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core area which consisted of a number of villages whose inhabitants were related to each other. Due to the widely differing numbers of the involved clans, the banner armies were accordingly smaller or bigger: the yellow banner army, led by Zhang himself, drew its forces from 18 villages; the white banner army of Kung Teh from 13; the red banner army of Hou Shih-wei from 12; the blue banner army of Han Lao-wan from just six; and the black banner army of Su T'ien-fu from one hundred villages. Though Zhang tried to impose more order and coordination upon the alliance, he enjoyed only limited success in this regard. Internal differences caused the alliance to quickly fall apart, and by 1858 it was effectively dissolved.
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534:. Along with the destruction caused by the floods famine spread. At the time, the Qing government was trying to negotiate a deal with the European powers, and as state finances had been so severely depleted, the regime was again unable to provide effective relief. This enraged the Nian movement, which blamed the Europeans for contributing to the nation troubles, and increasingly viewed the Qing government as incompetent.
104:
602:. They were never revolutionaries, and besides slogans that called for death of government officials and the rich, as well as hopes for a more just society, they lacked clear, well-defined goals. That some Nian armies became actual rebel movements was mostly due to the ambitions of individual Nian leaders who wanted to become legitimate rulers.
713:'s brother's son, was defeated southwest of Beijing by Qing troops, leaving large swathes of Nian territory exposed to a Qing counter-attack. By late 1867, Li Hongzhang's and Zuo Zongtang's troops had recaptured most Nian territory, and in early 1868, the remnants were crushed by the combined forces of the government's troops and the
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Nevertheless, the main interest of most Nian members remained plundering communities that were better off, as well as resisting taxation. Religious motifs likewise were of little importance to the Nian rebels. While the Nian forces possibly inherited some of their symbols such as red turbans and Eight
Trigram flags from the
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tactics, ruined the countryside and resulted in countless deaths. Although the Nian rebellion was smaller than that of the
Taiping, it severely drained government finances, devastated the richest areas of China, and left China's economy in a very precarious state. In the long term, the Nian rebellion
649:
In 1856, several Nian bands formed an alliance led by Zhang Lexing, organizing themselves into a loose confederation of five armies. Each army was identified by a colored banner, operated largely autonomously, and recruited mostly people belonging to a single clan. As result, each banner army had a
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and the Qing armies fighting the
Taiping rebels in the south. Qing forces were badly overstretched as rebellions broke out across China, allowing the Nian armies to conquer large tracts of land and gain control over economically vital areas. The Nian fortified their captured cities and used them as
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bestowed titles upon the Nian leaders and the Nian and the
Taiping occasionally cooperated, full coordination between the two rebellions was never achieved. Cases in which Nian armies submitted or even fully joined the Taipings remained rare, as most remained bandit armies that were only interested
669:, who had recently crushed a large Taiping army, to defeat the Nian. Senggelinqin's army captured several fortified cities and destroyed most of the Nian infantry, and killed Zhang Lexing himself in an ambush in 1863. However, in late 1864, the Nian movement survived as skilled Taiping commanders
673:(賴文光) (1827–1868) and Fan Ruzeng (1840–1867) arrived to take control of the Nian forces, and the bulk of the Nian cavalry remained intact. Senggelinqin's infantry-based army could not stop the fast moving cavalry from devastating the countryside and launching surprise attacks on Imperial troops.
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and weapons, purchased from the
Europeans at exorbitant prices. Zeng's army set about building canals and trenches to hem in the Nian cavalry, an effective but slow and expensive method. General Zeng was relieved of command after Nian infantry broke through one of his defense lines, and he was
605:
The Nian utilized cavalry in part to aid in looting, which served to support both the Nians' forces and their home communities. In contrast to their mobile cavalry, the Nians' defensive tactics were based on the so-called "earthwall communities" they controlled. Support of the peasantry proved
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movement, the Nian initially had no clear goals or objectives, aside from criticism of the Qing government. Their slogan was "'kill the rich and aid the poor.'" However, the Nian were provoked into taking direct action against the
Imperial regime following a series of environmental disasters.
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The Nian rebels were to a large degree desperate and poor peasants who banded together in bandit groups simply to survive. However, as natural disasters grew worse, these bandit groups grew increasingly large, and eventually became armies that were able to directly challenge the government.
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efforts by accepting the
Taiping king's "appointments", but refusing to follow his orders. Had the Nian and Taipings joined forces, the Qing government would have been faced with a formidable threat, in spite of its alliances with European powers.
749:. The environmental disasters of 1851 and 1855 devastated the richest provinces of China, depriving the Qing regime of tax income and trade duties. The endless fighting between Nian troops and Qing forces, who made widespread use of
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bases to launch cavalry attacks against Qing troops in the countryside, prompting local towns to fortify themselves against Nian raiding parties. This resulted in constant fighting which devastated the previously rich provinces of
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deluged hundreds of thousands of square miles and caused immense loss of life. The Qing government slowly began cleaning up after the disaster but could not provide effective aid, as government finances had been drained during the
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caused by the flood-related economic misery, leading to a large population of frustrated young men without any women to marry, perhaps as many as a quarter of all young men in the area being in this category of "bare branches".
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In late 1866, the remaining Nian forces split into two, with the
Eastern Army, under command of Lai Wenguang, stationed in central China whilst the Western Army advanced on Beijing. The Western Army, commanded by
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on them was low. For example, White Lotus rebels sometimes fought alongside Nian groups, but the latter sometimes also attacked the former in hopes of plunder. On average, the Nian groups in
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530:. The damage created by the disaster had still not been repaired when, in 1855, the river burst its banks again, drowning thousands and devastating the fertile province of
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482:(1850–1864) in southern China. The rebellion was suppressed, but the population and economic losses contributed to the collapse of the empire in the early 20th century.
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541:, recruiting from secret societies and sects such as the White Lotus, and actively borrowing their terminology and symbols, examples being the practice of
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The Nian rebels were equipped with guns (including modern
Western guns), muskets, and a significant quantity of cannons up to 5000 pounds in weight.
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In 1855, Zhang Lexing took direct action by launching attacks against government troops in central China. By the summer, the fast-moving Nian
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largely because it failed to make alliances with other rebels, especially the
Taiping movement. The Nian only symbolically supported
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the Taiping capital, to take command of Imperial forces protecting Beijing. They provided him with modern
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In 1851, the Nian began raiding the grain stores and silver caches of villages. Upon the seizure of
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Despite the Nians' failure to seize power, the events of the rebellion dealt a severe blow to the
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In late 1865, Senggelinqin and his bodyguards were ambushed by Nian troops and killed, in the
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Ownby, David. "Approximations of Chinese Bandits: Perverse Rebels or Frustrated Bachelors?"
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1088:"A Surplus of Men, A Deficit of Peace: Security and Sex Ratios in Asia's Largest States"
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Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Asia: From the Taiping Rebellion to the Vietnam War
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Chesneaux, Jean. Peasant Revolts in China, 1840–1949 p. 33 (C. A. Curwen trans. 1973)
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and Andrea den Boer suggest that the rebellion was fueled, at least in part, by
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Pamela Kyle Crossley, The Wobbling Pivot: China Since 1800 108-09 (2010)
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501:, where it was used to refer to loosely affiliated gangs or groups or “
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978:"Worshipers and Warriors: White Lotus Influence on the Nian Rebellion"
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Pamela Kyle Crossley, The Wobbling Pivot: China Since 1800 108 (2010)
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Pamela Kyle Crossley, The Wobbling Pivot: China Since 1800 108 (2010)
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Pamela Kyle Crossley, The Wobbling Pivot: China Since 1800 108 (2010)
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Pamela Kyle Crossley, The Wobbling Pivot: China Since 1800 108 (2010)
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The Nian rebels seemed to have been influenced by the previous 1794
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Perry, Elizabeth J. (15 August 2016). "Worshipers and Warriors".
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Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
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Triumphal Procession after the Campaign against the Nian
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crucial and provided the true base of the Nians' power.
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Siang-tseh Chiang, The Nien Rebellion p. viii-ix (1954)
1174:
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684:(曾国藩), who had recently ended the Taiping Rebellion by
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remained more similar to mere bandits than the Nian in
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and, by 1851, numbered approximately 2000. Unlike the
1579:
The Nien Army and Their Guerrilla Warfare, 1851-1868.
1128:"Shortage of women leaves surplus of disaffected men"
505:”. The Nian movement was formed in the late 1840s by
1501:
Rebels and Revolutionaries in North China, 1845-1945
1371:
1223:
Siang-tseh Chiang, The Nien Rebellion p. viii (1954)
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equipped with more European artillery and firearms.
2741:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
1555:
886:
869:
827:
27:
Armed rebellion in Northern China from 1851 to 1868
1241:Siang-tseh Chiang, The Nien Rebellion p. ix (1954)
2997:
617:, some Nian leaders sought an alliance with the
167:
2141:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
1289:
918:(in Chinese (Taiwan)). 國立臺灣大學出版中心. p. 8.
754:was to become one of the major factors in the
478:from 1851 to 1868, contemporaneously with the
2561:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
2532:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
1600:
391:
1323:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 21–.
1316:
1111:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
661:In early 1856, the Qing government sent the
1413:
1607:
1593:
1558:Chinese Perspectives on the Nien Rebellion
1528:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
1471:China's Wars: Rousing the Dragon 1894-1949
1337:
1283:
398:
384:
102:
2221:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
1054:
1001:
954:The Nien Army and Their Guerrilla Warfare
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
2070:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
1310:
733:The Nian rebellion failed to topple the
652:
181:
43:This article includes a list of general
2677:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
1614:
1438:
936:
14:
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1468:
1343:
1125:
951:
899:
2975:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
2216:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
1588:
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1495:
1401:
1389:
1377:
1277:
1211:
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1178:
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1086:Hudson, Valerie M., Andrea Den Boer.
1032:
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880:
863:
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833:
821:
720:
553:, and the widespread use of units of
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2196:Ministry of Posts and Communications
1290:Michael Dillon (15 September 2012).
29:
2944:History of Qing (People's Republic)
24:
2661:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
2030:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
2023:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
1903:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
1727:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
1540:. Berkeley, CA: U of California P.
1534:Chinese Masculinities/Femininities
1517:
470:) was an insurrection against the
405:
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
3062:
2950:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
2791:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
2666:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
1818:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
1441:Modern Chinese Warfare, 1795-1989
626:in imminent profit and survival.
2761:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
2077:Articles of Favourable Treatment
1833:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
1549:Approaches to the Nien Rebellion
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1808:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
1694:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
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1407:
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1253:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1196:
1158:
1119:
1079:
1026:
969:
960:
956:. Greenwood Press. p. 198.
680:. The Qing regime sent General
576:
3016:Rebellions in the Qing dynasty
2462:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
1752:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
1536:. Ed. Jeffrey Wasserstrom and
945:
930:
911:
905:
466:
457:
13:
1:
2896:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
2671:Islam during the Qing dynasty
2527:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
2211:Provincial military commander
2201:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
2186:Imperial Household Department
2013:Preparative Constitutionalism
1717:Sino-Russian border conflicts
1560:. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe.
1416:China at War: An Encyclopedia
1317:Stewart Lone (January 2007).
803:
728:
570:decades of female infanticide
2655:Researches on Manchu Origins
2060:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
1670:Transition from Ming to Qing
1660:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
1551:. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe.
1296:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 85–.
976:Perry, Elizabeth J. (1976).
824:, pp. 128–130, 140–145.
808:
493:is a word borrowed from the
7:
2555:Changzhou School of Thought
2065:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
2040:Railway Protection Movement
2018:1909 Parliamentary election
2003:British expedition to Tibet
1913:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
1873:Self-Strengthening Movement
1848:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
1350:The Search for Modern China
1126:Hutton, Will (2007-03-24).
939:Bandits in Republican China
768:List of rebellions in China
761:
10:
3067:
2955:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
1843:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
1782:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
1772:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
1742:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
1469:Jowett, Philip S. (2013).
1461:
1439:Elleman, Bruce A. (2005).
1047:10.1177/009770047600200102
994:10.1177/009770047600200102
2965:Names of the Qing dynasty
2908:
2876:
2833:
2826:
2695:
2613:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
2540:
2472:
2393:
2298:
2094:
1985:
1943:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
1938:Gongche Shangshu movement
1883:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
1795:
1732:Chinese Rites controversy
1702:
1632:
1623:
1509:Stanford University Press
1443:. Routledge. p. 61.
1418:. ABC-CLIO. p. 321.
788:Dungan revolt (1862–1877)
485:
415:
369:
364:
351:
246:
146:
112:
101:
96:
2886:Great Qing Treasure Note
2706:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
2416:Administrative divisions
2233:Administrative divisions
2161:Flag of the Qing dynasty
914:
783:Miao Rebellion (1854–73)
615:Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
236:Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
3011:19th-century rebellions
2482:Chengde Mountain Resort
2283:Three Eastern Provinces
1933:First Sino-Japanese War
1908:Northern Chinese Famine
1767:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
1665:Qing invasion of Joseon
1556:—— (1981).
1524:Jiang, Xiangze (1954).
1293:China: A Modern History
588:God Worshipping Society
549:of banners, flags with
519:1851 Yellow River flood
499:Central Plains Mandarin
64:more precise citations.
2863:Great Qing Copper Coin
2751:Convention of Tientsin
2684:Annotated Bibliography
2632:Qing official headwear
1675:Battle of Shanhai Pass
658:
247:Commanders and leaders
219:"Army of the Taipings"
3021:19th century in China
2937:Draft History of Qing
2796:Treaty of Shimonoseki
2577:performance criticism
2181:Imperial Commissioner
2171:Great Qing Legal Code
1970:Eight-Nation Alliance
1953:Third plague pandemic
1863:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
1787:White Lotus Rebellion
1094:on September 27, 2007
952:Ssu-yü, Teng (1984).
778:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
693:replaced by Generals
656:
564:Political scientists
539:White Lotus Rebellion
365:Casualties and losses
213:Five Banner alliance
108:Map of Nian Rebellion
2868:Great Qing Gold Coin
2801:Treaty of Tarbagatai
2746:Convention of Peking
2626:Pentaglot Dictionary
2608:Literary inquisition
2318:Ever Victorious Army
2151:Deliberative Council
2055:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
2008:1905 Batang uprising
1948:Hundred Days' Reform
1838:Small Swords Society
1581:Paris: Mouton, 1961.
1505:Stanford, California
1414:Xiaobing Li (2012).
1392:, pp. 130, 131.
1214:, pp. 150, 151.
1193:, pp. 147, 148.
866:, pp. 120, 121.
851:, pp. 145, 146.
798:Nepalese-Tibetan War
715:Ever Victorious Army
2921:Anti-Qing sentiment
2771:Treaty of the Bogue
2711:Treaty of Nerchinsk
2643:Complete Tang Poems
2323:Green Standard Army
2206:Provincial governor
2176:Imperial Clan Court
2156:Diplomatic missions
2131:Consultative Bureau
1878:Tongzhi Restoration
1757:Afaqi Khoja revolts
1737:Ten Great Campaigns
1645:Jurchen unification
1545:Perry, Elizabeth J.
1497:Perry, Elizabeth J.
1404:, pp. 140–145.
1353:. Norton. pp.
1345:Spence, Jonathan D.
1280:, pp. 128–132.
1155:, pp. 147–149.
937:Billingsley, Phil.
678:Battle of Goulawjai
497:dialect, a form of
2806:Treaty of Tientsin
2517:Western Qing tombs
2512:Eastern Qing tombs
2338:Peking Field Force
2082:Manchu Restoration
1975:Declaration of war
1928:Jindandao incident
1747:Lhasa riot of 1750
1526:The Nien Rebellion
1133:New Zealand Herald
721:Military equipment
659:
600:Elizabeth J. Perry
2993:
2992:
2904:
2903:
2816:Treaty of Whampoa
2811:Treaty of Wanghia
2786:Treaty of Nanking
2756:Li–Lobanov Treaty
2731:Chefoo Convention
2726:Burlingame Treaty
2597:Kangxi Dictionary
2502:Old Summer Palace
2333:Firearm Battalion
2136:Cup of Solid Gold
2090:
2089:
2035:Manchurian plague
1998:Late Qing reforms
1989:(1901–1912)
1923:Sikkim expedition
1853:Panthay Rebellion
1823:Taiping Rebellion
1799:(1801–1900)
1777:Sino-Nepalese War
1722:Dzungar–Qing Wars
1708:(1683–1799)
1636:(1616–1683)
1479:Osprey Publishing
1364:978-0-393-30780-1
1330:978-0-313-33684-3
1303:978-1-78076-381-1
793:Panthay Rebellion
773:Taiping Rebellion
543:sworn brotherhood
528:Taiping Rebellion
511:Taiping Rebellion
480:Taiping Rebellion
443:
442:
374:
373:
142:
141:
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
3058:
2970:New Qing History
2853:Qianlong Tongbao
2831:
2830:
2776:Treaty of Canton
2716:Unequal treaties
2522:Fuling Mausoleum
2121:Advisory Council
2050:Wuchang Uprising
1990:
1893:Tianjin Massacre
1858:Second Opium War
1800:
1762:Sino-Burmese War
1709:
1687:Battle of Penghu
1655:Seven Grievances
1637:
1630:
1629:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1571:
1552:
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1123:
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1099:
1090:. Archived from
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1024:
1023:
1005:
973:
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958:
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526:and the ongoing
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60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
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3056:
3055:
3051:1860s conflicts
3046:1850s conflicts
2996:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2985:Willow Palisade
2931:Chuang Guandong
2900:
2872:
2822:
2781:Treaty of Kulja
2766:Treaty of Aigun
2699:
2691:
2590:History of Ming
2542:
2536:
2474:
2468:
2394:Special regions
2389:
2328:Imperial Guards
2294:
2086:
2045:1911 Revolution
1991:
1988:
1981:
1958:Boxer Rebellion
1918:Sino-French War
1868:Amur Annexation
1813:First Opium War
1801:
1798:
1791:
1710:
1707:
1698:
1682:Great Clearance
1638:
1635:
1619:
1613:
1568:
1543:
1520:
1518:Further reading
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832:
828:
820:
816:
811:
806:
764:
758:of Qing China.
731:
723:
579:
524:First Opium War
488:
446:
445:
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439:
411:
406:
404:
370:100,000+ killed
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297:
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230:Co-belligerents
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86:
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56:Please help to
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39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3064:
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3048:
3043:
3041:1860s in China
3038:
3036:1850s in China
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3018:
3013:
3008:
3006:Nian Rebellion
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2848:Kangxi Tongbao
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2721:Boxer Protocol
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2487:Forbidden City
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2466:
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2464:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2450:General of Ili
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2437:
2436:
2435:
2433:List of ambans
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2020:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1994:
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1987:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1898:Margary Affair
1895:
1890:
1888:Mudan incident
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1828:Nian Rebellion
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
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1612:
1611:
1604:
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1589:
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1582:
1572:
1566:
1553:
1541:
1538:Susan Brownell
1530:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1493:
1488:978-1782004073
1487:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1431:
1424:
1406:
1394:
1382:
1380:, p. 131.
1370:
1363:
1336:
1329:
1309:
1302:
1282:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1216:
1204:
1195:
1183:
1181:, p. 148.
1166:
1157:
1145:
1118:
1078:
1025:
968:
959:
944:
929:
904:
885:
883:, p. 150.
868:
853:
838:
836:, p. 121.
826:
813:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
763:
760:
751:scorched earth
730:
727:
722:
719:
578:
575:
566:Valerie Hudson
555:woman warriors
551:eight trigrams
487:
484:
450:Nian Rebellion
441:
440:
438:
437:
432:
427:
422:
416:
413:
412:
408:Nian Rebellion
403:
402:
395:
388:
380:
372:
371:
367:
366:
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361:
358:
354:
353:
349:
348:
303:
293:Sengge Rinchen
249:
248:
244:
243:
227:
226:
220:
217:
209:Nian militias
206:
177:United Kingdom
149:
148:
144:
143:
140:
139:
136:
132:
131:
129:Northern China
128:
126:
122:
121:
118:
110:
109:
99:
98:
97:Nian Rebellion
92:
91:
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
18:Nian rebellion
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3063:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3031:1868 in China
3029:
3027:
3026:1851 in China
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2960:Manchu people
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2926:Canton System
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2891:Hubu Guanpiao
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
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2568:
2565:
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2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2541:Society &
2539:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2507:Summer Palace
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2497:Mukden Palace
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2473:Palaces &
2471:
2463:
2460:
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2446:
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2314:
2313:Eight Banners
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2222:
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2202:
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2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
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2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2166:Grand Council
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
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2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
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2110:
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2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1986:20th century
1984:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
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1964:
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1949:
1946:
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1939:
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1911:
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1796:19th century
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1788:
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1425:9781598844153
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1114:
1108:
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1082:
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1062:
1057:
1056:2027.42/68415
1052:
1048:
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1040:
1036:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1003:2027.42/68415
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
972:
963:
955:
948:
940:
933:
925:
921:
917:
908:
902:, p. 11.
901:
900:Jowett (2013)
896:
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2290:Zongli Yamen
2146:Da-Qing Bank
1963:Red Lanterns
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1092:the original
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707:Zhang Zongyu
703:
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695:Li Hongzhang
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667:Senggelinqin
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547:five colours
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138:Qing victory
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2916:Aisin Gioro
2878:Paper money
2637:Qing poetry
2358:Wuwei Corps
2353:Shuishiying
2114:Family tree
1041:(1): 4–22.
988:(1): 4–22.
682:Zeng Guofan
584:White Lotus
425:Inlon River
338:Miao Peilin
318:Su Sanniang
260:Zeng Guofan
240:White Lotus
62:introducing
3000:Categories
2584:Four Wangs
2475:mausoleums
2428:Golden Urn
2401:Inner Asia
2378:Xiang Army
2348:Hushenying
2273:Liangguang
2253:Liangjiang
2191:Lifan Yuan
2096:Government
1567:087332191X
1450:1134610092
1139:2008-06-22
1098:2008-06-22
804:References
729:Assessment
342:Fan Ruzeng
334:Sun Kuixin
45:references
2406:Manchuria
2373:Huai Army
2363:Yong Ying
2248:Shaan-Gan
1704:High Qing
1650:Later Jin
1012:0097-7004
809:Citations
690:artillery
686:capturing
467:Niǎn Luàn
435:Shouguang
215:(1856–58)
120:1851–1868
2858:Hongqian
2827:Currency
2697:Treaties
2603:Kaozheng
2550:Booi Aha
2492:Hetu Ala
2445:Timeline
2440:Xinjiang
2411:Mongolia
2368:Chu Army
2343:New Army
2300:Military
2238:Viceroys
1547:(1980).
1499:(1980).
1347:(1991).
1107:cite web
1073:44642041
924:19479110
762:See also
756:collapse
665:General
621:. While
420:Gaolozai
360:~200,000
357:~500,000
352:Strength
125:Location
2843:Zhiqian
2835:Coinage
2572:Economy
2543:culture
2278:Yun-Gui
2268:Min-Zhe
2263:Sichuan
2258:Huguang
2104:Emperor
1625:History
1462:Sources
739:Taiping
640:Jiangsu
635:Beijing
631:cavalry
619:Taiping
613:by the
611:Nanjing
532:Jiangsu
503:bandits
495:Huaibei
454:Chinese
330:Ren Zhu
312:†
299:†
58:improve
2457:Taiwan
1633:Early
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486:Origin
464::
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242:rebels
225:armies
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191:France
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174:
135:Result
47:, but
2649:Queue
2567:Dibao
2423:Tibet
2243:Zhili
2126:Amban
1069:S2CID
1061:JSTOR
1016:JSTOR
915:捻亂之研究
644:Hunan
596:Anhui
592:Henan
476:China
430:Ganyu
223:Henan
2385:Navy
2226:Ejen
2109:List
1562:ISBN
1483:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1420:ISBN
1359:ISBN
1325:ISBN
1298:ISBN
1113:link
1008:ISSN
920:OCLC
912:陳華.
697:and
642:and
517:The
491:Nian
448:The
117:Date
1357:–.
1355:185
1051:hdl
1043:doi
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