DNA sequencing - Knowledge

2345: 1041: 2226:(DNB) and patterned arrays for nanoball attachment to a solid surface. DNA nanoballs are simply formed by denaturing double stranded, adapter ligated libraries and ligating the forward strand only to a splint oligonucleotide to form a ssDNA circle. Faithful copies of the circles containing the DNA insert are produced utilizing Rolling Circle Amplification that generates approximately 300–500 copies. The long strand of ssDNA folds upon itself to produce a three-dimensional nanoball structure that is approximately 220 nm in diameter. Making DNBs replaces the need to generate PCR copies of the library on the flow cell and as such can remove large proportions of duplicate reads, adapter-adapter ligations and PCR induced errors. 1192:" movement. However, it has also opened the door to more room for error. There are many software tools to carry out the computational analysis of NGS data, often compiled at online platforms such as CSI NGS Portal, each with its own algorithm. Even the parameters within one software package can change the outcome of the analysis. In addition, the large quantities of data produced by DNA sequencing have also required development of new methods and programs for sequence analysis. Several efforts to develop standards in the NGS field have been attempted to address these challenges, most of which have been small-scale efforts arising from individual labs. Most recently, a large, organized, FDA-funded effort has culminated in the 877:, a small protein secreted by the pancreas. This provided the first conclusive evidence that proteins were chemical entities with a specific molecular pattern rather than a random mixture of material suspended in fluid. Sanger's success in sequencing insulin spurred on x-ray crystallographers, including Watson and Crick, who by now were trying to understand how DNA directed the formation of proteins within a cell. Soon after attending a series of lectures given by Frederick Sanger in October 1954, Crick began developing a theory which argued that the arrangement of nucleotides in DNA determined the sequence of amino acids in proteins, which in turn helped determine the function of a protein. He published this theory in 1958. 2403:. It uses DNA fragments with added poly-A tail adapters which are attached to the flow cell surface. The next steps involve extension-based sequencing with cyclic washes of the flow cell with fluorescently labeled nucleotides (one nucleotide type at a time, as with the Sanger method). The reads are performed by the Heliscope sequencer. The reads are short, averaging 35 bp. What made this technology especially novel was that it was the first of its class to sequence non-amplified DNA, thus preventing any read errors associated with amplification steps. In 2009 a human genome was sequenced using the Heliscope, however in 2012 the company went bankrupt. 2242:

nucleotides are washed away before laser excitation of the attached labels then emit fluorescence and signal is captured by cameras that is converted to a digital output for base calling. The attached base has its terminator and label chemically cleaved at completion of the cycle. The cycle is repeated with another flow of free, labelled nucleotides across the flow cell to allow the next nucleotide to bind and have its signal captured. This process is completed a number of times (usually 50 to 300 times) to determine the sequence of the inserted piece of DNA at a rate of approximately 40 million nucleotides per second as of 2018.

2522:, has specifically been investigated as an alternative method to gel electrophoresis for visualizing DNA fragments. With this method, DNA fragments generated by chain-termination sequencing reactions are compared by mass rather than by size. The mass of each nucleotide is different from the others and this difference is detectable by mass spectrometry. Single-nucleotide mutations in a fragment can be more easily detected with MS than by gel electrophoresis alone. MALDI-TOF MS can more easily detect differences between RNA fragments, so researchers may indirectly sequence DNA with MS-based methods by converting it to RNA first. 2672: 2251: 49: 7222: 7017: 6843: 6785: 6681: 6625: 6434: 3421: 851:. According to the model, DNA is composed of two strands of nucleotides coiled around each other, linked together by hydrogen bonds and running in opposite directions. Each strand is composed of four complementary nucleotides – adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) – with an A on one strand always paired with T on the other, and C always paired with G. They proposed that such a structure allowed each strand to be used to reconstruct the other, an idea central to the passing on of hereditary information between generations. 1170: 1185:. In contrast to the first generation of sequencing, NGS technology is typically characterized by being highly scalable, allowing the entire genome to be sequenced at once. Usually, this is accomplished by fragmenting the genome into small pieces, randomly sampling for a fragment, and sequencing it using one of a variety of technologies, such as those described below. An entire genome is possible because multiple fragments are sequenced at once (giving it the name "massively parallel" sequencing) in an automated process. 2169: 1939:(PacBio), the SMRT technology developer, this methodology allows detection of nucleotide modifications (such as cytosine methylation). This happens through the observation of polymerase kinetics. This approach allows reads of 20,000 nucleotides or more, with average read lengths of 5 kilobases. In 2015, Pacific Biosciences announced the launch of a new sequencing instrument called the Sequel System, with 1 million ZMWs compared to 150,000 ZMWs in the PacBio RS II instrument. SMRT sequencing is referred to as " 2265: 1391: 218: 2190: 2019:. MPSS was a bead-based method that used a complex approach of adapter ligation followed by adapter decoding, reading the sequence in increments of four nucleotides. This method made it susceptible to sequence-specific bias or loss of specific sequences. Because the technology was so complex, MPSS was only performed 'in-house' by Lynx Therapeutics and no DNA sequencing machines were sold to independent laboratories. Lynx Therapeutics merged with Solexa (later acquired by 2847: 332: 453: 2161: 1354:(to enhance the subsequent signal) and attach the DNA to be sequenced to a solid support, (2) generation of single stranded DNA on the solid support, (3) incorporation of nucleotides using an engineered polymerase and (4) real-time detection of the incorporation of nucleotide The steps 3-4 are repeated and the sequence is assembled from the signals obtained in step 4. This principle of real-time sequencing-by-synthesis has been used for almost all 1988:

pore. The pore contains a detection region capable of recognizing different bases, with each base generating various time specific signals corresponding to the sequence of bases as they cross the pore which are then evaluated. Precise control over the DNA transport through the pore is crucial for success. Various enzymes such as exonucleases and polymerases have been used to moderate this process by positioning them near the pore's entrance.

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multiplied by the number of cameras and divided by the number of pixels per DNA colony required for visualizing them optimally (approximately 10 pixels/colony). In 2012, with cameras operating at more than 10 MHz A/D conversion rates and available optics, fluidics and enzymatics, throughput can be multiples of 1 million nucleotides/second, corresponding roughly to 1 human genome equivalent at 1x

2438:. Significant advantages include the portability of the device, reagent volume, speed of analysis, mass manufacturing abilities, and high throughput. This study provided a proof of concept showing that digital devices can be used for pyrosequencing; the study included using synthesis, which involves the extension of the enzymes and addition of labeled nucleotides. 690:. DNA testing has evolved tremendously in the last few decades to ultimately link a DNA print to what is under investigation. The DNA patterns in fingerprint, saliva, hair follicles, etc. uniquely separate each living organism from another. Testing DNA is a technique which can detect specific genomes in a DNA strand to produce a unique and individualized pattern. 2695:, intending to award $ 10 million to "the first Team that can build a device and use it to sequence 100 human genomes within 10 days or less, with an accuracy of no more than one error in every 100,000 bases sequenced, with sequences accurately covering at least 98% of the genome, and at a recurring cost of no more than $ 10,000 (US) per genome." 438:. Comparing healthy and mutated DNA sequences can diagnose different diseases including various cancers, characterize antibody repertoire, and can be used to guide patient treatment. Having a quick way to sequence DNA allows for faster and more individualized medical care to be administered, and for more organisms to be identified and cataloged. 1350:. An engineered polymerase is used to synthesize a copy of a single strand of DNA and the incorporation of each nucleotide is monitored. The principle of real-time sequencing by synthesis was first described in 1993 with improvements published some years later. The key parts are highly similar for all embodiments of SBS and includes (1) 1935:

bottom) and fluorescently labelled nucleotides flowing freely in the solution. The wells are constructed in a way that only the fluorescence occurring by the bottom of the well is detected. The fluorescent label is detached from the nucleotide upon its incorporation into the DNA strand, leaving an unmodified DNA strand. According to

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the DNA sequence can be reconstructed. The benefit of this sequencing type is its ability to capture a large number of targets with a homogenous coverage. A large number of chemicals and starting DNA is usually required. However, with the advent of solution-based hybridization, much less equipment and chemicals are necessary.

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Hall TA, Budowle B, Jiang Y, Blyn L, Eshoo M, Sannes-Lowery KA, Sampath R, Drader JJ, Hannis JC, Harrell P, Samant V, White N, Ecker DJ, Hofstadler SA (2005). "Base composition analysis of human mitochondrial DNA using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: A novel tool for the identification and

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Rasko DA, Webster DR, Sahl JW, Bashir A, Boisen N, Scheutz F, Paxinos EE, Sebra R, Chin CS, Iliopoulos D, Klammer A, Peluso P, Lee L, Kislyuk AO, Bullard J, Kasarskis A, Wang S, Eid J, Rank D, Redman JC, Steyert SR, Frimodt-Møller J, Struve C, Petersen AM, Krogfelt KA, Nataro JP, Schadt EE, Waldor MK

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As DNA sequencing becomes more widespread, the storage, security and sharing of genomic data has also become more important. For instance, one concern is that insurers may use an individual's genomic data to modify their quote, depending on the perceived future health of the individual based on their

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since the early 1970s and the growth in the use of DNA sequencing (particularly high-throughput sequencing) has introduced a number of ethical issues. One key issue is the ownership of an individual's DNA and the data produced when that DNA is sequenced. Regarding the DNA molecule itself, the leading

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bead. One end of DNA to be sequenced is attached to another bead, with both beads being placed in optical traps. RNAP motion during transcription brings the beads in closer and their relative distance changes, which can then be recorded at a single nucleotide resolution. The sequence is deduced based

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the entire thermocycling amplification of DNA fragments as well as their separation by electrophoresis is done on a single glass wafer (approximately 10 cm in diameter) thus reducing the reagent usage as well as cost. In some instances researchers have shown that they can increase the throughput

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The patterned array of positively charged spots is fabricated through photolithography and etching techniques followed by chemical modification to generate a sequencing flow cell. Each spot on the flow cell is approximately 250 nm in diameter, are separated by 700 nm (centre to centre) and

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The concept originated from the idea that single stranded DNA or RNA molecules can be electrophoretically driven in a strict linear sequence through a biological pore that can be less than eight nanometers, and can be detected given that the molecules release an ionic current while moving through the

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Maxam-Gilbert sequencing requires radioactive labeling at one 5' end of the DNA and purification of the DNA fragment to be sequenced. Chemical treatment then generates breaks at a small proportion of one or two of the four nucleotide bases in each of four reactions (G, A+G, C, C+T). The concentration

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Furthermore, the use of DNA sequencing has also raised important ethical and legal considerations. For example, there are concerns about the privacy and security of genetic data, as well as the potential for misuse or discrimination based on genetic information. As a result, there are ongoing debates

708:, as it has evolved significantly over the past few decades to ultimately link a DNA print to what is under investigation. The DNA patterns in fingerprint, saliva, hair follicles, and other bodily fluids uniquely separate each living organism from another, making it an invaluable tool in the field of 601:

As most viruses are too small to be seen by a light microscope, sequencing is one of the main tools in virology to identify and study the virus. Viral genomes can be based in DNA or RNA. RNA viruses are more time-sensitive for genome sequencing, as they degrade faster in clinical samples. Traditional

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This method of sequencing utilizes binding characteristics of a library of short single stranded DNA molecules (oligonucleotides), also called DNA probes, to reconstruct a target DNA sequence. Non-specific hybrids are removed by washing and the target DNA is eluted. Hybrids are re-arranged such that

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Boles et al. also studied pyrosequencing on digital microfluidic devices. They used an electro-wetting device to create, mix, and split droplets. The sequencing uses a three-enzyme protocol and DNA templates anchored with magnetic beads. The device was tested using two protocols and resulted in 100%

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in 1998, and developed a sequencing method based on reversible dye-terminators technology, and engineered polymerases. The reversible terminated chemistry concept was invented by Bruno Canard and Simon Sarfati at the Pasteur Institute in Paris. It was developed internally at Solexa by those named on

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Porin A) or CssG, which show great promise given their ability to distinguish between individual and groups of nucleotides. In contrast, solid-state nanopore sequencing utilizes synthetic materials such as silicon nitride and aluminum oxide and it is preferred for its superior mechanical ability and

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The DNA passing through the nanopore changes its ion current. This change is dependent on the shape, size and length of the DNA sequence. Each type of the nucleotide blocks the ion flow through the pore for a different period of time. The method does not require modified nucleotides and is performed

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and coworkers in 1977 soon became the method of choice, owing to its relative ease and reliability. When invented, the chain-terminator method used fewer toxic chemicals and lower amounts of radioactivity than the Maxam and Gilbert method. Because of its comparative ease, the Sanger method was soon

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published a DNA sequencing method in 1977 based on chemical modification of DNA and subsequent cleavage at specific bases. Also known as chemical sequencing, this method allowed purified samples of double-stranded DNA to be used without further cloning. This method's use of radioactive labeling and

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quickly and accurately, allowing investigators to gather evidence and solve crimes more efficiently. This technology has been used in various applications, including forensic identification, paternity testing, and human identification in cases where traditional identification methods are unavailable

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This approach directly visualizes the sequence of DNA molecules using electron microscopy. The first identification of DNA base pairs within intact DNA molecules by enzymatically incorporating modified bases, which contain atoms of increased atomic number, direct visualization and identification of

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of the modifying chemicals is controlled to introduce on average one modification per DNA molecule. Thus a series of labeled fragments is generated, from the radiolabeled end to the first "cut" site in each molecule. The fragments in the four reactions are electrophoresed side by side in denaturing

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In addition to its applications in forensic science, DNA sequencing has also been used in medical research and diagnosis. It has enabled scientists to identify genetic mutations and variations that are associated with certain diseases and disorders, allowing for more accurate diagnoses and targeted

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In most of the United States, DNA that is "abandoned", such as that found on a licked stamp or envelope, coffee cup, cigarette, chewing gum, household trash, or hair that has fallen on a public sidewalk, may legally be collected and sequenced by anyone, including the police, private investigators,

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into one long, contiguous sequence. Studies have shown that adding a size selection step to collect DNA fragments of uniform size can improve sequencing efficiency and accuracy of the genome assembly. In these studies, automated sizing has proven to be more reproducible and precise than manual gel

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Brenner S, Johnson M, Bridgham J, Golda G, Lloyd DH, Johnson D, Luo S, McCurdy S, Foy M, Ewan M, Roth R, George D, Eletr S, Albrecht G, Vermaas E, Williams SR, Moon K, Burcham T, Pallas M, DuBridge RB, Kirchner J, Fearon K, Mao J, Corcoran K (2000). "Gene expression analysis by massively parallel

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After DNA or RNA extraction, samples may require further preparation depending on the sequencing method. For Sanger sequencing, either cloning procedures or PCR are required prior to sequencing. In the case of next-generation sequencing methods, library preparation is required before processing.

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A successful RNA extraction will yield a RNA sample that should be converted to complementary DNA (cDNA) using reverse transcriptase—a DNA polymerase that synthesizes a complementary DNA based on existing strands of RNA in a PCR-like manner. Complementary DNA can then be processed the same way as

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SMRT sequencing is based on the sequencing by synthesis approach. The DNA is synthesized in zero-mode wave-guides (ZMWs) – small well-like containers with the capturing tools located at the bottom of the well. The sequencing is performed with use of unmodified polymerase (attached to the ZMW

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in 1970. DNA polymerase catalysis and specific nucleotide labeling, both of which figure prominently in current sequencing schemes, were used to sequence the cohesive ends of lambda phage DNA. Between 1970 and 1973, Wu, R Padmanabhan and colleagues demonstrated that this method can be employed to

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nucleotides. Then the dye, along with the terminal 3' blocker, is chemically removed from the DNA, allowing for the next cycle to begin. Unlike pyrosequencing, the DNA chains are extended one nucleotide at a time and image acquisition can be performed at a delayed moment, allowing for very large

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Sanger sequencing is the method which prevailed from the 1980s until the mid-2000s. Over that period, great advances were made in the technique, such as fluorescent labelling, capillary electrophoresis, and general automation. These developments allowed much more efficient sequencing, leading to

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Two-base encoding scheme. In two-base encoding, each unique pair of bases on the 3' end of the probe is assigned one out of four possible colors. For example, "AA" is assigned to blue, "AC" is assigned to green, and so on for all 16 unique pairs. During sequencing, each base in the template is

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They require the creation of a cDNA molecule, which can be time-consuming and labor-intensive. They are prone to errors and biases, which can affect the accuracy of the sequencing results. They are limited in their ability to detect rare or low-abundance transcripts. Advances in RNA Sequencing

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Bradley, Phelim; Gordon, N. Claire; Walker, Timothy M.; Dunn, Laura; Heys, Simon; Huang, Bill; Earle, Sarah; Pankhurst, Louise J.; Anson, Luke; de Cesare, Mariateresa; Piazza, Paolo; Votintseva, Antonina A.; Golubchik, Tanya; Wilson, Daniel J.; Wyllie, David H.; Diel, Roland; Niemann, Stefan;

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Decoupling the enzymatic reaction and the image capture allows for optimal throughput and theoretically unlimited sequencing capacity. With an optimal configuration, the ultimately reachable instrument throughput is thus dictated solely by the analog-to-digital conversion rate of the camera,

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Sometimes, the raw reads produced by the sequencer are correct and precise only in a fraction of their length. Using the entire read may introduce artifacts in the downstream analyses like genome assembly, SNP calling, or gene expression estimation. Two classes of trimming programs have been

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Sequencing is then performed by addition of an oligonucleotide probe that attaches in combination to specific sites within the DNB. The probe acts as an anchor that then allows one of four single reversibly inactivated, labelled nucleotides to bind after flowing across the flow cell. Unbound

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As of 2013 DNA sequencing was increasingly used to diagnose and treat rare diseases. As more and more genes are identified that cause rare genetic diseases, molecular diagnoses for patients become more mainstream. DNA sequencing allows clinicians to identify genetic diseases, improve disease

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in 2013. The two companies have refined the technology to allow for longer read lengths, reaction time reductions and faster time to results. In addition, data are now generated as contiguous full-length reads in the standard FASTQ file format and can be used as-is in most short-read-based

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the sequencing process, producing thousands or millions of sequences concurrently. High-throughput sequencing technologies are intended to lower the cost of DNA sequencing beyond what is possible with standard dye-terminator methods. In ultra-high-throughput sequencing as many as 500,000

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scheme used in this method. Before sequencing, the DNA is amplified by emulsion PCR. The resulting beads, each containing single copies of the same DNA molecule, are deposited on a glass slide. The result is sequences of quantities and lengths comparable to Illumina sequencing. This

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Fiers W, Contreras R, Duerinck F, Haegeman G, Iserentant D, Merregaert J, Min Jou W, Molemans F, Raeymaekers A, Van den Berghe A, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M (April 1976). "Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene".

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also developed sequencing methods, including one for "DNA sequencing by chemical degradation". In 1973, Gilbert and Maxam reported the sequence of 24 basepairs using a method known as wandering-spot analysis. Advancements in sequencing were aided by the concurrent development of

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Another approach uses measurements of the electrical tunnelling currents across single-strand DNA as it moves through a channel. Depending on its electronic structure, each base affects the tunnelling current differently, allowing differentiation between different bases.

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Shotgun sequencing is a sequencing method designed for analysis of DNA sequences longer than 1000 base pairs, up to and including entire chromosomes. This method requires the target DNA to be broken into random fragments. After sequencing individual fragments using the

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cloning step to amplify individual DNA molecules, because their molecular detection methods are not sensitive enough for single molecule sequencing. Emulsion PCR isolates individual DNA molecules along with primer-coated beads in aqueous droplets within an oil phase. A

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on the four readouts with lowered concentrations of each of the four nucleotide types, similarly to the Sanger method. A comparison is made between regions and sequence information is deduced by comparing the known sequence regions to the unknown sequence regions.

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and Laurent Farinelli. It is based on "DNA clusters" or "DNA colonies", which involves the clonal amplification of DNA on a surface. The cluster technology was co-acquired with Lynx Therapeutics of California. Solexa Ltd. later merged with Lynx to form Solexa Inc.

986:>(SMRT) sequencing have enabled faster, more accurate, and more cost-effective sequencing of RNA molecules. These advances have opened up new possibilities for studying gene expression, identifying new genes, and understanding the regulation of gene expression. 524:

to study genomes and the proteins they encode. Information obtained using sequencing allows researchers to identify changes in genes and noncoding DNA (including regulatory sequences), associations with diseases and phenotypes, and identify potential drug targets.

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In addition to modifications, DNA is under constant assault by environmental agents such as UV and Oxygen radicals. At the present time, the presence of such damaged bases is not detected by most DNA sequencing methods, although PacBio has published on this.

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sequencing-by-synthesis operations may be run in parallel. Such technologies led to the ability to sequence an entire human genome in as little as one day. As of 2019, corporate leaders in the development of high-throughput sequencing products included

2027:, which rendered MPSS obsolete. However, the essential properties of the MPSS output were typical of later high-throughput data types, including hundreds of thousands of short DNA sequences. In the case of MPSS, these were typically used for sequencing 2540:

Early chain-termination and TOF MS methods demonstrated read lengths of up to 100 base pairs. Researchers have been unable to exceed this average read size; like chain-termination sequencing alone, MS-based DNA sequencing may not be suitable for large

1100:' marketing of the first fully automated sequencing machine, the ABI 370, in 1987 and by Dupont's Genesis 2000 which used a novel fluorescent labeling technique enabling all four dideoxynucleotides to be identified in a single lane. By 1990, the U.S. 2503:. A single pool of DNA whose sequence is to be determined is fluorescently labeled and hybridized to an array containing known sequences. Strong hybridization signals from a given spot on the array identifies its sequence in the DNA being sequenced. 2378:

to amplify small fragments of genomic DNA into DNA nanoballs. Unchained sequencing by ligation is then used to determine the nucleotide sequence. This method of DNA sequencing allows large numbers of DNA nanoballs to be sequenced per run and at low

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so that local clonal DNA colonies, later coined "DNA clusters", are formed. To determine the sequence, four types of reversible terminator bases (RT-bases) are added and non-incorporated nucleotides are washed away. A camera takes images of the

2106:. The method amplifies DNA inside water droplets in an oil solution (emulsion PCR), with each droplet containing a single DNA template attached to a single primer-coated bead that then forms a clonal colony. The sequencing machine contains many 2950:

has shown that individuals undergoing disease risk profiling did not show increased levels of anxiety. Also, the development of Next Generation sequencing technologies such as Nanopore based sequencing has also raised further ethical concerns.

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genome at an accuracy of >99.9999% and a cost approximately 1/9 that of Sanger sequencing. The technology was licensed to Agencourt Biosciences, subsequently spun out into Agencourt Personal Genomics, and eventually incorporated into the

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In almost all organisms, DNA is synthesized in vivo using only the 4 canonical bases; modification that occurs post replication creates other bases like 5 methyl C. However, some bacteriophage can incorporate a non standard base directly.

2449:, using similar droplet microfluidic techniques, such as the method, inDrops. This shows that many of these DNA sequencing techniques will be able to be applied further and be used to understand more about genomes and transcriptomes. 1287:

gels for size separation. To visualize the fragments, the gel is exposed to X-ray film for autoradiography, yielding a series of dark bands each corresponding to a radiolabeled DNA fragment, from which the sequence may be inferred.

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Moréra S, Larivière L, Kurzeck J, Aschke-Sonnenborn U, Freemont PS, Janin J, Rüger W (August 2001). "High resolution crystal structures of T4 phage beta-glucosyltransferase: induced fit and effect of substrate and metal binding".

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Abate et al. studied the use of droplet-based microfluidic devices for DNA sequencing. These devices have the ability to form and process picoliter sized droplets at the rate of thousands per second. The devices were created from

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to the leading template nucleotide it is incorporated into the growing complementary strand. This causes the release of a hydrogen ion that triggers a hypersensitive ion sensor, which indicates that a reaction has occurred. If

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Beres SB, Carroll RK, Shea PR, Sitkiewicz I, Martinez-Gutierrez JC, Low DE, McGeer A, Willey BM, Green K, Tyrrell GJ, Goldman TD, Feldgarden M, Birren BW, Fofanov Y, Boos J, Wheaton WD, Honisch C, Musser JM (8 February 2010).

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Chin CS, Alexander DH, Marks P, Klammer AA, Drake J, Heiner C, Clum A, Copeland A, Huddleston J, Eichler EE, Turner SW, Korlach J (2013). "Nonhybrid, finished microbial genome assemblies from long-read SMRT sequencing data".

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Two main areas of nanopore sequencing in development are solid state nanopore sequencing, and protein based nanopore sequencing. Protein nanopore sequencing utilizes membrane protein complexes such as α-hemolysin, MspA

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Prober JM, Trainor GL, Dam RJ, Hobbs FW, Robertson CW, Zagursky RJ, Cocuzza AJ, Jensen MA, Baumeister K (16 October 1987). "A system for rapid DNA sequencing with fluorescent chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides".

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While there are many different ways to sequence DNA, only a few dominate the market. In 2022, Illumina had about 80% of the market; the rest of the market is taken by only a few players (PacBio, Oxford, 454, MGI)

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repeats are present in the template sequence, multiple nucleotides will be incorporated in a single cycle. This leads to a corresponding number of released hydrogens and a proportionally higher electronic signal.

1248:(MPSS), in 2000. This method incorporated a parallelized, adapter/ligation-mediated, bead-based sequencing technology and served as the first commercially available "next-generation" sequencing method, though no 1158:. The circular chromosome contains 1,830,137 bases and its publication in the journal Science marked the first published use of whole-genome shotgun sequencing, eliminating the need for initial mapping efforts. 815:

in 1869, but it remained under-studied for many decades because proteins, rather than DNA, were thought to hold the genetic blueprint to life. This situation changed after 1944 as a result of some experiments by

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Wu R, Tu CD, Padmanabhan R (1973). "Nucleotide sequence analysis of DNA. XII. The chemical synthesis and sequence analysis of a dodecadeoxynucleotide which binds to the endolysin gene of bacteriophage lambda".

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in 1984, finding it contained 172,282 nucleotides. Completion of the sequence marked a significant turning point in DNA sequencing because it was achieved with no prior genetic profile knowledge of the virus.

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Overall, the development of DNA sequencing technology has revolutionized the field of forensic science and has far-reaching implications for our understanding of genetics, medicine, and conservation biology.

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that are used to identify the positions of individual nucleotides within long DNA fragments (>5,000 bp) by nucleotide labeling with heavier elements (e.g., halogens) for visual detection and recording.

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were insufficient, noting that whole-genome sequencing data was particularly sensitive, as it could be used to identify not only the individual from which the data was created, but also their relatives.

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thermal and chemical stability. The fabrication method is essential for this type of sequencing given that the nanopore array can contain hundreds of pores with diameters smaller than eight nanometers.

774:(G). DNA sequencing is the determination of the physical order of these bases in a molecule of DNA. However, there are many other bases that may be present in a molecule. In some viruses (specifically, 8981:

Howard R, Encheva V, Thomson J, Bache K, Chan YT, Cowen S, Debenham P, Dixon A, Krause JU, Krishan E, Moore D, Moore V, Ojo M, Rodrigues S, Stokes P, Walker J, Zimmermann W, Barallon R (15 June 2011).

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Adams MD, Kelley JM, Gocayne JD, Dubnick M, Polymeropoulos MH, Xiao H, Merril CR, Wu A, Olde B, Moreno RF (June 1991). "Complementary DNA sequencing: expressed sequence tags and human genome project".

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Assessing the quality and quantity of nucleic acids both after extraction and after library preparation identifies degraded, fragmented, and low-purity samples and yields high-quality sequencing data.

1203:, Pepi Ross, Margaret Fahnestock and Allan J Johnston filed a patent describing stepwise ("base-by-base") sequencing with removable 3' blockers on DNA arrays (blots and single DNA molecules). In 1996, 3950:

Feuerriegel, Silke; Kohl, Thomas A.; Ismail, Nazir; Omar, Shaheed V.; Smith, E. Grace; Buck, David; McVean, Gil; Walker, A. Sarah; Peto, Tim E. A.; Crook, Derrick W.; Iqbal, Zamin (21 December 2015).

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The use of tunnelling currents has the potential to sequence orders of magnitude faster than ionic current methods and the sequencing of several DNA oligomers and micro-RNA has already been achieved.

1464:(PCR) then coats each bead with clonal copies of the DNA molecule followed by immobilization for later sequencing. Emulsion PCR is used in the methods developed by Marguilis et al. (commercialized by 2747:

introduced, based on the window-based or the running-sum classes of algorithms. This is a partial list of the trimming algorithms currently available, specifying the algorithm class they belong to:

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Fair RB, Khlystov A, Tailor TD, Ivanov V, Evans RD, Srinivasan V, Pamula VK, Pollack MG, Griffin PB, Zhou J (January 2007). "Chemical and Biological Applications of Digital-Microfluidic Devices".

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Genomic DNA is fragmented into random pieces and cloned as a bacterial library. DNA from individual bacterial clones is sequenced and the sequence is assembled by using overlapping DNA regions.

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for matching sequences results in a signal informative of the nucleotide at that position. Each base in the template is sequenced twice, and the resulting data are decoded according to the

8284:. SpringerBriefs in Systems Biology. Vol. 7. Next Generation Sequencing Technologies and Challenges in Sequence Assembly, Springer Briefs in Systems Biology Volume 7. pp. 51–59. 10357: 9601:

Severin J, Lizio M, Harshbarger J, Kawaji H, Daub CO, Hayashizaki Y, Bertin N, Forrest AR (2014). "Interactive visualization and analysis of large-scale sequencing datasets using ZENBU".

2629:. The mRNA may then be amplified and sequenced. The combined method was titled IVV-HiTSeq and can be performed under cell-free conditions, though its results may not be representative of 2284:. Here, a pool of all possible oligonucleotides of a fixed length are labeled according to the sequenced position. Oligonucleotides are annealed and ligated; the preferential ligation by 1241:

for sequencer data analysis, a landmark analysis technique that gained widespread adoption, and which is still the most common metric for assessing the accuracy of a sequencing platform.

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Boycott, Kym M.; Vanstone, Megan R.; Bulman, Dennis E.; MacKenzie, Alex E. (October 2013). "Rare-disease genetics in the era of next-generation sequencing: discovery to translation".

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treatments. Moreover, DNA sequencing has also been used in conservation biology to study the genetic diversity of endangered species and develop strategies for their conservation.

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Pekin D, Skhiri Y, Baret JC, Le Corre D, Mazutis L, Salem CB, et al. (July 2011). "Quantitative and sensitive detection of rare mutations using droplet-based microfluidics".

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Fleischmann RD, Adams MD, White O, Clayton RA, Kirkness EF, Kerlavage AR, Bult CJ, Tomb JF, Dougherty BA, Merrick JM (July 1995). "Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of

2383:

costs compared to other high-throughput sequencing platforms. However, only short sequences of DNA are determined from each DNA nanoball which makes mapping the short reads to a

2315:) developed a system based on using standard sequencing chemistry, but with a novel, semiconductor-based detection system. This method of sequencing is based on the detection of 653:

management, provide reproductive counseling, and more effective therapies. Gene sequencing panels are used to identify multiple potential genetic causes of a suspected disorder.

618: 2533:

for its higher stability and applications for lineage studies. MS-based sequencing methods have been used to compare the sequences of human mitochondrial DNA from samples in a

1965:

Early industrial research into this method was based on a technique called 'exonuclease sequencing', where the readout of electrical signals occurred as nucleotides passed by

1078:

was developed by Herbert Pohl and co-workers in the early 1980s. Followed by the commercialization of the DNA sequencer "Direct-Blotting-Electrophoresis-System GATC 1500" by

828:

demonstrating that purified DNA could change one strain of bacteria into another. This was the first time that DNA was shown capable of transforming the properties of cells.

3557:"Million-year-old mammoth genomes shatter record for oldest ancient DNA – Permafrost-preserved teeth, up to 1.6 million years old, identify a new kind of mammoth in Siberia" 5908:"Towards quantitative metagenomics of wild viruses and other ultra-low concentration DNA samples: a rigorous assessment and optimization of the linker amplification method" 2730:

sequences that often prevent complete genome assemblies because they occur in many places of the genome. As a consequence, many sequences may not be assigned to particular

1181:

by 2000. Together these were called the "next-generation" or "second-generation" sequencing (NGS) methods, in order to distinguish them from the earlier methods, including

7316:

Loose, Matthew; Rakyan, Vardhman; Holmes, Nadine; Payne, Alexander (3 May 2018). "Whale watching with BulkVis: A graphical viewer for Oxford Nanopore bulk fast5 files".

983: 4973:

Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M (February 1977). "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA".

2910:(GINA) was signed in the United States, prohibiting discrimination on the basis of genetic information with respect to health insurance and employment. In 2012, the US 1226:

and Laurent Farinelli submitted patents to the World Intellectual Property Organization describing DNA colony sequencing. The DNA sample preparation and random surface-

5157:

Smith LM, Sanders JZ, Kaiser RJ, Hughes P, Dodd C, Connell CR, Heiner C, Kent SB, Hood LE (12 June 1986). "Fluorescence Detection in Automated DNA Sequence Analysis".

2911: 2474:

aim to increase throughput and decrease the time to result and cost by eliminating the need for excessive reagents and harnessing the processivity of DNA polymerase.

1330:. However, later in the decade, radically different approaches reached the market, bringing the cost per genome down from $ 100 million in 2001 to $ 10,000 in 2011. 2327:, as opposed to the optical methods used in other sequencing systems. A microwell containing a template DNA strand to be sequenced is flooded with a single type of 888:

was one of the earliest forms of nucleotide sequencing. The major landmark of RNA sequencing is the sequence of the first complete gene and the complete genome of

5863:

Quail MA, Gu Y, Swerdlow H, Mayho M (2012). "Evaluation and optimisation of preparative semi-automated electrophoresis systems for Illumina library preparation".

7351: 2442:

accuracy based on raw pyrogram levels. The advantages of these digital microfluidic devices include size, cost, and achievable levels of functional integration.

571:, dirt, debris filtered from the air, or swab samples from organisms. Knowing which organisms are present in a particular environment is critical to research in 3379:"Use of automated sequencing of polymerase chain reaction-generated amplicons to identify three types of cholera toxin subunit B in Vibrio cholerae O1 strains" 6897:"Pacific Biosciences Introduces New Chemistry With Longer Read Lengths to Detect Novel Features in DNA Sequence and Advance Genome Studies of Large Organisms" 2461:(a method that is now commercial but subsequent generations such as solid-state nanopores are still in development), and microscopy-based techniques, such as 2063:

genome in 2005. It combined an in vitro paired-tag library with emulsion PCR, an automated microscope, and ligation-based sequencing chemistry to sequence an

2718:). There are many computational challenges to achieve this, such as the evaluation of the raw sequence data which is done by programs and algorithms such as 2625:

method. Specifically, this method covalently links proteins of interest to the mRNAs encoding them, then detects the mRNA pieces using reverse transcription

2545:

sequencing projects. Even so, a recent study did use the short sequence reads and mass spectroscopy to compare single-nucleotide polymorphisms in pathogenic

1188:

NGS technology has tremendously empowered researchers to look for insights into health, anthropologists to investigate human origins, and is catalyzing the "

8421:

Zilionis R, Nainys J, Veres A, Savova V, Zemmour D, Klein AM, Mazutis L (January 2017). "Single-cell barcoding and sequencing using droplet microfluidics".

5785:

Nyren, P.; Pettersson, B.; Uhlen, M. (January 1993). "Solid Phase DNA Minisequencing by an Enzymatic Luminometric Inorganic Pyrophosphate Detection Assay".

3771:

Bean, Lora; Funke, Birgit; Carlston, Colleen M.; Gannon, Jennifer L.; Kantarci, Sibel; Krock, Bryan L.; Zhang, Shulin; Bayrak-Toydemir, Pinar (March 2020).

645:

Medical technicians may sequence genes (or, theoretically, full genomes) from patients to determine if there is risk of genetic diseases. This is a form of

7159: 7381: 2915: 2525:

The higher resolution of DNA fragments permitted by MS-based methods is of special interest to researchers in forensic science, as they may wish to find

4704:

Padmanabhan R, Wu R (1972). "Nucleotide sequence analysis of DNA. IX. Use of oligonucleotides of defined sequence as primers in DNA sequence analysis".

633:

that prohibited selling live quail and poultry together at market. Viral sequencing can also be used to estimate when a viral outbreak began by using a

6875: 3182: 606:

and next-generation sequencing are used to sequence viruses in basic and clinical research, as well as for the diagnosis of emerging viral infections,

7395:

Clarke J, Wu HC, Jayasinghe L, Patel A, Reid S, Bayley H (April 2009). "Continuous base identification for single-molecule nanopore DNA sequencing".

4007: 2923:

political opponents, or people involved in paternity disputes. As of 2013, eleven states have laws that can be interpreted to prohibit "DNA theft".

8146: 3053: 2890: 2118:. This technology provides intermediate read length and price per base compared to Sanger sequencing on one end and Solexa and SOLiD on the other. 441:

The rapid speed of sequencing attained with modern DNA sequencing technology has been instrumental in the sequencing of complete DNA sequences, or

2650:

The success of any DNA sequencing protocol relies upon the DNA or RNA sample extraction and preparation from the biological material of interest.

9217:

Bell DC, Thomas WK, Murtagh KM, Dionne CA, Graham AC, Anderson JE, Glover WR (9 October 2012). "DNA Base Identification by Electron Microscopy".

7949:

Valouev A, Ichikawa J, Tonthat T, Stuart J, Ranade S, Peckham H, Zeng K, Malek JA, Costa G, McKernan K, Sidow A, Fire A, Johnson SM (July 2008).

3104: 2898:). However, individuals have a right to informed consent regarding removal and use of cells. Regarding the data produced through DNA sequencing, 2579: 2570:

of conventional sequencing through the use of microchips. Research will still need to be done in order to make this use of technology effective.

2466: 10281: 2926:

Ethical issues have also been raised by the increasing use of genetic variation screening, both in newborns, and in adults by companies such as

537:

to study how different organisms are related and how they evolved. In February 2021, scientists reported, for the first time, the sequencing of

10247: 8808:

Morey M, Fernández-Marmiesse A, Castiñeiras D, Fraga JM, Couce ML, Cocho JA (2013). "A glimpse into past, present, and future DNA sequencing".

3773:"Diagnostic gene sequencing panels: from design to report—a technical standard of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG)" 6022:

Williams R, Peisajovich SG, Miller OJ, Magdassi S, Tawfik DS, Griffiths AD (2006). "Amplification of complex gene libraries by emulsion PCR".

5706: 8758:"Comparison of Sequencing by Hybridization and Cycle Sequencing for Genotyping of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase" 2894:(1990) ruled that individuals have no property rights to discarded cells or any profits made using these cells (for instance, as a patented 2114:

to generate light for detection of the individual nucleotides added to the nascent DNA, and the combined data are used to generate sequence

1906:

More expensive and impractical for larger sequencing projects. This method also requires the time-consuming step of plasmid cloning or PCR.

716:

in a DNA strand to produce a unique and individualized pattern, which can be used to identify individuals or determine their relationships.

2312: 2277: 2073: 1485: 5563: 2519: 1230:(PCR) arraying methods described in this patent, coupled to Roger Tsien et al.'s "base-by-base" sequencing method, is now implemented in 4405:

Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W (May 1972). "Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein".

2238:

allows easy attachment of a single negatively charged DNB to the flow cell and thus reducing under or over-clustering on the flow cell.

1527:

High-throughput sequencing, which includes next-generation "short-read" and third-generation "long-read" sequencing methods, applies to

9125:

Kan CW, Fredlake CP, Doherty EA, Barron AE (1 November 2004). "DNA sequencing and genotyping in miniaturized electrophoresis systems".

2714:

The sequencing technologies described here produce raw data that needs to be assembled into longer sequences such as complete genomes (

363: 17: 5520:

Ronaghi M, Karamohamed S, Pettersson B, Uhlén M, Nyrén P (1996). "Real-time DNA sequencing using detection of pyrophosphate release".

4057: 3092: – DNA sequencing method that uses the enzyme DNA ligase to identify the nucleotide present at a given position in a DNA sequence 7542:"Selective aluminum passivation for targeted immobilization of single DNA polymerase molecules in zero-mode waveguide nanostructures" 4557: 2907: 2585:

individually labeled bases within a synthetic 3,272 base-pair DNA molecule and a 7,249 base-pair viral genome has been demonstrated.

1008: 9368:"Next-generation sequencing coupled with a cell-free display technology for high-throughput production of reliable interactome data" 7337: 6740:"A tale of three next generation sequencing platforms: comparison of Ion Torrent, Pacific Biosciences and illumina MiSeq sequencers" 10229: 8523:

Xu M, Fujita D, Hanagata N (December 2009). "Perspectives and challenges of emerging single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies".

5764: 2699: 2676: 6861: 2202:

per hour per instrument, and 1 human genome re-sequenced (at approx. 30x) per day per instrument (equipped with a single camera).

7602:

Shendure J, Porreca GJ, Reppas NB, Lin X, McCutcheon JP, Rosenbaum AM, Wang MD, Zhang K, Mitra RD, Church GM (9 September 2005).

6957: 3016: 2011:(or MPSS, also called next generation sequencing), was developed in the 1990s at Lynx Therapeutics, a company founded in 1992 by 2008: 1245: 10550: 8983:"Comparative analysis of human mitochondrial DNA from World War I bone samples by DNA sequencing and ESI-TOF mass spectrometry" 7258: 7256: 2344: 1074:

A non-radioactive method for transferring the DNA molecules of sequencing reaction mixtures onto an immobilizing matrix during

3482:"DNA sequence analysis: a general, simple and rapid method for sequencing large oligodeoxyribonucleotide fragments by mapping" 10612: 10462:"Disruptive technology: Exploring the ethical, legal, political, and societal implications of nanopore sequencing technology" 8507:, ZS Genetics, "Systems and methods of analyzing nucleic acid polymers and related components", issued 2005-07-14 8297: 7092:

Murray IA, Clark TA, Morgan RD, Boitano M, Anton BP, Luong K, Fomenkov A, Turner SW, Korlach J, Roberts RJ (2 October 2012).

6566: 2431:

to read the sequences of DNA encompassed in the droplets. Each position on the array tested for a specific 15 base sequence.

533:

Since DNA is an informative macromolecule in terms of transmission from one generation to another, DNA sequencing is used in

7253: 7040:"Feasibility of real time next generation sequencing of cancer genes linked to drug response: Results from a clinical trial" 5724:

Sanger F, Coulson AR (May 1975). "A rapid method for determining sequences in DNA by primed synthesis with DNA polymerase".

3952:"Rapid antibiotic-resistance predictions from genome sequence data for Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis" 1082:, which was intensively used in the framework of the EU genome-sequencing programme, the complete DNA sequence of the yeast 9366:

Fujimori S, Hirai N, Ohashi H, Masuoka K, Nishikimi A, Fukui Y, Washio T, Oshikubo T, Yamashita T, Miyamoto-Sato E (2012).

3530: 2706:. 2010 grants and 2011 candidates include continuing work in microfluidic, polony and base-heavy sequencing methodologies. 1929: 10435: 9645: 4319: 4254:"Characterization of a triad of genes in cyanophage S-2L sufficient to replace adenine by 2-aminoadenine in bacterial DNA" 2428: 2946: 2518:

may be used to determine DNA sequences. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, or

2396: 2332: 10143: 2529:

in human DNA samples to identify individuals. These samples may be highly degraded so forensic researchers often prefer

782:

groups or phosphosulfate may be found. Depending on the sequencing technique, a particular modification, e.g., the 5mC (

2940:, doctors screening an ill baby for genetic variants chose not to inform the parents of an unrelated variant linked to 1402:, although large-scale sequencing can also be used to generate very large numbers of short sequences, such as found in 1149: 1093: 1040: 778:), cytosine may be replaced by hydroxy methyl or hydroxy methyl glucose cytosine. In mammalian DNA, variant bases with 8464: 7359: 3937: 1410:) or shearing (with mechanical forces) large DNA fragments into shorter DNA fragments. The fragmented DNA may then be 10096:

Robertson JA (August 2003). "The $ 1000 genome: ethical and legal issues in whole genome sequencing of individuals".

9869: 9423: 8205: 6125:

Shendure J, Porreca GJ, Reppas NB, Lin X, McCutcheon JP, Rosenbaum AM, Wang MD, Zhang K, Mitra RD, Church GM (2005).

5965:"Double digest RADseq: an inexpensive method for de novo SNP discovery and genotyping in model and non-model species" 5820:

Ronaghi, Mostafa; Uhlén, Mathias; Nyrén, Pål (17 July 1998). "A Sequencing Method Based on Real-Time Pyrophosphate".

3938:

Mykrobe predictor –Antibiotic resistance prediction for S. aureus and M. tuberculosis from whole genome sequence data

3159:

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have revolutionized genomic research. (opening sentence of the article)

994:

The first method for determining DNA sequences involved a location-specific primer extension strategy established by

978:

In recent years, advances in RNA sequencing technology have addressed some of these limitations. New methods such as

504:). In fact, DNA sequencing has become a key technology in many areas of biology and other sciences such as medicine, 7951:"A high-resolution, nucleosome position map of C. elegans reveals a lack of universal sequence-dictated positioning" 4634:

Onaga LA (June 2014). "Ray Wu as Fifth Business: Demonstrating Collective Memory in the History of DNA Sequencing".

1436:

sequencing" specifically refers to methods used to determine the sequence of DNA with no previously known sequence.

407:. The advent of rapid DNA sequencing methods has greatly accelerated biological and medical research and discovery. 6882: 1550:

The high demand for low-cost sequencing has driven the development of high-throughput sequencing technologies that

4901: 1177:

Several new methods for DNA sequencing were developed in the mid to late 1990s and were implemented in commercial

460:

The first DNA sequences were obtained in the early 1970s by academic researchers using laborious methods based on

10520: 6182: 2534: 2526: 2457:

DNA sequencing methods currently under development include reading the sequence as a DNA strand transits through

10193: 6308:"Next-generation sequencing in aging research: emerging applications, problems, pitfalls and possible solutions" 3826:

resistance prediction and lineage classification from genome sequencing: comparison of automated analysis tools"

929:: The first step is to convert the RNA molecule into a complementary DNA (cDNA) molecule using an enzyme called 10627: 10169: 7163: 461: 356: 7540:

Korlach J, Marks PJ, Cicero RL, Gray JJ, Murphy DL, Roitman DB, Pham TT, Otto GA, Foquet M, Turner SW (2008).

5630: 5025: 4577:"Chemical synthesis of a primer and its use in the sequence analysis of the lysozyme gene of bacteriophage T4" 2210:

This method is an upgraded modification to combinatorial probe anchor ligation technology (cPAL) described by

732:, which allows investigators to predict an individual's physical characteristics based on their genetic data. 236: 9480:"Comparison of Library Preparation Methods Reveals Their Impact on Interpretation of Metatranscriptomic Data" 6738:

Quail MA, Smith M, Coupland P, Otto TD, Harris SR, Connor TR, Bertoni A, Swerdlow HP, Gu Y (1 January 2012).

2972: 1101: 1063: 861:, a pioneer of sequencing. Sanger is one of the few scientists who was awarded two Nobel prizes, one for the 1833:

Dependent on library preparation, not the device, so user chooses read length (up to 2,272,580 bp reported).

719:

The advancements in DNA sequencing technology have made it possible to analyze and compare large amounts of

614:. Recently, NGS has surpassed traditional Sanger as the most popular approach for generating viral genomes. 583:, and other fields. Sequencing enables researchers to determine which types of microbes may be present in a 9022:

Monforte JA, Becker CH (1 March 1997). "High-throughput DNA analysis by time-of-flight mass spectrometry".

2934:

in individuals who have been found to have an increased risk of disease. For example, in one case noted in

2306: 610:

of viral pathogens, and drug-resistance testing. There are more than 2.3 million unique viral sequences in

10539: 8504: 1973:. However the subsequent commercial method, 'strand sequencing', sequenced DNA bases in an intact strand. 1448:

are often used for sequencing large genomes, but its assembly is complex and difficult, particularly with

1279:

its technical complexity discouraged extensive use after refinements in the Sanger methods had been made.

740:

about the need for regulations and guidelines to ensure the responsible use of DNA sequencing technology.

10637: 10617: 9553: 4011: 3080: 2983: 2495: 2471: 2412: 2149: 2024: 1959: 1940: 1355: 5351: 2176:

In this method, DNA molecules and primers are first attached on a slide or flow cell and amplified with

10607: 10557: 2375: 2215: 1523:

Multiple, fragmented sequence reads must be assembled together on the basis of their overlapping areas.

979: 125: 7739:

Canard B, Sarfati RS (October 1994). "DNA polymerase fluorescent substrates with reversible 3'-tags".

8280:

Sara El-Metwally; Osama M. Ouda; Mohamed Helmy (2014). "New Horizons in Next-Generation Sequencing".

7191: 6876:"After a Year of Testing, Two Early PacBio Customers Expect More Routine Use of RS Sequencer in 2012" 2858: 2626: 1461: 1449: 1227: 943: 349: 10254: 8330: 7443:"Fabrication and characterization of solid-state nanopore arrays for high-throughput DNA sequencing" 7221: 7016: 6842: 6784: 6680: 6624: 6433: 5567: 3420: 10632: 10622: 10602: 4252:

Czernecki, Dariusz; Bonhomme, Frédéric; Kaminski, Pierre-Alexandre; Delarue, Marc (5 August 2021).

4113:"Amount and distribution of 5-methylcytosine in human DNA from different types of tissues of cells" 2967: 2077: 2057:

at Harvard, was among the first high-throughput sequencing systems and was used to sequence a full

2023:) in 2004, leading to the development of sequencing-by-synthesis, a simpler approach acquired from 1564: 1266: 1161:

By 2001, shotgun sequencing methods had been used to produce a draft sequence of the human genome.

1124: 1084: 960: 661: 143: 9068:"Molecular complexity of successive bacterial epidemics deconvoluted by comparative pathogenomics" 10587: 9170:"DNA sequencing by denaturation: experimental proof of concept with an integrated fluidic device" 6312: 3075: 2462: 2363: 2358: 2223: 2140: 2127: 1979: 1424:. Short DNA fragments purified from individual bacterial colonies are individually sequenced and 1053: 701: 683: 489: 9530:"Scalable Nucleic Acid Quality Assessments for Illumina Next-Generation Sequencing Library Prep" 2374:

uses this technology to sequence samples submitted by independent researchers. The method uses

2089: 1007:

then adopted this primer-extension strategy to develop more rapid DNA sequencing methods at the

10592: 8325: 7814:

Drmanac R, Sparks AB, Callow MJ, Halpern AL, Burns NL, Kermani BG, et al. (January 2010).

3377:

Olsvik O, Wahlberg J, Petterson B, Uhlén M, Popovic T, Wachsmuth IK, Fields PI (January 1993).

3089: 3037: 2688: 2294: 2281: 2016: 1440:

translates from Latin as "from the beginning". Gaps in the assembled sequence may be filled by

1351: 1338:

The objective for sequential sequencing by synthesis (SBS) is to determine the sequencing of a

1154: 1133: 1118: 657: 607: 9478:

Alberti A, Belser C, Engelen S, Bertrand L, Orvain C, Brinas L, Cruaud C, et al. (2014).

1322:

lower costs. The Sanger method, in mass production form, is the technology which produced the

1059: 1045: 391:. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases: 5453:"Review on the Application of Machine Learning Algorithms in the Sequence Data Mining of DNA" 4380: 3083: – method for determining the constituent nucleotides of a fixed size in a strand of DNA 3058: 3047: 2992: 2671: 2416: 2250: 1997: 1189: 1106: 930: 844: 687: 673: 380: 316: 296: 261: 173: 168: 7141: 3885:"A large scale evaluation of TBProfiler and Mykrobe for antibiotic resistance prediction in 2222:

The two technologies that form the basis for this high-throughput sequencing technology are

1508: 1015:, UK and published a method for "DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors" in 1977. 9806: 9714: 9379: 9226: 9079: 8911: 8856: 8708: 8653: 8055: 7827: 7672: 7615: 7553: 7514: 7454: 7404: 7317: 6460: 6138: 6081: 5976: 5919: 5415: 5366: 5316: 5261: 5218: 5166: 4982: 4927: 4855: 4791: 4588: 4466: 4414: 4265: 4169: 3963: 3837: 3696: 3624: 3570: 2424: 2419:. Microfluidic devices solve many of the current limitations of current sequencing arrays. 2259: 2182: 1918: 1473: 1323: 534: 9854:

Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Bioinformatics, Computational Biology and Biomedicine

8372:

Boles DJ, Benton JL, Siew GJ, Levy MH, Thwar PK, Sandahl MA, et al. (November 2011).

7787: 4561: 2738:

analysis. Yet new methods for sequencing and correcting sequencing errors were developed.

1751:

Potential for high sequence yield, depending upon sequencer model and desired application.

656:

Also, DNA sequencing may be useful for determining a specific bacteria, to allow for more

8: 8665: 7466: 7269: 7030:

Tran B, Brown AM, Bedard PL, Winquist E, Goss GD, Hotte SJ, Welch SA, Hirte HW, Zhang T,

4111:

Ehrlich M, Gama-Sosa MA, Huang LH, Midgett RM, Kuo KC, McCune RA, Gehrke C (April 1982).

3383: 3293:

Abate AR, Hung T, Sperling RA, Mary P, Rotem A, Agresti JJ, et al. (December 2013).

3004: 2458: 2400: 2199: 1952: 1936: 1788:

1 to 9 days depending on instrument, read length and number of flow cells run at a time.

1363: 1238: 897: 821: 415: 291: 271: 206: 163: 157: 148: 120: 10486: 10461: 9993:"SolexaQA: At-a-glance quality assessment of Illumina second-generation sequencing data" 9810: 9718: 9383: 9230: 9083: 8915: 8860: 8712: 8657: 8059: 7831: 7676: 7619: 7557: 7518: 7458: 7408: 6862:"New Software, Polymerase for Sequel System Boost Throughput and Affordability – PacBio" 6464: 6226: 6201: 6142: 6085: 5980: 5923: 5419: 5370: 5320: 5265: 5222: 5170: 4986: 4931: 4859: 4795: 4592: 4470: 4418: 4269: 4173: 3967: 3841: 3574: 3183:"Introducing 'dark DNA' – the phenomenon that could change how we think about evolution" 2930:. It has been asserted that screening for genetic variations can be harmful, increasing 2914:

reported that existing privacy legislation for DNA sequencing data such as GINA and the

2445:

DNA sequencing research, using microfluidics, also has the ability to be applied to the

2110:-volume wells each containing a single bead and sequencing enzymes. Pyrosequencing uses 1096:

announced the first semi-automated DNA sequencing machine in 1986. This was followed by

48: 10499: 10411: 10386: 10333: 10308: 10121: 10073: 10019: 9992: 9968: 9943: 9919: 9894: 9875: 9829: 9794: 9737: 9702: 9668: 9626: 9506: 9479: 9400: 9367: 9343: 9318: 9294: 9269: 9250: 9194: 9169: 9150: 9102: 9067: 9047: 8879: 8844: 8729: 8696: 8677: 8446: 8398: 8373: 8351: 8257: 8232: 8182: 8161: 8124: 8081: 8021: 7975: 7950: 7926: 7901: 7853: 7693: 7660: 7641: 7576: 7541: 7475: 7442: 7293: 7264: 7118: 7093: 7071: 7000: 6973: 6936: 6826: 6799: 6768: 6739: 6664: 6639: 6608: 6583: 6535: 6484: 6334: 6307: 6239: 6164: 6102: 6069: 6047: 5999: 5964: 5940: 5907: 5888: 5845: 5688: 5479: 5452: 5285: 5190: 5125: 5067: 5006: 4534: 4509: 4490: 4438: 4301: 4288: 4253: 4229: 4204: 3984: 3951: 3915: 3884: 3860: 3821: 3753: 3705: 3680: 3649: 3612: 3319: 3294: 3222: 3197: 3064: 2684: 2273: 2186:

arrays of DNA colonies to be captured by sequential images taken from a single camera.

2136: 2069: 2020: 1501: 1481: 1445: 1407: 1231: 1097: 1067: 1024: 999: 862: 812: 501: 492:

of any organism. DNA sequencing is also the most efficient way to indirectly sequence

286: 281: 256: 178: 8044:"Human Genome Sequencing Using Unchained Base Reads in Self-Assembling DNA Nanoarrays" 7816:"Human genome sequencing using unchained base reads on self-assembling DNA nanoarrays" 7187:"Next generation sequencing of microbial transcriptomes: challenges and opportunities" 6472: 6283: 6258: 5134: 5109: 5076: 5051: 4950: 4915: 4878: 4843: 4814: 4779: 4753: 4611: 4576: 4137: 4112: 3531:"World's oldest DNA sequenced from a mammoth that lived more than a million years ago" 3506: 3481: 3404: 3378: 3263: 3246: 3013: – Scientific endeavours to determine the complete genome sequence of an organism 10534: 10503: 10491: 10416: 10338: 10113: 10065: 10024: 9973: 9924: 9865: 9834: 9742: 9618: 9511: 9460: 9405: 9348: 9299: 9242: 9199: 9142: 9107: 9039: 9004: 8963: 8927: 8884: 8825: 8787: 8782: 8757: 8734: 8681: 8669: 8622: 8581: 8540: 8438: 8403: 8293: 8262: 8187: 8116: 8073: 7980: 7931: 7845: 7791: 7756: 7752: 7698: 7633: 7581: 7480: 7420: 7298: 7210: 7205: 7186: 7123: 7063: 7038:, Neel BG, Onetto N, Siu LL, McPherson JD, Kamel-Reid S, Dancey JE (1 January 2012). 7005: 6940: 6928: 6831: 6773: 6720: 6669: 6613: 6562: 6527: 6510:

Schuster SC (January 2008). "Next-generation sequencing transforms today's biology".

6476: 6422: 6380: 6339: 6288: 6231: 6156: 6107: 6039: 6004: 5945: 5931: 5880: 5837: 5802: 5741: 5737: 5680: 5612: 5537: 5484: 5433: 5384: 5332: 5277: 5234: 5182: 5139: 5081: 4998: 4955: 4883: 4819: 4757: 4721: 4717: 4686: 4651: 4616: 4539: 4482: 4430: 4361: 4305: 4293: 4234: 4185: 4142: 4093: 3989: 3920: 3865: 3802: 3794: 3745: 3710: 3654: 3588: 3511: 3457: 3409: 3359: 3324: 3268: 3227: 3213: 3150: 2715: 2566: 2560: 2530: 2515: 2371: 2211: 2103: 2099: 2050: 2044: 1551: 1465: 1425: 1406:. For longer targets such as chromosomes, common approaches consist of cutting (with 1359: 1306: 1300: 1193: 1182: 1145: 956: 909: 889: 848: 783: 705: 603: 521: 419: 336: 221: 100: 10125: 10077: 9959: 9910: 9630: 9254: 9051: 8773: 8756:, Richman DD, Martinez-Picado J, Sutton L, Hazelwood JD, D'Aquila RT (1 July 2000). 8355: 8128: 8085: 8025: 7857: 7645: 6488: 6168: 6051: 5892: 5849: 5692: 5289: 5194: 4203:

Song CX, Clark TA, Lu XY, Kislyuk A, Dai Q, Turner SW, et al. (November 2011).

2654:

A successful DNA extraction will yield a DNA sample with long, non-degraded strands.

1398:

Large-scale sequencing often aims at sequencing very long DNA pieces, such as whole

1237:

In 1998, Phil Green and Brent Ewing of the University of Washington described their

1152:(TIGR) published the first complete genome of a free-living organism, the bacterium 10481: 10473: 10406: 10398: 10328: 10320: 10196:, Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget, 27 April 2007 10105: 10055: 10014: 10004: 9963: 9955: 9914: 9906: 9879: 9857: 9824: 9814: 9773: 9732: 9722: 9672: 9660: 9610: 9501: 9491: 9450: 9395: 9387: 9338: 9330: 9289: 9281: 9234: 9189: 9181: 9154: 9134: 9097: 9087: 9031: 8994: 8955: 8919: 8874: 8864: 8817: 8777: 8769: 8753: 8724: 8716: 8661: 8612: 8571: 8532: 8430: 8393: 8385: 8343: 8335: 8285: 8252: 8244: 8177: 8169: 8108: 8063: 8011: 7970: 7962: 7921: 7913: 7835: 7783: 7748: 7688: 7680: 7623: 7571: 7561: 7522: 7470: 7462: 7412: 7288: 7278: 7200: 7113: 7105: 7053: 7035: 6995: 6987: 6974:"Origins of the Strain Causing an Outbreak of Hemolytic–Uremic Syndrome in Germany" 6920: 6821: 6811: 6763: 6753: 6710: 6659: 6651: 6603: 6595: 6539: 6519: 6468: 6447: 6412: 6370: 6329: 6321: 6278: 6270: 6243: 6221: 6213: 6146: 6097: 6089: 6031: 5994: 5984: 5935: 5927: 5872: 5829: 5794: 5733: 5672: 5602: 5529: 5474: 5464: 5423: 5374: 5324: 5269: 5226: 5174: 5129: 5121: 5071: 5063: 5010: 4990: 4945: 4935: 4873: 4863: 4809: 4799: 4749: 4713: 4678: 4643: 4606: 4596: 4529: 4521: 4494: 4474: 4442: 4422: 4353: 4283: 4273: 4224: 4216: 4177: 4132: 4124: 4085: 3979: 3971: 3910: 3900: 3855: 3845: 3784: 3757: 3737: 3700: 3692: 3644: 3634: 3578: 3561: 3501: 3493: 3447: 3399: 3391: 3351: 3314: 3306: 3258: 3217: 3209: 3140: 3098: 2719: 2384: 2367: 2054: 1528: 1469: 1420: 1411: 1310: 1169: 1112: 1004: 870: 858: 709: 427: 228: 8450: 7503:"Double-functionalized nanopore-embedded gold electrodes for rapid DNA sequencing" 3613:"The effect of variant interference on de novo assembly for viral deep sequencing" 2168: 908:), in 1972 and 1976. Traditional RNA sequencing methods require the creation of a 9819: 9727: 8999: 8982: 8923: 8869: 8173: 7917: 7382:"PacBio Launches Higher-Throughput, Lower-Cost Single-Molecule Sequencing System" 7075: 5989: 5833: 5591:"Base-calling of automated sequencer traces using phred. II. Error probabilities" 5451:

Yang, Aimin; Zhang, Wei; Wang, Jiahao; Yang, Ke; Han, Yang; Zhang, Limin (2020).

5350:

Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B, Nusbaum C, Zody MC, et al. (February 2001).

3070: 3042: 3022: 2936: 2289: 2144: 2032: 1540: 1208: 1075: 1032:

technology, allowing DNA samples to be isolated from sources other than viruses.

1029: 729: 646: 634: 9703:"An Extensive Evaluation of Read Trimming Effects on Illumina NGS Data Analysis" 9646:"Using a VOM model for reconstructing potential coding regions in EST sequences" 9455: 9438: 8821: 8289: 8248: 8143:"HeliScope Gene Sequencing / Genetic Analyzer System : Helicos BioSciences" 4647: 4357: 3452: 3435: 3395: 2986: – transistor which uses the field-effect due to the partial charges of DNA 2366:

is a type of high throughput sequencing technology used to determine the entire

2152:

in order to gain a massively parallel sequencing technology invented in 1997 by

1488:). Emulsion PCR is also used in the GemCode and Chromium platforms developed by 1390: 10571: 10109: 10060: 10043: 9676: 7283: 7044: 6655: 6599: 4581:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4278: 3639: 3583: 3556: 3010: 2961: 2735: 2727: 2692: 2594: 2500: 2435: 2320: 2115: 2095: 2012: 1556: 1441: 1371: 1347: 1275: 1249: 1216: 1204: 1178: 1016: 885: 825: 276: 10309:"The ethical hazards and programmatic challenges of genomic newborn screening" 9664: 9334: 9285: 9238: 7661:"Accurate whole human genome sequencing using reversible terminator chemistry" 6325: 4205:"Sensitive and specific single-molecule sequencing of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine" 3789: 3772: 3061: – Medical model that tailors medical practices to the individual patient 2297:

method has been reported to have some issue sequencing palindromic sequences.

1511:, the sequences can be reassembled on the basis of their overlapping regions. 549:

in this instance, over a million years old, the oldest DNA sequenced to date.

452: 449:

and other complete DNA sequences of many animal, plant, and microbial species.

10581: 10009: 9852:

Prezza N, Del Fabbro C, Vezzi F, De Paoli E, Policriti A (2012). "Erne-Bs5".

9496: 8959: 8695:

Ohshiro T, Matsubara K, Tsutsui M, Furuhashi M, Taniguchi M, Kawai T (2012).

7031: 6758: 6404: 5469: 3798: 3676: 2998: 2977: 2547: 2269:

sequenced twice, and the resulting data are decoded according to this scheme.

1622: 1532: 1403: 1375: 1315: 1089: 836: 775: 697: 679: 621:, viral sequencing determined that the influenza sub-type originated through 469: 423: 10477: 10253:. Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues. Archived from 10208:"President Bush Signs the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008" 9861: 9092: 8490: 8068: 8043: 7840: 7815: 7628: 7603: 7566: 7501:

Pathak B, Lofas H, Prasongkit J, Grigoriev A, Ahuja R, Scheicher RH (2012).

6798:

Liu L, Li Y, Li S, Hu N, He Y, Pong R, Lin D, Lu L, Law M (1 January 2012).

6151: 6126: 5428: 5403: 5328: 5273: 5230: 4940: 4804: 4181: 4128: 3611:

Castro, Christina; Marine, Rachel; Ramos, Edward; Ng, Terry Fei Fan (2019).

2734:. The production of raw sequence data is only the beginning of its detailed 10597: 10495: 10420: 10342: 10117: 10028: 9977: 9928: 9838: 9746: 9622: 9515: 9464: 9409: 9352: 9303: 9246: 9203: 9146: 9138: 9111: 9008: 8967: 8931: 8888: 8829: 8791: 8738: 8673: 8626: 8617: 8600: 8585: 8544: 8536: 8468: 8442: 8434: 8407: 8282:

Next Generation Sequencing Technologies and Challenges in Sequence Assembly

8266: 8191: 8120: 8077: 7984: 7935: 7849: 7795: 7717: 7702: 7637: 7585: 7484: 7424: 7338:"PacBio Sales Start to Pick Up as Company Delivers on Product Enhancements" 7302: 7214: 7127: 7067: 7009: 6978: 6932: 6835: 6777: 6744: 6724: 6673: 6617: 6531: 6480: 6426: 6384: 6343: 6274: 6235: 6160: 6111: 6070:"Genome Sequencing in Open Microfabricated High Density Picoliter Reactors" 6043: 6008: 5949: 5884: 5876: 5798: 5761:"DNA Sequencing Costs: Data from the NHGRI Genome Sequencing Program (GSP)" 5684: 5559: 5533: 5488: 5437: 5388: 4682: 4655: 4601: 4543: 4365: 4297: 4238: 4097: 4089: 4033: 3993: 3924: 3869: 3806: 3749: 3714: 3658: 3592: 3515: 3461: 3363: 3328: 3272: 3231: 3154: 3001: – A scientific instrument used to automate the DNA sequencing process 2622: 2316: 2264: 2189: 2153: 1970: 1848:

Longest individual reads. Accessible user community. Portable (Palm sized).

1489: 1444:. The different strategies have different tradeoffs in speed and accuracy; 1223: 1141: 1137: 1079: 893: 840: 832: 817: 720: 622: 580: 576: 564: 558: 509: 465: 446: 266: 10402: 10387:"Effect of direct-to-consumer genomewide profiling to assess disease risk" 10069: 9762:"Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads" 9043: 8279: 8209: 7966: 7760: 7416: 6991: 6816: 6715: 6698: 5841: 5806: 5745: 5616: 5541: 5336: 5281: 5238: 5186: 5143: 5085: 4959: 4868: 4761: 4725: 4690: 4620: 4486: 4434: 4189: 4146: 3497: 3413: 3145: 3128: 2902:

gives the individual no rights to the information derived from their DNA.

971:

Traditional RNA sequencing methods have several limitations. For example:

10324: 9778: 9761: 8576: 8559: 7109: 6400:"Advanced sequencing technologies and their wider impact in microbiology" 6375: 6358: 6292: 5760: 5002: 4887: 4823: 2614: 2598: 2337: 1367: 1271: 1200: 1020: 435: 384: 10205: 8902:

Edwards JR, Ruparel H, Ju J (2005). "Mass-spectrometry DNA sequencing".

8807: 8016: 7999: 7684: 6217: 6093: 3975: 2964: – Computational analysis of large, complex sets of biological data 2944:

due to the harm it would cause to the parents. However, a 2011 study in

2846: 1823:

Slower than other methods. Has issues sequencing palindromic sequences.

456:

An example of the results of automated chain-termination DNA sequencing.

9035: 8339: 8112: 7235: 6924: 6640:"Massively Parallel Sequencing: The Next Big Thing in Genetic Medicine" 6417: 6399: 5607: 5590: 4220: 4074: 3905: 3355: 3310: 2731: 2675:

Total cost of sequencing a human genome over time as calculated by the

2411:

There are two main microfluidic systems that are used to sequence DNA;

2348:

Sequencing of the TAGGCT template with IonTorrent, PacBioRS and GridION

2328: 2285: 2177: 2111: 1415: 1399: 1343: 1284: 753: 584: 196: 110: 90: 65: 10358:"It's Time To Stop Obsessing About the Dangers of Genetic Information" 9391: 8720: 8389: 8347: 7900:

Huang J, Liang X, Xuan Y, Geng C, Li Y, Lu H, et al. (May 2017).

7526: 7058: 7039: 6555:

Massively Parallel, Optical, and Neural Computing in the United States

6523: 6186: 5557: 4160:

Ehrlich M, Wang RY (June 1981). "5-Methylcytosine in eukaryotic DNA".

3850: 2537:

database and from bones found in mass graves of World War I soldiers.

2160: 1754:

Equipment can be very expensive. Requires high concentrations of DNA.

1003:

determine any DNA sequence using synthetic location-specific primers.

942:: The cDNA molecule is then synthesized through a process called PCR ( 9614: 9185: 8162:"Single molecule sequencing with a HeliScope genetic analysis system" 7604:"Accurate multiplex polony sequencing of an evolved bacterial genome" 6558: 6202:"Coming of age: ten years of next-generation sequencing technologies" 6127:"Accurate Multiplex Polony Sequencing of an Evolved Bacterial Genome" 6035: 5379: 5178: 4994: 4478: 4426: 3820:

Schleusener V, Köser CU, Beckert P, Niemann S, Feuerriegel S (2017).

2895: 2884: 2878: 2107: 1966: 1544: 1477: 1212: 1012: 869:

The foundation for sequencing proteins was first laid by the work of

630: 505: 153: 4525: 4058:"From the crime scene to the courtroom: the journey of a DNA sample" 3741: 1784:

MGISEQ-2000: 375M FCS flow cell, 1500M FCL flow cell per flow cell.

854: 728:

has also led to the development of new forensic techniques, such as

10566: 8641: 7872: 7502: 7322: 6452: 4381:"The path to DNA sequencing: The life and work of Frederick Sanger" 3629: 2941: 2703: 1851:

Lower throughput than other machines, Single read accuracy in 90s.

1327: 767: 596: 480:

DNA sequencing may be used to determine the sequence of individual

472:, DNA sequencing has become easier and orders of magnitude faster. 431: 400: 212: 95: 85: 40: 7034:, Ferretti V, Watt S, Jiao W, Ng K, Ghai S, Shaw P, Petrocelli T, 5676: 3125:"Next-generation" remains in broad use as of 2019. For instance, 10207: 9700: 9583: 6021: 5519: 3028: 2931: 2927: 2702:, or NHGRI, promotes grants for new research and developments in 2446: 2380: 2059: 2002: 1536: 955:: The amplified cDNA is then sequenced using a technique such as 905: 874: 873:

who by 1955 had completed the sequence of all the amino acids in

771: 763: 759: 713: 611: 572: 567:

involves identification of organisms present in a body of water,

546: 542: 497: 485: 442: 404: 396: 392: 8694: 4251: 3202:

Archives of Disease in Childhood: Education and Practice Edition

2229: 1745:

1 to 11 days, depending upon sequencer and specified read length

1519: 1381: 8697:"Single-molecule electrical random resequencing of DNA and RNA" 7265:"Palindromic sequence impedes sequencing-by-ligation mechanism" 7142:"Ion 520 & Ion 530 ExT Kit-Chef – Thermo Fisher Scientific" 2132: 1560: 1128:

at a cost of US$ 0.75 per base. Meanwhile, sequencing of human

995: 779: 568: 105: 80: 9795:"ConDeTri--a content dependent read trimmer for Illumina data" 9561: 9424:"2022 Sequencing Market Share – Same as It Ever Was (For Now)" 7902:"A reference human genome dataset of the BGISEQ-500 sequencer" 7500: 5963:

Peterson BK, Weber JN, Kay EH, Fisher HS, Hoekstra HE (2012).

4455: 3819: 3727: 2205: 1923: 9851: 9600: 3475: 3473: 3471: 2723: 1314:

automated and was the method used in the first generation of

901: 626: 9944:"Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data" 9477: 8751: 7948: 7774:

Mardis ER (2008). "Next-generation DNA sequencing methods".

7719:

Novel derivatives usable for the sequencing of nucleic acids

7440: 5302: 4404: 4110: 3376: 2605: 649:, though some genetic tests may not involve DNA sequencing. 9895:"Quality control and preprocessing of metagenomic datasets" 8233:"The sequence of sequencers: The history of sequencing DNA" 6952: 6950: 5661: 3433: 2434:

Fair et al. used digital microfluidic devices to study DNA

2148:

the relevant patents. In 2004, Solexa acquired the company

2028: 1164: 1129: 481: 10161: 9365: 9064: 8374:"Droplet-based pyrosequencing using digital microfluidics" 7813: 6259:"A strategy of DNA sequencing employing computer programs" 3882: 3468: 2912:

Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues

2007:

The first of the high-throughput sequencing technologies,

1617:

Single-molecule real-time sequencing (Pacific Biosciences)

920:

Traditional RNA sequencing methods involve several steps:

802: 10091: 10089: 10087: 9701:

Del Fabbro C, Scalabrin S, Morgante M, Giorgi FM (2013).

8980: 8420: 6909: 6359:"Next-generation sequencing: methodology and application" 6305: 5905: 5349: 5251: 3534: 3067: – Sequencing of amino acid arrangement in a protein 3031: – Functionally related proteins across PPI networks 2324: 2072:

SOLiD platform. Applied Biosystems was later acquired by

1962:" or "long-read" sequencing, along with SMRT sequencing. 1339: 1140:'s lab, an attempt to capture the coding fraction of the 808: 712:. The process of DNA testing involves detecting specific 538: 493: 388: 75: 70: 10240: 10206:

National Human Genome Research Institute (21 May 2008).

9124: 8315: 7601: 7091: 6947: 6697:

Straiton J, Free T, Sawyer A, Martin J (February 2019).

6696: 6199: 6124: 5156: 4510:"RNA sequencing: advances, challenges and opportunities" 3341: 3295:"DNA sequence analysis with droplet-based microfluidics" 3127:

Straiton J, Free T, Sawyer A, Martin J (February 2019).

3126: 2687:

established an initiative to promote the development of

2214:

which has since become part of Chinese genomics company

946:), which amplifies the cDNA to produce multiple copies. 414:

has become indispensable for basic biological research,

10230:"US ethics panel reports on DNA sequencing and privacy" 9216: 8843:

Qin Y, Schneider TM, Brenner MP (2012). Gibas C (ed.).

8642:"Fast DNA sequencing by electrical means inches closer" 7394: 7263:

Huang YF, Chen SC, Chiang YS, Chen TH, Chiu KP (2012).

7029: 6699:"From Sanger sequencing to genome databases and beyond" 4372: 3948: 3770: 3479: 3434:

Pettersson E, Lundeberg J, Ahmadian A (February 2009).

3129:"From Sanger Sequencing to Genome Databases and Beyond" 2390: 2300: 1066:

scientists deciphered the complete DNA sequence of the

445:, of numerous types and species of life, including the 10084: 9316: 9267: 7658: 7539: 7315: 6970: 6958:"De novo bacterial genome assembly: a solved problem?" 6737: 5962: 4320:"Direct detection and sequencing of damaged DNA bases" 2883:

Human genetics have been included within the field of

1646:

Moderate throughput. Equipment can be very expensive.

1058:

The first full DNA genome to be sequenced was that of

10555: 8557: 8099:

Porreca GJ (2010). "Genome Sequencing on Nanoballs".

6068:

Margulies M, Egholm M, et al. (September 2005).

5553: 5551: 5352:"Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome" 5207: 5052:"DNA sequencing with direct blotting electrophoresis" 4972: 3292: 2477: 1958:

in real time. Nanopore sequencing is referred to as "

1760:

Combinatorial probe anchor synthesis (cPAS- BGI/MGI)

10144:"Human genome sequencing: the real ethical dilemmas" 8944: 8491:"Nanopore Sequencing Could Slash DNA Analysis Costs" 5862: 5784: 4777: 4669:

Wu R (1972). "Nucleotide sequence analysis of DNA".

4344:

Watson JD, Crick FH (1953). "The structure of DNA".

3480:

Jay E, Bambara R, Padmanabhan R, Wu R (March 1974).

3094:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

3085:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

3033:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

2988:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

2613:

A method has been developed to analyze full sets of

2510: 484:, larger genetic regions (i.e. clusters of genes or 10436:"What Your Doctor Isn't Telling You About Your DNA" 10137: 10135: 9268:Pareek CS, Smoczynski R, Tretyn A (November 2011). 8842: 8371: 8231:Heather, James M.; Chain, Benjamin (January 2016). 7659:Bentley DR, Balasubramanian S, et al. (2008). 7441:dela Torre R, Larkin J, Singer A, Meller A (2012). 7262: 6637: 5906:Duhaime MB, Deng L, Poulos BT, Sullivan MB (2012). 3674: 3610: 3050: – Succession of nucleotides in a nucleic acid 2916:

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

1634:

4,000,000 per Sequel 2 SMRT cell, 100–200 gigabases

10280: 7899: 6800:"Comparison of Next-Generation Sequencing Systems" 5663:signature sequencing (MPSS) on microbead arrays". 5548: 5402:Venter JC, Adams MD, et al. (February 2001). 4780:"DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors" 4202: 3244: 2980: – Computing using molecular biology hardware 1842:data streamed in real time. Choose 1 min to 48 hrs 10248:"Privacy and Progress in Whole Genome Sequencing" 9941: 9643: 8159: 6200:Goodwin S, McPherson JD, McCombie WR (May 2016). 6183:"Applied Biosystems – File Not Found (404 Error)" 6118: 6063: 6061: 5819: 5450: 4778:Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR (December 1977). 3883:Mahé P, El Azami M, Barlas P, Tournoud M (2019). 3247:"DNA sequencing of cancer: what have we learned?" 3101: – Database of personal genomics information 2617:using a combination of 454 pyrosequencing and an 2554: 1571:Comparison of high-throughput sequencing methods 1104:(NIH) had begun large-scale sequencing trials on 10579: 10384: 10380: 10378: 10300: 10132: 9991:Cox MP, Peterson DA, Biggs PJ (September 2010). 9990: 9892: 9588:National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) 8901: 8522: 8037: 8035: 7597: 7595: 6175: 6015: 4636:Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science 4574: 3054:Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification 2891:Moore v. Regents of the University of California 1991: 786:) common in humans, may or may not be detected. 27:Process of determining the nucleic acid sequence 10385:Bloss CS, Schork NJ, Topol EJ (February 2011). 10306: 9319:"Sequencing technologies and genome sequencing" 9270:"Sequencing technologies and genome sequencing" 9167: 9072:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 8598: 7546:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 7496: 7494: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6067: 5657: 5655: 5631:"Quality Scores for Next-Generation Sequencing" 4738: 3105:Transmission electron microscopy DNA sequencing 3019: – DNA testing for endangerment assessment 2580:Transmission electron microscopy DNA sequencing 2121: 1912: 1468:), Shendure and Porreca et al. (also known as " 989: 758:The canonical structure of DNA has four bases: 10349: 10221: 10035: 9021: 7436: 7434: 6868: 6581: 6306:de Magalhães JP, Finch CE, Janssens G (2010). 6058: 5564:"Patent: Method of nucleic acid amplification" 5110:"Complete DNA sequence of yeast chromosome II" 4055: 2573: 2489: 2003:Massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS) 10375: 10170:"Insurance Fears Lead Many to Shun DNA Tests" 9792: 9594: 8845:"Sequencing by Hybridization of Long Targets" 8688: 8041: 8032: 7942: 7767: 7738: 7715: 7652: 7592: 7533: 5723: 5457:Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 5101: 4916:"The Nucleotide Sequence of the lac Operator" 4773: 4771: 4703: 3195: 3107: – Single-molecule sequencing technology 1035: 357: 10427: 10187: 9942:Bolger AM, Lohse M, Usadel B (August 2014). 9935: 8230: 7491: 6903: 6575: 6498: 6350: 6299: 5956: 5899: 5856: 5652: 4913: 4841: 4507: 4337: 3548: 3245:Chmielecki J, Meyerson M (14 January 2014). 2427:and used Forster resonance energy transfer, 1294: 8560:"A window into third-generation sequencing" 7431: 6856: 6854: 6852: 5699: 5495: 5401: 5395: 5343: 5245: 4732: 4697: 4662: 4343: 4159: 3522: 3427: 2709: 2206:Combinatorial probe anchor synthesis (cPAS) 1924:Single molecule real time (SMRT) sequencing 1342:sample by detecting the incorporation of a 1291:This method is mostly obsolete as of 2023. 1260: 747: 9317:Pareek CS, Smoczynski R, Tretyn A (2011). 9310: 8160:Thompson JF, Steinmann KE (October 2010). 8042:Drmanac R, Sparks AB, et al. (2010). 6631: 6552: 6440: 5588: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4768: 3670: 3668: 2666: 2352: 2254:Library preparation for the SOLiD platform 1946: 1652:Ion semiconductor (Ion Torrent sequencing) 1531:, genome sequencing, genome resequencing, 1514: 1418:and amplified in a bacterial host such as 1333: 865:, and the other for the sequencing of DNA. 364: 350: 10485: 10410: 10332: 10307:Goldenberg AJ, Sharp RR (February 2012). 10141: 10095: 10059: 10044:"Ethical issues in human genome research" 10018: 10008: 9984: 9967: 9918: 9845: 9828: 9818: 9786: 9777: 9753: 9736: 9726: 9505: 9495: 9454: 9399: 9342: 9293: 9193: 9101: 9091: 8998: 8878: 8868: 8803: 8801: 8781: 8728: 8639: 8616: 8575: 8558:Schadt EE, Turner S, Kasarskis A (2010). 8397: 8329: 8256: 8181: 8067: 8015: 7974: 7925: 7839: 7692: 7627: 7575: 7565: 7474: 7321: 7292: 7282: 7204: 7184: 7178: 7117: 7057: 6999: 6964: 6825: 6815: 6797: 6767: 6757: 6731: 6714: 6663: 6607: 6416: 6374: 6333: 6282: 6225: 6150: 6101: 5998: 5988: 5939: 5606: 5478: 5468: 5427: 5378: 5133: 5075: 4949: 4939: 4877: 4867: 4813: 4803: 4610: 4600: 4533: 4287: 4277: 4228: 4136: 3983: 3914: 3904: 3859: 3849: 3788: 3704: 3648: 3638: 3628: 3582: 3505: 3451: 3403: 3370: 3318: 3262: 3221: 3144: 2908:Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act 2452: 1839:dependent on read length selected by user 1801:Sequencing by ligation (SOLiD sequencing) 1244:Lynx Therapeutics published and marketed 667: 10459: 10278: 10199: 9886: 8987:Forensic Science International: Genetics 8601:"The electronic properties of DNA bases" 8483: 7023: 6849: 6804:Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 6546: 6509: 6391: 6193: 5765:National Human Genome Research Institute 5758: 5717: 5107: 5049: 4575:Padmanabhan R, Jay E, Wu R (June 1974). 3554: 3436:"Generations of sequencing technologies" 2700:National Human Genome Research Institute 2670: 2343: 2263: 2249: 2228: 2188: 2167: 2159: 1702:Runs are expensive. Homopolymer errors. 1518: 1389: 1211:at the Royal Institute of Technology in 1168: 1165:High-throughput sequencing (HTS) methods 1048:. Each coloured block represents a gene. 1039: 853: 629:and poultry. This led to legislation in 451: 10433: 10282:"The DNA in your garbage: up for grabs" 9793:Smeds L, Künstner A (19 October 2011). 9436: 8098: 7716:Canard B, Sarfati S (13 October 1994), 6791: 6638:Tucker T, Marra M, Friedman JM (2009). 5558:Kawashima, Eric H.; Laurent Farinelli; 5513: 4830: 4056:Curtis C, Hereward J (29 August 2017). 3665: 3017:Genome sequencing of endangered species 2406: 2311:Ion Torrent Systems Inc. (now owned by 2053:method, developed in the laboratory of 2009:massively parallel signature sequencing 1452:often causing gaps in genome assembly. 1252:were sold to independent laboratories. 1246:massively parallel signature sequencing 1173:History of sequencing technology 811:) was first discovered and isolated by 803:Discovery of DNA structure and function 660:, hereby reducing the risk of creating 528: 418:and in numerous applied fields such as 14: 10580: 10551:wikibook on next generation sequencing 10355: 10167: 10041: 9759: 8798: 8367: 8365: 8311: 8309: 8166:Current Protocols in Molecular Biology 7895: 7893: 7809: 7807: 7805: 7773: 6644:The American Journal of Human Genetics 6553:Kalb, Gilbert; Moxley, Robert (1992). 6446: 6256: 3697:10.1146/annurev-virology-110615-035747 3675:Wohl, Shirlee; Schaffner, Stephen F.; 3606: 3604: 3602: 3196:Behjati S, Tarpey PS (December 2013). 2499:is a non-enzymatic method that uses a 1627:maximum read length >100,000 bases 696:DNA sequencing may be used along with 678:DNA sequencing may be used along with 10227: 9893:Schmieder R, Edwards R (March 2011). 7991: 7870: 7788:10.1146/annurev.genom.9.081307.164359 6692: 6690: 6584:"Keeping Up with the Next Generation" 6356: 5098:United States Patent 4,631,122 (1986) 4842:Maxam AM, Gilbert W (February 1977). 4633: 4508:Ozsolak F, Milos PM (February 2011). 3681:"Genomic Analysis of Viral Outbreaks" 3198:"What is next generation sequencing?" 2726:. Other challenges have to deal with 2645: 2083: 1884:Chain termination (Sanger sequencing) 1735:HiSeq 2500: 300 million – 2 billion; 1495: 10142:Henderson, Mark (9 September 2013). 9439:"The Current Status of cDNA Cloning" 9168:Chen YJ, Roller EE, Huang X (2010). 8836: 7997: 6588:The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics 6397: 4914:Gilbert W, Maxam A (December 1973). 4560:. Cornell University. Archived from 3528: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 2841: 2395:Heliscope sequencing is a method of 2391:Heliscope single molecule sequencing 2301:Ion Torrent semiconductor sequencing 2038: 1930:Single-molecule real-time sequencing 1585:Accuracy (single read not consensus) 515: 10434:Rochman, Bonnie (25 October 2012). 10391:The New England Journal of Medicine 10356:Hughes, Virginia (7 January 2013). 8599:Xu M, Endres RG, Arakawa Y (2007). 8362: 8318:IEEE Design & Test of Computers 8306: 7890: 7802: 6450:(January 2006). "Genomes for all". 4346:Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol 3599: 3555:Callaway, Ewen (17 February 2021). 3025: – Method of genome sequencing 2947:The New England Journal of Medicine 2245: 2219:bioinformatics analysis pipelines. 2102:, which has since been acquired by 2090:454 Life Sciences § Technology 24: 10194:Statement of Administration policy 8206:"tSMS SeqLL Technical Explanation" 6687: 5404:"The sequence of the human genome" 5126:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06923.x 5068:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb02230.x 5026:"The next frontier: Human viruses" 4668: 2588: 2478:Tunnelling currents DNA sequencing 2331:. If the introduced nucleotide is 1876:Low-cost of instrument ($ 10,000) 1769:BGISEQ-500, MGISEQ-2000: 50-300bp 1708:Sequencing by synthesis (Illumina) 1600:Cost per 1 billion bases (in US$ ) 1455:Most sequencing approaches use an 1150:The Institute for Genomic Research 1094:California Institute of Technology 916:Traditional RNA Sequencing Methods 912:molecule which must be sequenced. 379:is the process of determining the 25: 10649: 10514: 10460:Sajeer P, Muhammad (4 May 2023). 10098:The American Journal of Bioethics 8810:Molecular Genetics and Metabolism 8467:. Mcb.harvard.edu. Archived from 8145:. 2 November 2009. Archived from 6473:10.1038/scientificamerican0106-46 5023: 4904:. Nobel lecture, 8 December 1980. 4902:DNA sequencing and gene structure 4844:"A new method for sequencing DNA" 4378: 4038:, Mykrobe-tools, 24 December 2022 4008:"Michael Mosley vs the superbugs" 3279: 3264:10.1146/annurev-med-060712-200152 2837: 2511:Sequencing with mass spectrometry 1781:BGISEQ-500: 1300M per flow cell; 880: 468:-based sequencing methods with a 10565: 10453: 10272: 10228:Baker, Monya (11 October 2012). 10168:Harmon, Amy (24 February 2008). 9856:. Vol. 12. pp. 12–19. 9694: 9644:Shmilovici A, Ben-Gal I (2007). 9637: 9576: 9546: 9522: 9471: 9430: 9416: 9359: 9261: 9210: 9161: 9118: 9058: 9015: 8974: 8938: 8895: 8745: 8633: 8592: 8551: 8516: 8497: 8457: 8414: 8273: 8224: 8198: 8153: 8135: 8092: 7864: 7732: 7709: 7388: 7374: 7344: 7330: 7309: 7220: 7206:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01767.x 7094:"The methylomes of six bacteria" 7015: 6841: 6783: 6679: 6623: 6432: 5932:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02791.x 5503:"Espacenet – Bibliographic data" 5108:Feldmann H, et al. (1994). 3529:Hunt, Katie (17 February 2021). 3419: 3214:10.1136/archdischild-2013-304340 2845: 2741: 2609:virus high-throughput sequencing 2467:transmission electron microscopy 2280:brand) SOLiD technology employs 2164:An Illumina HiSeq 2500 sequencer 1326:in 2001, ushering in the age of 1255: 331: 330: 217: 216: 47: 10279:Hartnett, Kevin (12 May 2013). 8774:10.1128/JCM.38.7.2715-2721.2000 7228: 7185:van Vliet AH (1 January 2010). 7152: 7134: 7085: 6889: 6582:ten Bosch JR, Grody WW (2008). 6250: 5813: 5778: 5752: 5623: 5589:Ewing B, Green P (March 1998). 5582: 5444: 5296: 5201: 5150: 5092: 5043: 5017: 4966: 4907: 4894: 4627: 4568: 4550: 4501: 4449: 4398: 4312: 4245: 4196: 4153: 4104: 4068: 4049: 4026: 4000: 3942: 3931: 3876: 3813: 3764: 3721: 3119: 3007: – Citizen science project 2636: 2597:(RNAP), which is attached to a 2593:This method is based on use of 2535:Federal Bureau of Investigation 2527:single-nucleotide polymorphisms 2172:Illumina NovaSeq 6000 flow cell 1671:Less expensive equipment. Fast. 552: 475: 464:. Following the development of 8666:10.1088/0957-4484/24/34/342501 7873:"About Us – Complete Genomics" 7467:10.1088/0957-4484/23/38/385308 3335: 3238: 3189: 3175: 2555:Microfluidic Sanger sequencing 1992:Short-read sequencing methods 892:, identified and published by 658:precise antibiotics treatments 462:two-dimensional chromatography 13: 1: 9960:10.1093/bioinformatics/btu170 9911:10.1093/bioinformatics/btr026 9760:Martin, Marcel (2 May 2011). 6878:. GenomeWeb. 10 January 2012. 6185:. 16 May 2008. Archived from 4754:10.1016/S0006-291X(73)80007-5 4742:Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun 4706:Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun 3168: 2973:Circular consensus sequencing 2472:Third generation technologies 2370:of an organism. The company 2319:that are released during the 2233:A BGI MGISEQ-2000RS sequencer 1943:" or "long-read" sequencing. 1903:Useful for many applications. 1730:MiniSeq/MiSeq: 1–25 Million; 1712:MiniSeq, NextSeq: 75–300 bp; 1539:), DNA-protein interactions ( 1234:'s Hi-Seq genome sequencers. 1102:National Institutes of Health 619:1990 avian influenza outbreak 10613:Molecular biology techniques 10540:Resources in other libraries 9820:10.1371/journal.pone.0026314 9728:10.1371/journal.pone.0085024 9219:Microscopy and Microanalysis 9000:10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.05.009 8946:differentiation of humans". 8924:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.07.021 8870:10.1371/journal.pone.0035819 8465:"The Harvard Nanopore Group" 8174:10.1002/0471142727.mb0710s92 7753:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90226-7 6709:(2). Future Science: 60–63. 5990:10.1371/journal.pone.0037135 5834:10.1126/science.281.5375.363 5738:10.1016/0022-2836(75)90213-2 4920:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 4718:10.1016/0006-291X(72)90852-2 4078:Journal of Molecular Biology 2307:Ion semiconductor sequencing 2122:Illumina (Solexa) sequencing 1969:pores covalently bound with 1913:Long-read sequencing methods 1643:Fast. Detects 4mC, 5mC, 6mA. 990:Early DNA sequencing methods 984:single-molecule real-timeref 847:structures being studied by 7: 9456:10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.11.004 9323:Journal of Applied Genetics 9274:Journal of Applied Genetics 8822:10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.04.024 8290:10.1007/978-1-4939-0715-1_6 8249:10.1016/j.ygeno.2015.11.003 4648:10.1016/j.shpsc.2013.12.006 4358:10.1101/SQB.1953.018.01.020 3453:10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.10.003 3396:10.1128/JCM.31.1.22-25.1993 3081:Sequencing by hybridization 2984:DNA field-effect transistor 2954: 2574:Microscopy-based techniques 2496:Sequencing by hybridization 2490:Sequencing by hybridization 2425:polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) 2413:droplet based microfluidics 2193:An Illumina MiSeq sequencer 2150:Manteia Predictive Medicine 2025:Manteia Predictive Medicine 1382:Large-scale sequencing and 1356:massive parallel sequencing 640: 590: 10: 10654: 10110:10.1162/152651603322874762 10061:10.1096/fasebj.5.1.1825074 10042:Murray TH (January 1991). 7918:10.1093/gigascience/gix024 7284:10.1186/1752-0509-6-S2-S10 6656:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.06.022 6600:10.2353/jmoldx.2008.080027 5707:"maxam gilbert sequencing" 4848:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 4784:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 4279:10.1038/s41467-021-25064-x 3887:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 3824:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 3640:10.1186/s12864-020-06801-w 3584:10.1038/d41586-021-00436-x 2888:legal case on this topic, 2876: 2577: 2558: 2397:single-molecule sequencing 2376:rolling circle replication 2356: 2304: 2257: 2125: 2094:A parallelized version of 2087: 2042: 1995: 1950: 1927: 1916: 1738:HiSeq 3/4000 2.5 billion; 1499: 1298: 1264: 1215:published their method of 1051: 1036:Sequencing of full genomes 980:next-generation sequencing 967:Challenges and Limitations 797: 751: 724:or unreliable. The use of 671: 594: 556: 18:Next Generation Sequencing 10535:Resources in your library 9665:10.1007/s00180-007-0021-8 9335:10.1007/s13353-011-0057-x 9286:10.1007/s13353-011-0057-x 9239:10.1017/S1431927612012615 8505:US patent 20060029957 8503: 7192:FEMS Microbiology Letters 6326:10.1016/j.arr.2009.10.006 6257:Staden R (11 June 1979). 5305:Haemophilus influenzae Rd 3790:10.1038/s41436-019-0666-z 3685:Annual Review of Virology 3251:Annual Review of Medicine 2995: – Biological theory 2751:Read Trimming Algorithms 2691:technologies, called the 1861:Around 150 bp single-end 1732:NextSeq: 130-00 Million; 1720:HiSeq 3/4000: 50–300 bp; 1462:polymerase chain reaction 1295:Chain-termination methods 1228:polymerase chain reaction 944:Polymerase Chain Reaction 896:and his coworkers at the 664:in bacteria populations. 10010:10.1186/1471-2105-11-485 9653:Computational Statistics 9554:"Archon Genomics XPRIZE" 9497:10.1186/1471-2164-15-912 8960:10.1016/j.ab.2005.05.028 8564:Human Molecular Genetics 7776:Annu Rev Genom Hum Genet 6759:10.1186/1471-2164-13-341 5470:10.3389/fbioe.2020.01032 5050:Beck S, Pohl FM (1984). 4558:"Ray Wu Faculty Profile" 3112: 2968:Cancer genome sequencing 2710:Computational challenges 2078:Thermo Fisher Scientific 1509:chain termination method 1426:assembled electronically 1307:chain-termination method 1267:Maxam-Gilbert sequencing 1261:Maxam-Gilbert sequencing 1125:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1085:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1064:Medical Research Council 961:Maxam-Gilbert sequencing 748:The four canonical bases 662:antimicrobial resistance 488:), full chromosomes, or 416:DNA Genographic Projects 10478:10.15252/embr.202256619 9862:10.1145/2382936.2382938 9093:10.1073/pnas.0911295107 8948:Analytical Biochemistry 8208:. SeqLL. Archived from 8168:. Chapter 7: Unit7.10. 8069:10.1126/science.1181498 7841:10.1126/science.1181498 7629:10.1126/science.1117389 7567:10.1073/pnas.0710982105 7507:Applied Physics Letters 7081:(subscription required) 6494:(subscription required) 6357:Grada A (August 2013). 6313:Ageing Research Reviews 6206:Nature Reviews Genetics 6152:10.1126/science.1117389 5787:Analytical Biochemistry 5522:Analytical Biochemistry 5507:worldwide.espacenet.com 5429:10.1126/science.1058040 5329:10.1126/science.7542800 5274:10.1126/science.2047873 5231:10.1126/science.2443975 4941:10.1073/pnas.70.12.3581 4805:10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463 4514:Nature Reviews Genetics 4182:10.1126/science.6262918 3730:Nature Reviews Genetics 3076:Sequence profiling tool 2667:Development initiatives 2463:atomic force microscopy 2364:DNA nanoball sequencing 2359:DNA nanoball sequencing 2353:DNA nanoball sequencing 2141:Shankar Balasubramanian 2128:Illumina dye sequencing 1980:Mycobacterium smegmatis 1947:Nanopore DNA sequencing 1717:HiSeq 2500: 50–500 bp; 1565:ThermoFisher Scientific 1515:High-throughput methods 1358:instruments, including 1334:Sequencing by synthesis 1134:expressed sequence tags 1054:Whole genome sequencing 1044:The 5,386 bp genome of 843:model of DNA, based on 807:Deoxyribonucleic acid ( 702:forensic identification 684:forensic identification 9558:Archon Genomics XPRIZE 9139:10.1002/elps.200406161 8752:Hanna GJ, Johnson VA, 8618:10.1002/smll.200600732 8537:10.1002/smll.200900976 8435:10.1038/nprot.2016.154 8000:"Torrents of sequence" 7098:Nucleic Acids Research 6899:(Press release). 2013. 6263:Nucleic Acids Research 5877:10.1002/elps.201200128 5799:10.1006/abio.1993.1024 5534:10.1006/abio.1996.0432 5030:What is Biotechnology? 4683:10.1038/newbio236198a0 4602:10.1073/pnas.71.6.2510 4385:What is Biotechnology? 4117:Nucleic Acids Research 4090:10.1006/jmbi.2001.4905 3486:Nucleic Acids Research 3090:Sequencing by ligation 3038:Linked-read sequencing 2906:DNA. In May 2008, the 2689:full genome sequencing 2680: 2453:Methods in development 2349: 2295:sequencing by ligation 2282:sequencing by ligation 2270: 2255: 2234: 2194: 2173: 2165: 1766:MGISEQ 200: 50-200bp; 1637:30 minutes to 20 hours 1524: 1395: 1174: 1155:Haemophilus influenzae 1119:Caenorhabditis elegans 1049: 866: 863:sequencing of proteins 668:Forensic investigation 608:molecular epidemiology 520:Sequencing is used in 457: 10628:1970 in biotechnology 10403:10.1056/NEJMoa1011893 7967:10.1101/gr.076463.108 7417:10.1038/nnano.2009.12 7397:Nature Nanotechnology 6992:10.1056/NEJMoa1106920 6883:registration required 6716:10.2144/btn-2019-0011 4869:10.1073/pnas.74.2.560 4258:Nature Communications 4129:10.1093/nar/10.8.2709 3956:Nature Communications 3146:10.2144/btn-2019-0011 3059:Personalized medicine 3048:Nucleic acid sequence 2993:DNA sequencing theory 2877:Further information: 2788:FASTX quality trimmer 2683:In October 2006, the 2674: 2417:digital microfluidics 2347: 2267: 2253: 2232: 2192: 2183:fluorescently labeled 2171: 2163: 1998:Short-read sequencing 1996:Further information: 1917:Further information: 1897:20 minutes to 3 hours 1699:Long read size. Fast. 1631:87% raw-read accuracy 1522: 1393: 1190:Personalized Medicine 1172: 1107:Mycoplasma capricolum 1092:'s laboratory at the 1043: 931:reverse transcriptase 926:Reverse Transcription 857: 674:Forensic DNA analysis 455: 381:nucleic acid sequence 317:Personalized medicine 311:Personalized medicine 174:Quantitative genetics 169:Mendelian inheritance 10325:10.1001/jama.2012.68 9779:10.14806/ej.17.1.200 8640:Di Ventra M (2013). 8378:Analytical Chemistry 8101:Nature Biotechnology 6376:10.1038/jid.2013.248 6275:10.1093/nar/6.7.2601 5759:Wetterstrand, Kris. 5665:Nature Biotechnology 3777:Genetics in Medicine 2615:protein interactions 2407:Microfluidic Systems 2260:ABI Solid Sequencing 2031:for measurements of 1919:Long-read sequencing 1764:BGISEQ-50: 35-50bp; 1680:Pyrosequencing (454) 1674:Homopolymer errors. 1352:amplification of DNA 1199:On 26 October 1990, 1148:, and colleagues at 535:evolutionary biology 529:Evolutionary biology 237:Branches of genetics 9811:2011PLoSO...626314S 9719:2013PLoSO...885024D 9584:"Grant Information" 9384:2012NatSR...2E.691F 9231:2012MiMic..18.1049B 9084:2010PNAS..107.4371B 8916:2005MRFMM.573....3E 8861:2012PLoSO...735819Q 8713:2012NatSR...2E.501O 8658:2013Nanot..24H2501D 8471:on 21 February 2002 8149:on 2 November 2009. 8060:2010Sci...327...78D 8017:10.1038/nmeth.f.330 7832:2010Sci...327...78D 7685:10.1038/nature07517 7677:2008Natur.456...53B 7620:2005Sci...309.1728S 7558:2008PNAS..105.1176K 7519:2012ApPhL.100b3701P 7459:2012Nanot..23L5308D 7409:2009NatNa...4..265C 7340:. 12 February 2013. 7270:BMC Systems Biology 6817:10.1155/2012/251364 6465:2006SciAm.294a..46C 6398:Hall N (May 2007). 6218:10.1038/nrg.2016.49 6143:2005Sci...309.1728S 6094:10.1038/nature03959 6086:2005Natur.437..376M 5981:2012PLoSO...737135P 5924:2012EnvMi..14.2526D 5570:on 22 February 2013 5420:2001Sci...291.1304V 5371:2001Natur.409..860L 5321:1995Sci...269..496F 5266:1991Sci...252.1651A 5223:1987Sci...238..336P 5171:1986Natur.321..674S 4987:1977Natur.265..687S 4932:1973PNAS...70.3581G 4860:1977PNAS...74..560M 4796:1977PNAS...74.5463S 4593:1974PNAS...71.2510P 4471:1976Natur.260..500F 4419:1972Natur.237...82J 4270:2021NatCo..12.4710C 4174:1981Sci...212.1350E 4014:on 24 November 2020 3976:10.1038/ncomms10063 3968:2015NatCo...610063B 3842:2017NatSR...746327S 3575:2021Natur.590..537C 3498:10.1093/nar/1.3.331 3384:J. Clin. Microbiol. 3005:Genographic Project 2752: 2401:Helicos Biosciences 1953:Nanopore sequencing 1937:Pacific Biosciences 1857:GenapSys Sequencing 1836:~92–97% single read 1829:Nanopore Sequencing 1741:HiSeq X: 3 billion 1572: 1408:restriction enzymes 1239:phred quality score 1144:. In 1995, Venter, 1060:bacteriophage φX174 1046:bacteriophage φX174 898:University of Ghent 502:open reading frames 207:Genetic engineering 164:Population genetics 35:Part of a series on 10638:1998 in technology 10618:1970 introductions 10174:The New York Times 9997:BMC Bioinformatics 9437:Harbers M (2008). 9372:Scientific Reports 9133:(21–22): 3564–88. 9036:10.1038/nm0397-360 8762:J. Clin. Microbiol 8577:10.1093/hmg/ddq416 8340:10.1109/MDT.2007.8 8113:10.1038/nbt0110-43 7110:10.1093/nar/gks891 6972:(25 August 2011). 6925:10.1038/nmeth.2474 6418:10.1242/jeb.001370 5912:Environ. Microbiol 5608:10.1101/gr.8.3.186 4671:Nature New Biology 4221:10.1038/nmeth.1779 3906:10.7717/peerj.6857 3356:10.1039/c1lc20128j 3311:10.1039/c3lc50905b 3065:Protein sequencing 2857:. You can help by 2759:Type of algorithm 2750: 2685:X Prize Foundation 2681: 2646:Sample preparation 2350: 2274:Applied Biosystems 2271: 2256: 2235: 2195: 2174: 2166: 2084:454 pyrosequencing 2070:Applied Biosystems 1967:alpha(α)-hemolysin 1820:Low cost per base. 1811:1.2 to 1.4 billion 1778:MGISEQ 200: 300M; 1714:MiSeq: 50–600 bp; 1570: 1547:characterization. 1525: 1502:Shotgun sequencing 1496:Shotgun sequencing 1482:Applied Biosystems 1396: 1324:first human genome 1175: 1098:Applied Biosystems 1068:Epstein-Barr virus 1050: 1000:Cornell University 867: 845:crystallized X-ray 839:put forward their 813:Friedrich Miescher 458: 179:Molecular genetics 138:History and topics 10608:Molecular biology 10521:Library resources 9392:10.1038/srep00691 8904:Mutation Research 8721:10.1038/srep00501 8390:10.1021/ac201416j 8299:978-1-4939-0714-4 7877:Complete Genomics 7614:(5741): 1728–32. 7527:10.1063/1.3673335 7059:10.1002/ijc.27817 6568:978-90-5199-097-3 6524:10.1038/nmeth1156 6411:(Pt 9): 1518–25. 6363:J Invest Dermatol 6137:(5741): 1728–32. 5828:(5375): 363–365. 5640:. 31 October 2011 5414:(5507): 1304–51. 5365:(6822): 860–921. 5315:(5223): 496–512. 5260:(5013): 1651–56. 3851:10.1038/srep46327 3677:Sabeti, Pardis C. 3569:(7847): 537–538. 3185:. 24 August 2017. 2875: 2874: 2835: 2834: 2756:Name of algorithm 2716:sequence assembly 2567:Sanger sequencing 2561:Sanger sequencing 2531:mitochondrial DNA 2516:Mass spectrometry 2447:sequencing of RNA 2372:Complete Genomics 2313:Life Technologies 2278:Life Technologies 2212:Complete Genomics 2139:, was founded by 2104:Roche Diagnostics 2100:454 Life Sciences 2098:was developed by 2074:Life Technologies 2051:polony sequencing 2045:Polony sequencing 2039:Polony sequencing 1910: 1909: 1805:50+35 or 50+50 bp 1776:BGISEQ-50: 160M; 1486:Life Technologies 1470:polony sequencing 1466:454 Life Sciences 1301:Sanger sequencing 1222:On 1 April 1997, 1183:Sanger sequencing 1132:sequences called 957:Sanger sequencing 890:Bacteriophage MS2 849:Rosalind Franklin 784:5 methyl cytosine 706:paternity testing 688:paternity testing 604:Sanger sequencing 522:molecular biology 516:Molecular biology 420:medical diagnosis 374: 373: 101:Genetic variation 16:(Redirected from 10645: 10570: 10569: 10561: 10508: 10507: 10489: 10457: 10451: 10450: 10448: 10446: 10431: 10425: 10424: 10414: 10382: 10373: 10372: 10370: 10368: 10353: 10347: 10346: 10336: 10304: 10298: 10297: 10295: 10293: 10287:The Boston Globe 10284: 10276: 10270: 10269: 10267: 10265: 10259: 10252: 10244: 10238: 10237: 10234:Nature News Blog 10225: 10219: 10218: 10216: 10214: 10203: 10197: 10191: 10185: 10184: 10182: 10180: 10165: 10159: 10158: 10156: 10154: 10139: 10130: 10129: 10093: 10082: 10081: 10063: 10039: 10033: 10032: 10022: 10012: 9988: 9982: 9981: 9971: 9939: 9933: 9932: 9922: 9890: 9884: 9883: 9849: 9843: 9842: 9832: 9822: 9790: 9784: 9783: 9781: 9757: 9751: 9750: 9740: 9730: 9698: 9692: 9691: 9689: 9687: 9681: 9675:. Archived from 9650: 9641: 9635: 9634: 9615:10.1038/nbt.2840 9598: 9592: 9591: 9580: 9574: 9573: 9571: 9569: 9560:. Archived from 9550: 9544: 9543: 9541: 9539: 9534: 9526: 9520: 9519: 9509: 9499: 9475: 9469: 9468: 9458: 9434: 9428: 9427: 9420: 9414: 9413: 9403: 9363: 9357: 9356: 9346: 9314: 9308: 9307: 9297: 9265: 9259: 9258: 9214: 9208: 9207: 9197: 9186:10.1039/b921417h 9165: 9159: 9158: 9122: 9116: 9115: 9105: 9095: 9062: 9056: 9055: 9019: 9013: 9012: 9002: 8978: 8972: 8971: 8942: 8936: 8935: 8899: 8893: 8892: 8882: 8872: 8840: 8834: 8833: 8805: 8796: 8795: 8785: 8749: 8743: 8742: 8732: 8692: 8686: 8685: 8637: 8631: 8630: 8620: 8596: 8590: 8589: 8579: 8555: 8549: 8548: 8520: 8514: 8513: 8512: 8508: 8501: 8495: 8494: 8487: 8481: 8480: 8478: 8476: 8461: 8455: 8454: 8423:Nature Protocols 8418: 8412: 8411: 8401: 8369: 8360: 8359: 8333: 8313: 8304: 8303: 8277: 8271: 8270: 8260: 8228: 8222: 8221: 8219: 8217: 8212:on 8 August 2014 8202: 8196: 8195: 8185: 8157: 8151: 8150: 8139: 8133: 8132: 8096: 8090: 8089: 8071: 8039: 8030: 8029: 8019: 7995: 7989: 7988: 7978: 7946: 7940: 7939: 7929: 7897: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7883: 7868: 7862: 7861: 7843: 7811: 7800: 7799: 7771: 7765: 7764: 7736: 7730: 7729: 7728: 7726: 7713: 7707: 7706: 7696: 7656: 7650: 7649: 7631: 7599: 7590: 7589: 7579: 7569: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7498: 7489: 7488: 7478: 7438: 7429: 7428: 7392: 7386: 7385: 7378: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7358:. Archived from 7348: 7342: 7341: 7334: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7313: 7307: 7306: 7296: 7286: 7277:(Suppl 2): S10. 7260: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7236:"BGI and MGISEQ" 7232: 7226: 7225: 7224: 7218: 7208: 7182: 7176: 7175: 7173: 7171: 7166:on 30 March 2018 7162:. Archived from 7156: 7150: 7149: 7146:thermofisher.com 7138: 7132: 7131: 7121: 7104:(22): 11450–62. 7089: 7083: 7082: 7079: 7061: 7027: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7013: 7003: 6968: 6962: 6961: 6954: 6945: 6944: 6907: 6901: 6900: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6879: 6872: 6866: 6865: 6858: 6847: 6846: 6845: 6839: 6829: 6819: 6795: 6789: 6788: 6787: 6781: 6771: 6761: 6735: 6729: 6728: 6718: 6694: 6685: 6684: 6683: 6677: 6667: 6635: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6621: 6611: 6579: 6573: 6572: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6507: 6496: 6495: 6492: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6436: 6430: 6420: 6395: 6389: 6388: 6378: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6337: 6303: 6297: 6296: 6286: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6229: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6154: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6105: 6080:(7057): 376–80. 6065: 6056: 6055: 6036:10.1038/nmeth896 6019: 6013: 6012: 6002: 5992: 5960: 5954: 5953: 5943: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5860: 5854: 5853: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5703: 5697: 5696: 5659: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5635: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5610: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5566:. Archived from 5555: 5546: 5545: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5482: 5472: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5431: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5382: 5380:10.1038/35057062 5356: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5217:(4825): 336–41. 5205: 5199: 5198: 5179:10.1038/321674a0 5165:(6071): 674–79. 5154: 5148: 5147: 5137: 5120:(24): 5795–809. 5105: 5099: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5079: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5021: 5015: 5014: 4995:10.1038/265687a0 4981:(5596): 687–95. 4970: 4964: 4963: 4953: 4943: 4911: 4905: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4881: 4871: 4839: 4828: 4827: 4817: 4807: 4775: 4766: 4765: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4614: 4604: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4564:on 4 March 2009. 4554: 4548: 4547: 4537: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4479:10.1038/260500a0 4453: 4447: 4446: 4427:10.1038/237082a0 4402: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4291: 4281: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4232: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4168:(4501): 1350–7. 4157: 4151: 4150: 4140: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4062:The Conversation 4053: 4047: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4010:. Archived from 4004: 3998: 3997: 3987: 3946: 3940: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3918: 3908: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3863: 3853: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3792: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3708: 3672: 3663: 3662: 3652: 3642: 3632: 3608: 3597: 3596: 3586: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3509: 3477: 3466: 3465: 3455: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3423: 3417: 3407: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3322: 3290: 3277: 3276: 3266: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3225: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3179: 3162: 3161: 3148: 3123: 3099:TIARA (database) 3095: 3086: 3034: 2989: 2870: 2867: 2849: 2842: 2753: 2749: 2565:In microfluidic 2385:reference genome 2368:genomic sequence 2246:SOLiD sequencing 2055:George M. Church 1960:third-generation 1941:third-generation 1870:Around 24 hours 1867:1 to 16 million 1864:99.9% (Phred30) 1773:99.9% (Phred30) 1723:HiSeq X: 300 bp 1662:up to 80 million 1573: 1569: 1529:exome sequencing 1476:, (developed by 1474:SOLiD sequencing 1450:sequence repeats 1421:Escherichia coli 1311:Frederick Sanger 1207:and his student 1113:Escherichia coli 1005:Frederick Sanger 871:Frederick Sanger 859:Frederick Sanger 710:forensic science 428:forensic biology 366: 359: 352: 339: 334: 333: 229:Medical genetics 225: 220: 219: 51: 32: 31: 21: 10653: 10652: 10648: 10647: 10646: 10644: 10643: 10642: 10633:1970 in science 10623:1970 in biology 10603:Genetic mapping 10578: 10577: 10576: 10564: 10556: 10546: 10545: 10544: 10529: 10528: 10524: 10517: 10512: 10511: 10458: 10454: 10444: 10442: 10432: 10428: 10383: 10376: 10366: 10364: 10354: 10350: 10305: 10301: 10291: 10289: 10277: 10273: 10263: 10261: 10260:on 12 June 2015 10257: 10250: 10246: 10245: 10241: 10226: 10222: 10212: 10210: 10204: 10200: 10192: 10188: 10178: 10176: 10166: 10162: 10152: 10150: 10140: 10133: 10094: 10085: 10040: 10036: 9989: 9985: 9954:(15): 2114–20. 9940: 9936: 9891: 9887: 9872: 9850: 9846: 9791: 9787: 9758: 9754: 9699: 9695: 9685: 9683: 9679: 9648: 9642: 9638: 9603:Nat. Biotechnol 9599: 9595: 9582: 9581: 9577: 9567: 9565: 9564:on 17 June 2013 9552: 9551: 9547: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9528: 9527: 9523: 9476: 9472: 9435: 9431: 9426:. 25 June 2023. 9422: 9421: 9417: 9364: 9360: 9315: 9311: 9266: 9262: 9215: 9211: 9166: 9162: 9127:Electrophoresis 9123: 9119: 9063: 9059: 9024:Nature Medicine 9020: 9016: 8979: 8975: 8943: 8939: 8900: 8896: 8841: 8837: 8806: 8799: 8750: 8746: 8693: 8689: 8638: 8634: 8597: 8593: 8570:(R2): R227–40. 8556: 8552: 8531:(23): 2638–49. 8521: 8517: 8510: 8502: 8498: 8489: 8488: 8484: 8474: 8472: 8463: 8462: 8458: 8419: 8415: 8384:(22): 8439–47. 8370: 8363: 8331:10.1.1.559.1440 8314: 8307: 8300: 8278: 8274: 8229: 8225: 8215: 8213: 8204: 8203: 8199: 8158: 8154: 8141: 8140: 8136: 8097: 8093: 8054:(5961): 78–81. 8040: 8033: 7998:Rusk N (2011). 7996: 7992: 7947: 7943: 7898: 7891: 7881: 7879: 7869: 7865: 7826:(5961): 78–81. 7812: 7803: 7772: 7768: 7737: 7733: 7724: 7722: 7714: 7710: 7671:(7218): 53–59. 7657: 7653: 7600: 7593: 7538: 7534: 7499: 7492: 7439: 7432: 7393: 7389: 7384:. October 2015. 7380: 7379: 7375: 7365: 7363: 7362:on 29 July 2020 7356:bio-itworld.com 7350: 7349: 7345: 7336: 7335: 7331: 7314: 7310: 7261: 7254: 7244: 7242: 7234: 7233: 7229: 7219: 7183: 7179: 7169: 7167: 7158: 7157: 7153: 7140: 7139: 7135: 7090: 7086: 7080: 7028: 7024: 7014: 6969: 6965: 6956: 6955: 6948: 6908: 6904: 6895: 6894: 6890: 6880: 6874: 6873: 6869: 6864:. 7 March 2018. 6860: 6859: 6850: 6840: 6796: 6792: 6782: 6736: 6732: 6695: 6688: 6678: 6636: 6632: 6622: 6580: 6576: 6569: 6551: 6547: 6508: 6499: 6493: 6445: 6441: 6431: 6396: 6392: 6355: 6351: 6304: 6300: 6255: 6251: 6198: 6194: 6189:on 16 May 2008. 6181: 6180: 6176: 6123: 6119: 6066: 6059: 6020: 6016: 5961: 5957: 5904: 5900: 5871:(23): 3521–28. 5865:Electrophoresis 5861: 5857: 5818: 5814: 5783: 5779: 5769: 5767: 5757: 5753: 5722: 5718: 5705: 5704: 5700: 5660: 5653: 5643: 5641: 5633: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5587: 5583: 5573: 5571: 5562:(12 May 2005). 5556: 5549: 5518: 5514: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5449: 5445: 5400: 5396: 5354: 5348: 5344: 5301: 5297: 5250: 5246: 5206: 5202: 5155: 5151: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5093: 5062:(12): 2905–09. 5048: 5044: 5034: 5032: 5022: 5018: 4971: 4967: 4926:(12): 3581–84. 4912: 4908: 4899: 4895: 4840: 4831: 4790:(12): 5463–77. 4776: 4769: 4737: 4733: 4712:(5): 1295–302. 4702: 4698: 4677:(68): 198–200. 4667: 4663: 4632: 4628: 4573: 4569: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4526:10.1038/nrg2934 4506: 4502: 4465:(5551): 500–7. 4454: 4450: 4403: 4399: 4389: 4387: 4377: 4373: 4342: 4338: 4328: 4326: 4318: 4317: 4313: 4250: 4246: 4201: 4197: 4158: 4154: 4109: 4105: 4073: 4069: 4054: 4050: 4041: 4039: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4017: 4015: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3947: 3943: 3936: 3932: 3881: 3877: 3818: 3814: 3769: 3765: 3742:10.1038/nrg3555 3736:(10): 681–691. 3726: 3722: 3673: 3666: 3609: 3600: 3553: 3549: 3539: 3537: 3527: 3523: 3478: 3469: 3432: 3428: 3418: 3375: 3371: 3350:(13): 2156–66. 3340: 3336: 3291: 3280: 3243: 3239: 3194: 3190: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3165: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3093: 3084: 3071:Sequence mining 3043:Jumping library 3032: 3023:Genome skimming 2987: 2957: 2881: 2871: 2865: 2862: 2855:needs expansion 2840: 2744: 2736:bioinformatical 2712: 2669: 2648: 2639: 2611: 2591: 2589:RNAP sequencing 2582: 2576: 2563: 2557: 2513: 2492: 2480: 2455: 2409: 2393: 2361: 2355: 2309: 2303: 2290:2 base encoding 2262: 2248: 2208: 2145:David Klenerman 2130: 2124: 2092: 2086: 2047: 2041: 2033:gene expression 2005: 2000: 1994: 1955: 1949: 1932: 1926: 1921: 1915: 1727:99.9% (Phred30) 1541:ChIP-sequencing 1517: 1504: 1498: 1446:shotgun methods 1388: 1336: 1303: 1297: 1269: 1263: 1258: 1209:Mostafa Ronaghi 1167: 1088:chromosome II. 1076:electrophoresis 1056: 1038: 1030:recombinant DNA 992: 883: 805: 800: 756: 750: 730:DNA phenotyping 693: 676: 670: 647:genetic testing 643: 635:molecular clock 599: 593: 587:, for example. 561: 555: 531: 518: 478: 434:and biological 383:– the order of 370: 329: 322: 321: 312: 304: 303: 302: 301: 250: 242: 241: 233: 211: 192: 184: 183: 139: 131: 130: 117: 116: 115: 59: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10651: 10641: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10588:DNA sequencing 10575: 10574: 10554: 10553: 10543: 10542: 10537: 10531: 10530: 10526:DNA sequencing 10519: 10518: 10516: 10515:External links 10513: 10510: 10509: 10452: 10426: 10374: 10362:Slate Magazine 10348: 10299: 10271: 10239: 10220: 10198: 10186: 10160: 10131: 10083: 10034: 9983: 9948:Bioinformatics 9934: 9899:Bioinformatics 9885: 9870: 9844: 9805:(10): e26314. 9785: 9766:EMBnet.journal 9752: 9713:(12): e85024. 9693: 9682:on 31 May 2020 9636: 9593: 9575: 9545: 9521: 9470: 9429: 9415: 9358: 9309: 9260: 9225:(5): 1049–53. 9209: 9180:(9): 1153–59. 9160: 9117: 9078:(9): 4371–76. 9057: 9014: 8973: 8937: 8894: 8835: 8797: 8768:(7): 2715–21. 8744: 8687: 8652:(34): 342501. 8646:Nanotechnology 8632: 8611:(9): 1539–43. 8591: 8550: 8515: 8496: 8482: 8456: 8413: 8361: 8305: 8298: 8272: 8223: 8197: 8152: 8134: 8091: 8031: 7990: 7961:(7): 1051–63. 7941: 7889: 7863: 7801: 7766: 7731: 7708: 7651: 7591: 7552:(4): 1176–81. 7532: 7490: 7453:(38): 385308. 7447:Nanotechnology 7430: 7387: 7373: 7352:"Bio-IT World" 7343: 7329: 7323:10.1101/312256 7308: 7252: 7227: 7177: 7160:"Raw accuracy" 7151: 7133: 7084: 7052:(7): 1547–55. 7045:Int. J. Cancer 7022: 6963: 6960:. 5 July 2013. 6946: 6902: 6888: 6867: 6848: 6790: 6730: 6686: 6630: 6574: 6567: 6545: 6497: 6439: 6390: 6349: 6298: 6269:(7): 2601–10. 6249: 6192: 6174: 6117: 6057: 6024:Nature Methods 6014: 5955: 5918:(9): 2526–37. 5898: 5855: 5812: 5793:(1): 171–175. 5777: 5751: 5716: 5698: 5651: 5622: 5581: 5547: 5512: 5494: 5443: 5394: 5342: 5295: 5244: 5200: 5149: 5100: 5091: 5042: 5016: 4965: 4906: 4893: 4829: 4767: 4748:(4): 1092–99. 4731: 4696: 4661: 4626: 4567: 4549: 4500: 4448: 4413:(5350): 82–8. 4397: 4371: 4336: 4311: 4244: 4209:Nature Methods 4195: 4152: 4123:(8): 2709–21. 4103: 4067: 4048: 4025: 3999: 3941: 3930: 3875: 3812: 3783:(3): 453–461. 3763: 3720: 3691:(1): 173–195. 3664: 3630:10.1101/815480 3598: 3547: 3521: 3467: 3426: 3369: 3334: 3305:(24): 4864–9. 3278: 3237: 3188: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3087: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3051: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3011:Genome project 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2981: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2962:Bioinformatics 2958: 2956: 2953: 2873: 2872: 2852: 2850: 2839: 2838:Ethical issues 2836: 2833: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2824: 2821: 2817: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2800: 2797: 2793: 2792: 2789: 2785: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2768: 2765: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2743: 2740: 2711: 2708: 2698:Each year the 2693:Archon X Prize 2668: 2665: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2647: 2644: 2638: 2635: 2610: 2604: 2595:RNA polymerase 2590: 2587: 2578:Main article: 2575: 2572: 2559:Main article: 2556: 2553: 2512: 2509: 2501:DNA microarray 2491: 2488: 2479: 2476: 2454: 2451: 2436:pyrosequencing 2408: 2405: 2392: 2389: 2357:Main article: 2354: 2351: 2321:polymerisation 2305:Main article: 2302: 2299: 2258:Main article: 2247: 2244: 2207: 2204: 2135:, now part of 2126:Main article: 2123: 2120: 2096:pyrosequencing 2088:Main article: 2085: 2082: 2076:, now part of 2043:Main article: 2040: 2037: 2013:Sydney Brenner 2004: 2001: 1993: 1990: 1951:Main article: 1948: 1945: 1928:Main article: 1925: 1922: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1774: 1771: 1762: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1728: 1725: 1710: 1704: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1516: 1513: 1500:Main article: 1497: 1494: 1442:primer walking 1387: 1380: 1348:DNA polymerase 1335: 1332: 1316:DNA sequencers 1299:Main article: 1296: 1293: 1276:Walter Gilbert 1265:Main article: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1250:DNA sequencers 1217:pyrosequencing 1179:DNA sequencers 1166: 1163: 1146:Hamilton Smith 1052:Main article: 1037: 1034: 1017:Walter Gilbert 991: 988: 939:cDNA Synthesis 886:RNA sequencing 882: 881:RNA sequencing 879: 826:Maclyn McCarty 804: 801: 799: 796: 752:Main article: 749: 746: 726:DNA sequencing 672:Main article: 669: 666: 642: 639: 595:Main article: 592: 589: 557:Main article: 554: 551: 543:animal remains 530: 527: 517: 514: 490:entire genomes 477: 474: 377:DNA sequencing 372: 371: 369: 368: 361: 354: 346: 343: 342: 341: 340: 324: 323: 320: 319: 313: 310: 309: 306: 305: 300: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 277:Immunogenetics 274: 269: 264: 259: 253: 252: 251: 248: 247: 244: 243: 240: 239: 232: 231: 226: 209: 204: 202:DNA sequencing 199: 193: 190: 189: 186: 185: 182: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 151: 146: 140: 137: 136: 133: 132: 129: 128: 123: 114: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 62: 61: 60: 58:Key components 57: 56: 53: 52: 44: 43: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10650: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10593:Biotechnology 10591: 10589: 10586: 10585: 10583: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10562: 10559: 10552: 10548: 10547: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10505: 10501: 10497: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10479: 10475: 10472:(5): e56619. 10471: 10467: 10463: 10456: 10441: 10437: 10430: 10422: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10404: 10400: 10397:(6): 524–34. 10396: 10392: 10388: 10381: 10379: 10363: 10359: 10352: 10344: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10326: 10322: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10303: 10288: 10283: 10275: 10256: 10249: 10243: 10235: 10231: 10224: 10209: 10202: 10195: 10190: 10175: 10171: 10164: 10149: 10145: 10138: 10136: 10127: 10123: 10119: 10115: 10111: 10107: 10103: 10099: 10092: 10090: 10088: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10053: 10049: 10048:FASEB Journal 10045: 10038: 10030: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10002: 9998: 9994: 9987: 9979: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9961: 9957: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9938: 9930: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9912: 9908: 9904: 9900: 9896: 9889: 9881: 9877: 9873: 9871:9781450316705 9867: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9848: 9840: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9812: 9808: 9804: 9800: 9796: 9789: 9780: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9763: 9756: 9748: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9697: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9654: 9647: 9640: 9632: 9628: 9624: 9620: 9616: 9612: 9609:(3): 217–19. 9608: 9604: 9597: 9589: 9585: 9579: 9563: 9559: 9555: 9549: 9531: 9525: 9517: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9490:(1): 912–12. 9489: 9485: 9481: 9474: 9466: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9449:(3): 232–42. 9448: 9444: 9440: 9433: 9425: 9419: 9411: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9393: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9362: 9354: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9336: 9332: 9329:(4): 413–35. 9328: 9324: 9320: 9313: 9305: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9287: 9283: 9280:(4): 413–35. 9279: 9275: 9271: 9264: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9213: 9205: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9174:Lab on a Chip 9171: 9164: 9156: 9152: 9148: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9121: 9113: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9061: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9030:(3): 360–62. 9029: 9025: 9018: 9010: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8977: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8941: 8933: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8910:(1–2): 3–12. 8909: 8905: 8898: 8890: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8855:(5): e35819. 8854: 8850: 8846: 8839: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8816:(1–2): 3–24. 8815: 8811: 8804: 8802: 8793: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8748: 8740: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8691: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8647: 8643: 8636: 8628: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8595: 8587: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8554: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8519: 8506: 8500: 8492: 8486: 8470: 8466: 8460: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8417: 8409: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8368: 8366: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8312: 8310: 8301: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8276: 8268: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8227: 8211: 8207: 8201: 8193: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8156: 8148: 8144: 8138: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8095: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8038: 8036: 8027: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7994: 7986: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7945: 7937: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7896: 7894: 7878: 7874: 7867: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7810: 7808: 7806: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7770: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7735: 7721: 7720: 7712: 7704: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7655: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7598: 7596: 7587: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7536: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7513:(2): 023701. 7512: 7508: 7504: 7497: 7495: 7486: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7437: 7435: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7403:(4): 265–70. 7402: 7398: 7391: 7383: 7377: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7347: 7339: 7333: 7324: 7319: 7312: 7304: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7271: 7266: 7259: 7257: 7241: 7240:en.mgitech.cn 7237: 7231: 7223: 7216: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7193: 7188: 7181: 7165: 7161: 7155: 7147: 7143: 7137: 7129: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7088: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7046: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7026: 7018: 7011: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6986:(8): 709–17. 6985: 6981: 6980: 6975: 6967: 6959: 6953: 6951: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6919:(6): 563–69. 6918: 6914: 6906: 6898: 6892: 6884: 6877: 6871: 6863: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6844: 6837: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6794: 6786: 6779: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6734: 6726: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6703:BioTechniques 6700: 6693: 6691: 6682: 6675: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6650:(2): 142–54. 6649: 6645: 6641: 6634: 6626: 6619: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6594:(6): 484–92. 6593: 6589: 6585: 6578: 6570: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6549: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6449: 6443: 6435: 6428: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6405:J. Exp. Biol. 6401: 6394: 6386: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6353: 6345: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6320:(3): 315–23. 6319: 6315: 6314: 6309: 6302: 6294: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6253: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6212:(6): 333–51. 6211: 6207: 6203: 6196: 6188: 6184: 6178: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6121: 6113: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6064: 6062: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6030:(7): 545–50. 6029: 6025: 6018: 6010: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5975:(5): e37135. 5974: 5970: 5966: 5959: 5951: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5859: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5816: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5781: 5766: 5762: 5755: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5732:(3): 441–48. 5731: 5727: 5720: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5677:10.1038/76469 5674: 5671:(6): 630–34. 5670: 5666: 5658: 5656: 5639: 5632: 5626: 5618: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5601:(3): 186–94. 5600: 5596: 5592: 5585: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5554: 5552: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5516: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5490: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5447: 5439: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5398: 5390: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5353: 5346: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5299: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5204: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5153: 5145: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5104: 5095: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5046: 5031: 5027: 5020: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4969: 4961: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4903: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4854:(2): 560–64. 4853: 4849: 4845: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4825: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4774: 4772: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4735: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4587:(6): 2510–4. 4586: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4452: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4401: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4084:(3): 569–77. 4083: 4079: 4071: 4063: 4059: 4052: 4037: 4036: 4029: 4013: 4009: 4003: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3945: 3939: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3888: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3825: 3816: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3669: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3563: 3558: 3551: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3492:(3): 331–53. 3491: 3487: 3483: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3446:(2): 105–11. 3445: 3441: 3437: 3430: 3422: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3380: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3344:Lab on a Chip 3338: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3299:Lab on a Chip 3296: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3192: 3184: 3178: 3174: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3133:BioTechniques 3130: 3122: 3118: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3091: 3088: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2999:DNA sequencer 2997: 2994: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2978:DNA computing 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2952: 2949: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2869: 2860: 2856: 2853:This section 2851: 2848: 2844: 2843: 2831:Window based 2830: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2815:Window based 2814: 2811: 2810: 2807:Window based 2806: 2803: 2802: 2799:Window based 2798: 2795: 2794: 2791:Window based 2790: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2775:Window based 2774: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2748: 2742:Read trimming 2739: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2678: 2673: 2664: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2651: 2643: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2608: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2586: 2581: 2571: 2568: 2562: 2552: 2550: 2549: 2548:Streptococcus 2544: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2508: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2497: 2487: 2484: 2475: 2473: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2450: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2404: 2402: 2399:developed by 2398: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2346: 2342: 2339: 2334: 2333:complementary 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2317:hydrogen ions 2314: 2308: 2298: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2266: 2261: 2252: 2243: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2225: 2224:DNA nanoballs 2220: 2217: 2213: 2203: 2201: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2179: 2170: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2091: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2062: 2061: 2056: 2052: 2046: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 1999: 1989: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1961: 1954: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1931: 1920: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1888:400 to 900 bp 1887: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1642: 1640:$ 7.2-$ 43.3 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1610:Disadvantages 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1590:Reads per run 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1533:transcriptome 1530: 1521: 1512: 1510: 1503: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1404:phage display 1401: 1392: 1385: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1319: 1317: 1312: 1309:developed by 1308: 1302: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1256:Basic methods 1253: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1171: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1090:Leroy E. Hood 1087: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1055: 1047: 1042: 1033: 1031: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1001: 997: 987: 985: 981: 976: 972: 969: 968: 964: 962: 958: 954: 953: 947: 945: 941: 940: 934: 932: 928: 927: 921: 918: 917: 913: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 878: 876: 872: 864: 860: 856: 852: 850: 846: 842: 838: 837:Francis Crick 834: 829: 827: 823: 822:Colin MacLeod 819: 814: 810: 795: 791: 787: 785: 781: 777: 776:bacteriophage 773: 769: 765: 761: 755: 745: 741: 737: 733: 731: 727: 722: 717: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 698:DNA profiling 694: 691: 689: 685: 681: 680:DNA profiling 675: 665: 663: 659: 654: 650: 648: 638: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 615: 613: 609: 605: 598: 588: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 563:The field of 560: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 526: 523: 513: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 473: 471: 470:DNA sequencer 467: 463: 454: 450: 448: 444: 439: 437: 433: 429: 425: 424:biotechnology 421: 417: 413: 412:DNA sequences 410:Knowledge of 408: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 367: 362: 360: 355: 353: 348: 347: 345: 344: 338: 328: 327: 326: 325: 318: 315: 314: 308: 307: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 254: 246: 245: 238: 235: 234: 230: 227: 223: 214: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 194: 188: 187: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 159: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 141: 135: 134: 127: 124: 122: 119: 118: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 74: 72: 69: 67: 64: 63: 55: 54: 50: 46: 45: 42: 39: 38: 34: 33: 30: 19: 10525: 10469: 10466:EMBO Reports 10465: 10455: 10443:. Retrieved 10439: 10429: 10394: 10390: 10365:. Retrieved 10361: 10351: 10319:(5): 461–2. 10316: 10312: 10302: 10290:. Retrieved 10286: 10274: 10262:. Retrieved 10255:the original 10242: 10233: 10223: 10211:. Retrieved 10201: 10189: 10177:. Retrieved 10173: 10163: 10151:. Retrieved 10148:The Guardian 10147: 10104:(3): W–IF1. 10101: 10097: 10054:(1): 55–60. 10051: 10047: 10037: 10000: 9996: 9986: 9951: 9947: 9937: 9905:(6): 863–4. 9902: 9898: 9888: 9853: 9847: 9802: 9798: 9788: 9769: 9765: 9755: 9710: 9706: 9696: 9684:. Retrieved 9677:the original 9659:(1): 49–69. 9656: 9652: 9639: 9606: 9602: 9596: 9587: 9578: 9566:. Retrieved 9562:the original 9557: 9548: 9536:. Retrieved 9524: 9487: 9484:BMC Genomics 9483: 9473: 9446: 9442: 9432: 9418: 9375: 9371: 9361: 9326: 9322: 9312: 9277: 9273: 9263: 9222: 9218: 9212: 9177: 9173: 9163: 9130: 9126: 9120: 9075: 9071: 9060: 9027: 9023: 9017: 8990: 8986: 8976: 8954:(1): 53–69. 8951: 8947: 8940: 8907: 8903: 8897: 8852: 8848: 8838: 8813: 8809: 8765: 8761: 8754:Kuritzkes DR 8747: 8704: 8700: 8690: 8649: 8645: 8635: 8608: 8604: 8594: 8567: 8563: 8553: 8528: 8524: 8518: 8499: 8485: 8473:. Retrieved 8469:the original 8459: 8429:(1): 44–73. 8426: 8422: 8416: 8381: 8377: 8324:(1): 10–24. 8321: 8317: 8281: 8275: 8240: 8236: 8226: 8214:. Retrieved 8210:the original 8200: 8165: 8155: 8147:the original 8137: 8107:(1): 43–44. 8104: 8100: 8094: 8051: 8047: 8007: 8003: 7993: 7958: 7954: 7944: 7909: 7905: 7880:. Retrieved 7876: 7866: 7823: 7819: 7779: 7775: 7769: 7744: 7740: 7734: 7723:, retrieved 7718: 7711: 7668: 7664: 7654: 7611: 7607: 7549: 7545: 7535: 7510: 7506: 7450: 7446: 7400: 7396: 7390: 7376: 7364:. 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Retrieved 5568:the original 5560:Pascal Mayer 5528:(1): 84–89. 5525: 5521: 5515: 5506: 5497: 5460: 5456: 5446: 5411: 5407: 5397: 5362: 5358: 5345: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5298: 5257: 5253: 5247: 5214: 5210: 5203: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5117: 5113: 5103: 5094: 5059: 5055: 5045: 5033:. Retrieved 5029: 5019: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4923: 4919: 4909: 4900:Gilbert, W. 4896: 4851: 4847: 4787: 4783: 4745: 4741: 4734: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4674: 4670: 4664: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4584: 4580: 4570: 4562:the original 4552: 4520:(2): 87–98. 4517: 4513: 4503: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4388:. Retrieved 4384: 4374: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4327:. Retrieved 4323: 4314: 4261: 4257: 4247: 4212: 4208: 4198: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4120: 4116: 4106: 4081: 4077: 4070: 4061: 4051: 4040:, retrieved 4034: 4028: 4016:. 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Retrieved 3524: 3489: 3485: 3443: 3439: 3429: 3390:(1): 22–25. 3387: 3382: 3372: 3347: 3343: 3337: 3302: 3298: 3257:(1): 63–79. 3254: 3250: 3240: 3208:(6): 236–8. 3205: 3201: 3191: 3177: 3158: 3139:(2): 60–63. 3136: 3132: 3121: 2945: 2935: 2925: 2921: 2904: 2899: 2889: 2882: 2863: 2859:adding to it 2854: 2823:Running sum 2820:SolexaQA-BWA 2783:Running sum 2767:Running sum 2745: 2713: 2697: 2682: 2661: 2658:genomic DNA. 2649: 2640: 2637:Market share 2633:conditions. 2630: 2623:mRNA display 2618: 2612: 2606: 2592: 2583: 2564: 2546: 2542: 2539: 2524: 2520:MALDI-TOF MS 2514: 2505: 2494: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2456: 2444: 2440: 2433: 2421: 2410: 2394: 2362: 2310: 2272: 2240: 2236: 2221: 2209: 2196: 2175: 2154:Pascal Mayer 2131: 2093: 2064: 2058: 2048: 2006: 1986: 1978: 1975: 1971:cyclodextrin 1964: 1956: 1933: 1883: 1856: 1828: 1814:1 to 2 weeks 1800: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1768: 1765: 1759: 1748:$ 5 to $ 150 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1707: 1679: 1668:$ 66.8-$ 950 1656:up to 600 bp 1651: 1626: 1616: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1595:Time per run 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1549: 1526: 1505: 1490:10x Genomics 1456: 1454: 1437: 1433: 1431: 1419: 1397: 1383: 1337: 1320: 1304: 1290: 1281: 1270: 1243: 1236: 1224:Pascal Mayer 1221: 1198: 1187: 1176: 1160: 1153: 1142:human genome 1138:Craig Venter 1123: 1117: 1111: 1105: 1083: 1080:GATC Biotech 1073: 1057: 993: 977: 973: 970: 966: 965: 951: 950: 948: 938: 937: 935: 925: 924: 922: 919: 915: 914: 894:Walter Fiers 884: 868: 841:double-helix 833:James Watson 830: 818:Oswald Avery 806: 792: 788: 757: 742: 738: 734: 725: 721:genetic data 718: 700:methods for 695: 692: 682:methods for 677: 655: 651: 644: 623:reassortment 616: 600: 581:microbiology 577:epidemiology 565:metagenomics 562: 559:Metagenomics 553:Metagenomics 532: 519: 510:anthropology 479: 476:Applications 466:fluorescence 459: 447:human genome 440: 411: 409: 376: 375: 297:Quantitative 267:Cytogenetics 262:Conservation 201: 144:Introduction 29: 10213:17 February 9538:27 December 8475:15 November 8004:Nat Methods 7906:GigaScience 7871:brandonvd. 7782:: 387–402. 7366:16 November 5574:22 December 4264:(1): 4710. 4215:(1): 75–7. 3540:17 February 2804:Trimmomatic 2780:ERNE-FILTER 2732:chromosomes 2599:polystyrene 2429:FRET assays 2387:difficult. 2338:homopolymer 1900:$ 2,400,000 1791:$ 5– $ 120 1621:30,000 bp ( 1580:Read length 1552:parallelize 1535:profiling ( 1400:chromosomes 1272:Allan Maxam 1201:Roger Tsien 1021:Allan Maxam 975:Technology 637:technique. 617:During the 500:(via their 436:systematics 385:nucleotides 10582:Categories 10003:(1): 485. 9686:10 January 8993:(1): 1–9. 8348:10161/6987 8243:(1): 1–8. 7955:Genome Res 7912:(5): 1–9. 7747:(1): 1–6. 7199:(1): 1–7. 6810:: 251364. 6752:(1): 341. 6369:(8): e11. 5595:Genome Res 5024:Marks, L. 4638:. Part C. 4379:Marks, L. 4352:: 123–31. 4018:21 October 3623:(1): 421. 3169:References 2728:repetitive 2329:nucleotide 2286:DNA ligase 2178:polymerase 2112:luciferase 1605:Advantages 1432:The term " 1416:DNA vector 1386:sequencing 1368:IonTorrent 1344:nucleotide 1285:acrylamide 1196:standard. 1194:BioCompute 1009:MRC Centre 982:(NGS) and 952:Sequencing 754:Nucleotide 585:microbiome 292:Population 272:Ecological 197:Geneticist 111:Amino acid 91:Nucleotide 66:Chromosome 10504:257803254 10292:2 January 9772:(1): 10. 8682:140101884 8326:CiteSeerX 8010:(1): 44. 7036:Hudson TJ 6941:205421576 6559:IOS Press 6448:Church GM 4306:233745192 4042:2 January 3899:: e6857. 3836:: 46327. 3799:1098-3600 2896:cell line 2885:bioethics 2879:Bioethics 2551:strains. 2459:nanopores 2276:' (now a 2108:picoliter 2017:Sam Eletr 1690:1 million 1545:epigenome 1478:Agencourt 1213:Stockholm 1205:Pål Nyrén 1136:began in 1062:in 1977. 1013:Cambridge 831:In 1953, 770:(C), and 631:Hong Kong 506:forensics 287:Molecular 282:Microbial 257:Classical 158:molecular 154:Evolution 10496:36988424 10487:10157308 10440:Time.com 10421:21226570 10343:22298675 10126:15357657 10118:14735880 10078:20009748 10029:20875133 9978:24695404 9929:21278185 9839:22039460 9799:PLOS ONE 9747:24376861 9707:PLOS ONE 9631:26575621 9623:24727769 9568:9 August 9516:25331572 9465:18222633 9443:Genomics 9410:23056904 9353:21698376 9304:21698376 9255:25713635 9247:23046798 9204:20390134 9147:15565709 9112:20142485 9052:28386145 9009:21683667 8968:16054106 8932:15829234 8889:22574124 8849:PLOS ONE 8830:23742747 8792:10878069 8739:22787559 8674:23899780 8627:17786897 8586:20858600 8545:19904762 8443:27929523 8408:21932784 8356:10122940 8267:26554401 8237:Genomics 8216:9 August 8192:20890904 8129:54557996 8121:20062041 8086:17309571 8078:19892942 8026:41040192 7985:18477713 7936:28379488 7858:17309571 7850:19892942 7796:18576944 7703:18987734 7646:11405973 7638:16081699 7586:18216253 7485:22948520 7425:19350039 7303:23281822 7215:19735299 7170:29 March 7128:23034806 7068:22948899 7032:Stein LD 7010:21793740 6933:23644548 6836:22829749 6778:22827831 6725:30744413 6674:19679224 6618:18832462 6532:18165802 6489:28769137 6481:16468433 6453:Sci. Am. 6427:17449817 6385:23856935 6344:19900591 6236:27184599 6227:10373632 6169:11405973 6161:16081699 6112:16056220 6052:27459628 6044:16791213 6009:22675423 5969:PLOS ONE 5950:22713159 5893:39818212 5885:23147856 5850:26331871 5693:13884154 5685:10835600 5638:Illumina 5489:33015010 5463:: 1032. 5438:11181995 5389:11237011 5290:13436211 5195:27800972 4656:24565976 4642:: 1–14. 4544:21191423 4366:13168976 4298:34354070 4239:22101853 4098:11493010 3994:26686880 3925:31106066 3870:28425484 3807:31732716 3750:23999272 3715:27501264 3679:(2016). 3659:32571214 3593:33597786 3516:10793670 3462:18992322 3440:Genomics 3364:21594292 3329:24185402 3273:24274178 3232:23986538 3155:30744413 2955:See also 2942:dementia 2866:May 2015 2812:SolexaQA 2772:ConDeTri 2764:Cutadapt 2704:genomics 2619:in vitro 2607:In vitro 2200:coverage 2137:Illumina 2035:levels. 2021:Illumina 1817:$ 60–130 1696:$ 10,000 1693:24 hours 1557:Illumina 1480:, later 1457:in vitro 1429:sizing. 1372:Illumina 1328:genomics 1232:Illumina 768:cytosine 641:Medicine 625:between 597:Virology 591:Virology 498:proteins 432:virology 401:cytosine 337:Category 222:template 213:Genomics 191:Research 96:Mutation 86:Heredity 41:Genetics 10572:Biology 10412:3786730 10334:3868436 10070:1825074 10020:2956736 9969:4103590 9920:3051327 9880:5673753 9830:3198461 9807:Bibcode 9738:3871669 9715:Bibcode 9673:2737235 9507:4213505 9401:3466446 9380:Bibcode 9378:: 691. 9344:3189340 9295:3189340 9227:Bibcode 9195:2881221 9155:4851728 9103:2840111 9080:Bibcode 9044:9055869 8912:Bibcode 8880:3344849 8857:Bibcode 8730:3392642 8709:Bibcode 8707:: 501. 8701:Sci Rep 8654:Bibcode 8399:3690483 8258:4727787 8183:2954431 8056:Bibcode 8048:Science 7976:2493394 7927:5467036 7828:Bibcode 7820:Science 7761:7523248 7725:9 March 7694:2581791 7673:Bibcode 7616:Bibcode 7608:Science 7577:2234111 7554:Bibcode 7515:Bibcode 7476:3557807 7455:Bibcode 7405:Bibcode 7318:bioRxiv 7294:3521181 7119:3526280 7001:3168948 6827:3398667 6769:3431227 6665:2725244 6609:2570630 6540:1465786 6461:Bibcode 6335:2878865 6244:8295541 6139:Bibcode 6131:Science 6103:1464427 6082:Bibcode 6000:3365034 5977:Bibcode 5941:3466414 5920:Bibcode 5842:9705713 5822:Science 5807:8382019 5746:1100841 5617:9521922 5542:8923969 5480:7498545 5416:Bibcode 5408:Science 5367:Bibcode 5337:7542800 5317:Bibcode 5309:Science 5282:2047873 5262:Bibcode 5254:Science 5239:2443975 5219:Bibcode 5211:Science 5187:3713851 5167:Bibcode 5144:7813418 5086:6396083 5035:27 June 5011:4206886 4983:Bibcode 4960:4587255 4928:Bibcode 4856:Bibcode 4792:Bibcode 4762:4358929 4726:4560009 4691:4553110 4621:4526223 4589:Bibcode 4535:3031867 4495:4289674 4487:1264203 4467:Bibcode 4443:4153893 4435:4555447 4415:Bibcode 4390:27 June 4329:31 July 4289:8342488 4266:Bibcode 4230:3646335 4190:6262918 4170:Bibcode 4162:Science 4147:7079182 4035:Mykrobe 3985:4703848 3964:Bibcode 3916:6500375 3861:7365310 3838:Bibcode 3830:Sci Rep 3758:8496181 3706:5210220 3650:7306937 3625:bioRxiv 3571:Bibcode 3414:7678018 3320:4090915 3223:3841808 3029:IsoBase 2932:anxiety 2928:23andMe 2796:PRINSEQ 2631:in vivo 2543:de novo 2381:reagent 2065:E. coli 2060:E. coli 1845:$ 7–100 1665:2 hours 1543:), and 1537:RNA-Seq 1472:") and 1438:De novo 1434:de novo 1414:into a 1384:de novo 1025:Harvard 906:Belgium 875:insulin 798:History 772:guanine 764:adenine 760:thymine 714:genomes 612:GenBank 573:ecology 547:mammoth 486:operons 443:genomes 405:thymine 397:guanine 393:adenine 149:History 121:Outline 10558:Portal 10523:about 10502: 10494: 10484: 10445:22 May 10419: 10409: 10367:22 May 10341: 10331: 10264:20 May 10179:20 May 10153:20 May 10124: 10116: 10076: 10068: 10027: 10017: 9976: 9966: 9927: 9917: 9878: 9868: 9837: 9827: 9745: 9735: 9671: 9629: 9621: 9514: 9504: 9463: 9408: 9398: 9351: 9341: 9302: 9292: 9253: 9245: 9202: 9192: 9153: 9145: 9110: 9100: 9050: 9042: 9007: 8966: 8930: 8887: 8877: 8828: 8790: 8780: 8737: 8727: 8680: 8672: 8625: 8584: 8543: 8511: 8451:767782 8449: 8441: 8406: 8396: 8354: 8328: 8296: 8265: 8255: 8190: 8180: 8127: 8119: 8084: 8076: 8024: 7983: 7973: 7934: 7924: 7882:2 July 7856: 7848: 7794: 7759: 7701: 7691: 7665:Nature 7644: 7636: 7584: 7574: 7483: 7473: 7423: 7320: 7301: 7291: 7245:5 July 7213: 7126: 7116: 7074: 7066: 7008: 6998: 6939: 6931: 6834: 6824: 6776: 6766: 6723: 6672: 6662: 6616: 6606: 6565: 6538: 6530: 6487: 6479: 6425: 6383: 6342: 6332: 6293:461197 6291: 6284:327874 6281: 6242: 6234: 6224: 6167: 6159: 6110: 6100: 6074:Nature 6050: 6042: 6007: 5997: 5948: 5938: 5891: 5883: 5848: 5840: 5805: 5770:30 May 5744: 5711:PubMed 5691: 5683: 5615: 5540: 5487: 5477: 5436: 5387: 5359:Nature 5335: 5288: 5280: 5237: 5193: 5185: 5159:Nature 5142: 5135:395553 5132: 5114:EMBO J 5084: 5077:557787 5074: 5056:EMBO J 5009: 5003:870828 5001: 4975:Nature 4958: 4951:427284 4948: 4888:265521 4886: 4879:392330 4876: 4824:271968 4822: 4815:431765 4812: 4760: 4724: 4689: 4654: 4619: 4612:388489 4609: 4542: 4532: 4493: 4485: 4459:Nature 4441: 4433: 4407:Nature 4364: 4324:PacBio 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