219:
61:
416:
tried to manipulate politics through subordinates. Khánh wanted to use Hoàn to harness Đại Việt support for his regime, which backfired. Hoàn failed to form a government as prime minister when he returned. The Đại Việt had fractured into too many warring factions for him to enlist enough support, and other political hopefuls resented the return of old guard politicians from exile to take power, and they refused to cooperate.
363:, younger brother and chief adviser to Diệm, organised a Unity Congress, a forum of various anti-communist nationalists such as Hoàn's Đại Việt, the Đại Việt Quốc Dân Đảng and Diệm's followers. Nhu's objective was to gain publicity for Diệm. Hoàn agreed to participate, and the conference turned into chaos, but Nhu achieved his objective of gaining publicity for his brother and staging angry denunciations of Bảo Đại.
328:, another provincial leader slain by the communists. For the rest of the year, the pair tried to organise anti-communists into a new nationalist body known as the Vietnam National Alliance (VNA). Both wanted to build a Third Force for Vietnam, that avoided communism on one hand and colonialism on the other. Hoàn's Đại Việt and Diệm's power base generated some momentum.
432:
Gradually, the generals squeezed Hoàn out of control of rural pacification, while the Đại Việt leader still sought an opportunity to become prime minister. Hoàn lost his weekly Sunday radio slot. U.S. officials believed Khánh needed to make regular speeches to establish political support among the populace. The general agreed and took over Hoàn's slot.
419:
Khánh decided to act as both Prime
Minister and Chairman of the reorganised Military Revolutionary Council. Hoàn was appointed as the first Deputy Prime Minister in charge of rural pacification. He was given control of five ministries including the Interior, National Defense and Rural Affairs and two
415:
Khánh and some of his co-conspirators were regarded as being pro-Đại Việt and summoned Hoàn back to become prime minister, although he only heard of the offer on a radio. Hoàn had remained active while in Paris, publishing a magazine and keeping up to speed with political developments in
Vietnam. He
435:
Feeling marginalised, Hoàn began to undermine the Khánh regime. He publicly accused Khánh and the United States of ignoring him, and began to join forces with their critics. In mid-June 1964, Roman
Catholic demonstrations broke out, in response to protests by Buddhists. Hoàn covertly supported some
431:
Hoàn lobbied for an Ethnic
Minorities Ministry, anti-corruption drives, land reform, and free elections with a transition to civilian rule. This put him increasingly in conflict with the junta and the Americans, who were more interested in turning Khánh into a strong leader to fight the communists.
383:
organised crime syndicated vied for power. After his attempt to take power failed, he fled to France. Diệm banned the Đại Việt and forced its leaders into exile or hiding. In a speech on 7 July 1963, the ninth anniversary of his appointment as Prime
Minister of the State of Vietnam, Diệm made a
440:
of "fomenting religious discrimination" against
Catholics by the Buddhist majority. Hoàn tried to mobilise support among Dai Viet members and supporters among the officer corps, in an attempt to overthrow Khánh. However, the conspiracy never got off the ground, as the plotters feared that the
351:, which meant limited autonomy under the French umbrella. Hoàn's Đại Việt initially cooperated with Bảo Đại, hoping Vietnam would move towards increased autonomy and eventual independence. Hoàn was Minister of Youth and Sports in two early cabinets of Bảo Đại, and he introduced
355:
to
Vietnam. In contrast, Diệm angrily denounced the State of Vietnam as a French sham and refused to help Bảo Đại, ending the Vietnam National Alliance. However, Hoàn concluded the State of Vietnam would not lead to lasting change, so he and the Đại Việt withdrew.
339:
and went into overseas exile. Bảo Đại then tried to recruit politicians such as Hoàn to provide him with a conduit to power. The French also wanted to work with Bảo Đại so that he would lend more legitimacy to their colonial presence in
Vietnam.
317:, hiding under the deck of a junk. Hoàn returned to Saigon — where the Việt Minh did not exercise the tight control they possessed in the north—in 1947 to continue his political activism.
848:
386:"fascist ideologues disguised as democrats were surreptitiously seeking to revive and rekindle disunity at home while arousing public opinions against us abroad"
453:
over the country's
Vietnam policy and immigrated to the U.S. Hoàn taught Vietnamese at American military complexes and later opened a Vietnamese restaurant in
449:
In
September, Khánh forced Hoàn to resign. The Đại Việt leader went to Japan and then returned to France. In 1965, Hoàn had a dispute with French President
397:
324:, later to become the first President of South Vietnam. A fellow Catholic, Diệm was a former provincial governor in the 1930s and the younger brother of
838:
509:
299:
275:
371:
In 1954, Diệm was appointed prime minister by Bảo Đại. In the first year, Diệm's government was unstable as various groups including the
843:
853:
331:
According to Hoàn and Diệm, the objective of the purpose of the VNA was to mobilise support for a new political movement under
668:
205:
833:
404:
761:
739:
720:
698:
828:
222:
441:
Americans would support their regime if they managed to take power, making it impossible for them to rule.
35:
in English-language text. In accordance with Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the
393:
466:
454:
194:
102:
321:
421:
142:
78:
325:
60:
218:
469:
at age 84. He had been married to Phan Thi Binh. The couple had two sons and three daughters.
389:
437:
75:
823:
818:
425:
360:
309:
gained a foothold over northern Vietnam in 1946, he fled to China, then under the rule of
8:
295:
255:
771:
Miller, Edward (October 2004). "Vision, Power and Agency: The Ascent of Ngo Dinh Diem".
401:
118:
788:
514:
332:
792:
757:
735:
716:
694:
450:
336:
278:(Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam) from the 1940s to the 1960s. He was active in
97:
780:
457:. He continued his political activism against the Vietnamese communist government.
344:
178:
388:, widely interpreted as a reference to Hoan's Đại Việt. In November 1963, General
380:
310:
271:
20:
749:
784:
372:
812:
306:
298:, where he became involved in student politics. In 1939, he helped found the
282:
politics during that time, serving briefly as Deputy Prime Minister in 1964.
279:
708:
376:
348:
436:
of the more vigorous Catholic agitators, who accused Khánh and Ambassador
174:
510:"Dr. Nguyen Ton Hoan, 84, Pro-Independence Vietnamese Official, Is Dead"
291:
170:
420:
special commissions, which were primarily engaged in consolidating the
314:
250:
36:
352:
226:
24:
343:
In 1949, the French appointed Bảo Đại as head of state of the
335:, who had been forced to abdicate by the Việt Minh during the
270:(1 May 1917 – 19 September 2001) was a South Vietnamese
779:(3). Singapore: Cambridge University Press: 433–458.
294:, Vietnam on 1 May 1917. He studied medicine at the
16:South Vietnamese doctor and politician (1917–2001)
693:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
849:Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam politicians
810:
274:politician, originally a physician, who led the
669:"Ex‐Saigon Aide a Restaurateur in California"
802:The Lost Revolution: Vietnam 1945–1965
91:8 February 1964 – 1 September 1964
734:. New York City: Oxford University Press.
59:
839:Vietnamese emigrants to the United States
428:into the renamed New Rural Life Hamlets.
302:(Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam).
799:
609:
607:
503:
501:
400:. However, three months later, General
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770:
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729:
688:
507:
634:
616:
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206:Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam
586:
563:
540:
528:
478:
465:Hoàn died on 19 September 2001, in
320:In mid-1947, he joined forces with
13:
773:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
691:Lodge in Vietnam: A Patriot Abroad
595:
14:
865:
756:. New York City: Penguin Books.
223:National Social Democratic Front
217:
854:Government ministers of Vietnam
715:. New York City: E. P. Dutton.
661:
652:
643:
625:
285:
79:Prime Minister of South Vietnam
577:
554:
398:assassination of the president
1:
844:People from Tây Ninh province
682:
444:
347:, an associated state in the
31:, but is often simplified to
7:
10:
870:
834:Vietnamese Roman Catholics
508:Lewis, Paul (2001-09-26).
18:
785:10.1017/S0022463404000220
467:Mountain View, California
455:Mountain View, California
261:
249:
241:
233:
211:
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195:Mountain View, California
184:
157:
152:
148:
136:
124:
112:
84:
74:
70:
58:
48:
804:. London: André Deutsch.
800:Shaplen, Robert (1965).
472:
460:
410:
379:religious sects and the
366:
829:Vietnamese nationalists
689:Blair, Anne E. (1995).
245:4 (2 sons; 2 daughters)
65:Official portrait, 1950
730:Jones, Howard (2003).
300:Đại Việt Quốc Dân Đảng
276:Đại Việt Quốc Dân Đảng
732:Death of a Generation
438:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.
407:in a bloodless coup.
93:Serving with
649:Shaplen, pp. 268-69.
613:Shaplen, pp. 236-37.
227:Big tent affiliation
131:Position established
713:A Death in November
601:Hammer, pp. 157-58.
560:Miller, pp. 452-53.
396:, resulting in the
296:University of Hanoi
268:Dr. Nguyễn Tôn Hoàn
256:University of Hanoi
754:Vietnam: A history
673:The New York Times
515:The New York Times
675:. 27 August 1972.
451:Charles de Gaulle
422:strategic hamlets
394:coup against Diệm
384:speech assailing
337:August Revolution
265:
264:
188:19 September 2001
861:
805:
796:
767:
745:
726:
709:Hammer, Ellen J.
704:
677:
676:
665:
659:
658:Shaplen, p. 282.
656:
650:
647:
641:
640:Shaplen, p. 246.
638:
632:
629:
623:
622:Shaplen, p. 245.
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345:State of Vietnam
280:South Vietnamese
221:
191:
179:French Indochina
167:
165:
153:Personal details
139:
127:
115:
103:Nguyễn Xuân Oánh
89:
63:
46:
45:
869:
868:
864:
863:
862:
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764:
750:Karnow, Stanley
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574:Karnow, p. 355.
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541:
537:Miller, p. 439.
536:
529:
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479:
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463:
447:
413:
369:
313:'s nationalist
311:Chiang Kai-shek
290:He was born in
288:
213:
212:Other political
202:Political party
193:
189:
169:
163:
161:
143:Nguyễn Lưu Viên
137:
125:
113:
108:
107:
90:
85:
66:
54:
53:Nguyễn Tôn Hoàn
51:
44:
21:Vietnamese name
17:
12:
11:
5:
867:
857:
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836:
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631:Blair, p. 132.
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592:Jones, p. 285.
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583:Hammer, p. 78.
576:
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527:
476:
474:
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390:Dương Văn Minh
368:
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359:In late 1953,
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192:(aged 84)
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114:Prime Minister
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15:
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763:0-670-84218-4
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741:0-19-505286-2
737:
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722:0-525-24210-4
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700:0-300-06226-5
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350:
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341:
338:
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329:
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326:Ngô Đình Khôi
323:
322:Ngô Đình Diệm
318:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
283:
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277:
273:
269:
260:
257:
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237:Phan Thị Bình
236:
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753:
731:
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690:
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663:
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627:
618:
597:
588:
579:
556:
519:. Retrieved
513:
464:
448:
434:
430:
426:Ngô Đình Nhu
418:
414:
405:deposed Minh
402:Nguyễn Khánh
385:
370:
361:Ngô Đình Nhu
358:
349:French Union
342:
330:
319:
304:
289:
286:Early career
267:
266:
214:affiliations
190:(2001-09-19)
138:Succeeded by
130:
119:Nguyễn Khánh
86:
40:
32:
28:
824:2001 deaths
819:1917 births
175:Cochinchina
126:Preceded by
813:Categories
683:References
521:2019-01-30
445:Later life
381:Bình Xuyên
315:Kuomintang
251:Alma mater
168:1 May 1917
164:1917-05-01
37:given name
793:145272335
353:ping pong
307:Việt Minh
305:When the
87:In office
752:(1997).
711:(1987).
292:Tây Ninh
272:Catholic
242:Children
171:Tây Ninh
19:In this
377:Cao Đài
373:Hòa Hảo
333:Bảo Đại
25:surname
791:
760:
738:
719:
697:
392:led a
234:Spouse
197:, U.S.
98:Đỗ Mậu
76:Deputy
50:Doctor
33:Nguyen
29:Nguyễn
23:, the
789:S2CID
473:Notes
461:Death
411:Power
367:Exile
758:ISBN
736:ISBN
717:ISBN
695:ISBN
375:and
185:Died
158:Born
41:Hoàn
781:doi
424:of
27:is
815::
787:.
777:35
775:.
671:.
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565:^
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530:^
512:.
480:^
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795:.
783::
766:.
744:.
725:.
703:.
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229:)
225:(
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162:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
