638:
36:
2647:
2953:
2429:
2417:
707:, which states that it was rebuilt by this ruler and that it bore the ceremonial name E-maḫ, "exalted house". A temple dedicated to her known as E-gula, "big house," is also known, but its location is not specified in any available sources, and the same name was also applied to a large number of other houses of worship in various parts of Mesopotamia.
969:. The final lines are damaged, but Ninsun seemingly holds Shamash responsible for Gilgamesh's plan to journey to distant lands, and therefore expects him to help him. It has been noted that overall the later version expands Ninsun's role, as in the Old Babylonian version, Gilgamesh prays to Shamash himself, without his mother's intercession.
625:(a figure distinct from the god Dumuzi) is listed between Lugalbanda and Gilgamesh, though without being labeled as a son of the former. In at least one case, Dumuzi is called the son of both Ninsun and Lugalbanda. An indirect association between Dumuzi and Ninsun is also present in an inscription of
889:
appears to instruct
Lugalbanda how to approach Ninsun's nameless father to be allowed to marry her. The restoration of the ending is uncertain, but Jan Lisman proposes that the final known section involves Lugalbanda inviting both his own relatives and members of Ninsun's family to their wedding. It
870:
describes the first meeting and marriage of Ninsun and
Lugalbanda. The text is regarded as particularly difficult to translate and study, as only one most likely incomplete copy survives. In the surviving fragments Ninsun offers beer bread to Lugalbanda, and later spends a night with him in Iri'aza,
734:
priestess of Ninsun. It is agreed that claiming descent from Ninsun was viewed as a way to legitimize their rule, but it is unknown whether it should be understood as a sign that the dynasty originated in Uruk, or if the only reason was the fact that
Gilgamesh was recognized as a model of kingship.
588:
between different medicine goddesses is not unusual, the presence of Ninsun in this text is, especially since it preserves information about her usual character instead of reinterpreting her as another similar deity. A similar equation between Ninsun's and Gula's respective husbands, Lugalbanda and
730:, Ninsun is described as the mother of the eponymous ruler and mourns the passing. By extension, the rulers also treated Gilgamesh as their divine brother, and Ur-Nammu's successor Shulgi called Lugalbanda his divine father. It is possible that one of this king's daughters served as the
427:
as her father and mother in at least one text, which both Jacob Klein and Clause Wilcke interpret as literal statements regarding her parentage. On the other hand, Jan Lisman considers the identity of Ninsun's parents to be unknown, as in a myth describing her marriage the
977:
In the
Standard Babylonian edition of the Epic, fter finishing her prayer to Shamash Ninsun decides to meet with Enkidu and proclaims him as equal to her son in rank and a member of her family. The scene has been conventionally interpreted as representing
990:" rather than Ninsun. A different interpretation has been proposed by Nathan Wasserman, who assumes that by adopting Enkidu, Ninsun guaranteed his loyalty to Gilgamesh and the city of Uruk. He argues that Enkidu's actions during the confrontation with
2263:
478:. The identity of Gilgamesh's father is not mentioned in the Old Babylonian version, and traditions where his identity was left unspecified are known, for example a king list simply refers to him as a "phantom" (
762:
king of Uruk, built a temple of
Lugalbanda and Ninsun which bore the name ceremonial name E-Kikal, "house, precious place". Sporadic references to Ninsun are also present in Old Babylonian personal letters. In
735:
In addition to the kings, there is also evidence for worship of Ninsun by their families. A concubine of Shulgi, Šuqurtum, referred to Ninsun as "my goddess" in a curse formula on an inscribed vase. A prince (
345:
most likely should be understood as a designation of a deity's function, namely their involvement in granting long and prosperous life to devotees. It is possible that "Lamma-Ninsumuna" was depicted leading
609:, which according to Manfred Krebernik indicates that the latter was likely viewed as a goddess associated with livestock in general rather than specifically with sheep, as originally proposed by
482:), but due to the preexisting association with Ninsun Lugalbanda was widely accepted as the hero's father in Mesopotamian tradition, and references are known from other texts, for example the
316:, but its meaning was the same in both cases, "wild cow". It is possible the name was initially understood as "lady wild cow", but in most of the ancient sources it was interpreted as a
845:. Most of the deities involved in it were well known as members of the pantheon of Uruk, in contrast with a different group which was celebrated during an analogous festival focused on
994:
indicate that he valued Ninsun's acceptance highly, as he seemingly tells
Gilgamesh to ignore the monster's pleas because the latter earlier mocked him as a being with no family.
272:
mentions multiple children of Ninsun and her husband
Lugalbanda separately from Gilgamesh. A sparsely attested tradition additionally regarded her as the mother of the dying god
982:. There is no evidence that an analogous plot point was present in the Old Babylonian versions. Andrew R. George proposes that the passage reflected a custom known from
2709:
486:. As there is no indication that Ninsun was ever envisioned as a mortal woman, rather than a goddess, references to deceased mother of Gilgamesh present in the text
504:
enumerates ten deities regarded as children of Ninsun and
Lugalbanda alongside them. The first among them, a goddess named Šilamkurra, was worshiped in Uruk in the
986:
and later documents from Uruk, according to which foundlings and orphans were raised in temples, though their divine protectors were the anonymous "Daughters of
2783:
224:. She only plays an active role in the so-called "Standard Babylonian" version, in which she advises her son and interprets his dreams, petitions the sun god
814:, most likely compiled in the same period, mentions a temple dedicated to her located in Uruk, the Egalmaḫ ("exalted palace"), but an earlier inscription of
532:
Lugalhegal, but the full name cannot be fully restored due to the state of preservation of the tablet. According to
Richard L. Litke, the name starts with
432:
gods appear to collectively play the role which would customarily belong to parents of the bride, arranging the details of her marriage. Her husband was
354:
goddesses were usually described as walking behind the person they protected. It is also probable that in some cases Ninsun was believed to bestow a
593:, is also attested, though it was likely secondary and there is no evidence Ninurta was ever referred to as Gilgamesh's father like Lugalbanda was.
554:
in theological texts, for example in two column versions of the
Weidner god list. An association between these two goddesses is also present in the
2156:
259:
both left behind inscriptions attesting their personal devotion to this goddess, and a prince only known from a single attestation bore the
2984:
2466:
957:
to intercede on Gilgamesh's behalf. She manages to convince Shamash to give Gilgamesh thirteen winds meant to help him on the way to the
251:
regarded Ninsun as their divine mother, and Gilgamesh as their brother, most likely to legitimize their claim to rule over Mesopotamia.
929:: that they will become lovers), which comes true after their subsequent duel. Both Ninsun and the dream sequences are absent from the
2908:
474:, as already attested in the earliest Sumerian poems about him. She is consistently attested in this role in various versions of the
398:, regarded Ninsun as their divine mother. However, there is no evidence that Ninsun was ever regarded as a mother goddess similar to
1927:
2485:
232:
as a member of her family. In the Old Babylonian version her role is passive, with her actions being merely briefly discussed by
488:
2329:
2276:
2034:
1940:
863:
658:
520:, Gilgamesh occurs separately from Ninsun and her other family members on a different tablet, possibly in the company of
2728:
890:
has been argued that this myth culminated in the birth of Gilgamesh, but this proposal is unproven and controversial.
2352:
2227:
2171:
2109:
2082:
2053:
1979:
244:, as well as a poorly preserved and very early myth describing her first meeting with Lugalbanda and their marriage.
240:
translation of the text omits her altogether. She is additionally present in older Sumerian compositions, including
644:'s dedication tablet for the temple of Ninsun in Ur: "For his lady Ninsun, Ur-Nammu the mighty man, King of Ur and
1929:
Goddesses in Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources
2979:
2832:
2669:
2459:
556:
2341:"Offspring of Silence, Spawn of a Fish, Son of a Gazelle...: Enkidu's Different Origins in the Epic of Gilgameš"
2138:
2000:
376:. Claus Wilcke argues that in this case the name Lammašaga should be only understood as a descriptive epithet.
771:
from the same period, Ninsun and Lugalbanda occur less commonly than the most popular divine couples, such as
621:, who referred to Gilgamesh as their brother. Dina Katz proposes that it was inspired by king lists, in which
637:
2933:
961:. At one point, she acknowledges that he is destined to dwell in the underworld alongside deities such as
2735:
2433:
953:
to take care of her son, even though she is aware of the fate awaiting him. She also asks Shamash's wife
949:
In the "Standard Babylonian" version, the heroes later visit Ninsun in her temple in Uruk. She prays to
2957:
2452:
657:
Ninsun has been characterized as a "well-known goddess in all periods." She is already attested in the
613:. It is also possible that this equation was the result of the network of associations between Dumuzi,
2863:
2762:
2753:
2744:
2685:
2421:
743:
Puzur-Ninsun is also known, but no detailed information about his life is presently known, and the
629:, in which Gilgamesh, directly called the son of this goddess, assigns Dumuzi to him as a bailiff.
581:
921:. In the younger versions of the composition, this is not shown directly, but rather mentioned by
2989:
2825:
645:
564:, which identifies the eponymous goddess with a large number of other female deities, among them
35:
2345:
An experienced scribe who neglects nothing: ancient Near Eastern studies in honor of Jacob Klein
692:
550:
There is evidence that as early as in the Old Babylonian period, Ninsun could be equated with
220:
The degree of Ninsun's involvement in Gilgamesh's life varies between various versions of the
2928:
2439:
1990:
983:
759:
622:
380:
205:, where she lives in this composition, but she was also worshiped in other cities of ancient
823:
2913:
2799:
2701:
184:
714:
addresses Ninsun as his divine mother. However, there are also cases where he referred to
8:
2887:
2646:
723:
618:
391:
248:
879:, and after reading it most likely urges Lugalbanda to go with her to Uruk to visit the
2677:
2591:
1951:
509:
320:
compound, "lady of wild cows". Ninsun was often compared to these animals, and in the
2869:
2791:
2693:
2476:
2358:
2348:
2325:
2282:
2272:
2250:
2223:
2177:
2167:
2144:
2134:
2115:
2105:
2088:
2078:
2059:
2049:
2030:
2006:
1996:
1975:
1956:
Hittite Studies in Honor of Harry A. Hoffner Jr. on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday
1936:
925:
to Enkidu. Ninsun predicts that Gilgamesh and Enkidu will become close (according to
917:, the eponymous hero asks Ninsun to interprets his dreams foretelling the arrival of
610:
561:
325:
309:
197:
176:
82:
2314:
An Ox of One's Own. Royal Wives and Religion at the Court of the Third Dynasty of Ur
815:
755:
2317:
2265:
A reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian god lists, AN:A-nu-um and AN:Anu šá Ameli
2215:
2211:
The Revival of the Anu Cult and the Nocturnal Fire Ceremony at Late Babylonian Uruk
2022:
1967:
1959:
930:
926:
441:
237:
2190:
2390:
2371:
2295:
2128:
2074:
The Babylonian Gilgamesh epic: introduction, critical edition and cuneiform texts
1992:
Sakralität von Herrschaft: Herrschaftslegitmierung im Wandel der Zeiten und Räume
834:
822:, while in a document from the first millennium BCE the deity worshiped in it is
796:
740:
505:
399:
395:
293:
260:
2839:
2622:
901:
881:
846:
827:
807:
551:
281:
2219:
2157:"Drachenmutter und Himmelsrebe? Zur Frühgeschichte Dumuzis und seiner Familie"
2148:
1963:
2973:
2938:
2286:
2254:
2010:
954:
776:
764:
744:
373:
359:
317:
313:
41:
2362:
2181:
2119:
2092:
2063:
700:
2857:
2632:
2510:
958:
867:
666:
577:
2321:
2164:
Literatur, Politik und Recht in Mesopotamien: Festschrift für Claus Wilcke
2026:
363:
2530:
2505:
1971:
962:
876:
542:, but one more sign present between these two elements is not preserved.
492:
most likely refer to an unrelated tradition regarding the hero's origin.
459:
387:
attests that Ninsun was believed to be capable of dream interpretation.
206:
528:(attendant deity) of Ninsun appears in the same list after Lugalbanda's
2019:
Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld and the Sumerian Gilgamesh Cycle
1649:
1647:
1191:
1189:
1090:
671:
626:
585:
565:
450:
433:
347:
268:
192:
122:
1608:
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2525:
2500:
662:
569:
471:
403:
297:
188:
135:
2444:
2440:
Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses: Ninsumun (Ninsun) (goddess)
2340:
2238:
2209:
1644:
1596:
1584:
1536:
1398:
1386:
1186:
703:
dedicated to Ninsun existed in Ur, as attested in an inscription of
2556:
2551:
2243:
Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society "Ex Oriente Lux" (JEOL)
2130:
Three Šulgi Hymns: Sumerian Royal Hymns Glorifying King Šulgi of Ur
2072:
1524:
1512:
1464:
1138:
1114:
1102:
1075:
979:
819:
719:
704:
641:
429:
252:
2627:
2581:
2520:
2428:
991:
950:
938:
922:
772:
675:. Her main cult center was KI.KAL, but she was also worshiped in
590:
513:
337:
233:
225:
2162:. In Sallaberger, Walther; Volk, Konrad; Zgoll, Annette (eds.).
2818:
2601:
2596:
2570:
2566:
2515:
2416:
2249:. Leiden: Dutch Ancient Near Eastern Society “Ex Oriente Lux”.
966:
918:
905:. She advises her son to reject Inanna's proposals and gifts.
886:
842:
800:
792:
768:
715:
680:
676:
606:
602:
573:
521:
455:
368:
332:
277:
273:
256:
229:
210:
147:
143:
70:
726:
also described Ninsun as their divine mother. For example, in
2923:
2561:
987:
838:
806:
Ninsun continued to be invoked in seal inscriptions from the
788:
784:
711:
534:
424:
111:
1902:
524:
though the restoration of the latter's name is uncertain. A
2918:
2546:
1427:
1425:
872:
780:
696:
688:
614:
437:
202:
62:
2710:
The Sorceress: The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel
1560:
1306:
440:. They appear together in multiple sources, including the
276:, indicating a degree of conflation with his usual mother
2585:
1839:
1284:
1282:
1252:
885:(ruler) of the city. Once they arrive there, the goddess
420:
107:
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1878:
1856:
1854:
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1228:
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1159:
1157:
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1034:
1710:
1708:
1683:
1681:
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1664:
1662:
1620:
1548:
1500:
1359:
1357:
1053:
1051:
1049:
684:
214:
66:
2784:
The Epic of Gilgamesh, or This Unnameable Little Broom
1452:
1442:
1440:
1279:
1009:
1007:
470:
Ninsun was regarded as the mother of the deified hero
280:. She could also be equated with the medicine goddess
217:, and her main cult center was the settlement KI.KAL.
167:
2239:"The (Inchoate) Marriage of Lugalbanda and Ninsumuna"
1925:
1866:
1851:
1827:
1803:
1791:
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1720:
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1602:
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1150:
1144:
1126:
1120:
1108:
1096:
1084:
1024:
1022:
508:
period, where she appears in a ritual text alongside
462:
Ninsun is attested in a god list without Lugalbanda.
2102:
The Image of the Netherworld in the Sumerian Sources
1815:
1705:
1674:
1659:
1632:
1354:
1342:
1213:
1201:
1063:
1046:
857:
2046:
House most high: the temples of ancient Mesopotamia
1926:Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. (2013).
1693:
1437:
1004:
898:Ninsun appears in some copies of the Sumerian myth
601:Ninsun could also be identified with the mother of
195:, and appears in this role in most versions of the
1330:
1019:
409:
2971:
1958:. Penn State University Press. pp. 37–58.
810:. In the "Standard Babylonian" edition of the
187:. She is best known as the mother of the hero
40:Relief with an inscription mentioning Ninsun.
2460:
2077:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press.
944:
2293:
1566:
875:. After waking up she receives an enclosed
747:tablet attesting his existence is undated.
379:The so-called "Pennsylvania tablet" of the
2467:
2453:
34:
2338:
2271:. New Haven: Yale Babylonian Collection.
2188:
2154:
1908:
1896:
1884:
1431:
1324:
414:
328:epithet Rimāt-Ninsun, "wild cow Ninsun".
324:she is at one point referred to with the
28:Goddess of wild cows, mother of Gilgamesh
16:Mesopotamian goddess, mother of Gilgamesh
2311:
1554:
1458:
818:indicates it was originally a temple of
636:
140:ten other children, including Šilamkurra
2016:
1949:
1755:
1416:
1312:
1288:
908:
837:Uruk, Ninsun was celebrated during the
826:, a manifestation of closely connected
652:
335:, Ninsun is sometimes referred to as a
146:(occasionally, through conflation with
2972:
2388:
2369:
2236:
2166:(in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
2070:
2043:
1988:
1872:
1860:
1845:
1833:
1821:
1809:
1797:
1785:
1770:
1743:
1731:
1714:
1699:
1687:
1668:
1638:
1626:
1578:
1506:
1494:
1482:
1380:
1300:
1273:
1258:
1246:
1234:
1219:
1207:
1180:
1165:
1132:
1069:
1057:
1040:
1013:
489:Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld
2474:
2448:
2261:
2126:
1363:
1348:
1028:
913:In the Old Babylonian version of the
750:
312:, as attested by syllabic glosses in
2207:
2099:
1446:
1336:
972:
596:
2985:Characters in the Epic of Gilgamesh
787:, but with comparable frequency as
454:god lists, as well as the standard
191:and wife of deified legendary king
13:
893:
516:and otherwise unknown Ninurbu. In
14:
3001:
2409:
1654:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1615:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1603:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1591:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1543:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1531:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1519:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1471:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1405:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1393:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1196:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1145:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1121:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1109:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1097:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1085:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
858:Marriage of Ninsun and Lugalbanda
495:
284:, especially in syncretic hymns.
2952:
2951:
2645:
2427:
2415:
362:identifies her with the goddess
242:Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven
1918:
410:Associations with other deities
300:sign GUL could be read as both
183:"lady of the wild cows") was a
436:, a deified legendary king of
358:upon kings. An inscription of
80:Egalmah in Uruk (according to
1:
2133:, Bar-Ilan University Press,
1989:Erkens, Franz-Reiner (2002),
997:
2395:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
2376:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
2343:. In Sefati, Yitzhak (ed.).
2300:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
2195:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
2048:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
852:
465:
287:
228:to protect him, and accepts
7:
2347:. Bethesda, MD: CDL Press.
2294:Michalowski, Piotr (2008),
2189:Krebernik, Manfred (2011),
2155:Krebernik, Manfred (2003).
2104:. Bethesda, MD: CDL Press.
1935:. Academic Press Fribourg.
10:
3006:
2339:Wasserman, Nathan (2005).
2262:Litke, Richard L. (1998).
2071:George, Andrew R. (2003).
2044:George, Andrew R. (1993).
871:a mountainous location in
632:
458:lexical list. However, in
350:by the wrist, even though
292:Ninsun's name was written
201:. She was associated with
2947:
2901:
2879:
2849:
2810:
2775:
2720:
2661:
2654:
2643:
2615:
2539:
2493:
2484:
2220:10.1163/9789004364943_004
1964:10.1515/9781575065434-006
945:Intercession with Shamash
699:and other settlements. A
128:
118:
103:
98:
90:
76:
57:
49:
33:
26:
21:
2686:Gilgamesh in the Outback
2670:The Great American Novel
2312:Sharlach, Tonia (2017).
2017:Gadotti, Alhena (2014).
582:Joan Goodnick Westenholz
366:, usually viewed as the
2826:Demon with a Glass Hand
648:, has built her temple"
646:King of Sumer and Akkad
545:
2980:Mesopotamian goddesses
2432:Quotations related to
2389:Wilcke, Claus (1998),
2370:Wilcke, Claus (1987),
1950:Beckman, Gary (2003).
722:as such. Kings of the
649:
415:Parentage and marriage
2732:(1955 Czech oratorio)
2729:The Epic of Gilgamesh
2616:Other mythical beings
2322:10.1515/9781501505263
2127:Klein, Jacob (1981),
2027:10.1515/9781614515456
640:
2914:Gilgamesh flood myth
2768:(1986 Serbian opera)
2750:(1970 Turkish opera)
2741:(1964 Turkish opera)
2702:Slaves of the Shinar
2424:at Wikimedia Commons
2237:Lisman, Jan (2019).
2208:Krul, Julia (2018).
1952:"Gilgamesh in Ḫatti"
909:Dream interpretation
669:, as well as in the
653:Third millennium BCE
623:Dumuzi the Fisherman
185:Mesopotamian goddess
2888:The Tower of Druaga
2833:The Tower of Druaga
2800:Where Is Gilgamesh?
2759:(1972 Danish opera)
2100:Katz, Dina (2003).
1995:, Akademie Verlag,
1911:, pp. 595–596.
1848:, pp. 461–462.
1315:, pp. 122–123.
1261:, pp. 106–107.
1099:, pp. 192–193.
1043:, pp. 501–502.
933:translation of the
724:Third Dynasty of Ur
619:Third Dynasty of Ur
617:, and kings of the
484:Poem of the Mattock
392:Third Dynasty of Ur
341:. In this context,
249:Third Dynasty of Ur
2678:Gilgamesh the King
2592:Shullat and Hanish
900:Gilgamesh and the
767:inscriptions from
751:Later attestations
710:An inscription of
650:
2967:
2966:
2897:
2896:
2792:Princess Mononoke
2694:Timewyrm: Genesys
2641:
2640:
2477:Epic of Gilgamesh
2420:Media related to
2331:978-1-5015-0526-3
2278:978-0-9667495-0-2
2036:978-1-61451-708-5
1942:978-3-7278-1738-0
1629:, pp. 28–29.
1617:, pp. 95–96.
1509:, pp. 96–97.
973:Ninsun and Enkidu
935:Epic of Gilgamesh
915:Epic of Gilgamesh
839:New Year festival
812:Epic of Gilgamesh
728:Death of Ur-Nammu
611:Thorkild Jacobsen
597:Duttur and Dumuzi
584:notes that while
476:Epic of Gilgamesh
419:Ninsun refers to
385:Epic of Gilgamesh
322:Epic of Gilgamesh
198:Epic of Gilgamesh
172:
157:
156:
83:Epic of Gilgamesh
58:Major cult center
2997:
2955:
2954:
2929:Sîn-lēqi-unninni
2659:
2658:
2649:
2491:
2490:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2431:
2419:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2366:
2335:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2290:
2270:
2258:
2233:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2185:
2161:
2151:
2123:
2096:
2067:
2040:
2013:
1985:
1946:
1934:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1849:
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1837:
1831:
1825:
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1807:
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1795:
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1774:
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1759:
1753:
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1666:
1657:
1651:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1567:Michalowski 2008
1564:
1558:
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1540:
1534:
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1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
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1199:
1193:
1184:
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1142:
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1118:
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1094:
1088:
1082:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1017:
1011:
927:Andrew R. George
170:
169:
38:
19:
18:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2943:
2909:Popular culture
2893:
2875:
2845:
2806:
2771:
2721:Classical music
2716:
2650:
2637:
2611:
2535:
2480:
2473:
2412:
2407:
2400:
2398:
2381:
2379:
2355:
2332:
2304:
2302:
2279:
2268:
2230:
2200:
2198:
2174:
2159:
2141:
2112:
2085:
2056:
2037:
2003:
1982:
1943:
1932:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1832:
1828:
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1816:
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1804:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1777:
1769:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1721:
1713:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1675:
1667:
1660:
1652:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1561:
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1549:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1465:
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1438:
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1423:
1415:
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1399:
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1387:
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1362:
1355:
1347:
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1323:
1319:
1311:
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1206:
1202:
1194:
1187:
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1172:
1164:
1151:
1143:
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1131:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1020:
1012:
1005:
1000:
975:
947:
911:
896:
894:Gilgamesh myths
860:
855:
753:
741:theophoric name
661:god lists from
655:
635:
599:
548:
498:
468:
448:forerunner and
417:
412:
396:Gudea of Lagash
383:version of the
290:
263:Puzur-Ninsun.
261:theophoric name
247:Kings from the
175:
153:
45:
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3003:
2993:
2992:
2990:Cattle deities
2987:
2982:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2861:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2840:The Beginnings
2836:
2829:
2822:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2796:
2788:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2760:
2751:
2742:
2733:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2674:
2665:
2663:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2623:Bull of Heaven
2619:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2579:
2574:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2472:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2425:
2411:
2410:External links
2408:
2406:
2405:
2386:
2367:
2353:
2336:
2330:
2316:. De Gruyter.
2309:
2296:"Puzur-Ninsun"
2291:
2277:
2259:
2234:
2228:
2205:
2186:
2172:
2152:
2139:
2124:
2110:
2097:
2083:
2068:
2054:
2041:
2035:
2021:. De Gruyter.
2014:
2001:
1986:
1980:
1947:
1941:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1909:Wasserman 2005
1901:
1899:, p. 598.
1897:Wasserman 2005
1889:
1887:, p. 597.
1885:Wasserman 2005
1877:
1875:, p. 183.
1865:
1863:, p. 462.
1850:
1838:
1836:, p. 308.
1826:
1814:
1812:, p. 461.
1802:
1800:, p. 460.
1790:
1788:, p. 127.
1775:
1773:, p. 459.
1760:
1748:
1746:, p. 456.
1736:
1734:, p. 452.
1719:
1704:
1692:
1673:
1658:
1656:, p. 126.
1643:
1631:
1619:
1607:
1605:, p. 257.
1595:
1593:, p. 251.
1583:
1581:, p. 110.
1571:
1569:, p. 133.
1559:
1557:, p. 170.
1547:
1545:, p. 221.
1535:
1523:
1511:
1499:
1497:, p. 119.
1487:
1485:, p. 503.
1475:
1463:
1451:
1449:, p. 136.
1436:
1434:, p. 162.
1432:Krebernik 2003
1421:
1409:
1407:, p. 116.
1397:
1395:, p. 115.
1385:
1383:, p. 108.
1368:
1366:, p. 169.
1353:
1351:, p. 220.
1341:
1329:
1327:, p. 485.
1325:Krebernik 2011
1317:
1305:
1303:, p. 107.
1293:
1291:, p. 123.
1278:
1276:, p. 106.
1263:
1251:
1249:, p. 118.
1239:
1237:, p. 117.
1224:
1212:
1200:
1198:, p. 205.
1185:
1183:, p. 143.
1170:
1168:, p. 502.
1149:
1137:
1135:, p. 166.
1125:
1123:, p. 197.
1113:
1111:, p. 196.
1101:
1089:
1087:, p. 193.
1074:
1072:, p. 148.
1062:
1060:, p. 147.
1045:
1033:
1031:, pp. 37.
1018:
1016:, pp. 74.
1002:
1001:
999:
996:
984:Neo-Babylonian
974:
971:
946:
943:
910:
907:
902:Bull of Heaven
895:
892:
864:Early Dynastic
859:
856:
854:
851:
808:Kassite period
760:Old Babylonian
752:
749:
739:) bearing the
659:Early Dynastic
654:
651:
634:
631:
598:
595:
547:
544:
538:and ends with
497:
496:Other children
494:
467:
464:
416:
413:
411:
408:
381:Old Babylonian
331:In texts from
289:
286:
173:
155:
154:
152:
151:
141:
138:
132:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
105:
101:
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
78:
74:
73:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
39:
31:
30:
27:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3002:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2960:
2959:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2940:
2939:Tale of Gudam
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2865:
2864:Forgotten One
2862:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2354:1-883053-83-8
2350:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2267:
2266:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2229:9789004364936
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2196:
2192:
2191:"Šilam-kurra"
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2173:3-447-04659-7
2169:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2111:1-883053-77-3
2107:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2084:0-19-814922-0
2080:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2055:0-931464-80-3
2051:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1981:9781575065434
1977:
1973:
1972:2027.42/77471
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1931:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1910:
1905:
1898:
1893:
1886:
1881:
1874:
1869:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1847:
1842:
1835:
1830:
1824:, p. 29.
1823:
1818:
1811:
1806:
1799:
1794:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1758:, p. 46.
1757:
1752:
1745:
1740:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1717:, p. 11.
1716:
1711:
1709:
1701:
1696:
1690:, p. 74.
1689:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1671:, p. 73.
1670:
1665:
1663:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1641:, p. 88.
1640:
1635:
1628:
1623:
1616:
1611:
1604:
1599:
1592:
1587:
1580:
1575:
1568:
1563:
1556:
1555:Sharlach 2017
1551:
1544:
1539:
1533:, p. 67.
1532:
1527:
1521:, p. 65.
1520:
1515:
1508:
1503:
1496:
1491:
1484:
1479:
1473:, p. 52.
1472:
1467:
1461:, p. 22.
1460:
1459:Sharlach 2017
1455:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1419:, p. 44.
1418:
1413:
1406:
1401:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1350:
1345:
1339:, p. 68.
1338:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1297:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1260:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1222:, p. 75.
1221:
1216:
1210:, p. 80.
1209:
1204:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1147:, p. 77.
1146:
1141:
1134:
1129:
1122:
1117:
1110:
1105:
1098:
1093:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1042:
1037:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1003:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
906:
904:
903:
891:
888:
884:
883:
878:
874:
869:
865:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
765:cylinder seal
761:
757:
748:
746:
745:Puzrish-Dagan
742:
738:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
673:
668:
664:
660:
647:
643:
639:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
594:
592:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
562:Bulluṭsa-rabi
559:
558:
553:
543:
541:
537:
536:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
500:The god list
493:
491:
490:
485:
481:
477:
473:
463:
461:
457:
453:
452:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
422:
407:
405:
401:
397:
394:, as well as
393:
390:Kings of the
388:
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
370:
365:
361:
360:Ur-Ningirsu I
357:
353:
349:
344:
340:
339:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
314:lexical lists
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
270:
266:The god list
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:
194:
190:
186:
182:
181:Nin-sumun(ak)
178:
166:, cuneiform:
165:
162:(also called
161:
149:
145:
142:
139:
137:
134:
133:
131:
127:
124:
121:
117:
113:
109:
106:
102:
97:
93:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
42:Louvre Museum
37:
32:
25:
20:
2956:
2934:George Smith
2886:
2868:
2858:Gilgamesh II
2856:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2763:
2754:
2745:
2736:
2727:
2708:
2700:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2668:
2633:Scorpion man
2576:
2511:Enmebaragesi
2475:
2436:at Wikiquote
2399:, retrieved
2394:
2380:, retrieved
2375:
2372:"Lugalbanda"
2344:
2313:
2303:, retrieved
2299:
2264:
2246:
2242:
2210:
2199:, retrieved
2194:
2163:
2129:
2101:
2073:
2045:
2018:
1991:
1955:
1928:
1919:Bibliography
1904:
1892:
1880:
1868:
1841:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1793:
1756:Beckman 2003
1751:
1739:
1702:, p. 5.
1695:
1634:
1622:
1610:
1598:
1586:
1574:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1502:
1490:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1417:Gadotti 2014
1412:
1400:
1388:
1344:
1332:
1320:
1313:Gadotti 2014
1308:
1296:
1289:Gadotti 2014
1254:
1242:
1215:
1203:
1140:
1128:
1116:
1104:
1092:
1065:
1036:
976:
959:Cedar Forest
948:
934:
914:
912:
899:
897:
880:
868:Abu Salabikh
861:
832:
824:Bēlet-balāṭi
811:
805:
754:
736:
731:
727:
709:
670:
667:Abu Salabikh
656:
600:
578:Ninigizibara
560:composed by
557:Hymn to Gula
555:
549:
539:
533:
529:
525:
517:
501:
499:
487:
483:
479:
475:
469:
449:
445:
418:
389:
384:
378:
367:
355:
351:
342:
336:
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321:
305:
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267:
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246:
241:
221:
219:
196:
180:
163:
159:
158:
81:
2880:Video games
2655:Adaptations
2531:Utnapishtim
2397:(in German)
2378:(in German)
2197:(in German)
1873:George 2003
1861:George 2003
1846:George 2003
1834:George 2003
1822:George 2003
1810:George 2003
1798:George 2003
1786:George 2003
1771:George 2003
1744:George 2003
1732:George 2003
1715:George 2003
1700:George 2003
1688:Lisman 2019
1669:Lisman 2019
1639:George 1993
1627:George 2003
1579:George 1993
1507:George 1993
1495:George 1993
1483:Wilcke 1998
1381:George 2003
1301:George 2003
1274:George 2003
1259:George 2003
1247:Wilcke 1987
1235:Wilcke 1987
1220:Lisman 2019
1208:Lisman 2019
1181:George 2003
1166:Wilcke 1998
1133:George 2003
1070:George 2003
1058:George 2003
1041:Wilcke 1998
1014:Erkens 2002
963:Ningishzida
937:known from
877:clay tablet
510:Uṣur-amāssu
207:Mesopotamia
50:Other names
2974:Categories
2811:Television
2662:Literature
2486:Characters
2401:2022-05-12
2382:2022-05-12
2305:2022-05-12
2201:2022-05-12
2149:1333355368
2140:9652260185
2002:3050036605
1364:Litke 1998
1349:Litke 1998
1029:Klein 1981
998:References
866:myth from
737:dumu lugal
672:Zame Hymns
586:syncretism
566:Nintinugga
434:Lugalbanda
348:Lugalbanda
296:.GUL. The
236:, while a
209:, such as
193:Lugalbanda
123:Lugalbanda
114:(possibly)
2870:Gilgamesh
2764:Gilgamesh
2757:(Nørgård)
2755:Gilgamesh
2746:Gilgamesh
2739:(Kodallı)
2737:Gilgamesh
2526:Urshanabi
2501:Gilgamesh
2287:470337605
2255:0075-2118
2214:. BRILL.
2011:979911892
1447:Katz 2003
1337:Krul 2018
853:Mythology
816:Sîn-kāšid
756:Sîn-kāšid
570:Ninkarrak
518:An = Anum
502:An = Anum
472:Gilgamesh
466:Gilgamesh
451:An = Anum
446:An = Anum
404:Ninhursag
364:Lammašaga
298:cuneiform
288:Character
269:An = Anum
189:Gilgamesh
171:NIN.SUMUN
136:Gilgamesh
99:Genealogy
53:Ninsumuna
2958:Category
2766:(Brucci)
2748:(Saygun)
2552:Anunnaki
2391:"Ninsun"
2363:56414097
2182:51728225
2120:51770219
2093:51668477
2064:27813103
980:adoption
835:Seleucid
820:Ninisina
720:Gatumdag
705:Ur-Nammu
642:Ur-Nammu
627:Utuhegal
506:Seleucid
326:Akkadian
318:genitive
310:Sumerian
253:Ur-Nammu
177:Sumerian
168:𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄢
164:Ninsumun
129:Children
94:wild cow
61:KI.KAL,
2628:Humbaba
2582:Shamash
2540:Deities
2521:Shamhat
2422:Ninsuna
992:Humbaba
951:Shamash
939:Hattusa
931:Hittite
923:Shamhat
773:Shamash
633:Worship
591:Ninurta
514:Ninimma
442:Weidner
238:Hittite
234:Shamhat
226:Shamash
119:Consort
104:Parents
91:Animals
2850:Comics
2819:Darmok
2803:(2024)
2795:(1997)
2787:(1985)
2713:(2009)
2705:(2006)
2697:(1991)
2689:(1986)
2681:(1984)
2673:(1973)
2602:Silili
2597:Siduri
2577:Ninsun
2571:Inanna
2567:Ishtar
2516:Enkidu
2494:Humans
2434:Ninsun
2361:
2351:
2328:
2285:
2275:
2253:
2226:
2180:
2170:
2147:
2137:
2118:
2108:
2091:
2081:
2062:
2052:
2033:
2009:
1999:
1978:
1939:
967:Irnina
919:Enkidu
887:Inanna
843:Ishtar
801:Ningal
793:Ninlil
769:Sippar
716:Nanshe
701:temple
693:Ku'ara
681:Nippur
677:Lagash
607:Duttur
603:Dumuzi
574:Nanshe
530:sukkal
526:sukkal
522:Enkidu
480:líl-lá
456:Emesal
430:Anunna
369:sukkal
333:Lagash
278:Duttur
274:Dumuzi
257:Shulgi
230:Enkidu
211:Nippur
160:Ninsun
148:Duttur
144:Dumuzi
71:Lagash
22:Ninsun
2924:Mashu
2902:Other
2562:Enlil
2269:(PDF)
2160:(PDF)
1933:(PDF)
988:Eanna
797:Nanna
789:Enlil
785:Shala
758:, an
712:Gudea
540:an-na
535:lugal
425:Urash
400:Aruru
356:lamma
352:lamma
343:lamma
338:lamma
306:sumun
112:Urash
77:Abode
2919:Uruk
2776:Film
2547:Adad
2359:OCLC
2349:ISBN
2326:ISBN
2283:OCLC
2273:ISBN
2251:ISSN
2224:ISBN
2178:OCLC
2168:ISBN
2145:OCLC
2135:ISBN
2116:OCLC
2106:ISBN
2089:OCLC
2079:ISBN
2060:OCLC
2050:ISBN
2031:ISBN
2007:OCLC
1997:ISBN
1976:ISBN
1937:ISBN
965:and
873:Elam
847:Antu
828:Gula
799:and
791:and
783:and
781:Adad
779:and
775:and
697:Umma
689:Uruk
665:and
663:Fara
615:Damu
576:and
552:Gula
546:Gula
460:Mari
438:Uruk
423:and
304:and
282:Gula
255:and
222:Epic
213:and
203:Uruk
110:and
63:Uruk
2607:Wer
2586:Utu
2506:Aga
2318:doi
2216:doi
2023:doi
1968:hdl
1960:doi
955:Aya
862:An
841:of
833:In
795:or
777:Aya
718:or
421:Anu
402:or
374:Bau
372:of
308:in
302:sun
294:NIN
108:Anu
2976::
2557:Ea
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2374:,
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2245:.
2241:.
2222:.
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2114:.
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2029:.
2005:,
1974:.
1966:.
1954:.
1853:^
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1439:^
1424:^
1371:^
1356:^
1281:^
1266:^
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1173:^
1152:^
1077:^
1048:^
1021:^
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941:.
882:En
849:.
830:.
803:.
732:en
695:,
691:,
687:,
685:Ur
683:,
679:,
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1962::
1945:.
150:)
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