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739:, during which they develop legs, and the gills are absorbed and replaced by air-breathing lungs. Some species, such as the North American newts, also become more brightly colored during this phase. Once fully metamorphosed, they leave the water and live a terrestrial life, when they are known as "efts." Only when the eft reaches adulthood will the North American species return to live in water, rarely venturing back onto the land. Conversely, most European species live their adult lives on land and only visit water to breed.
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were prone to a loss of motor control: After only 22% water weight loss, newts in the aquatic phase lost their ability to remain upright and mobile. However, after adaptation to a terrestrial phase, they could lose 30% before a loss of motor control was recorded. Newts in the terrestrial phase were
1759:
In early stages of development in amphibians, ventilator gas transport and hemoglobin gas transport are independent mechanisms and not yet coupled as they are in adulthood. In juvenile amphibians, there is no cardiovascular response in conditions of hypoxia. When newts are induced into anemia, they
870:
of the
Pacific Northwest used the toxin to poison their enemies. However, the toxins are only dangerous if ingested or otherwise enter the body; for example, through a wound. Newts can safely live in the same ponds or streams as frogs and other amphibians or be kept as pets. The only predators of
711:
The main breeding season for newts (in the
Northern Hemisphere) is in June and July. A single newt female can produce hundreds of eggs. For instance, the warty newt can produce 200–300 eggs (Bradford 2017). After courtship rituals of varying complexity, which take place in ponds or slow-moving
2445:
The nomenclatural status of the nomina of amphibians and reptiles created by
Garsault (1764), with a parsimonious solution to an old nomenclatural problem regarding the genus Bufo (Amphibia, Anura), comments on the taxonomy of this genus, and comments on some nomina created by Laurenti
1851:
to a temperature range that exists outside the predator's preferred temperature range. Larvae that are in the metamorphosizing stage tend to prefer warmer temperatures than those in the stage following metamorphosis. Therefore, the larvae in this stage will undergo a much more precise
2977:
Yazawa T, Yamamoto T, Nakayama Y, Hamada S, Abé S. Conversion from mitosis to meiosis: morphology and expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Dmc1 during newt spermatogenesis. Dev Growth Differ. 2000 Dec;42(6):603-11. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-169x.2000.00544.x. PMID
2154:
level of the streams and lakes where they live. Because their skin is permeable to water, they absorb oxygen and other substances they need through their skin. Scientists study the stability of the amphibian population when studying the water quality of a particular body of water.
3005:(A. Capaldo, F. Gay, S. Valiante, M. DeFalco, R. Sciarrillo, M. Maddaloni, V. Laforgia. 2012. Endocrine-disrupting effects of nonylphenol in the newt, Triturus carnifex (Amphibia, Urodela). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 155(2): 352–358. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.10.004)
1735:
The heart of newts, like that of most amphibians, consists of two atria and one ventricle. Blood flows from the anterior and posterior caval veins into the right atrium; blood that entered the heart from the left atrium is then expelled out of the ventricle. Newts do not have a
2850:(Giuliano Frangioni, Mario Santoni, Stefano Bianchi, Marco Franchi, Giancarlo Fuzzi, Stefano Marcaccini, Carlo Varlani, Gianfranco Borgioli. 2006. Function of the Hepatic Melanogenesis in the Newt, Triturus Carnifex. Journal of Experimental Zoology. 303A:123-131.)
1795:. Spleen size can increase as the temperature declines for adults – in larvae, there is no dramatic change in spleen size. During hibernation, an increase in liver pigment cells allows for storage of oxygen, as well as other important ions and free radicals.
2904:
Brown, M., Brown, S., Bisceglio, I., and Lemke, S. 1983. Breeding
Condition, Temperature, and the Regulation of Salt and Water by Pituitary Hormones in the Red-Spotted Newt, Notophthalmus viridescens. General and Comparative Endocrinology 51,
2040:
Some newt populations in Europe have decreased because of pollution or destruction of their breeding sites and terrestrial habitats, and countries such as the UK have taken steps to halt their declines. In the UK, they are protected under the
607:) with together seven species are the only representatives in North America, while most diversity is found in the Old World: In Europe and the Middle East, the group's likely origin, eight genera with roughly 30 species are found, with the
1748:: when a newt's ventricle is punctured, the heart will divert the blood directly into an ascending aorta via a duct located between the ventricle and the conus arteriosus. Newts begin to regenerate the ventricle by a thickening of the
622:, spending part of the year in the water for reproduction and the rest of the year on land. While most species prefer stagnant water bodies such as ponds, ditches, or flooded meadows for reproduction, some species such as the
2956:(R. Smolinsky, L. Gvozdik. 2009. The ontogenetic shift in thermoregulatory behavior of newt larvae: testing the “enemy-free temperature” hypothesis. Journal of Zoology. 279(2): 180-186. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00603.x)
2996:(Gay, F., V. Laforgia, I. Caputo, C. Esposito, M. Lepretti, and A. Capaldo, “Chronic Exposure to Cadmium Disrupts the Adrenal Gland Activity of the Newt Triturus carnifex(Amphibia, Urodela),” BioMed Research International.)
402:, especially in composition, the larva being called "water-eft" and the mature form "land-eft" well into the 18th century, but the simplex "eft" as equivalent to "water-eft" has been in use since at least the 17th century.
1808:
found to dehydrate much quicker than newts in the aquatic phase, but conversely, during rehydration, dehydrated terrestrial animals will go through water gain 5x faster than dehydrated newts that are in the aquatic phase.
2987:(Brunelli, E., E. Sperone, M. Maisano, and S. Tripepi. 2009. Morphology and ultrastructure of the gills in two Urodela species: Salamandrina terdigitata and Triturus carnifex. Italian Journal of Zoology. 76(2): 158-164)
273:, alternating between aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Not all aquatic salamanders are considered newts, however. More than 100 known species of newts are found in North America, Europe, North Africa and Asia. Newts
1815:
is released into the circulatory system, which drives the newts into the aquatic environment and reduces the active transport of sodium ions. In contrast to prolactin, which decreases osmotic permeability,
2150:
because of their thin, sensitive skin and evidence of their presence (or absence) can serve as an indicator of the health of the environment. Most species are highly sensitive to subtle changes in the
515:) in historical literature, and "triton" remains in use as common name in some Romance languages, such as Spanish and Romanian, but as well as in Greek, Russian, and Bulgarian. The systematic name
2933:(M. Hadamova, L. Gvozdik. 2011. Seasonal acclimation of preferred body temperatures improves the opportunity for thermoregulation in newts. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 84(2):166-174. )
2065:
808:
Newts lay their eggs on structures such as plants or stones under water. The larvae first develop fore- and later hindlimbs, and are strictly carnivorous. After metamorphosis, juveniles known as
2914:
Minoru
Uchiyama, Norifumi Konno, Hormonal regulation of ion and water transport in anuran amphibians, General and Comparative Endocrinology, Volume 147, Issue 1, 15 May 2006, Pages 54-61,
642:) have even adapted to life in cold, oxygen-rich mountain streams. During their terrestrial phase, newts live in humid habitats with abundant cover such as logs, rocks, or earth holes.
1855:
Reproductive females of the
Italian crested newt were shown to regulate their body temperature more precisely and prefer higher temperatures than non-reproductive females and males.
1820:
increases the permeability and is secreted during the summer months. Arginine vasotocin not only increases cutaneous water permeability, but promotes increased cutaneous blood flow.
2734:"An Extremely Peramorphic Newt (Urodela: Salamandridae: Pleurodelini) from the Latest Oligocene of Germany, and a New Phylogenetic Analysis of Extant and Extinct Salamandrids"
2516:"Amphibians - body, used, water, process, Earth, life, characteristics, form, animals, oxygen, air, plant, change, History, Characteristics, Life cycle, Three major groupings"
2895:
Lodi, G., Biciotti, M., and Viotto, B. 1981. Cutaneous
Osmoregulation in Triturus cristatus carnifex (Laur.) (Urodela). General and Comparative Endocrinology 46: 452-457.
879:, some having developed a resistance to the toxin. Most newts can be safely handled, provided the toxins they produce are not ingested or allowed to come in contact with
1840:, which means they will acclimate to their surrounding environmental temperatures. When there is a large range of environmental temperatures, newts are insensitive to a
2886:
P. Walters, L. Greenwald. 1977. Physiological adaptations of aquatic newts (Notophtalmus viridescens) to a terrestrial environment. Physiological
Zoology. 50(2): 88-98.
2820:(Pelster, B. 1999. Environmental Influences on the Development of the Cardiac System in Fish and Amphibians. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 124:407-412)
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but are distinguished by their feathery external gills, hatch out in about three weeks. After hatching, they eat algae, small invertebrates, or other amphibian larvae.
1841:
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716:, which is taken up by the female. Fertilized eggs are laid singly and are usually attached to aquatic plants. This distinguishes them from the free-floating eggs of
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691:, including semipermeable glandular skin, four equal-sized limbs, and a distinct tail. The newt's skin, however, is not as smooth as that of other salamanders. The
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2808:(Miyachi, Y. 2011. The Unusual Circulation of the Newt Heart after Ventricular Injury and Its Implications for Regeneration. Anatomy Research International:1-7).
2859:(Frangioni, G., G. Borgioli. 1996. Variations in blood pressure of newts according to their respiratory conditions. Italian Journal of Zoology. 63:3, 201-206).
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cope with the changing temperatures existing in their environments. This regulation is most often achieved through behavioral thermoregulation. They are
2942:(V. Marek, L. Gvozdik. 2012. The insensitivity of thermal preferences to various thermal gradient profiles in newts. Journal of Ethology. 30(1): 35-41)
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2832:(Casale. G.P, Khairallah. E. A., Grasso. J. A. 1980. An Analysis of Hemoglobin Synthesis in Erythropoietic Cells. Developmental Biology 80:107-119. )
1764:, around two weeks after anemia is induced, the newts produced a mass of cells that helps to revitalize the already circulating red blood cell mass.
1753:
2965:(L. Gvozdik. 1995. Does reproduction influence temperature preference in newts. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 83(8): 1038-1044. doi: 10.1139/z05-096)
1780:. Lung breathing is mainly used when there is a lack of oxygen in the water, or at high activity such as during courtship, breeding, or feeding.
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615:) extending to northernmost Africa. Eastern Asia, from Eastern India over Indochina to Japan, is home to five genera with more than 40 species.
2030:
2665:"A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of advanced frogs, salamanders, and caecilians"
699:, reproduce rapidly, and differentiate again to create a new limb or organ. One hypothesis is that the undifferentiated cells are related to
2841:(Eddy, F. B., P. McDonald. 1978. Aquatic respiration of The Crested Newt Triturus Cristatus. Comparative Biochemical Physiology. 59: 85-88)
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2868:(Frangioni, G., G Borgioli. 1997. Blood and splenic respiratory compensation in larval newts. Italian Journal of Zoology. 64:3, 221-226)
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2005:. This affects especially the aquatic breeding sites they depend on, but also their land habitats. Several species, such as the
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Constable's miscellany of original and selected publications in the various departments of literature, science, & the arts
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724:, which are laid in clumps or in strings. Plant leaves are usually folded over and attached to the eggs to protect them. The
1921:, a heavy metal released into the environment from industrial and consumer waste, has been shown to be detrimental to the
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2247:"Phylogeny and biogeography of the family Salamandridae (Amphibia: Caudata) inferred from complete mitochondrial genomes"
1050:
The term "newt" has traditionally been seen as an exclusively functional term for salamanders living in water, and not a
380:("an eft" → "a n'eft" → ...) by the early 15th century. The form "newt" appears to have arisen as a dialectal variant of
2467:
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1886:
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2405:. Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich 1997 (revised edition of Akademie Verlag, Munich 1989 and 1993), p. 265, s.v.
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2420:"distaff", so that both animals (lizard and badger) were parallelized due to their common, spindle-shaped bodies.
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1993:) in Europe, are still relatively common, populations of newts throughout their distribution range suffer from
1062:. Other, more distantly related salamander families also contain fully or in part aquatic species, such as the
285:-like bodies and return to the water every year to breed, otherwise living in humid, cover-rich land habitats.
2367:: "the water-eft, or newt, is only the larva of the land-eft, as tadpoles are of frogs". Archibald Constable,
1077:
Classification of all genera of the
Pleurodelinae subfamily after Pyron and Weins, revised by Mikko Haaramo.
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Larvae, with their great number of lamellae in their gills, are more susceptible to pollutants than adults.
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are not listed, the sale of either species is prohibited under the
Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981.
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layer that protrudes to allow the new vessels to form, and conclude with a regeneration of the entire
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cells, since chemicals that produce tumors in other animals will produce additional limbs in newts.
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analyses have however shown that species in the Salamandridae traditionally called newts do form a
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even at a concentrations below Italian and European thresholds, by disrupting the activity of the
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In Europe, nine newts are listed as "strictly protected fauna species" under appendix II of the
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without a licence, or to cause them harm or death, or to disturb their habitat in any way. The
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Zhang, Peng; Papenfuss, Theodore J.; Wake, Marvalee H.; Qu, Lianghu; Wake, David B. (2008).
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are some commonly seen newts in the pet trade. Some newts rarely seen in the pet trade are
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The remaining European species are listed as "protected fauna species" under appendix III.
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388:, but entered Standard English by the Early Modern period (used by Shakespeare in
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2712:"Pleurodelinae. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0"
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and the Habitat Regulations Act 1994. It is illegal to catch, possess, or handle
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The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne, in the County of Southampton
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1744:. Newts contain a special circulatory adaptation that allows them to survive
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are regarded as separate genera by some authors, but this is not unanimous.
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species in the family, roughly 100, which are classified in sixteen genera:
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categorises the species as ‘lower risk’ Although the other UK species, the
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3051:"USGS Amphibian Research Monitoring Initiative (Pacific Northwest Region)"
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model for investigating the mechanism(s) controlling the transition from
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Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats
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Phylogenetic analyses estimated the origin of the newt subfamily in the
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The Gentleman's Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, Volume 47 (1777),
398:, now only used for newly metamorphosed specimens, survived alongside
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Collins, J. T.; Conant, R.; Stebbins, R. C.; Peterson, R. T. (1999).
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Newts, as with salamanders in general and other amphibians, serve as
2002:
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In the Italian crested newt, it was shown that during winter months,
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Newts are found in North America, Europe, North Africa and Asia. The
438:, literally "lizard-badger" or "distaff-like lizard" (compare German
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109:
567:"conspicuous"). Collective nouns for newts are flotilla and armada.
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in their skin secretions as a defence mechanism against predators.
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1929:. In experiments allowing Italian crested newts to be exposed to
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Newts share many of the characteristics of their salamander kin,
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485:, presumably for the water newt (immature newt, eft). German has
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is an example of a newt species that has gone extinct recently.
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To escape predators, newt larvae have been found to shift their
376:. The initial "n" was added from the indefinite article "an" by
371:
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300:. Several species are endangered, and at least one species, the
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2353:
An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
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thermoregulation process than those in the intermediate stage.
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1532:
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725:
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in 1830 (the name meaning "having prominent ribs," formed from
282:
236:
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for a type of spotted newt, now used for species of the genus
3090:"Science & Nature - Wildfacts - Smooth newt, common newt"
2465:
1051:
844:
700:
676:(left) and as an adult during aquatic breeding season (right)
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in 1815. Tschudi's Pleurodelinae is based on the type genus
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newts of western North America are particularly toxic. The
721:
717:
3111:"Smooth newt videos, photos and facts - Triturus vulgaris"
2705:
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on the ventricle, due to circulation that is found in the
281:, terrestrial juvenile (eft), and adult. Adult newts have
277:
through three distinct developmental life stages: aquatic
1676:
have also been referred to the Pleurodelinae, including:
2614:"BBC Nature - Great crested newt videos, news and facts"
1760:
are able to respire without the need of blood cells. In
2698:
2498:
Molecular Biology Program - Bioscience Graduate Studies
2151:
1937:
common in leakage from sewers, there was a decrease in
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emerge from the water and live a terrestrial lifestyle.
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30:
This article is about the animal. For other uses, see
3189:
1885:, this transition was shown to involve expression of
735:
During the subsequent few months, the larvae undergo
2725:
2608:
2606:
2244:
2240:
2238:
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2731:
2539:. Lnr.cambridge.gov.uk. 2005-07-25. Archived from
2390:An etmological dictionary of the Scottish language
1832:, describes the major mechanisms of how newts, as
2658:
2656:
2654:
2603:
2233:
3213:
2537:"Cambridge City Council: Local Nature Reserves"
2469:Peterson First Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians
1828:Thermoregulation, in combination with seasonal
695:at the site of an injury have the ability to un
329:, is the type genus of subfamily Pleurodelinae.
2714:. New York: American Museum of Natural History
2651:
1912:
504:, like the English term of unknown etymology.
405:Dialectal English and Scots also has the word
261:. The terrestrial juvenile phase is called an
3136:"Annexe II: Strictly protected fauna species"
2973:
2971:
2732:Marjanović, David; Witzmann, Florian (2015).
358:; this word was transformed irregularly into
3036:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T59445A11942589.en
2560:
2409:. Pfeifer gives the second element as germ.
570:
486:
626:can also occur in slow-flowing rivers. The
562:
556:
455:
3015:Yang Datong; Michael Wai Neng Lau (2004).
2968:
2662:
2632:
2630:
519:was introduced alongside Pleurodelinae by
125:
37:"Eft" redirects here. For other uses, see
3034:
2775:
2757:
2586:
1725:
27:Salamander in the subfamily Pleurodelinae
3227:Extant Late Cretaceous first appearances
2952:
2950:
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2638:"Caudata Culture Articles - Newt Toxins"
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1956:
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2403:Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen
523:in 1838, based on the type genus named
14:
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2816:
2814:
1952:
3156:"Annexe III: Protected fauna species"
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2936:
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2672:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2254:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
265:. Unlike other members of the family
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2924:
2880:
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2799:
2500:. University of Utah. Archived from
2429:Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
1949:and important for stress response.
3022:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2999:
2990:
2959:
2908:
2823:
2811:
2141:
2029:) are considered threatened by the
1969:Although some species, such as the
1823:
712:streams, the male newt transfers a
24:
2518:. Scienceclarified.com. 2009-10-13
2379:of Hay, (the water-newt, or eft)".
1858:
790:Larva shortly before metamorphosis
682:
511:(viz., named for the mythological
419:in Scots) used for both newts and
349:(of unknown origin), resulting in
25:
3238:
3171:
2663:Pyron, R.A.; Weins, J.J. (2011).
2561:Brockes, J; Kumar, A (Jan 2005).
2043:Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
1863:The newt is regarded as an ideal
1798:
1787:is the ability to release stored
866:to kill an adult human, and some
454:is ultimately cognate with Greek
3199:
3177:
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2315:"Online etymological dictionary"
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1791:when needed, for example under
839:, are known for their toxicity.
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1893:auxiliary protein involved in
1767:
1730:
886:
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583:lives in small streams in the
13:
1:
3017:"Hypselotriton wolterstorffi"
2472:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
2442:Alain Dubois and Roger Bour,
2227:
479:. Ancient Greek had the name
3053:. Fresc.usgs.gov. 2013-01-30
2759:10.1371/journal.pone.0137068
2456:, Zootaxa 2447 (2010), 1–52.
311:
7:
3071:UK Biodiversity Action Plan
2684:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012
2266:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.08.020
2184:Chuxiong fire-bellied newts
1945:, hormones produced by the
1913:Susceptibility to pollution
1803:In experiments, dehydrated
818:
10:
3243:
2158:
1983:Notophthalmus viridescens)
862:produces more than enough
481:
378:provection (juncture loss)
36:
29:
3076:October 24, 2007, at the
2588:10.1016/j.cub.2004.12.049
2309:Oxford English Dictionary
2180:Japanese fire belly newts
1551:
1529:
1522:
1505:
1498:
1481:
1474:
1456:
1449:
1432:
1425:
1385:
1368:
1361:
1335:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1275:
1268:
1236:
1214:
1207:
1199:
1158:
1141:
1134:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1085:
571:Distribution and habitats
563:
557:
456:
229:
224:
142:Scientific classification
140:
133:
124:
48:
3113:. ARKive. Archived from
2401:Wolfgang Pfeifer (ed.),
2168:Chinese fire belly newts
1985:in North America or the
1842:thermal gradient profile
1785:compensatory respiration
891:Newts form one of three
507:Newts are also known as
394:iv.1). The regular form
288:Newts are threatened by
2431:A Greek-English Lexicon
2206:red-tailed knobby newts
2089:Euproctus platycephalus
1746:ventricular penetration
883:or breaks in the skin.
766:Embryo in jelly capsule
636:European mountain newts
551:(ribbed newt) named by
372:
366:
360:
354:
345:
339:
337:name of the animal was
2214:Kaiser's spotted newts
2103:Lissotriton montandoni
1966:
1965:is considered extinct.
1905:protein, a marker for
1726:Anatomy and physiology
840:
728:, which resemble fish
588:
487:
469:). Latin had the name
330:
55:Late Cretaceous–Recent
3029:: e.T59445A11942589.
2015:Kaiser's spotted newt
1960:
1907:genetic recombination
1772:Adult crested newts (
907:. They comprise most
826:
747:northern crested newt
578:
319:
32:Newt (disambiguation)
2710:Frost, D.R. (2016).
2371:, Volume 45 (1829),
2222:yellow-spotted newts
2198:Spanish ribbed newts
2096:Lissotriton italicus
1991:Lissotriton vulgaris
1923:Italian crested newt
1891:DNA polymerase delta
802:Terrestrial juvenile
628:European brook newts
531:in 1768. Laurenti's
2877:(Barni et al. 1999)
2750:2015PLoSO..1037068M
2579:2005CBio...15..R42B
2377:salamandra aquatica
2210:rough-skinned newts
2164:Chinese warty newts
2124:Triturus dobrogicus
2047:great crested newts
2023:Montseny brook newt
2011:Pleurodeles poireti
1953:Conservation status
1935:endocrine disruptor
1882:Cynopa pyrrhogaster
1879:. In the male newt
843:Many newts produce
745:Development in the
624:Danube crested newt
581:Pyrenean brook newt
541:("Triton-tail") by
462:Proto-Indo-European
423:, from Old English
327:Iberian ribbed newt
2494:"Shannon Odelberg"
2451:2014-01-09 at the
2415:Middle High German
2204:genes exist), and
2131:Triturus karelinii
2117:Triturus cristatus
2082:Euproctus montanus
2027:Calotriton arnoldi
2007:Edough ribbed newt
1971:rough-skinned newt
1967:
1674:fossil salamanders
1060:monophyletic group
853:rough-skinned newt
841:
751:Triturus cristatus
589:
493:Middle High German
331:
3092:. BBC. 2012-04-27
2479:978-0-395-97195-6
2413:, relating it to
2359:. Gilbert White,
2110:Triturus carnifex
2019:Neurergus kaiseri
1975:Taricha granulosa
1718:Palaeopleurodeles
1656:
1655:
1647:
1646:
1638:
1637:
1629:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1611:
1610:
1602:
1601:
1593:
1592:
1584:
1583:
1575:
1574:
1566:
1565:
1414:
1413:
1405:
1404:
1350:
1349:
1256:
1255:
1187:
1186:
1178:
1177:
860:Pacific Northwest
856:Taricha granulosa
835:), including the
450:, both "lizard;"
244:
243:
239:genera, see text
16:(Redirected from
3234:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3195:
3182:Data related to
3181:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3086:
3080:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3012:
3006:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2979:
2975:
2966:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2943:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2922:
2912:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2821:
2818:
2809:
2806:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2789:
2779:
2761:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2707:
2696:
2695:
2669:
2660:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2634:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2610:
2601:
2600:
2590:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2463:
2457:
2440:
2434:
2427:
2421:
2399:
2393:
2386:
2380:
2346:
2340:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2317:. Douglas Harper
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2290:
2284:. Archived from
2251:
2242:
2176:paddletail newts
2142:As bioindicators
2075:Calotriton asper
2035:Yunnan lake newt
1963:Yunnan lake newt
1838:thermoconformers
1824:Thermoregulation
1774:Triturus cristus
1742:conus arteriosus
1540:
1525:
1524:
1501:
1500:
1477:
1476:
1452:
1451:
1428:
1427:
1396:
1364:
1363:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1286:
1271:
1270:
1247:
1225:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1201:
1169:
1137:
1136:
1123:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1099:
1088:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1064:mole salamanders
881:mucous membranes
868:Native Americans
799:
787:
775:
763:
662:
653:
566:
565:
560:
559:
490:
484:
483:
459:
458:
375:
369:
363:
357:
348:
342:
325:, including the
302:Yunnan lake newt
150:
149:
129:
119:
56:
52:Temporal range:
46:
45:
21:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3200:
3198:
3190:
3174:
3169:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3120:
3118:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3095:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3078:Wayback Machine
3069:
3065:
3056:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2925:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2824:
2819:
2812:
2807:
2800:
2790:
2744:(9): e0137068.
2730:
2726:
2717:
2715:
2708:
2699:
2667:
2661:
2652:
2643:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2619:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2604:
2567:Current Biology
2559:
2555:
2546:
2544:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2521:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2464:
2460:
2453:Wayback Machine
2441:
2437:
2428:
2424:
2400:
2396:
2388:John Jamieson,
2387:
2383:
2347:
2343:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2318:
2307:
2303:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2249:
2243:
2234:
2230:
2161:
2144:
2136:
1955:
1915:
1895:DNA replication
1877:spermatogenesis
1861:
1859:Spermatogenesis
1826:
1801:
1770:
1754:myocardial wall
1738:coronary artery
1733:
1728:
1723:
1666:Late Cretaceous
1662:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1415:
1406:
1351:
1257:
1188:
1179:
1045:Liangshantriton
1038:
1033:Liangshantriton
905:Salamandrininae
889:
837:California newt
821:
816:
815:
814:
813:
805:
804:
803:
800:
792:
791:
788:
780:
779:
776:
768:
767:
764:
755:
754:
709:
685:
683:Characteristics
680:
679:
678:
677:
672:as terrestrial
665:
664:
663:
655:
654:
573:
535:was renamed to
314:
144:
120:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
54:
53:
50:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3240:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3209:
3208:
3188:
3187:
3186:at Wikispecies
3173:
3172:External links
3170:
3168:
3167:
3147:
3127:
3102:
3081:
3063:
3042:
3007:
2998:
2989:
2980:
2967:
2958:
2944:
2935:
2923:
2907:
2897:
2888:
2879:
2870:
2861:
2852:
2843:
2834:
2822:
2810:
2798:
2724:
2697:
2678:(2): 543–853.
2650:
2626:
2602:
2573:(2): R42–R44.
2553:
2528:
2507:
2504:on 2006-09-02.
2485:
2478:
2458:
2435:
2422:
2394:
2381:
2341:
2328:
2301:
2260:(2): 586–597.
2231:
2229:
2226:
2160:
2157:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2070:
1954:
1951:
1939:corticosterone
1914:
1911:
1860:
1857:
1825:
1822:
1800:
1799:Osmoregulation
1797:
1769:
1766:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1697:Carpathotriton
1693:
1686:
1678:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1626:
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1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
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1608:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1555:Paramesotriton
1550:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1504:
1499:
1497:
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1490:
1489:
1480:
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1473:
1469:
1468:
1465:
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1431:
1426:
1424:
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1416:
1412:
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1407:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1037:
1036:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1003:
1000:Paramesotriton
996:
989:
982:
975:
968:
961:
954:
947:
940:
933:
921:
913:
895:in the family
888:
885:
820:
817:
807:
806:
801:
794:
793:
789:
782:
781:
777:
770:
769:
765:
758:
757:
756:
744:
743:
742:
741:
708:
705:
684:
681:
667:
666:
657:
656:
648:
647:
646:
645:
644:
572:
569:
460:"snake," from
431:Proto-Germanic
351:Middle English
313:
310:
242:
241:
227:
226:
222:
221:
216:
212:
211:
206:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
138:
137:
131:
130:
122:
121:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3239:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3207:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3185:
3184:Pleurodelinae
3180:
3176:
3175:
3157:
3151:
3137:
3131:
3117:on 2008-12-01
3116:
3112:
3106:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3067:
3052:
3046:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3011:
3002:
2993:
2984:
2974:
2972:
2962:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2939:
2930:
2928:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2901:
2892:
2883:
2874:
2865:
2856:
2847:
2838:
2829:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2794:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2713:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2640:. Caudata.org
2639:
2633:
2631:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2543:on 2013-07-23
2542:
2538:
2532:
2517:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2462:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2439:
2432:
2426:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2391:
2385:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2338:
2332:
2316:
2310:
2305:
2291:on 2017-02-02
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2232:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2194:emperor newts
2191:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2172:eastern newts
2169:
2165:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2148:bioindicators
2139:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2051:IUCN Red List
2048:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1999:fragmentation
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1959:
1950:
1948:
1947:adrenal gland
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1927:adrenal gland
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1901:, as well as
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1806:
1805:eastern newts
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1778:buccal cavity
1775:
1765:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1683:Archaeotriton
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:Phylogenetics
1652:
1651:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1625:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1607:
1606:
1598:
1597:
1589:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1218:Notophthalmus
1212:
1211:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1109:
1103:Pleurodelini
1102:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1093:Pleurodelinae
1090:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1041:Hypselotriton
1034:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1002:
1001:
997:
995:
994:
990:
988:
987:
983:
981:
980:
979:Notophthalmus
976:
974:
973:
969:
967:
966:
962:
960:
959:
955:
953:
952:
948:
946:
945:
941:
939:
938:
934:
931:
930:Hypselotriton
927:
926:
922:
920:
919:
915:
914:
912:
910:
906:
902:
901:Salamandrinae
898:
897:Salamandridae
894:
884:
882:
878:
877:garter snakes
874:
869:
865:
861:
857:
854:
850:
846:
838:
834:
830:
829:Pacific newts
825:
811:
798:
786:
774:
762:
752:
748:
740:
738:
737:metamorphosis
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
714:spermatophore
704:
702:
698:
697:differentiate
694:
690:
675:
671:
661:
652:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
605:Notophthalmus
602:
601:Eastern newts
598:
594:
593:Pacific newts
586:
582:
577:
568:
554:
550:
549:
544:
540:
539:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
505:
503:
502:
497:
494:
489:
478:
477:
472:
468:
467:
463:
453:
449:
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442:
437:
436:
432:
428:
427:
422:
418:
414:
410:
409:
403:
401:
397:
393:
392:
387:
386:Staffordshire
383:
379:
374:
368:
362:
356:
352:
347:
341:
336:
328:
324:
323:
318:
309:
307:
304:, has become
303:
299:
295:
294:fragmentation
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:Salamandridae
264:
260:
259:Pleurodelinae
257:
253:
249:
240:
238:
234:
228:
223:
220:
219:Pleurodelinae
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:Salamandridae
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
148:
143:
139:
136:
132:
128:
123:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3159:. Retrieved
3150:
3139:. Retrieved
3130:
3119:. Retrieved
3115:the original
3105:
3094:. Retrieved
3084:
3066:
3055:. Retrieved
3045:
3026:
3020:
3010:
3001:
2992:
2983:
2961:
2938:
2910:
2900:
2891:
2882:
2873:
2864:
2855:
2846:
2837:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2716:. Retrieved
2675:
2671:
2642:. Retrieved
2618:. Retrieved
2570:
2566:
2556:
2545:. Retrieved
2541:the original
2531:
2520:. Retrieved
2510:
2502:the original
2497:
2488:
2468:
2461:
2443:
2438:
2425:
2417:
2410:
2402:
2397:
2389:
2384:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2349:John Wilkins
2344:
2331:
2319:. Retrieved
2304:
2293:. Retrieved
2286:the original
2257:
2253:
2218:banded newts
2187:
2162:
2145:
2137:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2063:
2059:palmate newt
2039:
2026:
2018:
2010:
1995:habitat loss
1990:
1982:
1979:Eastern newt
1974:
1968:
1916:
1880:
1862:
1854:
1849:microhabitat
1846:
1827:
1810:
1802:
1789:erythrocytes
1782:
1773:
1771:
1761:
1758:
1734:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1690:Brachycormus
1688:
1681:
1663:
1553:
1552:
1531:
1530:
1507:
1506:
1483:
1482:
1460:Ichthyosaura
1458:
1457:
1434:
1433:
1387:
1386:
1370:
1369:
1339:Ommatotriton
1337:
1336:
1320:
1319:
1277:
1276:
1238:
1237:
1216:
1215:
1162:Tylototriton
1160:
1159:
1145:Echinotriton
1143:
1142:
1114:
1113:
1091:
1076:
1056:Phylogenetic
1049:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1028:Tylototriton
1026:
1019:
1012:
1005:
998:
991:
986:Ommatotriton
984:
977:
970:
963:
956:
951:Ichthyosaura
949:
942:
937:Echinotriton
935:
929:
923:
916:
890:
872:
864:tetrodotoxin
855:
848:
842:
832:
809:
750:
734:
710:
686:
673:
670:eastern newt
639:
631:
617:
612:
609:ribbed newts
604:
596:
590:
546:
536:
532:
524:
516:
508:
506:
499:
495:
474:
470:
464:
451:
445:
439:
433:
424:
421:wall lizards
416:
412:
406:
404:
399:
395:
389:
381:
332:
320:
290:habitat loss
287:
275:metamorphose
269:, newts are
262:
258:
247:
245:
230:
218:
43:
2616:. Bbc.co.uk
2055:smooth newt
1987:smooth newt
1943:aldosterone
1931:nonylphenol
1830:acclimation
1768:Respiration
1762:T. carnifex
1731:Circulation
1704:Chelotriton
1509:Pachytriton
1279:Lissotriton
1116:Pleurodeles
1007:Pleurodeles
993:Pachytriton
965:Lissotriton
893:subfamilies
887:Systematics
778:Young larva
707:Development
620:semiaquatic
613:Pleurodeles
561:"ribs" and
553:Michahelles
548:Pleurodeles
435:*agiþahsijǭ
335:Old English
322:Pleurodeles
271:semiaquatic
215:Subfamily:
135:Alpine newt
3216:Categories
3206:Amphibians
3161:2013-06-06
3141:2013-06-06
3121:2013-06-06
3096:2013-06-06
3057:2013-06-06
2718:2019-10-11
2644:2013-06-06
2620:2013-06-06
2547:2013-06-06
2522:2013-06-06
2411:*þahsjō(n)
2373:p. 63
2295:2016-08-29
2228:References
2033:, and the
2021:), or the
1909:activity.
1899:DNA repair
1865:vertebrate
1834:ectotherms
1783:A form of
1750:epicardial
1711:Koalliella
1672:. Several
1372:Calotriton
1205:Tarichina
918:Calotriton
875:newts are
632:Calotriton
618:Newts are
599:) and the
587:mountains.
543:Rafinesque
476:Stellagama
308:recently.
252:salamander
2920:0016-6480
2768:1932-6203
2321:9 October
2274:1055-7903
2202:leucistic
2192:species,
2003:pollution
1818:vasotocin
1813:prolactin
1485:Laotriton
1472:Cynopita
1436:Euproctus
1322:Neurergus
1072:Sirenidae
1070:, or the
1068:Proteidae
972:Neurergus
958:Laotriton
944:Euproctus
640:Euproctus
466:*h₁ogʷʰis
312:Etymology
298:pollution
256:subfamily
165:Kingdom:
159:Eukaryota
3074:Archived
2978:11142682
2905:292-302.
2786:26421432
2738:PLOS ONE
2692:21723399
2597:15668151
2449:Archived
2407:Eidechse
2355:(1668),
2282:18801447
2189:Triturus
1389:Triturus
1266:Molgina
1197:Molgini
1021:Triturus
899:, aside
819:Toxicity
585:Pyrenees
538:Triturus
529:Laurenti
517:Tritones
509:Tritones
501:wikt:olm
482:κορδύλος
441:Eidechse
235:and six
205:Family:
189:Amphibia
179:Chordata
175:Phylum:
169:Animalia
155:Domain:
2777:4589347
2746:Bibcode
2575:Bibcode
2563:"Newts"
2392:(1818).
2375:: "the
2363:(1789)
2159:As pets
1919:Cadmium
1875:during
1873:meiosis
1869:mitosis
1793:hypoxia
1240:Taricha
1031:(incl.
1014:Taricha
928:(incl.
873:Taricha
858:of the
849:Taricha
833:Taricha
689:Caudata
597:Taricha
521:Tschudi
491:, from
471:stellio
429:, from
391:Macbeth
306:extinct
254:in the
225:Genera
199:Urodela
195:Order:
185:Class:
3192:Portal
2918:
2784:
2774:
2766:
2690:
2595:
2476:
2446:(1768)
2357:p. 161
2337:p. 321
2313:Anon.
2280:
2272:
2001:, and
1977:) and
1670:Eocene
1533:Cynops
1066:, the
925:Cynops
909:extant
845:toxins
726:larvae
634:) and
558:πλευρά
533:Triton
525:Triton
513:Triton
411:(also
373:ewt(e)
283:lizard
237:fossil
233:extant
231:14–17
3222:Newts
2668:(PDF)
2418:dehse
2365:p. 50
2289:(PDF)
2250:(PDF)
1933:, an
1052:clade
722:toads
718:frogs
701:tumor
693:cells
564:δῆλος
488:Molch
452:*agi-
447:Echse
426:āþexe
370:, or
367:evete
346:efeta
279:larva
250:is a
18:Newts
3027:2004
2916:ISSN
2782:PMID
2764:ISSN
2688:PMID
2593:PMID
2474:ISBN
2323:2013
2278:PMID
2270:ISSN
2220:and
2057:and
2031:IUCN
1961:The
1941:and
1903:DMC1
1897:and
1889:, a
1887:PCNA
1043:and
903:and
827:The
810:efts
668:The
579:The
457:ὄφις
444:and
413:awsk
400:newt
361:euft
340:efte
333:The
296:and
248:newt
60:PreꞒ
49:Newt
3031:doi
2772:PMC
2754:doi
2680:doi
2583:doi
2262:doi
2013:),
1871:to
1668:to
730:fry
720:or
674:eft
527:by
496:mol
417:esk
408:ask
396:eft
384:in
382:eft
355:eft
263:eft
39:EFT
3218::
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3019:.
2970:^
2947:^
2926:^
2825:^
2813:^
2801:^
2780:.
2770:.
2762:.
2752:.
2742:10
2740:.
2736:.
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2629:^
2605:^
2591:.
2581:.
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2569:.
2565:.
2496:.
2351:,
2311:;
2276:.
2268:.
2258:49
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2252:.
2235:^
2224:.
2216:,
2212:,
2196:,
2186:,
2182:,
2178:,
2174:,
2170:,
2166:,
2152:pH
2068::
1997:,
1844:.
1756:.
1074:.
1054:.
498:,
415:,
364:,
343:,
292:,
246:A
110:Pg
3194::
3164:.
3144:.
3124:.
3099:.
3060:.
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3033::
2788:.
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638:(
630:(
611:(
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115:N
105:K
100:J
95:T
90:P
85:C
80:D
75:S
70:O
65:Ꞓ
41:.
34:.
20:)
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