373:, though it is possible she already belonged to the pantheon of this city in the Ur III period. Her temple in this city was Esapar (Sumerian: "house of the net"), possibly a part of E-ibbi-Anum, the temple of the local god Urash, rather than a fully separate building. However, in a document listing various temples Esapar is instead said to be the name of a temple of
531:
According to
Alfonso Archi, in Hurrian sources Ninegal was referred to as Pentikalli. The name is also sometimes transcribed as Pendigalli. Archi assumes that the Hurrians received her from Syria, and that her importance in Mari played a role in her spread. Marie-Claude Trémouille describes her as a
229:
and governors, and whose role was to guarantee their sovereignty. She only started to function as an epithet in literary works in the second and first millennia BCE. It has been pointed out that various cultic objects associated with
Ninegal according to administrative texts, such as jewelry, are not
579:. A dossier of texts dealing with the sale of sheep from the same city mentions a "scribe in the service of Ninegal." In Susa Ninegal also occurs in an inscription of Atta-hushu, written in Akkadian, though it has been proposed in this case the name might be a logogram representing
205:, and they could be also associated with each other in other contexts. However, it is now generally assumed that they were distinct deities in origin. Additionally, Ninegal could be associated with the goddess of prisons,
335:. In this city she was apparently closely associated with offerings for deceased ensis. Further evidence for worship of this goddess in the Ur III period is a detailed list of cultic paraphernalia dedicated to her from
1613:
544:. She was assimilated with Pithanu, described as a goddess who sits on Teshub's throne. The later name likely meant "daughter from Hanu," and should be understood as a sign of her association with the middle
1775:
Die Göttin
Ninegal/Belet-ekallim nach den altorientalischen Quellen des 3. und 2. Jt. v.Chr. : mit einer Zusammenfassung der hethitischen Belegstellen sowie der des 1. Jt. v. Chr
497:
enumerated Dagan, Shamash, Itūr-Mēr, Belet Ekalli and Addu as "the allies for me" and the deities who "go by my lord's side." In offering lists she appears between
Ninhursag and
733:
the eponymous goddess is apparently referred to as
Ninegal. This association is also attested in a fragment of another, presently unidentified, hymn, and in two proverbs.
280:, in which she appears between two deities the reading of whose names is uncertain. Other early references include a dedicatory inscription of a servant of Nammaḫ-abzu, an
311:, and it is assumed Ninegal was worshiped in all of the major cities of southern Mesopotamia at the time. There is evidence that the first kings of the Ur III dynasty,
346:. She had a temple in this city, Ekinam (Sumerian: "house, place of destinies"), first mentioned in an inscription of Zariqqu, a governor during the reign of
736:
While the use of the name as an epithet was common in literary texts, the Shulgi hymns seem to be an exception, as they treat
Ninegal as a distinct goddess.
225:
ceremony, today it is considered more plausible that she originally developed as a distinct minor goddess, who served as the tutelary deity of palaces of
722:
and other goddesses, sometimes impossible to identify. Examples of texts where the identification of
Ninegal with Inanna explicit include the so-called
690:, unless an otherwise unknown tradition identified Amurru with Urash, he has nothing in common with Ninegal, making this specific inscription unusual.
453:, and indicate she might have been introduced to this city as early as in the Ur III period. It is possible that she was the tutelary deity of the
300:, where she had a temple. Evidence for popular devotion to her from that city includes two minor officials who referred to themselves as "servant (
1796:
662:, who was regarded as a son of Urash. In a ritual text, also from the neo-Babylonian period, Ninegal and Urash appear in a formula alongside
230:
identical with these dedicated to Inanna. The oldest source identifying
Ninegal with Inanna might be a building inscription from the
396:. She is however only sporadically mentioned in letters, compared to deities popular in the sphere of personal worship, such as Aya,
1367:
323:. A temple dedicated to her, Egalmah (Sumerian: "exalted palace"), possibly built by Ur-Namma, existed in Ur. It is possible that
461:'s during some festivals she received the same number of sacrifices as the eight other most honored gods: the local tutelary god
1708:
1626:
1539:
1436:
1380:
1348:
646:
It is presently uncertain which deities were worshiped with
Ninegal in her earliest history. In a tradition originating in
686:
and Gula) or individual deities (Ishtar or Marduk) to secure success and material wealth for the seal owner. According to
274:
602:
assumed that
Hittite references to NIN.E.GAL can be understood as indication of presence of the Mesopotamian goddess in
1735:
1463:
606:, Piotr Taracha argues that the name was only a logographic representation of the goddess Tešimi, concubine of the
377:, with no location listed. As these two goddesses were associated, it is possible that there was only one Esapar.
1369:
Goddesses in Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources
1822:
1817:
583:. Furthermore, a deity whose name was written logographically as NIN.E.GAL was one of the many Mesopotamian and
434:
In the second millennium BCE the worship of Ninegal/Belet Ekallim spread from Mesopotamia to other areas in the
1773:
666:, a goddess referred to as "firstborn of the god Urash." A single inscription pairs Ninegal/Belet Ekalli with
1701:
From the foundations to the crenellations: essays on temple building in the Ancient Near East and Hebrew Bible
249:
Belat Ekalli/Ninegal could be implored to act as an intermediary between a praying worshiper and her husband
516:
festival. She is also attested in a god list, in which Belet Ekalli in the Akkadian column corresponds to
568:, theoretically reconstructed as Anani-Pendigalli. It has also been proposed that the Ugaritic goddess
319:, were active participants in the cult of Ninegal. She also appears in offering lists from Nippur and
1837:
217:
While in the past it has been proposed that Ninegal was a form of Inanna in origin, or, as argued by
1832:
1827:
1531:
Letters to the King of Mari: A New Translation, with Historical Introduction, Notes, and Commentary
1483:"Count Your Sheep! Doings and Dealings of Kûyâ, Trader in Small Stock during the Early Sukkalmaḫat"
392:(Sumerian: "house which gathers all the instructions") was rebuilt by queen Simar-Eshtar, wife of
342:
Her Akkadian name, Belet Ekalli, is attested for the first time in the Ur III period texts from
351:
238:. In god lists Ninegal usually appears near groupings of Inanna manifestations, though in the
655:
454:
381:
607:
144:
182:, and due to her presence in the pantheon of ancient Syria she was also incorporated into
8:
408:
359:
308:
1683:
1675:
1576:
1510:
1317:
1278:
719:
687:
508:, where the played the role of the city goddess. Some attestations are also known from
1731:
1714:
1704:
1687:
1667:
1632:
1622:
1568:
1535:
1502:
1469:
1459:
1442:
1432:
1376:
1354:
1344:
1309:
1270:
557:
435:
231:
218:
152:
148:
1801:
1792:
611:
1657:
1615:
A reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian god lists, AN:A-nu-um and AN:Anu šá Ameli
1494:
610:, in whose circle the presumed logogram occurs. In the treaty between Hittite king
592:
584:
525:
183:
1646:"The god Itūr-Mēr in the middle Euphrates region during the Old Babylonian period"
575:
A triad consisting of NIN.E.GAL, Nergal and Ea is attested in economic texts from
1842:
1746:
1595:
1529:
1409:
1391:
423:
281:
235:
671:
635:
439:
397:
171:
1811:
1718:
1671:
1636:
1572:
1506:
1446:
1358:
1313:
1274:
588:
462:
355:
320:
254:
1473:
706:
Wolfgang Heimpel proposes that in Mari, Ninegal was closely associated with
504:
In addition to Mari, in Syria Belet Ekalli was also closely associated with
667:
599:
336:
222:
1662:
1645:
1498:
619:
393:
1321:
651:
549:
548:
area. Depictions of Pentikalli are mentioned in texts from Hattarina and
466:
450:
250:
175:
159:
82:
60:
1679:
1580:
1514:
1282:
1556:
1482:
1297:
1258:
695:
412:
1567:. Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)/Institut für Orientalistik: 46–51.
792:
790:
201:
Especially in literary works, Ninegal could function as an epithet of
956:
954:
707:
545:
533:
486:
470:
458:
324:
277:
262:
243:
966:
449:
Earliest attestations of Ninegal from outside Mesopotamia come from
261:) in the case of their respective husbands or the attendant goddess
1696:
1336:
1185:
872:
860:
787:
679:
603:
347:
328:
312:
273:
The oldest known attestation of Ninegal comes from a god list from
187:
1161:
951:
683:
659:
638:
in a list of "primeval gods" meant to serve as divine witnesses.
615:
580:
478:
416:
404:
107:
1173:
908:
700:
675:
663:
647:
627:
553:
541:
537:
498:
494:
474:
403:
A late reference to Belet-Ekalli can be found in a letter from
374:
370:
363:
316:
297:
285:
239:
206:
202:
103:
88:
56:
20:
985:
983:
981:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
884:
710:, possibly due to their shared connection with Inanna/Ishtar.
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
623:
505:
490:
385:
343:
293:
258:
226:
179:
167:
64:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
457:
in the Old Babylonian period. There is evidence that during
978:
920:
576:
509:
482:
443:
332:
163:
1298:"Translation of Gods: Kumarpi, Enlil, Dagan/NISABA, Ḫalki"
833:
802:
758:
746:
1019:
703:(divine attendant) of Ninegal was the minor deity Dikum.
631:
540:). In Hurrian texts, she is designated as a concubine of
422:
Both the forms Ninegal and Belet Ekallim are attested in
1197:
572:, "lady of the house," was derived from Belet Ekalli.
512:, where she was among the deities worshiped during the
289:
52:
1233:
1149:
1079:
1077:
1062:
369:
It is unclear when Ninegal started to be worshiped in
1365:
1209:
1191:
1125:
1007:
995:
972:
878:
866:
796:
327:
later rebuilt it as a temple of the medicine goddess
1804:
in the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
1221:
1137:
1113:
1101:
1038:
1456:
House most high: the temples of ancient Mesopotamia
1407:
1366:Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. (2013).
1074:
1050:
960:
896:
1269:(2). GBPress - Gregorian Biblical Press: 114–129.
1089:
641:
1426:
1179:
1167:
1809:
1408:Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998),
654:was regarded as her husband. In a god list from
221:, that the name designated Inanna in a proposed
1650:Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale
1487:Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale
674:seals, which invoke either couples of deities (
174:in the west. She was particularly venerated in
1337:"The West Hurrian Pantheon and Its Background"
1797:Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
1656:. Presses Universitaires de France: 129–136.
1339:. In Collins, B. J.; Michalowski, P. (eds.).
415:that a statue of Belet Ekallim meant for the
246:are placed together in a different section.
1389:
989:
945:
914:
890:
854:
827:
781:
752:
407:, in which a certain Mār-isar relays to the
288:, and a month name in the local calendar of
564:, and possibly appears in a personal name,
358:. A month named after her is mentioned in
1744:
1493:. Presses Universitaires de France: 5–18.
1032:
1661:
1621:. New Haven: Yale Babylonian Collection.
726:, in which the names occur in parallel.
380:Ninegal continued to be worshiped in the
307:Multiple attestations are known from the
713:
1728:Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia
1725:
1593:
1554:
1534:. Pennsylvania State University Press.
1527:
1341:Beyond Hatti: a tribute to Gary Beckman
1239:
1215:
1203:
1155:
1131:
331:. Another temple of Ninegal existed in
1810:
1771:
1643:
1453:
1390:Behrens, Herman; Klein, Jacob (1998),
1013:
1001:
902:
718:The name Ninegal could function as an
429:
1694:
1611:
1480:
1334:
1295:
1256:
1227:
1143:
1119:
1107:
1095:
1083:
1068:
1056:
1044:
419:temple complex was not yet finished.
234:which refers to her as a daughter of
670:(MAR.TU). It is one of five similar
552:. She is also known from texts from
1793:Hymn to Inana as Ninegala (Inana D)
1557:"Objects Inscribed and Uninscribed"
388:, where a temple dedicated to her,
13:
1765:
622:Ninegal appears after the couples
147:associated with palaces. Both her
14:
1854:
1745:Trémouille, Marie-Claude (2005),
1192:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
973:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
879:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
867:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
797:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
253:, similar to other divine wives (
162:the worship of Ninegal spread to
155:name mean "lady of the palace."
1427:Drewnowska-Rymarz, Olga (2008).
1259:"The Names of the Primeval Gods"
1249:
961:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998
642:Associations with other deities
493:. In a letter Zimri-Lim's wife
1:
739:
650:, the local agricultural god
1751:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1600:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1594:Lambert, Wilfred G. (1983),
1555:Lambert, Wilfred G. (1970).
1458:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
1414:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1396:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
556:, where her name is spelled
212:
7:
1429:Mesopotamian goddess Nanāja
1375:. Academic Press Fribourg.
1343:. Atlanta: Lockwood Press.
587:and goddesses worshiped at
532:goddess from the circle of
296:, Ninegal was worshiped in
10:
1859:
1703:. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.
1612:Litke, Richard L. (1998).
1561:Archiv für Orientforschung
1528:Heimpel, Wolfgang (2003).
1481:Graef, Katrien De (2009).
1454:George, Andrew R. (1993).
693:According to the god list
384:, especially in Ur and in
268:
18:
1772:Clercq, Geeta de (2006).
1697:"Elamite Temple Building"
1695:Potts, Daniel T. (2010).
350:, who rebuilt it. In the
118:
113:
98:
75:
70:
48:
40:
33:
28:
990:Behrens & Klein 1998
946:Behrens & Klein 1998
915:Behrens & Klein 1998
891:Behrens & Klein 1998
855:Behrens & Klein 1998
828:Behrens & Klein 1998
782:Behrens & Klein 1998
753:Behrens & Klein 1998
190:transcribed her name as
44:Belet Ekalli, Pentikalli
19:Not to be confused with
1726:Taracha, Piotr (2009).
1644:Nakata, Ichiro (2011).
1335:Archi, Alfonso (2013).
1296:Archi, Alfonso (2004).
1257:Archi, Alfonso (1990).
265:in the case of Inanna.
1823:West Semitic goddesses
1818:Mesopotamian goddesses
1180:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
1168:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
352:Middle Assyrian period
292:. During the reign of
1663:10.3917/assy.105.0129
1499:10.3917/assy.103.0005
714:Ninegal as an epithet
658:they are followed by
656:neo-Babylonian period
390:E-a-ag-ga-kilib-ur-ur
382:Old Babylonian period
354:, it was repaired by
1781:(Thesis) (in German)
608:Weather god of Nerik
145:Mesopotamian goddess
91:(in Hurrian sources)
16:Mesopotamian goddess
1431:. Warszawa: Agade.
917:, pp. 346–347.
893:, pp. 343–344.
536:from Halab (modern
430:Outside Mesopotamia
166:in the east and to
688:Wilfred G. Lambert
119:Hittite equivalent
35:Goddess of palaces
1710:978-3-86835-031-9
1628:978-0-9667495-0-2
1541:978-1-57506-080-4
1438:978-83-87111-41-0
1382:978-3-7278-1738-0
1350:978-1-937040-11-6
1206:, pp. 46–47.
1170:, pp. 76–77.
1071:, pp. 12–13.
720:epithet of Inanna
436:ancient Near East
242:god list she and
232:Isin-Larsa period
219:Thorkild Jacobsen
126:
125:
49:Major cult center
1850:
1838:Ugaritic deities
1802:A hymn to Nungal
1789:
1787:
1786:
1780:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1741:
1730:. Harrassowitz.
1722:
1691:
1665:
1640:
1620:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1551:
1549:
1548:
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1403:
1402:
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1328:
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987:
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958:
949:
943:
918:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
882:
876:
870:
864:
858:
852:
831:
825:
800:
794:
785:
779:
756:
750:
593:Untash-Napirisha
424:theophoric names
304:) of Ninegal."
184:Hurrian religion
85:(in Mesopotamia)
26:
25:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1833:Hittite deities
1828:Hurrian deities
1808:
1807:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1766:Further reading
1763:
1756:
1754:
1738:
1711:
1629:
1618:
1604:
1602:
1585:
1583:
1546:
1544:
1542:
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1517:
1466:
1439:
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1417:
1400:
1398:
1383:
1372:
1351:
1326:
1324:
1287:
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1252:
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1246:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1033:Trémouille 2005
1031:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1000:
996:
988:
979:
971:
967:
959:
952:
944:
921:
913:
909:
901:
897:
889:
885:
877:
873:
865:
861:
853:
834:
826:
803:
795:
788:
780:
759:
751:
747:
742:
716:
644:
521:
442:in the west to
432:
271:
215:
122:possibly Tešimi
94:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1856:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1806:
1805:
1799:
1790:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1742:
1737:978-3447058858
1736:
1723:
1709:
1692:
1641:
1627:
1609:
1591:
1552:
1540:
1525:
1478:
1464:
1451:
1437:
1424:
1405:
1387:
1381:
1363:
1349:
1332:
1308:(4): 319–336.
1293:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1242:, p. 260.
1232:
1230:, p. 155.
1220:
1208:
1196:
1184:
1182:, p. 139.
1172:
1160:
1158:, p. 419.
1148:
1146:, p. 322.
1136:
1124:
1122:, p. 495.
1112:
1110:, p. 484.
1100:
1088:
1073:
1061:
1049:
1047:, p. 116.
1037:
1035:, p. 386.
1018:
1016:, p. 131.
1006:
1004:, p. 130.
994:
992:, p. 347.
977:
975:, p. 251.
965:
963:, p. 618.
950:
948:, p. 346.
919:
907:
895:
883:
881:, p. 273.
871:
869:, p. 119.
859:
857:, p. 345.
832:
830:, p. 344.
801:
799:, p. 111.
786:
784:, p. 343.
757:
755:, p. 342.
744:
743:
741:
738:
731:Hymn to Nungal
724:Ninegalla hymn
715:
712:
672:Kassite period
643:
640:
612:Šuppiluliuma I
558:alphabetically
519:
446:in the east.
440:Hittite Empire
431:
428:
275:Early Dynastic
270:
267:
214:
211:
172:Hittite Empire
131:(also spelled
124:
123:
120:
116:
115:
111:
110:
100:
96:
95:
93:
92:
86:
79:
77:
73:
72:
68:
67:
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
34:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1855:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1777:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1733:
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27:
22:
1783:. Retrieved
1774:
1755:, retrieved
1750:
1747:"Pendigalli"
1727:
1700:
1653:
1649:
1614:
1603:, retrieved
1599:
1584:. Retrieved
1564:
1560:
1545:. Retrieved
1530:
1518:. Retrieved
1490:
1486:
1455:
1428:
1418:, retrieved
1413:
1399:, retrieved
1395:
1368:
1340:
1325:. Retrieved
1305:
1301:
1286:. Retrieved
1266:
1262:
1250:Bibliography
1240:Heimpel 2003
1235:
1223:
1216:Lambert 1970
1211:
1204:Lambert 1970
1199:
1187:
1175:
1163:
1156:Lambert 1983
1151:
1139:
1132:Taracha 2009
1127:
1115:
1103:
1098:, p. 8.
1091:
1064:
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862:
748:
735:
730:
728:
723:
717:
705:
694:
692:
645:
600:Volkert Haas
597:
585:Elamite gods
574:
569:
565:
561:
530:
522:-el-ti-ga-li
517:
513:
503:
455:ruling house
448:
433:
421:
409:neo-Assyrian
402:
389:
379:
368:
360:Old Assyrian
341:
306:
301:
272:
248:
223:hieros gamos
216:
200:
195:
191:
157:
141:Belet-ekalli
140:
137:Belat Ekalli
136:
132:
128:
127:
1753:(in French)
1416:(in German)
1392:"Ninegalla"
1014:Nakata 2011
1002:Nakata 2011
903:George 1993
591:, built by
550:Lawazantiya
438:. from the
400:or Ishtar.
362:texts from
160:Mesopotamia
114:Equivalents
41:Other names
1812:Categories
1785:2022-04-09
1757:2022-04-09
1605:2022-04-09
1586:2022-04-09
1547:2022-04-10
1520:2022-04-09
1420:2022-04-09
1401:2022-04-09
1327:2022-04-09
1302:Orientalia
1288:2022-04-09
1263:Orientalia
1228:Litke 1998
1144:Archi 2004
1120:Potts 2010
1108:Potts 2010
1096:Graef 2009
1084:Archi 2013
1069:Archi 2013
1057:Archi 2013
1045:Archi 1990
740:References
413:Esarhaddon
196:Pendigalli
192:Pentikalli
1719:618338811
1688:194094468
1672:0373-6032
1637:470337605
1596:"Lāgamāl"
1573:0066-6440
1507:0373-6032
1447:263460607
1359:882106763
1322:430781731
1314:0030-5367
1275:0030-5367
708:Annunitum
696:An = Anum
620:Šattiwaza
546:Euphrates
487:Ninhursag
471:Annunitum
459:Zimri-Lim
394:Rim-Sîn I
325:Warad-Sin
278:Tell Fara
263:Ninshubur
244:Ninsianna
213:Character
133:Ninegalla
102:possibly
71:Genealogy
1680:42580244
1581:41637307
1515:23281452
1474:27813103
1410:"Nungal"
1283:43075881
680:Sarpanit
604:Anatolia
463:Itūr-Mēr
348:Amar-Sin
329:Ninisina
313:Ur-Namma
188:Hurrians
170:and the
153:Akkadian
149:Sumerian
143:) was a
99:Children
1795:in the
729:In the
684:Ninurta
660:Lagamal
616:Mitanni
581:Pinikir
566:annpdgl
526:Hurrian
524:in the
479:Shamash
405:Babylon
269:Worship
129:Ninegal
108:Lagamal
76:Consort
29:Ninegal
1843:Inanna
1734:
1717:
1707:
1686:
1678:
1670:
1635:
1625:
1579:
1571:
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1513:
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1435:
1379:
1357:
1347:
1320:
1312:
1281:
1273:
701:sukkal
699:, the
676:Marduk
668:Amurru
664:Nanaya
648:Dilbat
628:Ninlil
598:While
554:Ugarit
542:Teshub
538:Aleppo
528:one.
499:Ningal
475:Nergal
417:Esagil
375:Nungal
371:Dilbat
364:Kanesh
317:Shulgi
298:Lagash
286:Nippur
240:Nippur
207:Nungal
203:Inanna
186:. The
104:Nanaya
89:Teshub
57:Dilbat
21:Ningal
1779:(PDF)
1684:S2CID
1676:JSTOR
1619:(PDF)
1577:JSTOR
1511:JSTOR
1373:(PDF)
1318:JSTOR
1279:JSTOR
652:Urash
624:Enlil
618:king
534:Hebat
514:zukru
506:Qatna
495:Šibtu
467:Dagan
411:king
386:Larsa
344:Assur
337:Eresh
294:Gudea
259:Shala
251:Urash
227:kings
180:Qatna
168:Syria
158:From
135:) or
83:Urash
65:Qatna
1732:ISBN
1715:OCLC
1705:ISBN
1668:ISSN
1633:OCLC
1623:ISBN
1569:ISSN
1536:ISBN
1503:ISSN
1470:OCLC
1460:ISBN
1443:OCLC
1433:ISBN
1377:ISBN
1355:OCLC
1345:ISBN
1310:ISSN
1271:ISSN
678:and
636:Antu
634:and
630:and
626:and
614:and
577:Susa
562:pdgl
510:Emar
491:Addu
489:and
451:Mari
444:Elam
398:Gula
333:Umma
315:and
302:arad
282:ensi
178:and
176:Mari
164:Elam
151:and
106:and
61:Mari
1658:doi
1654:105
1495:doi
1491:103
632:Anu
560:as
426:.
284:of
255:Aya
236:Sin
198:).
1814::
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