995:
561:
1370:: "The Maleinos lineage was among the members of the old byzantine aristocracy, emerging during the 9th century. It was a family of greek origin with close bonds to the region of Asia Minor. It has been presumed that the surname Maleinos is related to the name place Malagina of Bithynia, a location in the theme of Boukellarion during the 9th century. If one accepts that presumption, one should look for the old estates of the family in the fertile valley of the Sangarios river. It is safe, however, to consider the region of Charsianon as the homeland of the family, according to evidence dating back to the end of the 9th century, or the whole of Cappadocia in a wider sense. It is known that the members of the wealthy Maleinos family had estates in the area of jurisdiction of the theme of Charsianon, the wider region of Caesarea of Cappadocia and Ankyra of Galatia."
1165:...a monstrosity of a man, a pygmy, fat-headed and like a mole as to the smallness of his eyes; disgusting with his short, broad, thick, and half hoary beard; disgraced by a neck an inch long; very bristly through the length and thickness of his hair; in color an Ethiopian; one whom it would not be pleasant to meet in the middle of the night; with extensive belly, lean of loin, very long of hip considering his short stature, small of shank, proportionate as to his heels and feet; clad in a garment costly but too old, and foul-smelling and faded through age; shod with Sicyonian shoes; bold of tongue, a fox by nature, in perjury, and lying a Ulysses.
422:
1022:
815:
1070:), which concerned guerrilla-like tactics for defense against a superior enemy invasion force along the eastern frontier; though it purports that the tactics were no longer needed since the danger of the Muslim states to the east had subsided. It is likely that this latter work, at least, was not composed by the Emperor but rather for him; translator and editor George T. Dennis suggests that it was perhaps written by his brother Leo Phokas, then Domestic of the West. Nikephoros was a very devout man, and he helped his friend, the
302:
870:
624:
1103:, Nikephoros had a loveless relationship with Theophano. He was leading an ascetic life, whereas she was secretly having an affair with Tzimiskes. Theophano and Tzimiskes plotted to overthrow the emperor. On the night of the deed, she left Nikephoros' bedchamber door unlocked, and he was assassinated in his apartment by Tzimiskes and his entourage on 11 December 969. He died praying to the mother of God. Following his death, the Phokas family broke into insurrection under Nikephoros' nephew
1116:
974:
1939:
49:
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maintained a strong connection to the aristocracy. Bringas was afraid that
Nikephoros would attempt to claim the throne with the support of both the army and the aristocracy. This is exactly what he did. On July 2 in Caesarea, his armies, along with his highest-ranking officers, proclaimed Nikephoros emperor. From his position in Caesarea, and in advance of the news of his proclamation as emperor, Nikephoros sent a fleet to secure the
994:
528:. Al-Dawla's force caught up with the Byzantines, but he too was routed, and Nikephoros and Tzimiskes entered Aleppo on 24 December. The loss of the city would prove to be both a strategic and moral disaster for the Hamdanids. It was probably on these campaigns that Nikephoros earned the sobriquet "The Pale Death of the Saracens".
580:
palace official who had become
Romanos' chief councilor, maintained his position. According to contemporary sources he intended to keep authority in his own hands. He also tried to reduce the power of Nikephoros Phokas. The victorious general had been accepted as the actual commander of the army and
536:
On 15 March 963, Emperor
Romanos II died unexpectedly at the age of twenty-six of uncertain cause. Both contemporary sources and later historians seem to either believe that the young Emperor had exhausted his health with the excesses of his sexual life and his heavy drinking, or suspect that the
1094:
from his position following his disobedience in the siege of
Antioch. Bourtzes was disgraced, and he would soon find an ally with whom to plot against Nikephoros. Towards the end of 965, Nikephoros had John Tzimiskes exiled to eastern Asia Minor for suspected disloyalty, but was recalled on the
585:
against his enemies. Around the same time, he appointed
Tzimiskes as Domestic of the East, now taking on the formal roles of emperor. He then sent a letter to Constantinople requesting to be accepted as co-emperor. In response, Bringas locked down the city, forcing Nikephoros' father
1005:
Nikephoros' popularity was largely based on his conquests. Due to the resources he allocated to his army, Nikephoros was compelled to exercise a rigid economic policy in other departments. He retrenched court largess and curtailed the immunities of the clergy, and while he had an
541:(c. 941–after 976), his wife, poisoned him. Theophano had already gained a reputation as an intelligent and ambitious woman. Unfavorable accounts of her by later historians would characterize her as a woman known for ruthlessness in achieving her goals. Romanos had already
461:, where his forces suffered through the winter due to supply issues. Following a failed assault and many raids into the countryside, Nikephoros entered Chandax on 6 March 961 and soon wrested control of the entire island from the Muslims. Upon returning to
1176:
John Julius
Norwich says, about his murder and burial, "It was a honourable place; but Nikephoros Phocas, the White Death of the Saracens, hero of Syria and Crete, saintly and hideous, magnificent and insufferable, had deserved a better end".
2236:
Ioannes A. Melisseides & Poulcheria
Zavolea Melisseidou, "Nikefhoros Phokas (El) Nikfur", ek ton Leontos tou Diakonou, Kedrenou, Aboul Mahasen, Zonara, Ibn El Athir, Glyka, Aboulfeda k.a. Historike Melete, Vol. 1–2, Vergina, Athens 2001,
214:
from 963 to 969. His career, not uniformly successful in matters of statecraft or of war, nonetheless greatly contributed to the resurgence of the
Byzantine Empire during the 10th century. In the east, Nikephoros completed the conquest of
811:. Within a fortnight, on August 16, Tarsus surrendered. Nikephoros allowed the inhabitants to depart unharmed before the city was plundered by his army. With the fall of these two strongholds, Cilicia was in the hands of the Byzantines.
1033:
Nikephoros also disagreed with the church on theological grounds. He wished the church to elevate those soldiers who died in battle against the
Saracens to the positions of martyrs in the church – similar to the status of
953:
from its allies: the city was unsuccessfully blockaded two times in 966 and 968, and so the emperor decided to take it by hunger (so as not to damage to city) and left a detachment (a taxiarchy) of 1500 men in the fort of
1150:
Emperor of Rome and even more insultingly referring to
Nikephoros merely as Emperor of the Greeks. Liutprand failed in his goal of procuring an Imperial princess as a wife for Otto's young son, the future emperor
897:. In October 968, Nikephoros conducted another expedition which started by besieging Antioch for thirteen days, then he went south raiding and sacking most of the fortresses and cities along his path including
1189:, rebelled against the rule of Basil II. His death, possibly by cardiac arrest, put an end to the rebellion, and ultimately to the political prominence of the Phokades, although Bardas the Younger's own son,
799:, which at the time was a shared condominium between the Byzantines and the Arabs. In the summer of 965, the conquest of Cilicia began in earnest. Nikephorus and Tzimiskes seized Mopsuestia July 13, while
610:. The people of Constantinople soon turned against his cause, killing Argyros in a riot and soon forcing Bringas to flee. On August 16, Nikephoros was proclaimed emperor and married the empress Theophano.
1142:. His description of Nikephoros was clouded by the ill-treatment he received while on a diplomatic mission to Constantinople. Nikephoros, a man of war, was not apt at diplomacy. To add insult to injury,
646:
raids. This breach in relations triggered a decades-long decline in Byzantine-Bulgarian diplomacy and was a prelude to the wars fought between the Bulgarians and later Byzantine emperors, particularly
970:
with a surprise attack, supported by the troops of the stratopedarch Petros, eunuch of the Phokas family. Bourtzes was disgraced for his insubordination, and later joined the plot that killed Phokas.
1138:
695:
In 967, the Byzantines and the Fatimids hastily concluded a peace treaty to cease hostilities in Sicily. Both empires had grander issues to attend to: the Fatimids were preparing to invade
513:. Upon the beginning of the new campaigning season al-Dawla entered the Byzantine Empire to conduct raids, a strategy which left Aleppo dangerously undefended. Nikephoros soon took
403:
The Byzantines continued to push their advantage against the Arabs until the collapse of the Hamdanids, except for the period from 960 to 961, when the army turned its focus to the
807:
and Nikephoros and Tzimiskes arrived soon after. Nikephoros won a pitched battle against the Tarsiots, routing their forces with his "ironclad horsemen", referencing the Byzantine
703:. The constant tension between the Germans and the Byzantines was largely due to mutual cultural biases, but also to the fact that both empires claimed to be the successors of the
1233:
1049:
and its violent suppression within the stadium itself. The crowd within the Hippodrome panicked and began a stampede to retreat from the stadium, resulting in numerous deaths.
3934:
859:
1018:, along with the enforcement and implementation of taxes across the centralized regions of the empire, he forfeited his popularity with the people and gave rise to riots.
560:
743:. The two empires would continue to skirmish with each other until after the reign of Nikephoros, but neither side was able to make permanent or significant gains.
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The tension between East and West resulting from the policies pursued by Nikephoros may be glimpsed in the unflattering description of him and his court by Bishop
1041:
In 967, he sparked a controversy in the capital by making a display of his military maneuvers in the Hippodrome similar in style to those displayed by the emperor
1185:
During the last decades of the tenth century, the Phokades repeatedly tried to get their hands again on the throne, and almost succeeded when Nikephoros' nephew,
457:, and he led his fleet to the island and defeated a minor Arab force upon disembarking near Almyros. He soon began a nine-month siege of the fortress town of
3894:
1366:
1038:" which the Emperor's Muslim foes bestowed on their own fallen soldiers. In the Christian context, this was a highly controversial and unpopular demand.
681:
673:, appealed to the newly crowned emperor Nikephoros for aid against the approaching Muslim armies. Nikephoros renounced his payments of tribute to the
2208:
McMahon, Lucas (2021). "Logistical modelling of a sea-borne expedition in the Mediterranean: the case of the Byzantine invasion of Crete in AD 960".
2304:
Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt
685:
1805:
1954:
281:. Early in his life Nikephoros had married Stephano. She had died before he rose to fame, and after her death he took an oath of chastity.
3974:
3969:
1959:
509:, in open battle; al-Zayyat later committed suicide on account of the loss. Thereafter, Nikephoros returned to the regional capital of
2164:
Kolias, Taxiarchis, "Nicephorus II Focas 963–969, The Military Leader Emperor and his reforms", Vasilopoulos Stefanos D. Athens 1993,
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3939:
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2515:
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The Rise of the Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of the Hijra, Tenth Century CE
602:, but he himself was not a skilled orator and was unable to obtain the support of other popular officials such as the Patriarch
553:. At the time that Romanos died, however, Basil was five years old and Constantine only three years old, so Theophano was named
735:
to take charge of the siege. Pandulf was defeated and taken prisoner by the Byzantine general Eugenios, who went on to besiege
598:
escaped the city in disguise. Bringas was able to garner some support within the city from a few high-ranking officers, namely
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Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
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entered a period of unbroken decline until their destruction in 1002. In June 957 Nikephoros managed to capture and destroy
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707:. Conflicts in southern Italy were preceded by religious contests between the two empires and by the malicious writings of
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were assembled to man a fleet of 308 ships carrying 50,000 troops. At the recommendation of the influential minister
395:. The new position essentially placed Nikephoros in charge of the eastern Byzantine army. From 955, the Hamdanids in
17:
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Following the conquest of Crete, Nikephoros returned to the east and marched a large and well-equipped army into
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Written works by Nikephoros II Phokas; Greek Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes
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39:
1333:"Inventing and re-inventing Byzantium: Nikephoros Phokas, Byzantine Studies in Greece, and 'New Rome'"
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Liudprand of Cremona’s Account of his Legation to Constantinople (968) and Ottonian Imperial Strategy
1307:
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1104:
866:, before laying siege to Antioch, but it was abandoned after eight days due to the lack of supplies.
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From 964 to 965, Nikephoros led an army of 40,000 men which conquered Cilicia and conducted raids in
538:
421:
252:
204:
163:
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2003:
Garrood, William (2008). "The Byzantine Conquest of Cilicia and the Hamdanids of Aleppo, 959–965".
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In June 966, there was an exchange of prisoners between Sayf al-Dawla and the Byzantines, held at
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The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
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Streams of Gold, Rivers of Blood: The Rise and Fall of Byzantium, 955 A.D. to the First Crusade
800:
699:, and tensions were flaring up on mainland Italy between the Byzantines and the German emperor
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Nikephoros II was not very successful in his western wars. Under his reign, relations with the
595:
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505:. Nikephoros continued to ravage the Cilician countryside, defeating the governor of Tarsus,
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were placed in charge of the eastern and western field armies respectively. In 960, 27,000
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A history of the Athonite Commonwealth: the spiritual and cultural diaspora of Mount Athos
1021:
688:, to the island. The Byzantine forces, however, were swiftly routed in Rometta and at the
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Nikephoros joined the army at an early age. He was appointed the military governor of the
8:
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1993:"The Policies of Nikephoros II Phokas in the context of the Byzantine economic recovery"
1992:
1058:, which contains valuable information on the art of war in his time, and the less-known
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1867:. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. 1995. p. 178.
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Nikephoros was the author of extant treatises on military tactics, most famously the
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732:
692:, and Rometta soon fell to the Muslims, completing the Islamic conquest of Sicily.
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Nikephoros Phokas was born around 912. From his paternal side, he belonged to the
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which had produced several distinguished generals, including Nikephoros' father
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2126:. Gebhardt Handbuch der deutschen Geschichte Band 3 (in German). Klett-Cotta.
2016:
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779:. In the spring of 964, Nikephorus headed east. During the summer he captured
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1963:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 647–648.
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2253:(Vol. 2), (Worldcat, Greek National Bibliography 2001/2007/2009, Biblionet).
1892:. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 363.
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sent a letter to Nikephoros while Liutprand was in Constantinople calling
1119:
Nikephoros II on a modern stamp celebrating the 1000th anniversary of the
1115:
1107:, but their revolt was promptly subdued as Tzimiskes ascended the throne.
842:, where he took a relic with the image of Jesus to be later placed in the
787:
before withdrawing. Later that year, Nikephoros attempted to quickly take
227:, opening the path for subsequent Byzantine incursions reaching as far as
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Whereas Bishop Liutprand describes the emperor's hair as being bristly,
719:. Early the next year, he once again moved against Byzantine Apulia and
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Sowing the dragon's teeth : Byzantine warfare in the tenth century
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453:, Nikephoros was entrusted to lead this expedition against the Muslim
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
791:, but failed, returning to Caesarea. It was around this time that
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Relatio de legatione Constantinopolitana ad Nicephorum Phocam
1251:) is named after him, as are many streets throughout Greece.
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Nikephoros' entry into Constantinople as Emperor through the
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to raid the Bulgarians in retaliation for them not blocking
2577:
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1922:. The Medieval Mediterranean. Vol. 30. Leiden: Brill.
1421:
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says it was black with "tight curls" and "unusually long".
1090:
The plot to assassinate Nikephoros began when he dismissed
918:
914:
716:
306:
2301:; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013).
2172:, (Worldcat, Greek National Bibliography 1993, Biblionet).
1716:
1677:
1638:
1523:
1450:
1448:
1706:
1704:
1667:
1665:
1397:
277:, a powerful Anatolian Greek family which had settled in
2193:"De Velitatione Bellica and Byzantine Guerrilla Warfare"
2150:(2nd ed.). Abingdon, Oxon and New York: Routledge.
2124:
Die Zeit der späten Karolinger und der Ottonen: 888–1024
1740:
1626:
885:
In 967 or 968, Nikephoros annexed the Armenian state of
850:
which returned with 300 prisoners, then he went to raid
1728:
1689:
1578:
1499:
1460:
1445:
1385:
826:. In October 966, Nikephoros led an expedition to raid
1845:
1701:
1662:
1331:
Burke, John (2014). I. Nilsson; P. Stephenson (eds.).
1193:, launched another abortive revolt in 1022 along with
1095:
pleading of Nikephoros' wife, Theophano. According to
267:, who had all served as commanders of the field army (
2186:(in Greek). Athens: Foundation of the Hellenic World.
1433:
1602:
1409:
517:. In December, an army split between Nikephoros and
1835:
1343:
998:Histamenon of Nikephoros II (left) and his stepson
572:Theophano, however, was not allowed to rule alone.
53:Nikephoros II Phokas on a 15th-century manuscript,
2344:
2096:
1762:, (Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 2008), p. 139.
1544:
1014:. By his heavy imposts and the debasement of the
846:in Constantinople. He later sent a detachment to
669:. The last major Byzantine stronghold in Sicily,
3935:Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars
3876:
2107:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
1337:Wanted: Byzantium. The Desire for a Lost Emperor
1313:10th century in Lebanon § Revolt of Tripoli
1207:Phokas was the author of a military manual, the
818:Tarsus surrenders to Nikephoros Phokas (seated).
2184:Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor
1010:disposition, he forbade the foundation of new
630:of Nikephoros II (right) alongside Mother Mary
387:, who had suffered a series of defeats by the
2509:
2121:
1620:
759:Sayf al-Dawla § Wars with the Byzantines
665:, captured and reduced the Byzantine city of
273:). From his maternal side he belonged to the
2318:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
1127:
653:Nikephoros' first military failures came in
3930:Byzantine people of the Arab–Byzantine wars
2307:(in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.
1268:Theophano: The crusade of the tenth century
962:. The commander of the fort, the patrikios
524:, quickly routing an opposing force led by
437:in 959, Nikephoros and his younger brother
379:. In 954 or 955 Nikephoros was promoted to
3895:Burials at the Church of the Holy Apostles
2516:
2502:
2175:
1890:The grand strategy of the Byzantine Empire
1804:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1361:
638:worsened. It is likely that he bribed the
531:
480:
366:
2311:
2069:
1734:
1695:
1656:
1632:
1584:
1517:
1505:
1466:
1454:
1427:
1391:
1259:Nikephoros II appears as a character in:
958:, which lies on the road from Antioch to
497:ceased to recognize the Hamdanid Emir of
2011:. British Institute at Ankara: 127–140.
1949:
1139:Relatio de legatione Constantinopolitana
1114:
1020:
993:
972:
868:
813:
622:
559:
420:
246:
2339:
2256:
2207:
2190:
2140:
2091:
2002:
1990:
1887:
1851:
1746:
1722:
1710:
1683:
1671:
1644:
1599:, al-Ḥasan b. ‘Ammār al-Kalbī (#22562).
1529:
1478:
1439:
1415:
1403:
1379:
1349:
989:
14:
3877:
2347:Making of Orthodox Byzantium, 600–1025
2278:
2047:
1967:
1771:
1200:
2497:
2122:Keller, Hagen; Althoff, Gerd (2008).
1915:
1608:
1540:
1538:
1330:
1254:
966:, disobeyed the emperor's orders and
465:, he was denied the usual honor of a
2055:. Abingdon and New York: Routledge.
925:valley until he reached the city of
657:. In 962 the son of the governor of
410:
2053:Introduction to Byzantium, 602–1453
1998:. Middle East Technical University.
873:The army of Nikephoros employing a
24:
3975:People associated with Great Lavra
3970:People associated with Mount Athos
2283:. Pen and Sword Books. p. 6.
2104:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
1970:Three Byzantine Military Treatises
1760:Three Byzantine Military Treatises
1535:
1373:
844:Church of the Virgin of the Pharos
40:Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans
25:
3986:
2374:
2197:Annual of Medieval Studies at CEU
1278:Nicephorus: A tragedy of New Rome
1216:
318:Emperor of the Romans, Kallinikos
235:; these campaigns earned him the
27:Byzantine emperor from 963 to 969
2297:
1937:
1596:
1085:
1045:centuries earlier preceding the
300:
47:
3960:Governors of the Anatolic Theme
3940:Assassinated Byzantine emperors
3900:10th-century Byzantine emperors
2381:Coinage of Nikephoros II Phokas
2210:Mediterranean Historical Review
1881:
1857:
1829:
1812:
1765:
1752:
1472:
1191:Nikephoros Phokas Barytrachelos
945:and received the submission of
746:
711:. Otto first invaded Byzantine
618:
3910:10th-century Byzantine writers
3905:10th-century murdered monarchs
2351:. Palgrave Macmillan Limited.
1991:Fattori, Niccolò (June 2013).
1355:
1324:
1180:
489:. In February 962 he captured
433:From the ascension of Emperor
13:
1:
2264:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
2222:10.1080/09518967.2021.1900171
1318:
889:by diplomacy, in addition to
753:Byzantine conquest of Cilicia
197:
110:
3915:960s in the Byzantine Empire
1836:Liutprand of Cremona (968),
1479:Gregory, Timothy E. (2010).
1029:mutinies against Nikephoros.
7:
2176:Krsmanović, Bojana (2003).
2077:. Oxford University Press.
1485:. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.
1301:
663:Ahmad ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi
265:Nikephoros Phokas the Elder
141:Church of the Holy Apostles
10:
3991:
3789:Constantine XI Palaiologos
3740:Andronikos III Palaiologos
3627:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
1968:Dennis, George T. (2008).
1909:
1247:in Crete, a municipality (
1067:
838:, then he marched towards
756:
750:
715:in 968 and failed to take
493:, while the major city of
414:
359:Great Lavra of Mount Athos
219:and retook the islands of
3865:
3797:
3762:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
3730:Andronikos II Palaiologos
3555:Constantine IX Monomachos
3243:
3140:
3023:
2850:
2688:
2536:
2482:
2472:
2464:
2459:
2449:
2433:
2425:
2420:
2393:
2323:Stanford University Press
2017:10.1017/s006615460000870x
1824:English Historical Review
1621:Keller & Althoff 2008
1308:Phokas (Byzantine family)
1221:On 19 November 2004, the
1187:Bardas Phokas the Younger
1161:described Nikephoros as:
1128:Contemporary descriptions
1110:
1074:, found the monastery of
949:. His aim was to cut off
723:, but, unable to capture
590:to seek sanctuary in the
352:
342:
332:
322:
317:
299:
286:
189:
169:
157:
147:
135:
127:11 December 969 (aged 57)
123:
106:
102:
92:
82:
72:
65:
46:
37:
33:Nikephoros II Phokas
32:
3965:People of medieval Crete
3950:Domestics of the Schools
3725:Michael VIII Palaiologos
2321:. Stanford, California:
2178:
1888:Luttwak, Edward (2009).
613:
429:by Phokas, winter 960–61
383:, replacing his father,
3580:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
3214:Tiberius II Constantine
2475:Domestic of the Schools
2468:Bardas Phokas the Elder
2279:Romane, Julian (2015).
2191:McMahon, Lucas (2016).
1960:Encyclopædia Britannica
1916:Brett, Michael (2001).
1772:Speake, Graham (2018).
1068:Περὶ Παραδρομῆς Πολέμου
929:, then he went to take
532:Ascension to the throne
481:Later Eastern campaigns
469:, but was permitted an
381:Domestic of the Schools
367:Early Eastern campaigns
327:Eastern Orthodox Church
3735:Michael IX Palaiologos
2098:"Nikephoros II Phocas"
1482:A History of Byzantium
1297:(2023). 979-8668071487
1280:(1906). 978-1290581578
1270:(1904). 978-1017148909
1245:Rethymno regional unit
1124:
1030:
1002:
986:
882:
819:
771:, while the patrician
631:
569:
543:crowned as co-emperors
522:marched towards Aleppo
430:
270:domestikos tōn scholōn
3829:Thessalonian emperors
3823:Trapezuntine emperors
3784:John VIII Palaiologos
3779:Manuel II Palaiologos
3750:John VI Kantakouzenos
3666:Andronikos I Komnenos
3503:Constantine Lekapenos
2531:and empresses regnant
2395:Nikephoros II Phokas
2299:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes
2262:Byzantium: The Apogee
1243:F-824). Also, in the
1118:
1024:
997:
976:
872:
817:
795:instigated a coup in
757:Further information:
690:Battle of the Straits
626:
563:
424:
375:in 945 under Emperor
311:Theophanes the Cretan
309:of St. Nikephoros by
247:Early life and career
3767:John VII Palaiologos
3715:Theodore II Laskaris
3575:Constantine X Doukas
3515:Nikephoros II Phokas
2281:Byzantium Triumphant
2258:Norwich, John Julius
1134:Liutprand of Cremona
990:Civil administration
709:Liutprand of Cremona
594:, while his brother
294:Nikephoros II Phokas
208:Nicephorus II Phocas
203:– 11 December 969),
182:Nikephoros II Phokas
3698:Theodore I Laskaris
3683:Alexios III Angelos
3661:Alexios II Komnenos
3585:Romanos IV Diogenes
3540:Romanos III Argyros
3486:Romanos I Lekapenos
1826:(2001), pp. 539–56.
1725:, pp. 120–121.
1686:, pp. 117–118.
1659:, pp. 500–501.
1647:, pp. 278–279.
1623:, pp. 221–224.
1532:, pp. 348–349.
1520:, pp. 498–499.
1430:, pp. 493–495.
1406:, pp. 175–178.
1210:Praecepta Militaria
1202:Praecepta Militaria
1121:reconquest of Crete
1055:Praecepta Militaria
793:Niketas Chalkoutzes
773:Niketas Chalkoutzes
405:reconquest of Crete
239:"pale death of the
55:Biblioteca Marciana
3925:Byzantine generals
3920:Macedonian dynasty
3817:Britannic emperors
3811:Palmyrene emperors
3745:John V Palaiologos
3688:Alexios IV Angelos
3637:Constantine Doukas
3632:Alexios I Komnenos
3620:Constantine Doukas
3603:Michael VII Doukas
3565:Michael VI Bringas
3131:Romulus Augustulus
2754:Trebonianus Gallus
2747:Herennius Etruscus
2529:Byzantine emperors
2400:Macedonian dynasty
2093:Kazhdan, Alexander
2071:Kaldellis, Anthony
1972:. Washington, DC:
1758:George T. Dennis,
1287:(Stage play 2000).
1255:In popular culture
1241:Bloys Van Treslong
1195:Nikephoros Xiphias
1125:
1031:
1016:Byzantine currency
1003:
987:
883:
820:
632:
570:
431:
263:, and grandfather
3872:
3871:
3710:John III Vatatzes
3656:Manuel I Komnenos
3395:Michael I Rangabe
3239:
3238:
3081:Petronius Maximus
2680:Severus Alexander
2648:Septimius Severus
2492:
2491:
2483:Succeeded by
2460:Military offices
2450:Succeeded by
2436:Byzantine emperor
2358:978-0-333-49600-8
2313:Treadgold, Warren
2290:978-1-4738-4570-1
2271:978-0-394-53779-5
2251:978-960-7171-89-4
2243:978-960-7171-88-7
2170:978-960-7100-65-8
2157:978-0-367-36690-2
2133:978-3-608-60003-2
2084:978-0-19-025322-6
2005:Anatolian Studies
1983:978-0-88402-339-5
1899:978-0-674-03519-5
1874:978-0-88402-224-4
1818:H. Mayr-Harting,
1783:978-1-108-34922-2
1749:, pp. 22–33.
1571:978-0-88402-324-1
1492:978-1-4443-5997-8
1274:Frederic Harrison
1264:Frederic Harrison
1232:in his honour as
765:Upper Mesopotamia
682:Patrikios Niketas
515:Syrian Hierapolis
425:Depiction of the
411:Conquest of Crete
364:
363:
323:Venerated in
229:Upper Mesopotamia
212:Byzantine emperor
194:Nikēphóros Phōkãs
179:
178:
67:Byzantine emperor
18:Nikephoros Phokas
16:(Redirected from
3982:
3720:John IV Laskaris
3693:Alexios V Doukas
3678:Isaac II Angelos
3644:John II Komnenos
3570:Isaac I Komnenos
3530:Constantine VIII
3520:John I Tzimiskes
3247:Byzantine Empire
3021:
3020:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2486:John I Tzimiskes
2465:Preceded by
2453:John I Tzimiskes
2426:Preceded by
2416:
2409:
2391:
2390:
2370:
2350:
2336:
2308:
2294:
2275:
2233:
2204:
2187:
2161:
2137:
2118:
2100:
2088:
2066:
2049:Harris, Jonathan
2044:
1999:
1997:
1987:
1964:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1904:
1903:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1833:
1827:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1803:
1795:
1769:
1763:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1542:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1328:
1283:Anastasia Revi,
1239:(formerly HNLMS
1225:named its tenth
1159:Bishop Liutprand
1092:Michael Bourtzes
1069:
981:laying siege to
979:Michael Bourtzes
964:Michael Bourtzes
733:Pandulf Ironhead
606:and the general
600:Marianos Argyros
583:Bosphorus Strait
551:Constantine VIII
519:John I Tzimiskes
455:Emirate of Crete
427:Siege of Chandax
417:Siege of Chandax
304:
284:
283:
202:
199:
191:
115:
112:
51:
30:
29:
21:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3945:Byzantine Crete
3875:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3861:
3805:Gallic emperors
3793:
3481:Constantine VII
3262:Constantine III
3249:
3246:
3235:
3144:
3136:
3075:Valentinian III
3063:Constantius III
3057:Priscus Attalus
3041:Constantine III
3027:
3019:
2909:Valerius Valens
2854:
2846:
2692:
2684:
2643:Didius Julianus
2623:Marcus Aurelius
2540:
2532:
2522:
2488:
2479:
2470:
2455:
2441:
2440:963–969
2439:
2431:
2415:11 December 969
2410:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2377:
2359:
2333:
2291:
2272:
2180:
2158:
2134:
2115:
2085:
2063:
1995:
1984:
1953:, ed. (1911). "
1938:
1936:
1930:
1912:
1907:
1900:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1834:
1830:
1817:
1813:
1797:
1796:
1784:
1770:
1766:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1543:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1382:, p. 1276.
1378:
1374:
1365:
1362:Krsmanović 2003
1360:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1304:
1291:Jonathan Harris
1257:
1249:Nikiforos Fokas
1235:Nikiforos Fokas
1219:
1205:
1183:
1130:
1113:
1097:Joannes Zonaras
1088:
1072:monk Athanasios
992:
977:The army under
761:
755:
749:
621:
616:
608:Basil Lekapenos
534:
483:
419:
413:
377:Constantine VII
369:
348:Imperial attire
313:
295:
292:
291:
249:
200:
190:Νικηφόρος Φωκᾶς
143:
128:
116:
113:
78:11 December 969
77:
76:16 August 963 –
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3988:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3764:
3759:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3641:
3629:
3624:
3600:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3560:Theodora (III)
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3456:
3451:
3439:
3427:
3422:
3410:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3375:Constantine VI
3372:
3367:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3339:Theodosius III
3336:
3331:
3326:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3284:Constantine IV
3281:
3276:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3142:Eastern Empire
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3127:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3103:
3096:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3072:
3065:
3060:
3053:
3037:
3031:
3029:
3025:Western Empire
3018:
3017:
3010:
2998:Magnus Maximus
2994:
2992:Valentinian II
2989:
2984:
2979:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2926:
2924:Constantius II
2921:
2919:Constantine II
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2787:
2782:
2774:
2769:
2751:
2739:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2618:Antoninus Pius
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2541:27 BC – AD 235
2534:
2533:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2498:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2481:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2448:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2421:Regnal titles
2418:
2417:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2376:
2375:External links
2373:
2372:
2371:
2357:
2337:
2331:
2309:
2295:
2289:
2276:
2270:
2254:
2234:
2205:
2188:
2173:
2162:
2156:
2138:
2132:
2119:
2113:
2095:, ed. (1991).
2089:
2083:
2067:
2062:978-1138556430
2061:
2045:
2000:
1988:
1982:
1974:Dumbarton Oaks
1965:
1951:Chisholm, Hugh
1934:
1928:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1880:
1873:
1856:
1854:, p. 210.
1844:
1828:
1811:
1782:
1764:
1751:
1739:
1735:Kaldellis 2017
1727:
1715:
1713:, p. 119.
1700:
1696:Kaldellis 2017
1688:
1676:
1674:, p. 117.
1661:
1657:Treadgold 1997
1649:
1637:
1635:, p. 948.
1633:Treadgold 1997
1625:
1613:
1611:, p. 242.
1601:
1589:
1585:Kaldellis 2017
1577:
1570:
1554:Dumbarton Oaks
1546:Leo the Deacon
1534:
1522:
1518:Treadgold 1997
1510:
1506:Kaldellis 2017
1498:
1491:
1471:
1467:Kaldellis 2017
1459:
1455:Kaldellis 2017
1444:
1442:, p. 961.
1432:
1428:Treadgold 1997
1420:
1408:
1396:
1394:, p. 495.
1392:Treadgold 1997
1384:
1372:
1354:
1342:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1288:
1285:Byzantium 00AD
1281:
1271:
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1230:-class frigate
1218:
1217:Modern honours
1215:
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1199:
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1167:
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1144:Pope John XIII
1129:
1126:
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1101:John Skylitzes
1087:
1084:
1064:Medieval Greek
1060:On Skirmishing
1027:Byzantine army
991:
988:
899:Maarrat Misrin
751:Main article:
748:
745:
659:Fatimid Sicily
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617:
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574:Joseph Bringas
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526:Naja al-Kasaki
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2965:Valentinian I
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2142:Kennedy, Hugh
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2114:0-19-504652-8
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2018:
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2010:
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1994:
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1946:public domain
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1698:, p. 50.
1697:
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1507:
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1468:
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1456:
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1418:, p. 65.
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1105:Bardas Phokas
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1086:Assassination
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877:to besiege a
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686:Manuel Phokas
683:
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664:
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637:
629:
625:
611:
609:
605:
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588:Bardas Phokas
584:
579:
575:
568:in summer 963
567:
562:
558:
556:
552:
548:
545:his two sons
544:
540:
529:
527:
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520:
516:
512:
508:
507:ibn al-Zayyat
504:
503:Sayf al-Dawla
500:
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448:
444:
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402:
398:
394:
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385:Bardas Phokas
382:
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257:Bardas Phokas
254:
253:Phokas family
244:
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174:Bardas Phokas
172:
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81:
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68:
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60:
56:
50:
45:
42:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3772:Andronikos V
3770:
3753:
3701:
3669:
3647:
3635:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3594:
3588:
3514:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3462:
3445:
3433:
3416:
3404:
3398:
3385:Nikephoros I
3360:
3359:
3353:
3320:
3317:Justinian II
3312:Tiberius III
3302:Justinian II
3293:
3287:
3270:
3222:
3194:Anastasius I
3185:
3129:
3125:Julius Nepos
3117:
3110:
3098:
3086:
3079:
3067:
3055:
3046:
3045:
3039:
3012:
3003:
3002:
2996:
2987:Theodosius I
2974:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2904:Maximinus II
2891:
2793:
2776:
2763:
2757:
2745:
2733:
2666:
2628:Lucius Verus
2477:of the East
2473:
2443:
2434:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2346:
2317:
2303:
2280:
2261:
2213:
2209:
2200:
2196:
2183:
2146:
2123:
2102:
2074:
2052:
2008:
2004:
1969:
1958:
1918:
1889:
1883:
1864:
1859:
1852:Norwich 1991
1847:
1838:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1776:. New York.
1773:
1767:
1759:
1754:
1747:McMahon 2016
1742:
1730:
1723:Fattori 2013
1718:
1711:Fattori 2013
1691:
1684:Fattori 2013
1679:
1672:Fattori 2013
1652:
1645:Kennedy 2004
1640:
1628:
1616:
1604:
1592:
1580:
1549:
1530:Whittow 1996
1525:
1513:
1501:
1481:
1474:
1462:
1440:Norwich 1991
1435:
1423:
1416:McMahon 2021
1411:
1404:Norwich 1991
1399:
1387:
1380:Kazhdan 1991
1375:
1357:
1352:, p. 9.
1350:Whittow 1996
1345:
1336:
1326:
1294:
1284:
1277:
1267:
1258:
1240:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1184:
1175:
1168:
1157:
1137:
1131:
1089:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1040:
1032:
1004:
968:took Antioch
960:Alexandretta
895:Martyropolis
884:
821:
762:
747:Eastern Wars
705:Roman Empire
694:
652:
633:
619:Western Wars
592:Hagia Sophia
571:
535:
484:
432:
370:
268:
250:
207:
193:
181:
180:
38:
3885:910s births
3831:(1224–1242)
3825:(1204–1461)
3614:Konstantios
3491:Christopher
3464:Constantine
3454:Michael III
3435:Constantine
3418:Constantine
3400:Theophylact
3329:Philippicus
3279:Constans II
3204:Justinian I
3100:Severus III
3048:Constans II
2802:Claudius II
2778:Silbannacus
2725:Gordian III
2700:Maximinus I
2668:Diadumenian
1556:. pp.
1548:(c. 1000).
1181:Descendants
1080:Mount Athos
1076:Great Lavra
1012:monasteries
852:Wadi Butnan
848:Barbalissos
809:cataphracts
640:Kievan Rus'
566:Golden Gate
391:and by the
338:December 11
83:Predecessor
3890:969 deaths
3879:Categories
3608:Andronikos
3596:Nikephoros
3545:Michael IV
3510:Romanos II
3430:Theophilos
3425:Michael II
3406:Staurakios
3390:Staurakios
3362:Nikephoros
3355:Artabasdos
3267:Heraclonas
3224:Theodosius
3182:Basiliscus
2942:Nepotianus
2935:Magnentius
2929:Constans I
2882:Severus II
2862:Diocletian
2807:Quintillus
2772:Aemilianus
2765:Volusianus
2710:Gordian II
2675:Elagabalus
2538:Principate
2429:Romanos II
2367:1050969602
1955:Nicephorus
1929:9004117415
1792:1041501028
1609:Brett 2001
1319:References
1047:Nika riots
840:Hierapolis
801:Leo Phokas
789:Mopsuestia
775:recovered
739:and enter
636:Bulgarians
628:Histamenon
604:Polyeuctus
596:Leo Phokas
475:Hippodrome
439:Leo Phokas
435:Romanos II
344:Attributes
279:Cappadocia
261:Leo Phokas
259:, brother
201: 912
118:Cappadocia
114: 912
87:Romanos II
3850:Classical
3835:Empresses
3819:(286–296)
3813:(267–273)
3807:(260–274)
3550:Michael V
3476:Alexander
3289:Heraclius
3257:Heraclius
3209:Justin II
3119:Glycerius
3106:Anthemius
2976:Procopius
2914:Martinian
2893:Maxentius
2822:Florianus
2795:Saloninus
2790:Gallienus
2759:Hostilian
2735:Philip II
2705:Gordian I
2653:Caracalla
2588:Vespasian
2583:Vitellius
2480:954– 963
2245:(Vol. 1)
2230:235676141
2216:(1): 65.
2041:162596738
2025:0066-1546
1800:cite book
1367:Chapter 2
1228:Kortenaer
1043:Justinian
935:Antarados
915:Epiphania
881:fortress.
875:trebuchet
803:invested
781:Anazarbos
539:Theophano
491:Anazarbos
389:Hamdanids
354:Patronage
237:sobriquet
205:Latinized
152:Theophano
93:Successor
3845:Usurpers
3840:Augustae
3798:See also
3703:Nicholas
3525:Basil II
3322:Tiberius
3307:Leontius
3295:Tiberius
3272:Tiberius
3250:610–1453
3245:Eastern/
3199:Justin I
3152:Arcadius
3112:Olybrius
3094:Majorian
3035:Honorius
3014:Eugenius
2949:Vetranio
2899:Licinius
2872:Galerius
2867:Maximian
2852:Dominate
2842:Numerian
2812:Aurelian
2785:Valerian
2730:Philip I
2720:Balbinus
2715:Pupienus
2663:Macrinus
2638:Pertinax
2633:Commodus
2598:Domitian
2563:Claudius
2558:Caligula
2553:Tiberius
2548:Augustus
2445:Basil II
2343:(1996).
2315:(1997).
2260:(1991).
2203:: 22–33.
2144:(2023).
2073:(2017).
2051:(2020).
2033:20455416
1302:See also
1000:Basil II
947:Laodicea
939:Maraclea
907:Capharda
879:Hamdanid
824:Samosata
721:Calabria
667:Taormina
648:Basil II
547:Basil II
537:Empress
511:Caesarea
393:Abbasids
275:Maleinoi
241:Saracens
231:and the
3855:Eastern
3755:Matthew
3649:Alexios
3497:Stephen
3459:Basil I
3344:Leo III
3219:Maurice
3162:Marcian
3145:395–610
3069:Joannes
3028:395–480
2982:Gratian
2855:284–610
2837:Carinus
2817:Tacitus
2693:235–285
2613:Hadrian
2179:Φωκάδες
1948::
1910:Sources
1550:History
1339:: 5–10.
1295:Theosis
1153:Otto II
1136:in his
1008:ascetic
983:Antioch
951:Antioch
927:Tripoli
923:Orontes
921:in the
911:Larissa
856:Chalcis
836:Nisibis
741:Salerno
725:Cassano
678:caliphs
675:Fatimid
671:Rometta
487:Cilicia
473:in the
471:ovation
467:triumph
459:Chandax
447:marines
443:oarsmen
217:Cilicia
159:Dynasty
3617:&
3593:&
3500:&
3471:Leo VI
3447:Thekla
3403:&
3370:Leo IV
3292:&
3231:Phocas
3187:Marcus
3172:Leo II
3088:Avitus
3005:Victor
2970:Valens
2960:Jovian
2955:Julian
2827:Probus
2762:&
2742:Decius
2690:Crisis
2608:Trajan
2442:With:
2411:
2408:c. 912
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2031:
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1926:
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1568:
1489:
1148:Otto I
1111:Legacy
1036:Shahid
956:Pagrae
943:Gabala
805:Tarsus
797:Cyprus
777:Cyprus
729:Bovino
713:Apulia
701:Otto I
655:Sicily
644:Magyar
578:eunuch
576:, the
555:regent
499:Aleppo
495:Tarsus
401:Adata.
397:Aleppo
233:Levant
225:Cyprus
210:, was
170:Father
164:Phokas
148:Spouse
136:Burial
97:John I
59:Venice
3413:Leo V
3380:Irene
3167:Leo I
2832:Carus
2603:Nerva
2593:Titus
2573:Galba
2525:Roman
2413:Died:
2406:Born:
2226:S2CID
2037:S2CID
2029:JSTOR
1996:(PDF)
1237:F-466
919:Emesa
891:Arzen
887:Taron
864:Artah
860:Tizin
828:Amida
785:Adana
769:Syria
737:Capua
697:Egypt
614:Reign
334:Feast
289:Saint
221:Crete
186:Greek
73:Reign
3769:(w.
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3671:John
3668:(w.
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2527:and
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2166:ISBN
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2109:ISBN
2079:ISBN
2057:ISBN
2021:ISSN
1978:ISBN
1924:ISBN
1894:ISBN
1869:ISBN
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1788:OCLC
1778:ISBN
1597:PmbZ
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917:and
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