300:“In front of you,” he said to the judges, “we provided the documents and evidence of our innocence. My friends thought it necessary to support their defence legally; I will not do so. Not because I have no confidence in you, but it is the law that does not concern me. So I do not defend myself. You have to sentence: we are the elements that destroy your sacred institutions. You have to sentence: it is logical, human. I will always pay tribute to your loyalty. But we say to our friends outside: do not ask for pardon, do not ask for amnesty. Socialist civilization should not begin with an act of cowardice. We demand a condemnation, we do not ask for mercy. Martyrs are more useful to the holy cause than any propaganda. Condemn us!” His famous self-defence in the Court has entered the socialist historiography.
273:’s Director of Public Security. It was well organised and disciplined; there were no significant riots as often happened with many fasci in other towns, despite some murders of leading Fascio members by local landlords. Barbato was arrested on May 12, 1893, for inciting "hatred between classes" and criminal conspiracy. Having obtained bail in June, on November 16, 1893, the court of Palermo inflicted a suspended sentence of six months' imprisonment and a heavy fine for the first offense, but was acquitted for the second one.
213:(Workers League) of Piana dei Greci. The adult population joined it en masse: only twenty-four days after its foundation it already had 1,500 members. The Fascio of Piana was one of the more numerous and better organized; eventually there were more than 2,800 members out of 9,000 inhabitants, and included over a thousand women. Barbato was the animator of the Fascio and, according to contemporary witnesses, he "became the real boss (il vero padrone) of the district", challenging the traditional land-owning elite. The female
282:
438:. The organizational successes of the post-fasci socialist movement, the persistence of the cooperatives —as an example of a non-exploitative economy — and gains in local elections in Piana, led to Mafia attacks on socialist organizers and peasants. In Piana some two dozen socialists were victims of political murders from 1904 to 1920.
398:
He traveled through Europe on a propaganda tour among
Italian emigrants, and in 1904 he left for the United States, where he remained until 1909. He was active in the Italian Socialist Federation and within the Italian communities on the East coast. He favoured the association of Italian socialists
347:
were met by a large crowd of supporters in Rome, who released the horses form their carriage and dragged them to the hotel, cheering for socialism and denouncing Crispi. When
Barbato returned to his home town Piana dei Greci, he was greeted by 5,000 people, more than half the population. At that
323:
while he was still in prison. He was a candidate in protest against the repression of the Fasci
Siciliani in many national electoral districts. His election was annulled by the Council of the Chamber. In the next elections in September 1895, he was elected again in two electoral colleges. He was
248:
speeches on May 1 at
Portella della Ginestra, where he used to speak to the crowd from a big rock that was later called the "stone of Barbato." The first meeting took place in 1893 and the place became a historic meeting place of local peasantry from the neighbouring towns of Piana dei Greci,
33:
441:
Barbato was able to lead the socialists to victory in the municipale elections in Piana in June 1914, even after the murder of his cousin, Mariano
Barbato, and the socialist militant Giorgio Pecoraro in May 1914. Nevertheless, after the killing of the Socialist leader of
297:, he was arrested in January 1894 and was brought to trial. In spite of an eloquent defence, which turned the Court into a political platform and thrilled every socialist in the country, he was sentenced to 12 years.
395:, who spoke out against participation in bourgeois governments. In addition, there were a series of personal disagreements with the leaders of the socialist section and administrators of the town of Piana dei Greci.
268:
The
Pianese fascio was "among the most dangerous because of its propagandistic activity, its revolutionary proposals and the influence it exerts over the other fasci," according to Giuseppe Sensales, Prime Minister
206:
Barbato was the classic country doctor who, by treating poor patients free of charge, had earned admiration and recognition, as well as unlimited trust. In March 1893, he founded and became the leader of the
410:
the
Italian Socialist Party appointed Barbato as its candidate in the electoral district of Catania against his former ally of the Fasci Siciliani and fellow volunteer in the 1897 war in Greece,
391:
and was a member of the
National Executive Board of the Party until 1902. In 1903, he came into conflict with the central organs of the Socialist Party, controlled by the intransigent current of
339:
After nearly two years, on March 16, 1896, he was released as the result of a pardon recognizing the excessive brutality of the repression. After his release, Barbato and the other Fasci leaders
303:
The heavy sentence aroused strong reactions in Italy and even in the United States. In
Palermo a group of students went to the Teatro Bellini and asked the orchestra to perform the hymn of
660:
787:
772:
1163:
1178:
1173:
1168:
192:, he rejected the Albanian cause, which "was favoured by the moderates and clerics", who actively sought to discourage churchgoers from joining the Fasci Siciliani.
257:. The tradition was interrupted during the fascist period and resumed after the fall of the Fascist regime. In 1947, Portella della Ginestra was the scene of a
1089:
450:, in November 1915, he was seriously threatened by the Mafia. The national leadership of the Socialist party ordered him to leave Piana dei Greci for
1148:
626:
1158:
1143:
1138:
922:
220:
Barbato was one of the most prominent leaders of the Fasci
Siciliani and was known as "the workers' apostle". Other leaders included
217:
had their own meeting hall where they held their own meetings; they carried their own banner when participated in protest marches.
1031:
1188:
831:
188:
in Palermo. Back in Piana, he witnessed the intense misery on the countryside as a medical officer. Although descendant from
169:. His work on the psychology of paranoia in the journal of the mental hospital of Palermo in 1890, was judged positively by
752:
879:
863:
847:
812:
415:
380:
also volunteered. Returning to Italy in 1898, he was again sentenced to a year imprisonment for subversive activity.
258:
518:
629:, by Umberto Santino, Centro Siciliano di Documentazione "Giuseppe Impastato", published in Narcomafie, June 2005
400:
1153:
126:
915:
839:
In the Shadow of the Statue of Liberty: Immigrants, Workers, and Citizens in the American Republic, 1880-1920
455:
388:
316:
245:
422:. He lost, but voters also condemned the political attitude of the De Felice Giuffrida abstaining en masse.
970:
411:
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373:
340:
229:
1101:
713:
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672:
638:
333:
60:
419:
823:
Da arbëreshë a italo-americani. Il caso degli italo-albanesi di Madison, Wisconsin (USA) 1892 - 1943
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357:
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960:
384:
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753:
Alarico Silvestri, da Amelia, combattè nel corpo di volontari comandato da Ricciotti Garibaldi
485:
538:
189:
158:
137:
inspiration in 1891–1894, and perhaps might have been the ablest among them according to the
855:
Primitive rebels; studies in archaic forms of social movement in the 19th and 20th centuries
1133:
1128:
1062:
1057:
1052:
894:
154:
8:
1016:
365:
185:
714:
Freed Italians Unrepentant; Many Socialists Greet Giuseppe de Felice, Bosco, and Barbato
361:
262:
1026:
990:
875:
859:
843:
827:
808:
377:
270:
250:
125:
medical doctor, socialist, and politician. He was one of the national leaders of the
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82:
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56:
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1036:
995:
431:
430:
His political work among the peasants of his home town led to clashes with the
329:
1122:
945:
435:
407:
254:
142:
804:
La piazza della rivolta: microstoria di un paese arbëresh in età giolittiana
161:. He joined the socialist movement around 1878 and in the then prevailing
560:. Past & Present, Volume 209, Issue 1, November 2010, Pages 181–222,
558:"Hora": Social Conflicts and Collective Memories in Piana degli Albanesi
281:
561:
166:
162:
372:. Former Fasci-leader and fellow defendant in the 1894 Palermo trial
356:
In 1897, he volunteered to fight against the Turks in the thirty-day
304:
293:
Following the repression of the Fasci Siciliani by the government of
134:
130:
443:
348:
point he was probably the most popular socialist leader in Sicily.
241:
900:
233:
225:
138:
32:
261:
that killed 11 people and wounded 33, perpetuated by the bandit
325:
121:(Piana dei Greci, October 5, 1856 – Milan, May 23, 1923) was a
451:
369:
332:, the grand old man of the socialist, who was elected to the
78:
180:
He also was active politically, working for the newspaper
521:, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 6 (1964)
1164:
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Italy)
1179:
Deputies of Legislature XXV of the Kingdom of Italy
1174:
Deputies of Legislature XXI of the Kingdom of Italy
1169:
Deputies of Legislature XIX of the Kingdom of Italy
425:
1120:
842:, Champaign (IL): University of Illinois Press,
289:in the courtroom cage at the trial in April 1894
276:
728:
726:
724:
722:
916:
479:
477:
475:
473:
471:
351:
871:Italy from liberalism to fascism, 1870-1925
858:, Manchester: Manchester University Press,
719:
678:
923:
909:
765:
763:
761:
653:
651:
649:
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552:
550:
548:
546:
468:
31:
755:, Corriere dell’Umbria, November 15, 2010
588:
524:
328:, leaving the fifth district of Milan to
129:(Sicilian Leagues) a popular movement of
874:, New York: Taylor & Francis, 1967
778:
280:
758:
675:, The New York Times, September 2, 1895
644:
604:
573:
571:
569:
543:
511:
509:
507:
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383:He attained national prominence in the
1121:
897:, Portale storico, Camera dei Deputati
788:Sul Municipio s’alzò la bandiera rossa
738:In the Shadow of the Statue of Liberty
690:In the Shadow of the Statue of Liberty
617:
310:
904:
743:
458:, and died in Milan on May 23, 1923.
1105:(Saint Sebastian's Day) directed by
716:, The New York Times, March 18, 1896
704:, The New York Times, March 14, 1896
627:La strage di Portella della Ginestra
566:
562:https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtq030
492:
165:climate he devoted himself to study
1159:Italian Socialist Party politicians
1149:Italian people of Arbëreshë descent
1093:(The Old and the Young) written by
930:
324:assigned by lot to the district of
157:), he graduated in medicine at the
13:
1144:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies people
868:Seton-Watson, Christopher (1967).
641:, The New York Times, May 31, 1894
406:He returned to Sicily in 1909. In
195:
109:Prominent socialist leader of the
14:
1200:
885:
416:Italian Reformist Socialist Party
1139:People from Piana degli Albanesi
661:Il «manifesto» di Nicola Barbato
612:Italy from liberalism to fascism
426:Return to Piana, exile and death
852:Hobsbawm, Eric J. (1959/1971).
734:Sicilian Radicals in Two Worlds
707:
695:
686:Sicilian Radicals in Two Worlds
666:
583:Da arbëreshë a italo-americani.
401:Industrial Workers of the World
790:, La Sicilia, January 17, 2010
775:, La Sicilia, January 17, 2010
773:Il coraggio di Mariano Barbato
632:
454:in January 1916. He was again
127:Fasci Siciliani dei Lavoratori
16:Italian politician (1856–1923)
1:
702:Pardon for Italian Socialists
461:
456:elected to Parliament in 1919
389:elected to Parliament in 1900
307:. And the theater applauded.
153:Born in Piana dei Greci (now
148:
101:Medical doctor and politician
1189:University of Palermo alumni
971:Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida
663:La Sicilia, January 10, 2010
412:Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida
374:Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida
341:Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida
277:Second arrest and conviction
230:Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida
7:
1102:Il giorno di San Sebastiano
360:in the irregular legion of
334:Italian Chamber of Deputies
61:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
10:
1205:
836:Debouzy, Marianne (1992).
820:Burba, Elisabetta (2013).
673:Italian Socialists Elected
639:Sicilian Rioters Sentenced
352:Prominent Socialist leader
199:
184:(The Island), directed by
1081:
1045:
1009:
938:
556:Fracchia, Joseph (2010).
420:Italian invasion of Libya
319:, he was elected for the
105:
97:
89:
67:
42:
37:Drawing of Nicola Barbato
30:
23:
801:Brunetti, Mario (2003).
519:Barbato, Nicolò (Nicola)
368:, for the liberation of
215:Fascio delle lavoratrici
1068:Lercara Friddi massacre
976:Agostino Lo Piano Pomar
961:Rosario Garibaldi Bosco
599:La piazza della rivolta
535:La piazza della rivolta
385:Italian Socialist Party
345:Rosario Garibaldi Bosco
321:Italian Socialist Party
222:Rosario Garibaldi Bosco
1082:In literature and film
290:
1154:Politicians of Sicily
414:, who had joined the
317:elections in May 1895
284:
159:University of Palermo
1090:I vecchi e i giovani
1063:Giardinello massacre
1058:Caltavuturo massacre
1053:Banca Romana scandal
336:for the first time.
210:Fasci dei lavoratori
155:Piana degli Albanesi
1017:Napoleone Colajanni
1010:Related politicians
366:Ricciotti Garibaldi
311:Elected and amnesty
285:The leaders of the
186:Napoleone Colajanni
826:, Palermo: Pitti,
376:and the anarchist
362:Giuseppe Garibaldi
291:
263:Salvatore Giuliano
1116:
1115:
1032:Antonio Di Rudinì
1027:Giovanni Giolitti
991:Lorenzo Panepinto
832:978-88-965-6931-3
378:Amilcare Cipriani
358:Turkish-Greek war
271:Giovanni Giolitti
251:San Giuseppe Jato
244:. Famous are his
116:
115:
1196:
1107:Pasquale Scimeca
1095:Luigi Pirandello
1073:Lunigiana revolt
1022:Francesco Crispi
1001:Bernardino Verro
981:Giacomo Montalto
966:Vito Cascioferro
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295:Francesco Crispi
238:Bernardino Verro
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1184:Fasci Siciliani
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956:Maria Cammarata
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204:
202:Fasci Siciliani
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196:Fasci Siciliani
175:Enrico Morselli
171:Cesare Lombroso
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111:Fasci Siciliani
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1046:Related events
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1037:Luigi Luzzatti
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895:Nicola Barbato
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886:External links
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75:(aged 66)
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393:Enrico Ferri
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73:(1923-05-23)
18:
1134:1923 deaths
1129:1856 births
90:Nationality
71:23 May 1923
1123:Categories
597:Brunetti,
533:Brunetti,
483:Hobsbawm,
462:References
246:Labour Day
167:psychiatry
163:positivist
149:Early life
141:historian
131:democratic
49:1856-10-05
539:pp. 71-72
399:with the
305:Garibaldi
190:Arbëreshë
135:socialist
444:Corleone
364:'s son,
259:massacre
242:Corleone
123:Sicilian
939:Leaders
601:, p. 68
403:(IWW).
315:In the
234:Catania
226:Palermo
182:L'isola
139:Marxist
93:Italian
1109:(1993)
1097:(1913)
878:
862:
846:
830:
811:
387:, was
326:Cesena
236:, and
452:Milan
432:Mafia
370:Crete
83:Italy
79:Milan
876:ISBN
860:ISBN
844:ISBN
828:ISBN
809:ISBN
408:1913
343:and
253:and
173:and
133:and
68:Died
43:Born
240:in
232:in
224:in
1125::
760:^
721:^
646:^
568:^
545:^
537:,
494:^
470:^
446:,
265:.
228:,
177:.
145:.
81:,
59:,
924:e
917:t
910:v
51:)
47:(
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