202:
881:
324:
426:, held at the Gymnasium, and was shocked that out of 20 candidates there was only one woman. When she lamented the numbers to the audience, the party chair asked her to name qualified candidates. Tkeshelashvili gave him five names, but none were added to the ballot. She and other members of the Caucasian Women's Society cut all ties with the Social Democratic Party, recognizing that there was no genuine interest in their goals. Instead, the Party began promoting their own policies and became increasingly hostile to
166:(Women's Bureau) in 1919, which limited women's free participation in society. Together with other feminists, Tkeshelashvili continued to press for equal participation until Stalin's state policies abolished the Zhenotdel and neutralized their efforts. She turned to writing, mainly writing for children in the Soviet era. When the Soviet Union dissolved, Georgian feminists rediscovered the history of Tkeshelashvili and other early associates.
239:. She became a mentor to Tkeshelashvili, encouraging her to become a Russian-language teacher at the school she headed in Didi Jikhaishi. Besides teaching, she actively participated in literary evenings and read books from Nikoladze's library. In 1903, Tkeshelashvili went to Moscow, finally able to attend courses at dental school. She became involved in
158:, in advancing the education of workers and the poor, working towards improved employment conditions and higher education for women, while addressing concerns in connection with women's health and sexuality. Around 1912, she began contributing to magazines and newspapers, addressing the issues facing women. With developments following the
151:. Returning to Tiflis the following year, she began to meet women writers and activists participating in the struggle for women's rights. She joined the Union of Georgian Women for Equal Rights in 1906, but three years later left the organization and co-founded the Caucasian Women's Society with a breakaway group of feminists.
315:. Besides supporting women's suffrage, the CWS established clubs for working women in which they taught literacy and sewing. Tkeshelashvili hosted literary evenings where speakers presented talks on the Russian classics. The CWS also mounted a strong campaign to uphold women's "moral standards", labeling
464:
In 1930, Stalin abolished the
Zhenotdel, effectively neutralizing the women's movement. Officially, a woman's primary obligation became motherhood and domestic work, a secondary function being social productivity. Feminists transformed from seeking equality to writing children's fiction, as it was an
286:, who was involved in the feminist movement. She joined the Union of Georgian Women for Equal Rights, which began planning a conference for all Russian women to be held in Tiflis in 1908. Tkeshelashvili gave the opening address, calling on women to work for their freedom and cultural development.
194:. From a young age, Tkeshelashvili enjoyed reading works from her father's library and was influenced by displaced revolutionaries who were frequent visitors in her parents' home. These included Ilia Bakhtadze, a journalist using the pen name Ilia Khoneli; the novelist
198:; and Archil Abashidze. She attended their discussions and dreamed of going to Russia to attend high school, like her brother. Though she completed the local school and earned a medal, she was unable to attend teacher training courses.
319:
a "social evil". They invited women to attend debates that discussed social issues such as prostitution, education for the poor, employment conditions, higher education, and women's health and sexuality, among other topics.
278:, was closely involved in public works projects. Demuria worked as a journalist and regularly gave lectures to the general public. She also ran a Sunday school to offer education to workers and hired Tkeshelashvili to teach
517:. Her 1990 biography listed her as a writer but since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Georgian feminists have been exploring their past and reclaiming the stories of early contributors like Tkeshelashvili.
742:
38:
437:
The feminists continued to fight vigorously for their rights, meeting in private homes to discuss how best to continue their struggle. At one such meeting, Tkeshelashvili presented a story,
273:
465:
approved activity for women. From that time, Tkeshelashvili wrote children's short stories and fables, which were run as features in
Georgian magazines and newspapers. Her best works were
289:
After the conference, recognizing that they wanted a more international approach than the Union of
Georgian Women offered, a group led by Tkeshelashvili parted in 1909 to form the
748:
411:
290:
461:) in which she protested the remnants of capitalism that continued to victimize women. The performance was very popular and was presented at theaters and workers' palaces.
268:
1046:
263:
Returning to Tiflis in 1906, Tkeshelashvili found that the movement to expand civil and political rights had reached
Georgia. She lived in a boarding house belonging to
1051:
970:
752:
1091:
375:), Tkeshelashvili published works urging the political and civic equality of women. In 1914, during World War I, the Caucasian Women's Society began operating
898:
445:) in which other women acted out the parts. It was an allegory of the feminist struggle and after its presentation, the other women dubbed her the
235:, 1855-1940) one of the first Georgian women to study abroad. Educated in Switzerland, Guramishvili returned to Georgia, where she was involved in
1071:
794:
162:, feminists hoped that the new Georgian Republic would heed their demands for civic and political equality. Instead, state policy created the
1096:
414:
and between 1917 and 1918 was active in the
Georgian independence movement, following the collapse of the Russian Empire at the end of the
819:
1081:
846:
135:
teacher, writer and women's rights activist. Born into an intellectual family in 1874, she completed the schooling available to her in
769:
1076:
949:
513:
Tkeshelashvili died in her home town in 1956. Like most feminists of the times, her activism for women's rights was forgotten in the
147:
teacher. In 1903, she went to study dentistry in Moscow, where she became involved in the revolutionary student movement during the
1101:
1066:
403:), evaluated women's economic dependence on men and confinement by social roles which tied them to the family. She postulated that
1061:
873:
1086:
1003:
240:
179:
62:
282:
courses. Through her work with
Demuria, Tkeshelashvili gained a wider circle of friends and met other women writers, like
749:ะะพะฝัะตัะตะฝััั ยซะะตะฝะดะตั ั ัะตะฒะพะปัััั, ะฒัะนะฝั ัะฐ ะผะธัะพะฑัะดัะฒะฐะฝะฝัั
[Gender in Revolution, War and Peacebuilding Conference]
978:
423:
85:
941:
379:
and sewing clothes for soldiers. Tkeshelashvili also increased her literary output, writing for such journals as the
255:, which had legislative oversight, while protecting freedom of conscience, speech, and assembly for the citizenship.
348:
1056:
526:
419:
1041:
201:
1036:
921:
252:
222:
453:), which she took on as a new pseudonym. In 1924, she wrote and participated in the public mock-trial,
851:
824:
802:
909:
187:
434:
was founded which enacted government policies from the top down ignoring the real needs of women.
148:
829:
304:
214:
140:
856:
248:
190:, worked in agriculture and was an avid reader. Her mother was a close relative of the poet
1031:
1026:
777:
283:
8:
855:. Tbilisi, Georgia: Heinrich-Bรถll-Stiftung South Caucasus Regional Office. Archived from
828:. Tbilisi, Georgia: Heinrich-Bรถll-Stiftung South Caucasus Regional Office. Archived from
155:
327:
Georgian women writers (1925-1928), Tkeshelashvili is on the back row 2nd from the right
415:
159:
876:[Following in the History of Georgian Women - The Feminist March in Tbilisi].
999:
913:
801:(in Georgian). Tbilisi, Georgia: แฅแแแแแแก แแแแชแแแขแแแ แแแแแกแฌแแ แแแแกแแแแแก. Archived from
776:(in Georgian). Tbilisi, Georgia: แฅแแแแแแก แแแแชแแแขแแแ แแแแแกแฌแแ แแแแกแแแแแก. Archived from
323:
294:
226:
122:
279:
144:
364:
360:
264:
191:
331:
Around 1912, Tkeshelashvili began publishing translations and original works in
37:
404:
312:
244:
210:
183:
66:
1020:
917:
407:'s revolutionary ideas would free women from laws that were discriminatory.
953:
514:
316:
308:
195:
154:
As chair of the new society, Tkeshelashvili was active in the struggle for
908:(8). Yerevan , Armenia: Center for Civilization and Cultural Studies at
427:
696:
694:
692:
874:"แฅแแ แแแแ แฅแแแแ แแกแขแแ แแแก แแแแแแแแแแ - แคแแแแแแกแขแแแแก แแกแแแแแแแ แแแแแแกแจแ"
431:
422:
was being formed, she participated in the district elections for the
376:
163:
132:
689:
247:
for democratic reforms. At the end of the 1905 Russian
Revolution,
236:
944:[Georgian Biographical Dictionary: Nino Tkeshelashvili].
218:
175:
136:
58:
899:"Religion as a Marker of Identity for Georgians (1860-1918)"
751:. Kiev, Ukraine: ะฆะตะฝัั "ะ ะพะทะฒะธัะพะบ ะดะตะผะพะบัะฐััั . Archived from
679:
677:
675:
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
973:[Feminist Texts Bring Back the History of Women].
205:
718:
672:
303:) (CWS). Among the 135 founding members were Gabashvili,
969:แแแแแจแแแแแ, แแแแแ; แแแคแ แแแแแจแแแแแ, แแแแ (8 March 2018).
968:
700:
612:
588:
942:"แกแแฅแแ แแแแแแก แแแแแ แแคแแฃแ แแแฅแกแแแแแจแ: แแแแ แขแงแแจแแแแจแแแแ"
633:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
351:. That year, she also joined the editorial staff of
971:"แคแแแแแแกแขแฃแ แ แขแแฅแกแขแแแ แฅแแแแ แแกแขแแ แแแก แแแกแแแ แฃแแแแแแ"
797:[Olga Guramishvili-Nikoladze (1855-1940)].
395:among others. One of her articles from the period,
186:. Her father, whose family had been priests in the
600:
543:
1052:20th-century women writers from Georgia (country)
706:
645:
16:Georgian feminist, suffragist, writer (1874โ1956)
1018:
1047:Women's rights activists from Georgia (country)
996:Russia: A 1,000-year Chronicle of the Wild East
977:(in Georgian). Tbilisi, Georgia. Archived from
1092:19th-century educators from the Russian Empire
817:
683:
298:
230:
126:
939:
844:
724:
627:
401:A Woman at the Front of Revolutionary Culture
896:
594:
36:
950:National Parliamentary Library of Georgia
221:region of western Georgia with his wife,
993:
772:[Nino Tkeshelashvili (1874-?)].
639:
322:
209:Through her parents, Tkeshelashvili met
200:
174:Nino Tkeshelashvili was born in 1874 in
104:teacher, writer, women's rights activist
818:Gaprindashvili, Lela (7 January 2014).
795:"แแแฆแ แแฃแ แแแแจแแแแ-แแแแแแแซแ (1855-1940)"
792:
767:
606:
582:
481:) but other well-known pieces included
1019:
884:from the original on 30 September 2019
871:
740:
712:
666:
347:, meaning "wheat shoots"), founded by
1072:Schoolteachers from Georgia (country)
897:Khvadagiani, Salome (December 2015).
178:(known after 1936 as Tbilisi) in the
701:แแแแแจแแแแแ & แแแคแ แแแแแจแแแแแ 2018
1097:Suffragists from the Russian Empire
845:แแแคแ แแแแแจแแแแ, แแแแ (4 June 2014).
508:
410:Tkeshelashvili took courses at the
251:conceded to terms that created the
13:
1082:Suffragists from Georgia (country)
770:"แแแแ แขแงแแจแแแแจแแแแ (1874- ?)"
424:Social Democratic Party of Georgia
397:แฅแแแ แ แแแแแฃแชแแแแฃแ แแฃแแขแฃแ แแก แคแ แแแขแแ
86:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
14:
1113:
948:(in Georgian). Tbilisi, Georgia:
880:(in Georgian). Tbilisi, Georgia.
1077:Feminists from Georgia (country)
940:Mchedlishvili, David A. (2012).
849:[Nino Tkheshelashvili].
349:Anastasia Tumanishvili-Tsereteli
1102:Writers from the Russian Empire
1067:People from Georgia Governorate
872:แแแแแซแ, แแแแฃแแ (8 March 2018).
733:
1062:People from Tiflis Governorate
527:List of Georgian women writers
420:Democratic Republic of Georgia
367:. Writing under the pseudonym
339:) and the children's magazine
139:and then worked for a time in
1:
532:
169:
1087:20th-century women educators
998:. Kent, England: BBC Books.
537:
267:. One of the other tenants,
7:
520:
300:แแแแแแกแแแ แฅแแแแ แกแแแแแแแแแแ
223:Olga Guramishvili-Nikoladze
10:
1118:
443:Mourning Birds Celebration
994:Sixsmith, Martin (2011).
430:initiatives. In 1919 the
412:Kutaisi Women's Gymnasium
359:), where she met writers
299:
291:Caucasian Women's Society
258:
232:แแแฆแ แแฃแ แแแแจแแแแ-แแแแแแแซแ
231:
127:
108:
100:
92:
73:
44:
35:
30:
23:
910:Yerevan State University
188:Georgian Orthodox Church
439:แแแแแแแแแ แฉแแขแแแแก แแแแแ
393:Voice of Georgian Woman
160:1917 Russian Revolution
149:1905 Russian Revolution
1057:20th-century educators
852:Heinrich-Bรถll-Stiftung
825:Heinrich-Bรถll-Stiftung
820:"Nino Tkheshelashvili"
793:แฉแแฎแแแซแ, แแแแ (1976).
768:แฉแแฎแแแซแ, แแแแ (1990).
487:Elephant and Predators
455:แฅแ แแกแขแแแแก แแแกแแแแ แแแแแ
328:
305:Babilina Khositashvili
243:and agitated with the
206:
326:
204:
1042:Writers from Tbilisi
981:on 30 September 2019
956:on 29 September 2019
741:Beraia, Aia (2015).
284:Ekaterine Gabashvili
213:, who was living in
180:Caucasus Viceroyalty
63:Caucasus Viceroyalty
1037:People from Kutaisi
927:on 21 November 2016
906:Analytical Bulletin
847:"แแแแ แขแงแแจแแแแจแแแแ"
684:Gaprindashvili 2014
483:แกแแแแ แแ แแขแแชแแแแแแ
131:, 1874โ1956) was a
119:Nino Tkeshelashvili
25:Nino Tkeshelashvili
799:nateba.websail.net
774:nateba.websail.net
725:แแแคแ แแแแแจแแแแ 2014
628:Mchedlishvili 2012
329:
241:student radicalism
207:
1005:978-1-84990-072-0
859:on 2 October 2018
459:Judging Christine
128:แแแแ แขแงแแจแแแแจแแแแ
116:
115:
109:Years active
81:(aged 81โ82)
31:แแแแ แขแงแแจแแแแจแแแแ
1109:
1009:
990:
988:
986:
965:
963:
961:
952:. Archived from
936:
934:
932:
926:
920:. Archived from
903:
893:
891:
889:
868:
866:
864:
841:
839:
837:
832:on 18 April 2019
814:
812:
810:
805:on 18 March 2019
789:
787:
785:
780:on 18 March 2019
764:
762:
760:
755:on 18 April 2019
728:
722:
716:
710:
704:
698:
687:
681:
670:
664:
643:
637:
631:
625:
610:
604:
598:
595:Khvadagiani 2015
592:
586:
580:
509:Death and legacy
491:แแแแแแแแแ แฉแแขแแแ
389:Theater and Life
302:
301:
280:Russian language
277:
234:
233:
156:women's suffrage
145:Russian language
130:
129:
80:
55:
53:
40:
21:
20:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1006:
984:
982:
959:
957:
930:
928:
924:
901:
887:
885:
862:
860:
835:
833:
808:
806:
783:
781:
758:
756:
736:
731:
723:
719:
711:
707:
699:
690:
682:
673:
665:
646:
638:
634:
626:
613:
605:
601:
593:
589:
581:
544:
540:
535:
523:
511:
416:1917 Revolution
381:Reference Sheet
365:Akaki Tsereteli
361:Nino Nakashidze
271:
265:Ivane Machabeli
261:
192:Akaki Tsereteli
172:
88:
82:
78:
69:
56:
51:
49:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1115:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1011:
1010:
1004:
991:
966:
937:
894:
869:
842:
815:
790:
765:
737:
735:
732:
730:
729:
717:
705:
688:
671:
644:
642:, p. 171.
632:
611:
599:
587:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
529:
522:
519:
510:
507:
495:Mourning Birds
313:Kato Mikeladze
269:Mariam Demuria
260:
257:
245:intelligentsia
215:Didi Jikhaishi
211:Niko Nikoladze
184:Russian Empire
171:
168:
141:Didi Jikhaishi
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
83:
75:
71:
70:
67:Russian Empire
57:
46:
42:
41:
33:
32:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1114:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1015:
1007:
1001:
997:
992:
980:
976:
972:
967:
955:
951:
947:
943:
938:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
900:
895:
883:
879:
875:
870:
858:
854:
853:
848:
843:
831:
827:
826:
821:
816:
804:
800:
796:
791:
779:
775:
771:
766:
754:
750:
746:
745:
739:
738:
726:
721:
714:
709:
702:
697:
695:
693:
685:
680:
678:
676:
668:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
641:
640:Sixsmith 2011
636:
629:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
608:
603:
597:, p. 97.
596:
591:
584:
579:
577:
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
547:
542:
528:
525:
524:
518:
516:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
377:free canteens
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
325:
321:
318:
314:
310:
306:
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
275:
270:
266:
256:
254:
250:
249:Tsar Nicholas
246:
242:
238:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
203:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
167:
165:
161:
157:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
124:
120:
111:
107:
103:
101:Occupation(s)
99:
95:
91:
87:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
47:
43:
39:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1013:
995:
985:30 September
983:. Retrieved
979:the original
974:
960:29 September
958:. Retrieved
954:the original
945:
931:29 September
929:. Retrieved
922:the original
905:
888:30 September
886:. Retrieved
877:
863:30 September
861:. Retrieved
857:the original
850:
836:30 September
834:. Retrieved
830:the original
823:
809:29 September
807:. Retrieved
803:the original
798:
784:29 September
782:. Retrieved
778:the original
773:
759:30 September
757:. Retrieved
753:the original
744:Presentation
743:
734:Bibliography
720:
708:
635:
607:แฉแแฎแแแซแ 1976
602:
590:
583:แฉแแฎแแแซแ 1990
512:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
463:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
436:
409:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
372:
369:แกแฃแคแ แแแแกแขแแแก
368:
356:
352:
344:
340:
336:
332:
330:
317:prostitution
309:Nino Kipiani
288:
262:
208:
196:Leo Kiacheli
173:
153:
118:
117:
79:(1956-00-00)
18:
1032:1956 deaths
1027:1874 births
946:nplg.gov.ge
713:แแแแแซแ 2018
667:Beraia 2015
418:. When the
272: [
93:Nationality
61:(Tbilisi),
1021:Categories
912:: 81โ103.
533:References
515:Soviet era
428:grassroots
391:, and the
373:Suffragist
357:The Stream
170:Early life
112:1903-1950s
918:1829-4502
538:Citations
447:แแแ แชแฎแแแแก
432:Zhenotdel
217:, in the
164:Zhenotdel
84:Tbilisi,
975:แแแแแ แแแ
882:Archived
521:See also
475:แแกแแแแแแ
467:แฎแฃแฎแฃแแแแ
385:The Rock
353:แแแแแแฃแแ
295:Georgian
237:pedagogy
227:Georgian
133:Georgian
123:Georgian
96:Georgian
497:), and
479:Alamosa
451:Swallow
219:Imereti
182:of the
50: (
1002:
916:
878:NewsON
503:Donkey
473:) and
345:Jejili
341:แฏแแฏแแแ
297::
259:Career
229::
176:Tiflis
137:Tiflis
125::
59:Tiflis
925:(PDF)
902:(PDF)
471:Hooks
449:(the
405:Lenin
337:Trace
333:แแแแแ
276:]
143:as a
1000:ISBN
987:2019
962:2019
933:2019
914:ISSN
890:2019
865:2019
838:2019
811:2019
786:2019
761:2019
499:แแแ แ
489:),
363:and
311:and
253:Duma
77:1956
74:Died
52:1874
48:1874
45:Born
505:).
1023::
904:.
822:.
747:.
691:^
674:^
647:^
614:^
545:^
387:,
383:,
307:,
274:ka
65:,
1008:.
989:.
964:.
935:.
892:.
867:.
840:.
813:.
788:.
763:.
727:.
715:.
703:.
686:.
669:.
630:.
609:.
585:.
501:(
493:(
485:(
477:(
469:(
457:(
441:(
399:(
371:(
355:(
343:(
335:(
293:(
225:(
121:(
54:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.png)
.png)