large, conspicuous pigeon up to 50 cm (20 in) in length and 550–850 g (19–30 oz) in weight, with a white breast and iridescent green–blue plumage. Two subspecies have been recognised; the second—the
1158:, which reaffirmed the status of kererū as a protected species and outlawed any taking of the birds. Prosecutions have been taken enforcing this law. Māori have protested at each of these law changes, claiming a traditional right to hunt the pigeon.
1275:
celebrations as the birds are fat from eating berries that ripen during this time. They also tended to be easier to catch at this time of year due to their intoxication from fermented berries. Kererū feathers continue to be retained for making
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1037:
1414:
possession of taonga such as kererū, it therefore guarantees their right to harvest those taonga. Currently, customary use of kererū is restricted to the use of feathers and bones obtained from dead birds collected by DOC.
3814:
1653:
4357:
2957:
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Seersholm, Frederik V.; Cole, Theresa L.; Grealy, Alicia; Rawlence, Nicolas J.; Greig, Karen; Knapp, Michael; Stat, Michael; Hansen, Anders J.; Easton, Luke J.; Shepherd, Lara; Tennyson, Alan J. D. (2018).
1061:
The kererū nests in the canopy of trees, bushes, shrubs, or hedges, anywhere from 1.8 to 9.1 m (5.9 to 29.9 ft) above the ground. Both birds construct the unlined platform of twigs—mostly kānuka
3166:
839:, confirming the species once inhabited the island, though it was made locally extinct through hunting and cat predation in the late 1800s. They can be found in a variety of habitats including in native
1146:)—have played a role in reducing the population of kererū. Both possums and rats significantly reduce the amount of fruit available for kererū, and they also prey on kererū eggs and nestlings; cats and
3900:
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536:
confirmed the kererū and Norfolk pigeons to be more closely related to each other than the Chatham pigeon, and that dispersal between the three landmasses most likely occurred during the
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3703:
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sounds, and their wings make a characteristic "whoosh" during flight. The bird's flight is also distinctive; birds will often ascend slowly before making steep parabolic dives.
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3598:
Robertson, H.A.; Baird, K.; Dowding, J.E.; Elliott, G.P.; Hitchmough, R.A.; Miskelly, C.M.; McArthur, N.; O'Donnell, C.F.J.; Sagar, P.M.; Scofield, R.P.; Taylor, G.A. (2017).
2274:
4543:
4416:
861:, kererū can move considerable distances within their range; most fieldwork showed them moving up to 25 km (16 mi), generally looking for food. A 2011 study in
4134:"Archaeological avifauna of Harataonga, Great Barrier Island, New Zealand: implications for avian palaeontology, Maori prehistory, and archaeofaunal recovery techniques"
1222:
Kererū Count was held in 2021, with more sightings recorded than in previous years. There were 24,562 kererū counted in the 10-day period 17–26 September, with 28% from
1193:. However, it has been argued that several of the factors that caused the historic decrease in population are still present and could continue to damage the population.
4340:
3443:
1928:
Gibb, Gillian C.; Penny, David (2010). "Two aspects along the continuum of pigeon evolution: A South-Pacific radiation and the relationship of pigeons within Neoaves".
3469:
2965:
317:. However, the results of nationwide bird surveys indicate that there has been a significant recovery in the population of kererū in suburban areas. As of 2022, the
2341:
1150:
kill adults as well as young. On Norfolk Island, the local subspecies was last seen in 1900; direct hunting by people was probably the main cause of extinction.
3158:
1824:
1794:
4281:
2004:
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From the 1990s, the issue of whether to re-establish the customary harvest of kererū has received significant public and political attention. In 1994, the
977:
species) and plums. Because of its diverse diet and widespread distribution, the kererū plays an important ecological role, and is vital to the health of
823:
and offshore islands, the kererū was historically abundant throughout the country. Its lack of genetic diversity suggests the species retreated to forest
4393:
1716:
893:, preferring fruit from native trees, but also eating leaves, flowers and buds. The kererū feeds on many species with tropical affinities, including the
1161:
Kererū are also vulnerable to injury or death as a result of collisions with vehicles. A large number of kererū fatalities have been reported alongside
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3576:
3545:
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pigeon weighing 550–850 g (19–30 oz), and is up to 50 cm (20 in) in length, with a wingspan of around 75 cm (30 in). Its
4247:
4168:"Supplementary information for subsistence practices, past biodiversity, and anthropogenic impacts revealed by New Zealand-wide ancient DNA survey"
3647:
1154:
kererū as an absolutely protected species, although the enforcement against hunting was not consistent. This act was repealed and replaced by the
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4509:
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4455:
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6269:
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1174:. The proposed solution was the installation of a grid of dots permanently fixed to approximately 150 m (1,600 sq ft) of glass.
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326:
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2502:
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Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
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2235:
3334:
4167:
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3207:
4310:. New Zealand Archaeological Association monograph 18. Auckland, New Zealand: New Zealand Archaeological Association. pp. 59–65.
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297:, breeding over successive seasons and remaining together when not breeding. They construct nests with twigs in trees, with a single
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2523:
2460:
2266:
2213:
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After eating, kererū often sun themselves while digesting their food. This behaviour can lead to the fruit fermenting in the bird's
6084:
3848:
1186:
1182:
322:
6123:
4424:
3086:
Thorsen, Michael James; Nugent, Graham; Innes, John; Prime, Kevin (2004). "Parental care and growth rates of New Zealand pigeon (
1278:
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on the basis of its distinct plumage, larger size and differing bone structure. This has since been widely accepted. Analysis of
3981:
3936:
1576:
1518:
1115:
743:
314:
1614:
1547:
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4017:
3612:
3482:
3428:
2835:
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2394:
2035:
1975:
1904:
1710:
6128:
4597:, a programme for New Zealanders to help arrest the decline of the species through awareness and action in their own gardens
3488:
2070:
Carpenter, Joanna K.; Walker, Susan; Monks, Adrian; Innes, John; Binny, Rachelle N.; Schlesselmann, Ann-Kathrin V. (2021).
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3781:
3132:
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protect kererū and other birds from colliding with the large glazed areas surrounding the upper terminal building of the
778:
1058:
chest, and proceeds to mate with her if she is receptive, which she indicates by lowering her body so he can mount her.
4639:
1398:
17:
4351:
4308:
Beech forest hunters: the archaeology of Maori rockshelter sites on Lee Island, Lake Te Anau, in Southern New Zealand
4064:"Subsistence practices, past biodiversity, and anthropogenic impacts revealed by New Zealand-wide ancient DNA survey"
3389:
Gibbs, M. (2003). "Indigenous rights to natural resources in Australia and New Zealand: Kereru, dugong and pounamu".
1647:
1215:
766:, where technically possible. It is also known as kūkupa and kūkū in some parts of the North Island, particularly in
5988:
3673:
6259:
6154:
5798:
5521:
4341:
Maori customary use of native birds, plants & other traditional materials (Interim report and discussion paper)
2187:
1786:
4277:
2000:
3873:
3229:
Clout, M. N.; Karl, B. J.; Pierce, R. J.; Robertson, H. A. (1995). "Breeding and survival of New Zealand Pigeons
478:
4004:
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that causes the bird to become intoxicated. The kererū displays typical pigeon behaviour, including drinking by
831:
and rapidly spread across the country again when the climate grew warmer. Kererū bones have been recovered from
5749:
5744:
5739:
4315:
2079:
1424:
4603:
4383:
1693:
516:. The subspecies differed in their plumage colour and shape. In 2001, it was proposed that a third subspecies—
4632:
1162:
824:
3537:
1849:
Goldberg, Julia; Trewick, Steven A.; Powlesland, Ralph G. (2011). "Population structure and biogeography of
1292:
was the most common method of capturing kererū; less commonly, birds were speared. One type of snaring used
1271:, kererū forms an important part of their cultural identity. Kererū were the food of choice associated with
3599:
1448:
1317:
1020:(unlike many birds which drink by raising their heads, using the assistance of gravity). Kererū also feed
6022:
5970:
1637:
1312:
374:
6027:
3643:
5869:
4943:
3260:
Clout, Michael N.; Saunders, Alan J. (1995). "Conservation and ecological restoration in New Zealand".
2389:. Derek J. Onley (3rd ed.). Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin Random House New Zealand. p. 146.
1963:
3569:"Innovative decals proposed as solution to native birds crashing into Wellington's cable car terminal"
2940:
770:, and Latham had reported the name "Hagarrèroo" in 1783. Kererū have also been called "wood pigeons".
101:
6174:
6001:
5710:
4447:
2690:
2547:"Habitat use and spring movements of New Zealand pigeons at Lake Rotoroa, Nelson Lakes National Park"
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5277:
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820:
415:
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name, and a variety of mainstream sources now use the name kererū for the species. Spelling Māori
5975:
5342:
5330:
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3359:
1702:
1203:
955:
901:, which abound in the essentially subtropical forests of northern New Zealand. They also feed on
804:, more grey outer wings and rump, a dark purple tail and white under wing and undertail coverts.
382:
281:
213:
6213:
1423:
The kererū is featured on the reverse side of the series 3 (1967–1981) and series 4 (1981–1991)
1114:
species, hunting, habitat degradation, and poor reproductive success. The introduced Australian
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6009:
5910:
5602:
5253:
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1304:
reported at least 8000 birds were caught and prepared in this manner from a grove of miro near
1054:
907:
862:
696:
474:
6141:
5840:
5248:
5243:
5131:
2578:
Powlesland, Ralph G.; Moran, Less R.; Wotton, Debra M. (2011). "Satellite tracking of Kereru (
2546:
1816:
6208:
5881:
5705:
5700:
5590:
5434:
5306:
5265:
4907:
2822:
2659:"The importance of birds as browsers, pollinators and seed dispersers in New Zealand forests"
925:
828:
310:
196:
6200:
3201:
2609:
Campbell, Kirsten L.; Schotborgh, H. Maaike; Wilson, Kerry-Jayne; Ogilvie, Shaun C. (2008).
1110:
Kererū were numerous until the 1960s, but they have since come under threat from introduced
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949:
801:
791:
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8:
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5649:
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4767:
2989:"Foods and foraging of forest birds in temperate rainforest, South Westland, New Zealand"
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763:
386:
294:
66:
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5808:
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5180:
5054:
4996:
4861:
4856:
4815:
4755:
4388:
4205:
4106:
4063:
3429:"Legal protection of New Zealand's indigenous terrestrial fauna – an historical review"
3406:
3360:"28 Victoriae 1864 No 11 The Wild Birds' Protection Act 1864 (28 Victoriae 1864 No 11)"
3304:
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2179:
1870:
1407:
990:
943:
919:
759:
222:
96:
52:
5037:
3959:
3811:"The difference between Puanga and Matariki. Ko Puanga, ko Matariki me ō rāua hononga"
2162:
Emeny, Myfanwy T.; Powlesland, Ralph G.; Henderson, Ian M.; Fordham, Robin A. (2009).
31:
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4111:
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3410:
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2041:
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1945:
1910:
1900:
1866:
1768:
1706:
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1546:(in Latin). Vol. 1. Leipzig, Germany: Impensis Georg Emanuel Beer. p. 773.
1362:
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2125:
1874:
1570:
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5776:
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5446:
5429:
5008:
4719:
4200:
4190:
4145:
4101:
4083:
3971:
3402:
3398:
3269:
3242:
3041:
2883:
2787:
2783:
2096:
2072:"Factors limiting kererū (Hemiphaga novaeseelandia) populations across New Zealand"
1937:
1862:
1758:
1695:
Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds: Volume 3: Snipe to Pigeons
1602:
1541:
1432:
1428:
1354:
1064:
836:
767:
353:
349:
6037:
4012:. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation, Government of New Zealand.
3607:. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation, Government of New Zealand.
3471:
Treaty Rights and Pigeon Poaching: Alienation of Maori Access to Kereru, 1864–1960
1967:
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5754:
5395:
5318:
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4607:
4303:
1268:
1102:
589:
561:
3287:
James, R. E.; Clout, M. N. (1996). "Nesting success of the New Zealand pigeons (
1941:
1300:(food storage containers). They were so abundant that New Zealand ornithologist
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1181:
as "Least Concern", and the listing reports an increasing population trend. The
341:
5933:
5612:
5492:
5463:
5451:
5153:
4919:
4006:
Ka Pakihi Whakatekateka o Waitaha: the archaeology of Canterbury in Maori times
3507:"The injuries are horrific – Kereru dying in big numbers on Wellington highway"
1411:
1131:
1081:
1077:
1009:
967:
870:
796:
676:
640:
581:
557:
521:
509:
497:
462:
439:, "fruit eating", as Bonaparte saw the genus as related to both that genus and
391:
290:
286:
5126:
4150:
4133:
3762:
3113:
2988:
2726:
2658:
2104:
2045:
1406:(traditional knowledge) among Māori. Furthermore, some argue that because the
1370:
6243:
6136:
5585:
5580:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5487:
4278:"Department of Conservation blog: Archaeological site exposed near Geraldine"
4097:
4027:
3960:"A representation of a Tuawhenua worldview guides environmental conservation"
3926:
2795:
2404:
2092:
1772:
1481:
1301:
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young year round, provided enough fruit is available. They do not breed when
978:
881:
427:
318:
86:
81:
4325:
4195:
4088:
3976:
3159:"Rehoming pigeon: kererū returns to hatchery 24 years after flying the coop"
3045:
2100:
1305:
1251:
Traditionally used for both its meat and feathers, the kererū is considered
5764:
5607:
5475:
5354:
5228:
5090:
4955:
4779:
4214:
4115:
3958:
Timoti, P.; Lyver, P. O'B.; Matamua, R.; Jones, C. J.; Tahi, B. L. (2017).
2888:
2867:
1949:
1914:
1378:
1346:
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as "not threatened" with an increasing population but views the species as
931:
866:
832:
553:
423:
4610:, an annual citizen science project counting kererū throughout New Zealand
4280:. Department of Conservation, Government of New Zealand. 24 January 2019.
4248:"With new DNA technique, fossil fragments reveal human impact on Aotearoa"
6187:
6097:
5942:
5570:
5405:
5192:
3669:
3197:
2691:"Seasonal movements of New Zealand pigeons from a lowland forest reserve"
1436:
739:
537:
277:
35:
3308:
2897:
2595:
2183:
6221:
6089:
5818:
5366:
5294:
4707:
4624:
4346:(Report). Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Conservation Authority.
3053:
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1338:
1239:
549:
513:
485:
445:
298:
163:
153:
6102:
4510:"New Zealand bird of the year: 'drunk, gluttonous' kererū pigeon wins"
5504:
5233:
5204:
4931:
3273:
1366:
1350:
1328:, is signified by the green-blue feathers on the neck of the kererū.
1139:
1123:
1021:
973:
898:
894:
890:
858:
847:
565:
430:
357:
173:
113:
6063:
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4890:
4594:
3935:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). London, England: Buller. p. 234.
3321:
986:
5927:
5727:
4979:
4600:
1607:
Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences
1223:
1050:
961:
902:
787:
755:
133:
4338:
2866:
Carpenter, J.; Kelly, D.; Clout, M.; Karl, B.; Ladley, J. (2017).
2168:) in podocarp–hardwood forest, Whirinaki Forest Park, New Zealand"
1853:
pigeons (Aves: Columbidae) on islands in the New Zealand region".
1743:"The Chatham Islands pigeon (Parea) deserves full species status;
1575:. Vol. 2. London, England: Leigh & Sotheby. p. 603.
5996:
5020:
3727:"More kererū than ever recorded as final national count wraps up"
2582:) in Southland, New Zealand: impacts, movements and home range".
1289:
1282:(fine cloaks), while the tail feathers were used to decorate the
1234:
1091:
1017:
1013:
1002:
873:
to Stewart Island, and travelled up to 100 km (62 mi).
854:
853:
The kererū lives in habitats ranging in altitude from coastal to
840:
525:
381:
in 1783 but did not give it a scientific name. German naturalist
6076:
4613:
3112:
Clout, M. N.; Denyer, K.; James, R. E.; Mcfadden, I. G. (1995).
5983:
4967:
4695:
2608:
2161:
1272:
1253:
1202:
and Urban Wildlife Trust, in conjunction with city councils in
1111:
1106:
Traffic sign in New Zealand cautioning drivers of nearby kererū
1086:
994:
843:
576:. Within the subfamily, the kererū and Chatham pigeon are in a
568:
and New Zealand. The members of this subfamily feed largely on
335:
273:
123:
4384:"Len Gillman: Sustainable harvest solution to kereru conflict"
3761:
Lyver, P. O'B.; Taputu, T. M.; Kutia, S. T.; Tahi, B. (2008).
1897:
The New Guide to the Birds of New Zealand and Outlying Islands
1466:
1464:
496:
which is found throughout New Zealand, and the little-studied
6058:
3067:
Hadden, Don (March 1993). "NZ Pigeon – courtship to laying".
2958:"Counting kererū helps answer questions about unique NZ bird"
2425:. Auckland, New Zealand: Weldon New Zealand. pp. 71–72.
1147:
917:). Other fruit sought after by kererū include those of tawa (
577:
573:
569:
408:
3597:
985:
diet at certain times of the year. Preferred leaves include
293:—became extinct in the early 20th century. Kererū pairs are
5685:
5148:
4164:
4060:
2615:) in a rural-urban landscape, Banks Peninsula, New Zealand"
2545:
Clout, M. N.; Gaze, P. D.; Hay, J. R.; Karl, B. J. (1986).
1461:
435:
meaning "half-" or "small", with the end of the genus name
143:
4479:"Bird of the Year win follows nationwide census of kererū"
2830:. Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin Books. pp. 348–350.
1691:
1517:. Vol. 2. London, England: Benj. White. p. 640.
1068:), which can be up to 30 cm (12 in) across. The
5695:
5238:
4536:"New Zealand gets to name an exoplanet and its host star"
2267:"Why Stuff is introducing macrons for te reo Māori words"
2003:. Department of Conservation, Government of New Zealand.
1848:
1358:
1324:, is represented by the white breast feathers; the belt,
1263:
1080:
for 28–29 days, with the male and female taking turns to
998:
306:
34:. For the rural homestead or school on North Island, see
3228:
3111:
1823:. International Ornithologists' Union. 16 January 2008.
1642:. Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. p. 23.
1357:, revealed kererū along with the bones of rats, extinct
4302:
3957:
3085:
2920:
Mander, Christine; Hay, Rod; Powlesland, Ralph (1998).
2872:) and fleshy-fruited seed dispersal over three decades"
2865:
2126:"The Call of the Kererū: The Question of Customary Use"
2030:. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation.
1377:, were also found in rock shelter sites on Lee Island,
1365:. Kererū bones, along with bones of other forest birds
750:(which is both singular and plural) is the most common
3206:. Wellington, New Zealand: E.C. Keating. p. 229.
1470:
1435:
organisation. In 2019, the exoplanet originally named
738:"New Zealand pigeon" has been designated the official
4566:"Distant celestial objects now 'Kererū' and 'Karaka'"
3901:"Bird-snaring, etc., in the Whanganui river district"
2577:
1177:
As of 2022, the kererū has been classified under the
1076:, which is 49 mm long by 34 mm wide. It is
1012:, particularly during warm summer weather, producing
344:, the kererū was historically a major food source in
3760:
3468:
Feldman, James W. (2001). "3:Enforcement, 1922–60".
3322:
Stephen T. Garnett & Gabriel M. Crowley (2000).
3295:) poisoning programme at Wenderholm Regional Park".
1895:
Falla, R. A.; Sibson, R. B.; Turbott, E. G. (1979).
325:(DOC) classifies the kererū as "not threatened" but
3696:"Why this hefty bird is making a backyard comeback"
3107:
3105:
2919:
2768:) seeds after consumption by New Zealand pigeons (
2363:Clout, M. N. (1990). "The kereru and its forests".
2298:"These grumpy old pūkeko need to get off the grass"
1427:. In 2018, the kererū was the winner of the annual
321:classifies the species as least concern, while the
4616:, a voluntary community based conservation project
3646:. Science Learning Hub – Pokapū Akoranga Pūtaiao.
2986:
1894:
1740:
1692:Higgins, P. J.; Davies, S. J. J. F., eds. (1996).
596:) of New Guinea, as shown in the cladogram below.
865:revealed that three of four kererū tagged around
6241:
4132:Allen, Melinda S.; Holdaway, Richard N. (2010).
3391:Australasian Journal of Environmental Management
3102:
2987:O'Donnell, Colin F. J.; Dilks, Peter J. (1994).
2868:"Trends in the detections of a large frugivore (
2820:
2544:
2384:
1787:"Updates & Corrections – Clements Checklist"
30:"Kereru" redirects here. For the exoplanet, see
4175:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4068:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3118:) in relation to control of introduced mammals"
3028:Zweers, G. A. (1982). "Drinking of the pigeon (
2821:Heather, Barrie D.; Robertson, Hugh A. (2005).
2762:Clout, M. N.; Tilley, J. A. V. (January 1992).
2689:Clout, M. N.; Karl, B. J.; Gaze, P. D. (1991).
2385:Robertson, Hugh A.; Heather, Barrie D. (2017).
1603:"Coup d'oeil sur les pigeons (deuxième partie)"
850:, the countryside, and city gardens and parks.
814:
3601:Conservation status of New Zealand birds, 2016
3538:"Young kereru hitting the skies – and windows"
3477:. Wellington, New Zealand: Waitangi Tribunal.
2330:Mills, Laura; Bayer, Kurt (22 February 2013).
2236:"Public asked to help with Great Kererū Count"
4640:
4131:
3259:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3157:Graham-McLay, Charlotte (28 September 2020).
3075:. Ornithological Society of New Zealand: 1–2.
2688:
2481:
2001:"New Zealand pigeon / kererū / kūkū / kūkupa"
1844:
1842:
762:—that indicate a long vowel—is now common in
477:(1907), based on a preserved specimen in the
4568:. University of Auckland. 18 December 2019.
4417:"Dead native birds become tomorrow's taonga"
3156:
2882:(1). New Zealand Ecological Society: 41–46.
2212:. World Wide Fund for Nature (New Zealand).
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
1506:
1504:
1311:In one Māori legend, the hero and trickster
1122:) and introduced species of rats—mainly the
363:
5890:
5873:
5861:
5844:
5832:
5790:
5768:
5731:
5714:
5677:
5665:
5653:
5628:
5616:
5594:
5557:
5535:
5508:
5496:
5479:
5467:
5455:
5438:
5421:
5409:
5382:
5370:
5358:
5346:
5334:
5322:
5310:
5298:
5281:
5269:
5257:
5220:
5208:
5196:
5184:
5157:
5140:
5118:
5106:
5094:
5082:
5070:
5058:
5024:
5012:
5000:
4988:
4971:
4959:
4947:
4935:
4923:
4911:
4899:
4882:
4870:
4848:
4836:
4819:
4807:
4795:
4783:
4771:
4759:
4747:
4735:
4723:
4711:
4699:
4687:
4675:
4339:New Zealand Conservation Authority (1997).
4138:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
3422:
3420:
2933:Department of Conservation Technical Series
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2824:The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand
2761:
2720:
2718:
1962:
1751:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
1741:Millener, P. R.; Powlesland, R. G. (2001).
1229:
333:
4647:
4633:
3286:
3181:
3114:"Breeding success of New Zealand pigeons (
2684:
2682:
2652:
2650:
2522:. Christchurch City Council. 16 May 2017.
2450:
2387:The Hand Guide to the Birds of New Zealand
2329:
1839:
1635:
1331:
580:with a lineage that has given rise to the
75:
51:
4507:
4476:
4306:; McGovern-Wilson, Richard, eds. (1991).
4204:
4194:
4149:
4105:
4087:
3975:
3951:
3331:The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2000
3079:
2887:
2119:
2117:
2052:
1927:
1762:
1597:
1501:
1196:
819:Usually they are found from Northland to
4654:
4620:Photo of pigeon trough (snare) in Te Ara
3834:
3832:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3426:
3417:
2904:
2715:
2656:
2295:
2264:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1388:
1233:
1187:New Zealand threat classification system
1101:
1031:
1027:
965:, and introduced species such as elder (
880:
777:
456:
414:was introduced by the French naturalist
368:
4445:
4381:
4002:
3765:Hemiphaga novaseelandiae novaseelandiae
3763:"Tūhoe Tuawhenua mātauranga of kererū (
3535:
3467:
3461:
3333:. Environment Australia. Archived from
3315:
2679:
2647:
2416:
2414:
2265:Crewdson, Patrick (10 September 2017).
1974:. International Ornithologists' Union.
1956:
1639:Australian Bird Names: A Complete Guide
1629:
27:Species of pigeon native to New Zealand
14:
6242:
4508:Ainge Roy, Eleanor (14 October 2018).
4477:Rosenberg, Matthew (15 October 2018).
4414:
4408:
4127:
4125:
4056:
4054:
4052:
3915:from the original on 26 February 2021.
3898:
3808:
3370:from the original on 20 September 2019
3066:
3027:
3009:from the original on 30 September 2021
2922:"Monitoring and management of kereru (
2724:
2711:from the original on 16 February 2019.
2635:from the original on 28 September 2021
2567:from the original on 18 February 2021.
2508:from the original on 16 February 2019.
2246:from the original on 28 September 2021
2216:from the original on 28 September 2021
2190:from the original on 23 September 2021
2123:
2114:
1579:from the original on 21 September 2021
1568:
1550:from the original on 21 September 2021
1539:
1521:from the original on 21 September 2021
1510:
1185:(DOC) classifies the kererū under the
426:for that genus. The name combines the
6270:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin
5909:
5908:
4628:
4546:from the original on 18 December 2019
4533:
4241:
4239:
3932:A History of the Birds of New Zealand
3905:The Journal of the Polynesian Society
3880:from the original on 11 February 2021
3868:
3866:
3851:from the original on 17 February 2021
3838:
3829:
3804:
3802:
3749:
3724:
3591:
3566:
3504:
3449:from the original on 19 February 2021
3388:
3382:
3324:"New Zealand Pigeon (Norfolk Island)"
2814:
2727:"The food of the New Zealand pigeon (
2446:
2444:
2442:
2380:
2378:
2362:
2325:
2323:
2157:
2155:
2140:from the original on 19 February 2022
1995:
1993:
1930:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1793:. Cornell University. December 2009.
1668:
1656:from the original on 19 February 2022
1439:was renamed in honour of the kererū.
6175:0d34d965-3dbc-497c-9579-8bac459b0623
4458:from the original on 17 October 2021
4452:Te Ara – Encyclopedia of New Zealand
4363:from the original on 5 February 2018
4332:
4245:
4037:from the original on 9 February 2022
3939:from the original on 21 October 2021
3624:from the original on 26 October 2021
3196:
3169:from the original on 17 October 2021
2420:
2411:
2344:from the original on 1 December 2020
2025:
1978:from the original on 19 October 2021
1747:(Rothschild 1891); Aves: Columbidae"
1722:from the original on 29 October 2021
1617:from the original on 21 October 2021
1044:Kererū courtship display (24 s)
885:A territorial dispute between kererū
6250:IUCN Red List least concern species
4572:from the original on 19 August 2020
4122:
4049:
3817:from the original on 22 August 2021
3737:from the original on 6 October 2021
3517:from the original on 17 August 2021
2964:. 17 September 2020. Archived from
2847:from the original on 20 August 2021
2482:Worthy, T. H.; Brassey, R. (2000).
2308:from the original on 17 August 2021
2277:from the original on 17 August 2021
1636:Gray, Jeannie; Fraser, Ian (2013).
1482:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1431:competition run by the New Zealand
1246:
1094:after not being seen for 24 years.
744:International Ornithologists' Union
24:
4236:
3863:
3839:Keane, Basil (24 September 2007).
3799:
3247:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1995.tb03248.x
2751:from the original on 7 March 2021.
2675:from the original on 5 March 2021.
2526:from the original on 3 August 2018
2488:) on Raoul Island, Kermadec Group"
2439:
2375:
2320:
2152:
1990:
1899:. Auckland, New Zealand: Collins.
1881:
1399:New Zealand Conservation Authority
360:was renamed Kererū in its honour.
60:Tāwharanui Peninsula, New Zealand
25:
6281:
4588:
4489:from the original on 27 June 2021
4448:"Third series of banknotes: $ 20"
4396:from the original on 12 June 2020
4284:from the original on 27 July 2021
4258:from the original on 27 July 2021
4224:from the original on 27 July 2021
3984:from the original on 8 March 2021
3787:from the original on 12 June 2020
3706:from the original on 27 June 2021
3676:from the original on 27 June 2021
3650:from the original on 27 June 2021
3579:from the original on 30 June 2021
3548:from the original on 30 June 2021
3536:Harwood, Brenda (21 April 2019).
3210:from the original on 12 June 2020
3138:from the original on 3 March 2021
2657:Clout, M. N.; Hay, J. R. (1989).
2463:from the original on 28 June 2021
2296:Nicholls, Jenny (23 April 2021).
1540:Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1789).
1238:Closeup of head highlighting its
1216:Victoria University of Wellington
548:The kererū belongs to the family
543:
5799:North Island little spotted kiwi
5036:
4446:Pollock, Kerryn (20 June 2012).
3876:. Waipā District Council. 2021.
3841:"Te tāhere manu – bird catching"
2802:from the original on 25 May 2021
2007:from the original on 9 July 2021
1867:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02414.x
1827:from the original on 16 May 2021
1797:from the original on 16 May 2021
1072:consists of a single oval white
352:by the New Zealand organisation
100:
4558:
4527:
4501:
4470:
4439:
4415:Fuller, P. (4 September 2018).
4375:
4296:
4270:
4158:
3996:
3919:
3892:
3718:
3688:
3662:
3636:
3560:
3529:
3498:
3352:
3280:
3253:
3222:
3150:
3060:
3021:
2980:
2950:
2859:
2755:
2602:
2571:
2538:
2520:"Kererū begin winter wandering"
2512:
2475:
2356:
2289:
2258:
2228:
2202:
2028:Rehabilitation guide for Kererū
2019:
1966:; Donsker, David, eds. (2021).
1921:
1817:"SPECIES UPDATES – Version 1.5"
1809:
1471:BirdLife International (2022).
1097:
733:
479:Natural History Museum at Tring
5750:North Island stout-legged wren
5745:South Island stout-legged wren
4382:Gillman, L. (16 August 2016).
4246:Daly, Michael (10 July 2018).
3774:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
3725:Green, Kate (6 October 2021).
3403:10.1080/14486563.2003.10648585
3297:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
3125:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
2996:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
2876:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
2788:10.1080/0028825X.1992.10412882
2738:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
2666:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
2584:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
2332:"Drunk kereru fall from trees"
2172:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
2080:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
1779:
1734:
1591:
1562:
1533:
1425:New Zealand twenty-dollar note
1418:
773:
377:wrote about the kererū in his
13:
1:
4423:. Stuff.co.nz. Archived from
2776:New Zealand Journal of Botany
1764:10.1080/03014223.2001.9517659
1454:
1384:
1349:, excavations in 2018 at the
452:
389:in 1789, placing it in genus
356:, and in 2019, the exoplanet
6265:Endemic birds of New Zealand
4595:The Kererū Discovery Project
4534:Jones, Katy (16 June 2019).
3262:Pacific Conservation Biology
2164:"Feeding ecology of kererū (
1972:World Bird List Version 11.2
1449:List of birds of New Zealand
815:Environment and distribution
807:Kererū make occasional soft
556:, which is found throughout
431:
7:
3567:Green, Kate (2 June 2021).
3364:New Zealand Acts As Enacted
1942:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.04.016
1442:
1308:over July and August 1882.
1286:(food storage containers).
379:A General Synopsis of Birds
340:(cultural treasure) to the
10:
6286:
5870:New Zealand owlet-nightjar
4944:South Island oystercatcher
4003:Challis, Aidan J. (1995).
3505:Heron, Mei (12 May 2018).
2451:Powlesland, Ralph (2017).
2423:New Zealand Birds in Focus
1791:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
1183:Department of Conservation
1172:Wellington Botanic Gardens
876:
782:A kererū chick in the nest
524:—should be raised to full
323:Department of Conservation
241:Carpophaga novaeseelandiae
29:
6227:Hemiphaga-novaeseelandiae
5989:hemiphaga-novaeseelandiae
5976:Hemiphaga_novaeseelandiae
5963:Hemiphaga_novaeseelandiae
5949:Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae
5919:Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae
5917:
5711:Auckland Island merganser
5640:
5520:
5394:
5169:
5045:
5034:
4662:
4151:10.1080/03036751003641719
3813:. Museum of New Zealand.
3289:Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae
3231:Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae
3116:Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae
3088:Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae
2924:Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae
2870:Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae
2770:Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae
2729:Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae
2613:Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae
2580:Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae
2486:Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae
2210:"Help us save the kererū"
2166:Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae
1599:Bonaparte, Charles Lucien
1514:General Synopsis of Birds
1475:Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae
1085:8th days. The young bird
979:podocarp-broadleaf forest
694:
674:
667:
638:
625:Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae
618:
611:
604:
420:Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae
418:in 1854 with the kererū (
385:gave it its first formal
364:Taxonomy and nomenclature
261:Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae
228:
221:
206:Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae
202:
195:
97:Scientific classification
95:
73:
64:
59:
50:
45:
5723:Chatham Island merganser
5290:Northern royal albatross
5278:New Zealand storm petrel
3672:. Urban Wildlife Trust.
3670:"The Great Kererū Count"
3644:"The Great Kererū Count"
3427:Miskelly, C. M. (2014).
3291:) in response to a rat (
3203:Forest lore of the Maori
2725:McEwen, W. Mary (1978).
2457:New Zealand Birds Online
2130:The Contemporary Pacific
1230:Relationship with humans
914:Dacrycarpus dacrydioides
889:The kererū is primarily
821:Stewart Island / Rakiura
416:Charles Lucien Bonaparte
399:, with Latham naming it
6260:Birds described in 1789
5343:South Island saddleback
5331:North Island saddleback
5307:Orange-fronted parakeet
5079:North Island brown kiwi
4196:10.1073/pnas.1803573115
4089:10.1073/pnas.1803573115
3977:10.5751/ES-09768-220420
3046:10.1163/156853982X00391
2764:"Germination of miro (
1855:Journal of Biogeography
1703:Oxford University Press
1701:. Melbourne, Victoria:
1489:: e.T22727557A209064496
1332:In archaeological sites
1261:; as such, for various
1116:common brushtail possum
956:Corynocarpus laevigatus
681:Lopholaimus antarcticus
588:) of Australia and the
586:Lopholaimus antarcticus
443:(now incorporated into
383:Johann Friedrich Gmelin
282:Johann Friedrich Gmelin
233:Columba novaeseelandiae
188:H. novaeseelandiae
5891:
5874:
5862:
5845:
5833:
5791:
5769:
5732:
5715:
5678:
5666:
5654:
5629:
5617:
5595:
5558:
5536:
5509:
5497:
5480:
5468:
5456:
5439:
5422:
5410:
5383:
5371:
5359:
5347:
5335:
5323:
5311:
5299:
5282:
5270:
5258:
5254:New Zealand fairy tern
5221:
5209:
5197:
5185:
5158:
5141:
5119:
5107:
5095:
5083:
5071:
5059:
5025:
5013:
5001:
4989:
4985:Variable oystercatcher
4972:
4960:
4948:
4936:
4924:
4912:
4900:
4883:
4871:
4849:
4837:
4820:
4808:
4796:
4784:
4772:
4760:
4748:
4736:
4724:
4712:
4700:
4688:
4676:
4601:The Great Kererū Count
3899:Downes, T. W. (1928).
3700:The New Zealand Herald
2939:: 1–40. Archived from
2889:10.20417/nzjecol.41.17
2766:Prumnopitys ferruginea
2026:Ward, Janelle (2019).
1745:Hemiphaga chathamensis
1705:. pp. 1016–1025.
1394:
1243:
1197:The Great Kererū Count
1191:conservation dependent
1107:
1045:
941:), as well as tītoki (
908:Prumnopitys ferruginea
905:species such as miro (
886:
786:The kererū is a large
783:
697:Papuan mountain pigeon
645:Hemiphaga chathamensis
481:
475:John Gerrard Keulemans
373:English ornithologist
334:
327:conservation dependent
6209:Paleobiology Database
5882:New Zealand musk duck
5829:Scarlett's shearwater
5706:South Island adzebill
5701:North Island adzebill
5591:Erect-crested penguin
5435:Chatham oystercatcher
5266:New Zealand king shag
4908:New Zealand rock wren
2484:"New Zealand pigeon (
2242:. 17 September 2019.
1569:Latham, John (1790).
1511:Latham, John (1783).
1392:
1375:red-crowned parakeets
1237:
1120:Trichosurus vulpecula
1105:
1043:
1028:Breeding and lifespan
926:Beilschmiedia tarairi
884:
829:Quaternary glaciation
781:
742:of the kererū by the
701:Gymnophaps albertisii
460:
369:History and binomials
5532:Antipodean albatross
5522:Subantarctic islands
4845:New Zealand dotterel
4744:Double-banded plover
4656:Birds of New Zealand
4606:27 June 2021 at the
3809:Wilson, Che (2021).
2453:"New Zealand pigeon"
2421:Moon, Geoff (1988).
1572:Index ornithologicus
1353:rock art shelter in
1343:Great Barrier Island
1168:Wellington Cable Car
950:Rhopalostylis sapida
552:, and the subfamily
405:Index Ornithologicus
5841:North Island takahē
5716:rakiraki maungahuka
5662:New Zealand bittern
5650:South Island piopio
5603:Reischek's parakeet
5249:South Island kōkako
5244:North Island kōkako
5132:South Island takahē
5115:Yellow-eyed penguin
5103:Southern brown kiwi
5067:Little spotted kiwi
4187:2018PNAS..115.7771S
4080:2018PNAS..115.7771S
3964:Ecology and Society
2365:Birds International
2124:Weaver, S. (1997).
764:New Zealand English
67:Conservation status
6165:new-zealand-pigeon
5809:South Island snipe
5804:North Island snipe
5625:Subantarctic snipe
5576:Campbell albatross
5566:Antipodes parakeet
5510:kawau o rangihaute
5181:Black-fronted tern
5055:Great spotted kiwi
4997:White-fronted tern
4862:North Island robin
4857:South Island robin
4816:Long-tailed cuckoo
4756:New Zealand falcon
4389:New Zealand Herald
2337:New Zealand Herald
1408:Treaty of Waitangi
1395:
1326:Te Tātua a Tāranga
1244:
1108:
1046:
944:Alectryon excelsus
920:Beilschmiedia tawa
887:
827:during periods of
784:
518:H. n. chathamensis
482:
401:Columba zealandica
397:C. novaeseelandiae
266:New Zealand pigeon
18:New Zealand pigeon
6237:
6236:
6196:Open Tree of Life
5911:Taxon identifiers
5902:
5901:
5853:New Zealand goose
5674:New Zealand quail
5418:Chatham albatross
5137:Fiordland penguin
4879:Paradise shelduck
4867:New Zealand scaup
4804:Sacred kingfisher
4792:Grey-faced petrel
4684:Black-billed gull
4181:(30): 7771–7776.
4074:(30): 7771–7776.
4019:978-0-478-01717-5
3614:978-1-988514-23-9
3542:Otago Daily Times
3484:978-0-908810-55-0
2968:on 3 October 2021
2946:on 3 August 2018.
2837:978-0-14-302040-0
2611:"Diet of kereru (
2432:978-0-86866-120-9
2396:978-0-14-357093-6
2037:978-0-473-50912-5
1906:978-0-00-216928-8
1712:978-0-19-553070-4
1433:Forest & Bird
1363:New Zealand quail
1322:Te Taro o Tāranga
1156:Wildlife Act 1953
1041:
938:Hedycarya arborea
911:) and kahikatea (
730:
729:
721:
720:
712:
711:
656:
655:
534:mitochondrial DNA
473:), lithograph by
354:Forest & Bird
252:
251:
245:
237:
90:
16:(Redirected from
6277:
6230:
6229:
6217:
6216:
6204:
6203:
6191:
6190:
6178:
6177:
6168:
6167:
6158:
6157:
6145:
6144:
6132:
6131:
6119:
6118:
6106:
6105:
6093:
6092:
6080:
6079:
6067:
6066:
6054:
6053:
6041:
6040:
6031:
6030:
6018:
6017:
6005:
6004:
6002:335C2C8018C3B92B
5992:
5991:
5979:
5978:
5966:
5965:
5953:
5952:
5951:
5938:
5937:
5936:
5906:
5905:
5894:
5887:New Zealand swan
5877:
5865:
5848:
5836:
5794:
5772:
5740:Long-billed wren
5735:
5718:
5681:
5669:
5657:
5632:
5620:
5598:
5561:
5539:
5512:
5500:
5483:
5471:
5459:
5447:Chatham parakeet
5442:
5430:Chatham gerygone
5425:
5413:
5386:
5374:
5362:
5350:
5338:
5326:
5314:
5302:
5285:
5273:
5261:
5224:
5212:
5200:
5188:
5161:
5144:
5122:
5110:
5098:
5086:
5074:
5062:
5040:
5028:
5016:
5004:
4992:
4975:
4963:
4951:
4939:
4927:
4915:
4903:
4886:
4874:
4852:
4840:
4823:
4811:
4799:
4787:
4775:
4763:
4751:
4739:
4727:
4720:Buff-banded rail
4715:
4703:
4691:
4679:
4649:
4642:
4635:
4626:
4625:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4362:
4345:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4304:Anderson, Atholl
4300:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4243:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4223:
4208:
4198:
4172:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4129:
4120:
4119:
4109:
4091:
4058:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4036:
4011:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3979:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3870:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3836:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3806:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3786:
3771:
3767:) in Te Urewera"
3758:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3702:. 17 June 2021.
3692:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3623:
3606:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3494:on 21 June 2007.
3493:
3487:. Archived from
3476:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3448:
3433:
3424:
3415:
3414:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3339:
3328:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3274:10.1071/PC950091
3257:
3251:
3250:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3194:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3137:
3122:
3109:
3100:
3099:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3040:(3/4): 274–317.
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3008:
2993:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2930:
2917:
2902:
2901:
2891:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2846:
2829:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2735:
2722:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2695:
2686:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2668:. 12(s): 27–33.
2663:
2654:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2634:
2619:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2551:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2492:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2448:
2437:
2436:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2382:
2373:
2372:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2110:on 24 June 2021.
2109:
2103:. Archived from
2076:
2067:
2050:
2049:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1892:
1879:
1878:
1846:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1766:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1721:
1700:
1689:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1508:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1468:
1429:Bird of the Year
1355:South Canterbury
1247:In Māori culture
1130:), but also the
1065:Kunzea ericoides
1042:
746:(IOU). The word
670:
669:
614:
613:
607:
606:
600:
599:
590:mountain pigeons
488:are recognised:
434:
350:Bird of the Year
339:
272:is a species of
243:
235:
208:
105:
104:
84:
79:
78:
55:
43:
42:
21:
6285:
6284:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6233:
6225:
6220:
6212:
6207:
6199:
6194:
6186:
6183:Observation.org
6181:
6173:
6171:
6163:
6161:
6153:
6148:
6140:
6135:
6127:
6122:
6114:
6109:
6101:
6096:
6088:
6083:
6075:
6070:
6062:
6057:
6049:
6044:
6036:
6034:
6026:
6021:
6013:
6008:
6000:
5995:
5987:
5982:
5974:
5969:
5961:
5956:
5947:
5946:
5941:
5932:
5931:
5926:
5913:
5903:
5898:
5782:Waitaha penguin
5777:Chatham penguin
5642:
5636:
5524:
5516:
5398:
5396:Chatham Islands
5390:
5319:Red-billed gull
5312:kākāriki karaka
5173:
5171:
5165:
5047:
5041:
5032:
4664:
4658:
4653:
4608:Wayback Machine
4591:
4586:
4585:
4575:
4573:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4549:
4547:
4532:
4528:
4518:
4516:
4506:
4502:
4492:
4490:
4475:
4471:
4461:
4459:
4444:
4440:
4430:
4428:
4427:on 12 June 2020
4413:
4409:
4399:
4397:
4380:
4376:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4343:
4337:
4333:
4318:
4301:
4297:
4287:
4285:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4261:
4259:
4244:
4237:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4170:
4163:
4159:
4130:
4123:
4059:
4050:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4020:
4009:
4001:
3997:
3987:
3985:
3956:
3952:
3942:
3940:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3897:
3893:
3883:
3881:
3874:"Snaring birds"
3872:
3871:
3864:
3854:
3852:
3837:
3830:
3820:
3818:
3807:
3800:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3769:
3759:
3750:
3740:
3738:
3723:
3719:
3709:
3707:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3679:
3677:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3653:
3651:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3604:
3596:
3592:
3582:
3580:
3565:
3561:
3551:
3549:
3534:
3530:
3520:
3518:
3503:
3499:
3491:
3485:
3474:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3431:
3425:
3418:
3387:
3383:
3373:
3371:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3326:
3320:
3316:
3285:
3281:
3258:
3254:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3211:
3195:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3163:Guardian Online
3155:
3151:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3120:
3110:
3103:
3084:
3080:
3065:
3061:
3026:
3022:
3012:
3010:
3006:
2991:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2969:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2943:
2928:
2918:
2905:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2760:
2756:
2748:
2733:
2723:
2716:
2708:
2693:
2687:
2680:
2672:
2661:
2655:
2648:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2617:
2607:
2603:
2576:
2572:
2564:
2549:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2490:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2449:
2440:
2433:
2419:
2412:
2397:
2383:
2376:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2328:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2278:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2160:
2153:
2143:
2141:
2122:
2115:
2107:
2074:
2068:
2053:
2038:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1961:
1957:
1926:
1922:
1907:
1893:
1882:
1847:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1821:World Bird List
1815:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1698:
1690:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1650:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1522:
1509:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1469:
1462:
1457:
1445:
1421:
1387:
1334:
1249:
1232:
1199:
1163:State Highway 2
1100:
1032:
1030:
1024:to hatchlings.
935:), pigeonwood (
879:
817:
776:
736:
731:
722:
713:
657:
546:
530:H. chathamensis
494:novaseelandiae,
455:
371:
366:
248:
217:
210:
204:
191:
99:
91:
80:
76:
69:
39:
32:Kererū (planet)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6283:
6273:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6218:
6205:
6192:
6179:
6169:
6159:
6146:
6133:
6120:
6107:
6094:
6081:
6068:
6055:
6042:
6032:
6019:
6006:
5993:
5980:
5967:
5954:
5939:
5923:
5921:
5915:
5914:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5884:
5879:
5867:
5855:
5850:
5838:
5826:
5824:Imber's petrel
5821:
5816:
5814:Forbes's snipe
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5787:Eyles' harrier
5784:
5779:
5774:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5725:
5720:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5671:
5659:
5646:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5622:
5613:Snares penguin
5610:
5605:
5600:
5596:tawaki nana hī
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5528:
5526:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5502:
5493:Magenta petrel
5490:
5485:
5473:
5464:Chatham pigeon
5461:
5452:Chatham petrel
5449:
5444:
5432:
5427:
5415:
5402:
5400:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5376:
5364:
5352:
5340:
5328:
5316:
5304:
5292:
5287:
5275:
5263:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5214:
5202:
5190:
5177:
5175:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5151:
5146:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5112:
5100:
5088:
5076:
5064:
5051:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5018:
5006:
4994:
4982:
4977:
4965:
4953:
4941:
4929:
4920:Shining cuckoo
4917:
4905:
4893:
4888:
4876:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4842:
4830:
4825:
4813:
4801:
4789:
4777:
4765:
4753:
4741:
4729:
4717:
4705:
4693:
4681:
4668:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4652:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4614:Project Kererū
4611:
4598:
4590:
4589:External links
4587:
4584:
4583:
4557:
4526:
4500:
4469:
4438:
4407:
4374:
4352:
4331:
4316:
4295:
4269:
4235:
4157:
4121:
4048:
4018:
3995:
3950:
3927:Buller, Walter
3918:
3891:
3862:
3828:
3798:
3748:
3717:
3687:
3661:
3635:
3613:
3590:
3559:
3528:
3497:
3483:
3460:
3416:
3397:(3): 138–151.
3381:
3351:
3340:on 21 May 2011
3314:
3279:
3252:
3241:(2): 264–271.
3221:
3180:
3149:
3131:(2): 209–212.
3101:
3090:) nestlings".
3078:
3059:
3020:
2979:
2962:Waikato Herald
2949:
2903:
2858:
2836:
2813:
2754:
2714:
2678:
2646:
2601:
2590:(3): 229–235.
2570:
2537:
2511:
2474:
2438:
2431:
2410:
2395:
2374:
2355:
2319:
2288:
2257:
2227:
2201:
2178:(2): 114–124.
2151:
2136:(2): 383–398.
2113:
2051:
2036:
2018:
1989:
1955:
1936:(2): 698–706.
1920:
1905:
1880:
1861:(2): 285–298.
1838:
1808:
1778:
1757:(2): 365–383.
1733:
1711:
1667:
1648:
1628:
1613:: 1072–1078 .
1590:
1561:
1532:
1500:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1420:
1417:
1412:tangata whenua
1386:
1383:
1381:in Southland.
1339:Harataonga Bay
1333:
1330:
1248:
1245:
1231:
1228:
1198:
1195:
1170:, adjacent to
1132:Polynesian rat
1099:
1096:
1029:
1026:
968:Sambucus nigra
878:
875:
871:Foveaux Strait
816:
813:
775:
772:
735:
732:
728:
727:
724:
723:
719:
718:
715:
714:
710:
709:
706:
705:
693:
690:
689:
686:
685:
677:topknot pigeon
673:
668:
666:
663:
662:
659:
658:
654:
653:
650:
649:
641:Chatham pigeon
637:
634:
633:
630:
629:
617:
612:
610:
605:
603:
598:
582:topknot pigeon
558:Southeast Asia
545:
544:Classification
542:
522:Chatham pigeon
510:Norfolk Island
498:Norfolk pigeon
463:Norfolk pigeon
454:
451:
370:
367:
365:
362:
291:Norfolk Island
287:Norfolk pigeon
250:
249:
247:
246:
238:
229:
226:
225:
219:
218:
211:
200:
199:
193:
192:
185:
183:
179:
178:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
93:
92:
74:
71:
70:
65:
62:
61:
57:
56:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6282:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6228:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6170:
6166:
6160:
6156:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6033:
6029:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5959:
5955:
5950:
5944:
5940:
5935:
5929:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5907:
5893:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5876:
5871:
5868:
5864:
5859:
5858:Finsch's duck
5856:
5854:
5851:
5847:
5842:
5839:
5835:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5793:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5771:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5734:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5717:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5691:Haast's eagle
5689:
5687:
5684:
5680:
5675:
5672:
5668:
5663:
5660:
5656:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5639:
5631:
5626:
5623:
5619:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5597:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5586:Campbell teal
5584:
5582:
5581:Campbell shag
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5560:
5559:tētē kākāriki
5555:
5554:Auckland teal
5552:
5550:
5549:Auckland shag
5547:
5545:
5544:Auckland rail
5542:
5538:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5511:
5506:
5503:
5499:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5488:Chatham snipe
5486:
5482:
5477:
5474:
5470:
5465:
5462:
5458:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5441:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5424:
5419:
5416:
5412:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5385:
5380:
5377:
5373:
5368:
5365:
5361:
5356:
5353:
5349:
5344:
5341:
5337:
5332:
5329:
5325:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5308:
5305:
5301:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5284:
5279:
5276:
5272:
5267:
5264:
5260:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5223:
5218:
5215:
5211:
5206:
5203:
5199:
5194:
5191:
5187:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5172:endemic birds
5168:
5160:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5143:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5121:
5116:
5113:
5109:
5104:
5101:
5097:
5092:
5089:
5085:
5080:
5077:
5073:
5072:kiwi pukupuku
5068:
5065:
5061:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5044:
5039:
5027:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5010:
5007:
5003:
4998:
4995:
4991:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4974:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4957:
4954:
4950:
4945:
4942:
4938:
4933:
4930:
4926:
4925:pīpīwharauroa
4921:
4918:
4914:
4909:
4906:
4902:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4885:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4851:
4846:
4843:
4839:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4817:
4814:
4810:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4793:
4790:
4786:
4781:
4778:
4774:
4769:
4766:
4762:
4757:
4754:
4750:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4721:
4718:
4714:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4697:
4696:Brown creeper
4694:
4690:
4685:
4682:
4678:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4661:
4657:
4650:
4645:
4643:
4638:
4636:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4571:
4567:
4561:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4530:
4515:
4511:
4504:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4473:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4442:
4426:
4422:
4421:Dominion Post
4418:
4411:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4378:
4359:
4355:
4353:0-9583301-6-6
4349:
4342:
4335:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4242:
4240:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4161:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4128:
4126:
4117:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4008:
4007:
3999:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3922:
3914:
3911:(145): 1–29.
3910:
3906:
3902:
3895:
3879:
3875:
3869:
3867:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3835:
3833:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3803:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3766:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3721:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3603:
3602:
3594:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3473:
3472:
3464:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3421:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3385:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3293:Rattus rattus
3290:
3283:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3119:
3117:
3108:
3106:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3030:Columba livia
3024:
3005:
3002:(2): 87–107.
3001:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2925:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2862:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2826:
2825:
2817:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2758:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2730:
2721:
2719:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2683:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2651:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2614:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2487:
2478:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2415:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2379:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2326:
2324:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2167:
2158:
2156:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2118:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2073:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1843:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1737:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1696:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1655:
1651:
1649:9780643104709
1645:
1641:
1640:
1632:
1616:
1612:
1609:(in French).
1608:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1565:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1536:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1507:
1505:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1393:Egg at museum
1391:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1320:. The apron,
1319:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1302:Walter Buller
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1241:
1236:
1227:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1179:IUCN Red List
1175:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1144:R. norvegicus
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:Rattus rattus
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
982:
980:
976:
975:
970:
969:
964:
963:
958:
957:
952:
951:
946:
945:
940:
939:
934:
933:
928:
927:
922:
921:
916:
915:
910:
909:
904:
900:
896:
892:
883:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
851:
849:
845:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
812:
810:
805:
803:
798:
793:
789:
780:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
726:
725:
717:
716:
708:
707:
704:
702:
698:
692:
691:
688:
687:
684:
682:
678:
672:
671:
665:
664:
661:
660:
652:
651:
648:
646:
642:
636:
635:
632:
631:
628:
626:
622:
616:
615:
609:
608:
602:
601:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
450:
448:
447:
442:
438:
433:
429:
428:Ancient Greek
425:
421:
417:
413:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:
388:
384:
380:
376:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:Māori culture
343:
338:
337:
332:Considered a
330:
328:
324:
320:
319:IUCN Red List
316:
312:
308:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
262:
257:
242:
239:
234:
231:
230:
227:
224:
220:
215:
209:
207:
201:
198:
197:Binomial name
194:
190:
189:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
154:Columbiformes
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
103:
98:
94:
88:
83:
82:Least Concern
72:
68:
63:
58:
54:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5918:
5765:Laughing owl
5760:Chatham kākā
5755:Lyall's wren
5608:Snares snipe
5476:Chatham shag
5355:Shore plover
5229:Foveaux shag
5154:Blue penguin
5091:Okarito kiwi
4956:Spotted shag
4884:pūtangitangi
4827:
4780:Grey warbler
4574:. Retrieved
4560:
4548:. Retrieved
4539:
4529:
4517:. Retrieved
4514:The Guardian
4513:
4503:
4491:. Retrieved
4482:
4472:
4460:. Retrieved
4451:
4441:
4429:. Retrieved
4425:the original
4420:
4410:
4398:. Retrieved
4387:
4377:
4365:. Retrieved
4334:
4307:
4298:
4286:. Retrieved
4272:
4260:. Retrieved
4251:
4226:. Retrieved
4178:
4174:
4160:
4144:(1): 11–25.
4141:
4137:
4071:
4067:
4039:. Retrieved
4005:
3998:
3986:. Retrieved
3967:
3963:
3953:
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1486:
1480:
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1379:Lake Te Anau
1347:South Island
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1294:waka waituhi
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1200:
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1098:Conservation
1063:
1060:
1047:
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991:tree lucerne
983:
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960:
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930:
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912:
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869:crossed the
867:Invercargill
852:
833:Raoul Island
818:
808:
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785:
747:
737:
734:Common names
700:
695:
680:
675:
644:
639:
624:
620:
619:
593:
585:
554:Ptilinopinae
547:
529:
517:
505:
501:
493:
489:
483:
470:
466:
461:The extinct
444:
441:Megaloprepia
440:
436:
424:type species
419:
411:
404:
403:in his 1790
400:
396:
390:
378:
372:
342:Māori people
331:
303:
269:
265:
260:
259:
255:
253:
240:
232:
205:
203:
187:
186:
174:
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6098:iNaturalist
5943:Wikispecies
5875:ruru hinapō
5571:Bounty shag
5406:Black robin
5193:Black stilt
5026:ngutuparore
4990:tōrea pango
4901:tītipounamu
4850:tūturiwhatu
4725:moho-pererū
3780:(1): 7–17.
2628:: 173–183.
2371:(4): 10–19.
1964:Gill, Frank
1437:HD 137388 b
1419:Recognition
1410:guarantees
1298:tahā huahua
1284:tahā huahua
971:), privet (
953:), karaka (
929:), pūriri (
891:frugivorous
774:Description
740:common name
574:stone fruit
538:Pleistocene
504:subspecies
492:subspecies
469:subspecies
387:description
375:John Latham
358:HD 137388 b
278:New Zealand
270:wood pigeon
36:Maraekakaho
6255:Treroninae
6244:Categories
6222:Xeno-canto
5863:manutahora
5819:Snipe-rail
5733:mātuhituhi
5379:Yellowhead
5367:Stitchbird
5295:Otago shag
5283:takahikare
5170:Endangered
5046:Flightless
4961:pārekareka
4773:pīwakawaka
4708:Brown teal
4576:14 October
4462:17 October
4317:0959791515
3943:23 October
3884:14 October
3628:23 October
3442:: 25–101.
3374:11 October
3344:8 December
3173:17 October
3098:: 136–140.
2851:18 October
2744:: 99–108.
2467:24 January
2101:Q107407131
2046:1195888312
1831:23 January
1801:23 January
1726:16 October
1660:23 October
1621:15 October
1455:References
1404:mātauranga
1385:Harvesting
1306:Lake Taupō
1269:Ngāi Tūhoe
1240:iridescent
1204:Wellington
1136:R. exulans
947:), nīkau (
792:appearance
594:Gymnophaps
550:Columbidae
528:status as
486:subspecies
453:Subspecies
446:Ptilinopus
437:Carpophaga
299:egg clutch
295:monogamous
276:native to
164:Columbidae
5618:pokotiwha
5505:Pitt shag
5360:tūturuatu
5324:tarāpunga
5271:kawau tūī
5205:Blue duck
5186:tarapiroe
5014:pōpokotea
5009:Whitehead
4932:Silvereye
4228:28 August
4098:0027-8424
4041:28 August
4028:154289926
3821:22 August
3741:7 October
3521:17 August
3411:153431463
3366:. NZLII.
3268:(1): 91.
3200:(1977) .
3069:OSNZ News
3034:Behaviour
2972:4 October
2796:0028-825X
2704:: 37–47.
2560:: 37–44.
2405:917304045
2312:17 August
2281:17 August
2093:0110-6465
2087:(2): 15.
1968:"Pigeons"
1851:Hemiphaga
1773:0303-6758
1351:Raincliff
1345:. In the
1140:brown rat
1124:black rat
1112:mammalian
1078:incubated
1022:crop milk
974:Ligustrum
899:Arecaceae
895:Lauraceae
863:Southland
859:sedentary
837:Kermadecs
768:Northland
756:loanwords
572:, mainly
566:Australia
422:) as the
412:Hemiphaga
182:Species:
175:Hemiphaga
120:Kingdom:
114:Eukaryota
6142:22727557
6116:10718997
6015:22727557
6010:BirdLife
5934:Q1145127
5928:Wikidata
5728:Bushwren
5630:tutukiwi
5259:tara-iti
5217:Fernbird
5174:(flying)
4973:miromiro
4913:pīwauwau
4896:Rifleman
4838:pīhoihoi
4785:riroriro
4761:kārearea
4749:pohowera
4732:Dabchick
4689:tarāpuka
4677:korimako
4672:Bellbird
4604:Archived
4570:Archived
4544:Archived
4487:Archived
4456:Archived
4394:Archived
4358:Archived
4326:24578263
4282:Archived
4256:Archived
4219:Archived
4215:29987016
4116:29987016
4032:Archived
3982:Archived
3937:Archived
3929:(1888).
3913:Archived
3878:Archived
3849:Archived
3815:Archived
3782:Archived
3735:Archived
3704:Archived
3674:Archived
3648:Archived
3619:Archived
3577:Archived
3546:Archived
3515:Archived
3444:Archived
3368:Archived
3309:24053733
3208:Archived
3167:Archived
3133:Archived
3092:Notornis
3004:Archived
2898:26198781
2842:Archived
2800:Archived
2746:Archived
2706:Archived
2698:Notornis
2670:Archived
2630:Archived
2622:Notornis
2596:24060733
2562:Archived
2554:Notornis
2530:3 August
2524:Archived
2503:Archived
2495:Notornis
2461:Archived
2342:Archived
2306:Archived
2275:Archived
2244:Archived
2214:Archived
2188:Archived
2184:24060614
2138:Archived
2097:Wikidata
2005:Archived
1976:Archived
1950:20399870
1875:55640412
1825:Archived
1795:Archived
1717:Archived
1654:Archived
1615:Archived
1601:(1854).
1577:Archived
1548:Archived
1519:Archived
1443:See also
1267:such as
1242:feathers
1224:Auckland
1082:incubate
1051:moulting
962:Coprosma
903:podocarp
788:arboreal
506:spadicea
471:spadicea
244:(Gmelin)
223:Synonyms
160:Family:
134:Chordata
130:Phylum:
124:Animalia
110:Domain:
87:IUCN 3.1
6090:2495905
6077:1049942
6064:nezpig2
6038:nezpig2
5997:Avibase
5792:kērangi
5667:kaoriki
5641:Extinct
5457:ranguru
5108:tokoeka
5021:Wrybill
4872:pāpango
4821:koekoeā
4768:Fantail
4493:27 June
4431:12 June
4400:12 June
4367:12 June
4288:27 July
4262:27 July
4206:6065006
4183:Bibcode
4107:6065006
4076:Bibcode
3988:12 June
3855:12 June
3791:12 June
3710:27 June
3680:27 June
3654:27 June
3583:27 June
3552:27 June
3453:12 June
3436:Tuhinga
3214:12 June
3054:4534190
1915:6061643
1493:23 July
1318:Tāranga
1290:Snaring
1208:Dunedin
1092:Rotorua
1087:fledges
1018:suction
1014:alcohol
877:Feeding
855:montane
841:lowland
835:in the
825:refugia
797:coverts
760:macrons
540:epoch.
526:species
520:or the
514:extinct
392:Columba
315:possums
216:, 1789)
170:Genus:
150:Order:
140:Class:
85: (
46:Kererū
6214:143810
6201:438081
6172:NZOR:
6162:NZBO:
6155:262124
6129:177395
6103:204520
5984:ARKive
5834:ōiruki
5770:whēkau
5679:koreke
5655:piopio
5411:karure
5300:Matapo
5222:mātātā
5159:kororā
5142:tawaki
5127:Kākāpō
4968:Tomtit
4937:tauhou
4891:Pūkeko
4828:Kererū
4809:kōtare
4737:weweia
4713:pāteke
4701:pipipi
4663:Common
4550:3 July
4519:4 July
4350:
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1371:kākāpō
1279:kākahu
1273:Puanga
1254:taonga
1214:, and
1212:Nelson
1148:stoats
1138:) and
1070:clutch
1003:poplar
1001:, and
995:willow
987:kōwhai
844:forest
802:mantle
748:kererū
621:kererū
570:fruits
562:Malaya
512:, now
407:. The
336:taonga
311:stoats
274:pigeon
256:kererū
236:Gmelin
214:Gmelin
6188:72683
6111:IRMNG
6059:eBird
6051:3KRM5
6035:BOW:
6028:95521
5892:poūwa
5643:birds
5537:Toroa
5525:birds
5498:tāiko
5481:papua
5469:parea
5440:tōrea
5423:toroa
5399:birds
5384:mōhua
5348:tīeke
5336:tīeke
5120:hoiho
5084:roroa
5060:roroa
5048:birds
4949:tōrea
4833:Pipit
4665:birds
4540:Stuff
4483:Stuff
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3407:S2CID
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2271:Stuff
2240:Stuff
2180:JSTOR
2108:(PDF)
2075:(PDF)
1871:S2CID
1720:(PDF)
1699:(PDF)
1259:Māori
1055:stall
848:scrub
758:with
752:Māori
578:clade
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502:H. n.
490:H. n.
467:H. n.
409:genus
6150:NCBI
6137:IUCN
6124:ITIS
6085:GBIF
6023:BOLD
5846:moho
5686:Huia
5372:hihi
5234:Kākā
5210:whio
5198:kakī
5149:Weka
5096:rowi
5002:tara
4578:2021
4552:2021
4521:2021
4495:2021
4464:2021
4433:2020
4402:2020
4369:2020
4348:ISBN
4322:OCLC
4312:ISBN
4290:2021
4264:2021
4230:2021
4211:PMID
4112:PMID
4094:ISSN
4043:2021
4024:OCLC
4014:ISBN
3990:2020
3945:2021
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3857:2020
3823:2021
3793:2020
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3609:ISBN
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3523:2021
3511:TVNZ
3479:ISBN
3455:2020
3376:2021
3346:2008
3235:Ibis
3216:2020
3175:2021
3144:2021
3015:2021
2974:2021
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2832:ISBN
2808:2021
2792:ISSN
2641:2021
2532:2018
2469:2020
2427:ISBN
2401:OCLC
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2196:2021
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2032:ISBN
2013:2021
1984:2021
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1901:ISBN
1833:2020
1803:2020
1769:ISSN
1728:2021
1707:ISBN
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1361:and
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1210:and
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897:and
484:Two
432:hēmi
313:and
307:rats
254:The
144:Aves
6072:EoL
6046:CoL
5971:AFD
5958:ADW
5696:Moa
5239:Kea
4980:Tūī
4201:PMC
4191:doi
4179:115
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