2034:
287:
3492:
1504:
1156:
5684:
2161:
2050:
lists, alongside
Lushootseed's 60 speakers, 100 speakers for Skagit, 107 for Southern Puget Sound Salish, and 10 for Snohomish (a dialect on the boundary between the northern and southern varieties). Some sources given for these figures, however, go back to the 1970s when the language was less critically endangered. Linguist
2297:
Dialects differ in several ways. Pronunciation between dialects is different. In
Northern dialects, the stress of the word generally falls on the first non-schwa of the root, whereas in the Southern dialects, stress usually is placed on the penultimate syllable. Some words do not fit the pattern, but
3552:
The
Lushootseed language originates from the coastal region of Northwest Washington State and the Southwest coast of Canada. There are words in the Lushootseed language which are related to the environment and the fishing economy that surrounded the Salish tribes. The following tables show different
2466:
Morphology also differs between
Northern and Southern Lushootseed. Northern Lushootseed and Southern Lushootseed have related, but different determiner systems. There are also several differences in utilizing the prefix for marking "place where" or "reason for," in subordinate clauses, with Northern
2049:
quotes a source published in 1990 (and therefore presumably reflecting the situation in the late 1980s), according to which there were 60 fluent speakers of
Lushootseed, evenly divided between the northern and southern dialects. On the other hand, the Ethnologue list of United States languages also
2054:
has collected more recent data on the number of speakers of various Native
American languages, and could document that by the end of the 1990s there were only a handful of elders left who spoke Lushootseed fluently. The language was extensively documented and studied by linguists with the aid of
2136:. It was sponsored by The Puyallup Tribal Language Program in partnership with University of Washington Tacoma and its School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences. A similar program is scheduled to be offered in August 2019, with the instructors Danica Sterud Miller, Assistant Professor of
2083:
also teach at the
Tulalip Early Learning Academy, Quil Ceda-Tulalip Elementary in the Marysville School District, Totem Middle School, and Marysville-Getchell, Marysville-Pilchuck and Heritage High Schools. Since 1996, the Tulalip Lushootseed Department has hosted the annual
1480:'no, none, nothing' which always comes at the beginning of the sentence that is to be negated. It is constructed in two possible ways, one for negatives of existence, and one for negatives of identity. If taking the form of a negative of identity, a proclitic
2298:
generally, pronunciation is consistent in those ways. Northern
Lushootseed also was affected by progressive dissimilation targeting palatal fricatives and affricates, whereas Southern Lushootseed was not, leading to some words like
2062:
In 2014, there were only five second-language speakers of
Lushootseed. As of 2022, although there were not yet native speakers, there were approximately 472 second-language Lushootseed speakers, according to data collected by the
429:, numbering 12,000 at its peak. Today, however, it is primarily a ceremonial language, spoken for heritage or symbolic purposes, and there are about 472 second-language speakers. It is classified as Critically Endangered by the
2289:
The Lower and Upper Skagit dialects have variously been categorized as being different from one another, or one in the same, but are both recognized as being distinct from the Sauk dialect. There is no consensus on whether the
433:
and classified as
Reawakening by Ethnologue. Despite this, many Lushootseed-speaking tribes are attempting to revitalize their language in daily use, with several language programs and classes offered across the region.
1269:
Lushootseed is capable of creating grammatically correct sentences that contain only a verb, with no subject or object. All information beyond the action is to be understood by context. This can be demonstrated in
1300:
which can mean 'on, above, in, beside, around' among a number of potential other meanings. They come before the object they reference, much like in English. Examples of this can be found in the following phrases:
1289:
Despite its general status as VSO, Lushootseed can be rearranged to be subject-verb-object (SVO) and verb-object-subject (VOS). Doing so does not modify the words themselves, but requires the particle
7149:
5434:. Studies in the anthropology of North American Indians. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press in cooperation with the American Indian Studies Research Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington.
2079:' Lushootseed Language Department teaches classes in Lushootseed, and its website has Lushootseed phrases with audio. The Tulalip Montessori School also teaches Lushootseed to young children.
7144:
7154:
2129:-compliant typefaces that met the needs of the language. Drawing upon traditional Lushootseed carvings and artwork, she developed two typefaces: Lushootseed School and Lushootseed Sulad.
1713:
is one of the most common. It indicates an imperfective aspect-present tense (similar to English '-ing') for verbs that do not involve motion. More specifically, a verb may use
5103:
1484:
must be added to the sentence on the next adverb. If there are no further adverbs in the sentence, the proclitic attaches to the head word of the predicate, as in the sentence
2502:
which does not change to reflect the pronunciation such as when an affix is introduced. The chart below is based on the Lushootseed Dictionary. Typographic variations such as
2059:, d. 2008, who was the last speaker with a full native command of Lushootseed. There are efforts at reviving the language, and instructional materials have been published.
9833:
4279:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
4264:ʔəsdiɬdiɬgʷəs ti sdᶻəw̓il ʔi ti staltalx̌ ʔə ti sbək̓ʷaʔkʷbixʷ tul̕ʔal ti sgʷəcs. ʔəstalx̌ əlgʷəʔ kʷi gʷəsx̌əčbids gʷəl ɬutabab ti bək̓ʷaʔkʷbixʷ x̌əɬ ti tə təɬ syəyaʔyaʔ.
561:
with voiceless stops or fricatives. It is one of only three known languages to possess all three types of glottalized consonant (ejectives, implosives, and resonants).
7023:
5772:
5083:
1262:
language, given its high number of morphemes, including a large number of lexical suffixes. Word order is fairly flexible, although it is generally considered to be
5058:
9848:
7339:
7180:
7175:
6396:
2122:
There are also efforts within the Puyallup Tribe. Their website and social media, aimed at anyone interested in learning the language, are updated often.
9838:
7261:
7078:
6426:
445:
The name of the language in Lushootseed is pronounced (and spelled) variably across different dialects. In the northern dialects, the language is called
6356:
4849:
9561:
9843:
6431:
4948:
7033:
6731:
6351:
4952:
442:
Lushootseed has been historically known as Niskwalli/Nisqually, Puget Sound Salish, Puget Salish, Pugué, Squaxon, Skagit, and Skagit-Nisqually.
6506:
6386:
6335:
164:
2090:, a summer language camp for children. Teachers also offer family classes in the evening every year, making Lushootseed a family experience.
2220:
7332:
5993:
5608:
4559:
6726:
6411:
6406:
430:
297:
7053:
5554:
4353:
6456:
6361:
5100:
2520:
The Tulalip Tribes of Washington's Lushootseed Language Department created a display with nearly all the letters in the Lushootseed
2125:
To facilitate the use of Lushootseed in electronic files, in 2008 the Tulalip Tribes contracted type designer Juliet Shen to create
9696:
9666:
7058:
6666:
6257:
530:
7325:
7159:
1466:
Here, negation takes the first position, the subject pronoun takes the second, and 'Lummi' is pushed to the end of the sentence.
4388:
9777:
6307:
5417:
Beck, David. "Transitivity and causation in Lushootseed morphology." Working Papers of the Linguistics Circle 13 (1996): 11–20.
9732:
9723:
9690:
9660:
9654:
9648:
9449:
7028:
4271:
4255:
2040:
ti šišəgʷł gʷəl al tiʔəʔəxʷ sgʷaʔčəł səxʷəsłałlilčəł siʔał dəgʷi gʷəl liiiiləxʷ dʔiišəd cəłul̕ul̕ cəł ʔəslax̌ədxʷ ti gʷaalapu
9738:
9717:
9711:
9678:
9672:
9406:
9368:
7589:
5730:
2987:
884:
426:
94:
31:
4967:
1568:
1220:
9789:
9783:
7394:
3329:
3007:
2949:
967:
949:
854:
319:
1540:
1192:
9598:
8150:
5580:
2685:
806:
17:
7123:
5878:
5412:
4786:
3539:
1587:
1239:
377:
3521:
9616:
8589:
7446:
6858:
6833:
5986:
5601:
3246:
2666:
1547:
1199:
898:
734:
9823:
9105:
8155:
7645:
7538:
5934:
5128:
2827:
2536:
2141:
2133:
1127:
1084:
470:
309:
7948:
9005:
8062:
7508:
7348:
7113:
6863:
5873:
5498:
5465:
5439:
5375:
5209:
4924:
4886:
4756:
3517:
3335:
1525:
1177:
9090:
2203:
9828:
8915:
8579:
8003:
7241:
6072:
2848:
1975:
1554:
1206:
679:
204:
2067:. By their definition, a "speaker" includes anyone who speaks in Lushootseed for at least an hour each day.
9551:
7756:
7570:
6793:
5476:
Lushootseed Book 1; The language of the Skagit, Nisqually, and other tribes of Puget Sound. An Introduction
3513:
3308:
3227:
2628:
1844:
literally means 'to jump, leap, or run, especially in a short burst of energy', and is correctly used with
1521:
1173:
1099:
891:
727:
273:
6813:
6798:
6521:
6511:
3428:
3386:
3326:
3299:
3213:
3190:
2935:
2912:
2818:
2788:
2517:
that are part of the root word and those inserted through agglutination which are written in superscript.
1722:
if it does not result in a change of position for its subject. It is commonly known as a "state of being":
1611:
Almost all instances of a verb in Lushootseed (excluding the zero copula) carry a prefix indicating their
1036:
1032:
9538:
9414:
9277:
7518:
7476:
7471:
6983:
6888:
6818:
6531:
6486:
5979:
5594:
4431:
2821:
2802:
2647:
2494:
According to work published by Vi Hilbert and other Lushootseed-language specialists, Lushootseed uses a
2108:
1263:
1078:
928:
799:
2096:
teaches Lushootseed to Native elementary school children in their Native Language and Culture program.
1536:
1188:
8880:
8523:
8510:
8448:
8283:
8160:
7088:
6973:
6913:
6878:
6346:
6300:
5868:
5708:
5188:
A Cultural Resource Overview: Prehistory, Ethnography and History: Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest
5033:
3442:
3401:
3264:
3107:
958:
914:
720:
713:
4567:
8549:
8276:
7533:
7513:
7503:
7048:
6641:
6242:
6201:
5903:
5863:
4393:
3459:
3440:
3418:
3399:
3376:
3353:
3281:
3262:
3244:
3225:
3203:
3180:
3161:
3142:
3124:
3105:
3086:
3066:
3043:
3023:
3005:
2985:
2966:
2947:
2925:
2902:
2883:
2864:
2846:
2800:
2778:
2759:
2741:
2722:
2720:
2701:
2683:
2664:
2645:
2626:
2607:
2588:
2572:
2570:
2552:
2314:
Differences in stress in Northern and Southern Lushootseed. (Stress is marked with an acute accent.)
2064:
2023:
1133:
672:
587:
4592:
9325:
8885:
8689:
8023:
7565:
7461:
7436:
7389:
7073:
5698:
3502:
3302:
3144:
1276:' managed to find '. Sentences which contain no verb at all are also common, as Lushootseed has no
1093:
755:
1619:. Below is a (non-exhaustive) list of these prefixes, along with their meanings and applications.
9853:
8832:
8635:
8614:
8554:
8033:
7735:
7728:
7498:
7401:
7103:
6963:
6958:
6903:
6838:
6768:
6556:
6481:
6476:
6247:
6161:
6154:
5893:
3506:
2866:
2703:
2590:
2145:
2137:
2104:
1514:
1166:
741:
665:
658:
111:
8910:
5234:
3553:
words from different Lushootseed dialects relating to the salmon fishing and coastal economies.
2451:
Different dialects often use completely different words. For example, the word for "raccoon" is
2132:
In the summer of 2016, the first ever adult immersion program in Lushootseed was offered at the
9623:
9546:
8795:
8530:
8515:
8247:
8233:
8083:
7888:
7795:
7714:
7528:
7226:
7195:
7098:
7083:
7008:
6993:
6908:
6873:
6848:
6773:
6581:
6566:
6330:
6118:
6026:
5124:
3283:
3126:
1259:
792:
785:
418:
395:
136:
7930:
5586:
5516:
Way of the Lushootseed People; Ceremonies & Traditions of North Puget Sound's First People
9684:
9340:
9303:
9079:
9065:
8842:
8824:
8500:
8495:
8421:
8104:
8028:
7998:
7973:
7749:
7650:
7493:
6928:
6843:
6783:
6596:
6561:
6293:
5939:
5929:
5284:
4456:
3068:
3025:
2112:
936:
541:
Lushootseed has a complex consonantal phonology and 4 vowel phonemes. Along with more common
9795:
7937:
7909:
4776:
2291:
2242:
2225:
2212:
9579:
9515:
9477:
9472:
9231:
9037:
9000:
8813:
8733:
8654:
8569:
8254:
7968:
7700:
7523:
7289:
7108:
7093:
7038:
7013:
6978:
6953:
6938:
6933:
6923:
6893:
6853:
6803:
6696:
6491:
6451:
6391:
5913:
5777:
5669:
4361:
4304:
3163:
2761:
2499:
2277:
2179:
2169:
2149:
2019:
1995:
1380:'you' (second-person plural). It does not generally refer to the third person in any way.
1277:
1031:. However, the nasals , , , and may appear in some speech styles and words as variants of
827:
686:
407:
403:
182:
177:
7923:
5059:"Lushootseed, the endangered oral language of the coast Salish peoples, gets its own font"
8:
9801:
9467:
9335:
9205:
9058:
8992:
8890:
8369:
8266:
8170:
8055:
7899:
7870:
7813:
7675:
7660:
7560:
7550:
7488:
7483:
7466:
7406:
7271:
6943:
6918:
6898:
6883:
6808:
6788:
6551:
6526:
6516:
6381:
6340:
6103:
5650:
5544:
2885:
1601:
1561:
1253:
1213:
876:
813:
422:
8875:
7916:
2229:
9858:
9750:
9396:
9345:
9072:
9051:
9030:
9023:
9010:
8946:
8870:
8704:
8628:
8541:
8456:
8410:
8382:
8213:
8122:
8013:
7988:
7963:
7878:
7823:
7742:
7655:
7625:
7426:
7216:
7003:
6948:
6868:
6828:
6823:
6778:
6591:
6541:
6536:
6471:
6186:
6112:
6002:
5623:
5168:
4942:
2247:
2100:
2003:
1616:
778:
582:
516:
131:
80:
8928:
5565:
265:
9744:
9120:
9115:
8964:
8905:
8900:
8865:
8860:
8850:
8621:
8594:
8584:
8574:
8461:
8437:
8429:
8402:
8397:
8332:
8301:
8290:
8240:
8198:
8183:
8090:
7833:
7808:
7803:
7763:
7693:
7630:
7411:
7306:
7236:
7231:
6968:
6676:
6252:
6226:
6216:
6168:
6123:
6066:
5833:
5803:
5522:
dxʷlešucid xʷgʷədgʷatəd tul̓ʔal taqʷšəblu; Some Lushootseed Vocabulary from taqʷšəblu
5494:
5461:
5435:
5408:
5381:
5371:
4930:
4920:
4892:
4882:
4875:
4782:
4750:
4510:
4502:
4498:
4318:
2743:
2272:
2015:
2007:
1967:
1612:
1293:
to mark the change. The exact nature of this particle is the subject of some debate.
1113:
845:
604:
542:
399:
9462:
9457:
2510:
do not indicate phonemic distinctions. Capital letters are not used in Lushootseed.
315:
9768:
9756:
9702:
9505:
9434:
9419:
9376:
9212:
9182:
9177:
9140:
9130:
9100:
8972:
8895:
8772:
8740:
8726:
8719:
8669:
8646:
8607:
8564:
8505:
8487:
8469:
8392:
8387:
8377:
8350:
8218:
8145:
8135:
8111:
8097:
8076:
7993:
7851:
7841:
7770:
7721:
7680:
7620:
7615:
7378:
7367:
7301:
7278:
7266:
7185:
6736:
6686:
6681:
6671:
6656:
6646:
6546:
6501:
6376:
6221:
6147:
6087:
6052:
5960:
5838:
5818:
5808:
5798:
5782:
5767:
5757:
4732:
3053:
2994:
Though they represent the same sound, all three variations of the letter are seen.
2257:
2011:
1987:
1971:
599:
577:
342:
101:
5187:
9500:
9487:
9386:
9241:
9135:
9125:
8977:
8935:
8790:
8761:
8754:
8712:
8699:
8694:
8684:
8679:
8664:
8476:
8340:
8208:
8193:
8188:
8178:
8018:
8008:
7859:
7818:
7670:
7665:
7607:
7431:
7317:
7251:
7118:
7043:
7018:
6988:
6716:
6691:
6631:
6576:
6496:
6436:
6371:
6082:
6016:
5908:
5888:
5828:
5813:
5107:
5009:
3363:
2051:
1028:
594:
123:
7978:
5460:. University of Montana occasional papers in linguistics. S.l.: Tulalip Tribes.
2080:
278:
9762:
9491:
9429:
9391:
9236:
9192:
9187:
9172:
9167:
9044:
8982:
8954:
8920:
8785:
8780:
8674:
8599:
8358:
8345:
8203:
8140:
8130:
8069:
8041:
7958:
7846:
7784:
7777:
7685:
7555:
7416:
7296:
7256:
7203:
7128:
6621:
6466:
6446:
6366:
6276:
6129:
6092:
6041:
5955:
5883:
5747:
5549:
5342:
4973:
4813:
2609:
2513:
Some older works based on the Dictionary of Puget Salish distinguishes between
2495:
2267:
2107:. Lushootseed has also been used as a part of environmental history courses at
1963:
647:
193:
5560:
4620:"haʔł sləx̌il txʷəl gʷəlapu. ʔəsx̌id čəxʷ siʔiʔab. - Puyallup Tribal Language"
4415:
9817:
9197:
9110:
9015:
8855:
8805:
8659:
8226:
8048:
7983:
7883:
7707:
7635:
7545:
7421:
7246:
6998:
6661:
6586:
6461:
6077:
4506:
3420:
3378:
3205:
3182:
2927:
2904:
2780:
1060:
921:
907:
834:
820:
762:
748:
693:
629:
550:
546:
526:
69:
5423:
Music of the First Nations: Tradition and Innovation in Native North America
5334:
5084:"Aesthetic Innovation in Indigenous Typefaces: Designing a Lushootseed Font"
4934:
4896:
4514:
1860:, which means 'to jump or run for an extended period of time', is used with
549:
contrasts, Lushootseed has a plain-glottalic contrast, which is realized as
529:, believe it may be an old word for "people," possibly related to the word "
9439:
9424:
9381:
9249:
8800:
8747:
7640:
7456:
7451:
7068:
7063:
6636:
6626:
6316:
5752:
5258:
4736:
4488:
3461:
3355:
3088:
3045:
2968:
2554:
2521:
2208:
1954:
is considered marginal and does not work with an actual lexical possessor.
1009:
1000:
991:
982:
769:
200:
5195:
248:
241:
234:
227:
6651:
5898:
5703:
5534:
4314:
2262:
1999:
1983:
1072:
1055:
414:
398:
of the Salishan language family. Lushootseed is the general name for the
84:
5172:
5156:
4560:"For students, Tulalip Tribes' native language a connection to the past"
2524:, sans the letter b̓, which is a rare sound which no words begin with.
2033:
1439:
The subject pronoun always comes in the second position in the sentence:
525:, is an archaic word for the Puget Sound region. Some scholars, such as
9556:
8559:
7441:
7221:
6721:
6441:
6046:
5843:
5432:
Lushootseed texts: an introduction to Puget Salish narrative aesthetics
5400:
4706:
4493:
2281:
2116:
2056:
2046:
1528: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1180: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1121:
1065:
2103:. A course in Lushootseed language and literature has been offered at
2093:
9510:
7575:
6747:
6706:
6701:
6611:
6606:
5971:
5823:
5539:
4723:
Maddieson, Ian (2013). Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.).
4531:
2252:
2027:
1991:
1296:
Prepositions in Lushootseed are almost entirely handled by one word,
1107:
554:
258:
218:
4619:
3491:
2194:). Both of these dialects can then be broken down into subdialects:
1503:
1155:
286:
6616:
6416:
5683:
5555:“History professor helps keep local Native American language alive”
5550:
Interactive alphabet app through the Tulalip Lushootseed Department
4354:"History professor helps keep local Native American language alive"
2616:
Rare, non-initial. Voiced bilabial stop with glottalized stricture
2160:
1982:
family of languages. The language is spoken by many peoples in the
1979:
1771:
617:
558:
327:
5575:
6711:
6571:
6421:
5762:
5385:
5111:
4322:
4308:
3832:
a word that covers all Pacific salmon and some species of trout.
3571:
a word that covers all Pacific salmon and some species of trout.
2474:
2458:
2299:
2189:
2183:
2126:
2076:
1025:
464:
458:
452:
323:
57:
51:
413:
Lushootseed was historically spoken across southern and western
9571:
6752:
6742:
6601:
6401:
6285:
5718:
5616:
5429:
507:
498:
294:
5452:(Lushootseed language, cultural, and storytelling traditions.)
5215:(Report). Tacoma, Washington: Puyallup Tribal Language Program
1889:
There are five possessive affixes, derived from the pronouns:
366:
4724:
3095:
Rare due to phonetic evolution. Laryngealized alveolar nasal
2736:
2514:
2037:
Bust of Chief Seattle with accompanying text in Lushootseed:
357:
5192:
4675:
A Lushootseed Analysis of a 1877 Dictionary by George Gibbs
4661:
A Lushootseed Analysis of a 1877 Dictionary by George Gibbs
7024:
Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon
5570:
4636:
354:
326:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
293:
Lushootseed is classified as Critically Endangered by the
2294:
should be grouped into Northern or Southern Lushootseed.
1807:-. Some verbs also exhibit a contrast in meaning between
410:, which are further separated into smaller sub-dialects.
348:
4851:
Elements of Lushootseed Grammar in Discourse Perspective
2099:
As of 2013, an annual Lushootseed conference is held at
4814:"Words and prosodic phrasing in Lushootseed narrative*"
4389:"Language immersion house helps revitalize Lushootseed"
1957:
27:
Salishan language or dialect continuum of North America
5450:
Lushootseed Language & Literature: Program reader.
5101:
UWT to offer Lushootseed immersion program this summer
4914:
3316:
Pronounced either as in the English "boot" or "boat."
457:, whereas in the Muckleshoot dialect it is pronounced
4358:
Scene - Life of the Mind, Pacific Lutheran University
378:
363:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4693:
Lushootseed Reader with Introductory Grammar, vol I.
3820:
Northern Lushootseed/Snohomish Salmonoid Vocabulary
2835:
Pronounced either as in the English "bee" or "bay."
2486:
for more information on this dialectical variation.
1474:
Negation in Lushootseed takes the form of an adverb
369:
360:
345:
30:
For a list of all Lushootseed-speaking peoples, see
9834:
Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast
351:
7347:
4874:
3889:Northern Lushootseed/Snohomish Aquatic Vocabulary
1978:, are in the Central Coast Salish subgroup of the
7509:North-Central American / Upper Midwestern English
5329:
5327:
5318:The Salish Language Familhy Reconstructing Syntax
4996:The Salish Language Familhy Reconstructing Syntax
4972:. Lushootseed Press. pp. 2–4. Archived from
4834:
4593:"Voices of Youth Keep Lushootseed Language Alive"
4347:
4345:
4343:
4298:
4262:
4236:
4224:
4212:
4200:
4194:
4182:
4170:
4158:
4146:
4134:
4122:
4110:
4098:
4086:
4074:
4062:
4050:
4038:
4026:
4014:
4002:
3990:
3978:
3966:
3954:
3942:
3930:
3918:
3906:
3894:
3873:
3861:
3849:
3837:
3825:
3804:
3792:
3780:
3768:
3756:
3744:
3732:
3720:
3708:
3696:
3684:
3672:
3660:
3648:
3636:
3624:
3612:
3600:
3588:
3576:
3564:
2468:
2452:
2305:
2173:
2168:Lushootseed consists of two main dialect groups,
2085:
2038:
1872:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1828:
1818:
1809:
1801:
1792:
1784:
1776:
1758:
1748:
1740:
1726:
1715:
1706:
1485:
1475:
1453:
1443:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1336:
1321:
1305:
1281:
1271:
520:
510:
501:
492:
446:
45:
9815:
7376:
4872:
4659:Gibbs, George, Zahir, Zalmai (ed.), "Foreward",
4654:
4652:
9849:Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas
5509:Haboo: Native American Stories from Puget Sound
5425:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 35–36.
5253:
5251:
5249:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5138:
4873:Bates, Dawn E; Hess, Thom; Hilbert, Vi (1994).
491:The English name "Lushootseed" is derived from
431:UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
238: – Southern Lushootseed (covered by )
5566:The Lushootseed Peoples of Puget Sound Country
5393:
5324:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5305:
4686:
4684:
4631:
4629:
4340:
1734:'I am feeling fine.' or 'I am in good health.'
7333:
6301:
5987:
5602:
5545:Keyboards and fonts for typing in Lushootseed
5233:Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom; Vi, Hilbert (1994).
4910:
4908:
4906:
4775:Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom; Vi, Hilbert (1994).
4649:
5576:Dr. David Beck, Salishan Language specialist
5540:The Tulalip Lushootseed Department's Website
5491:Lushootseed Reader with Introductory Grammar
5368:Lushootseed Reader with Introductory Grammar
5246:
5135:
4947:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4917:Lushootseed reader with introductory grammar
4704:
4586:
4584:
4526:
4524:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4387:Gibeau, Steven; Bryant, Molly (2024-02-15).
4386:
4382:
4380:
4378:
5407:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
5302:
5232:
4965:
4881:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
4774:
4681:
4626:
4553:
4551:
3520:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1258:Lushootseed can be considered a relatively
9839:Indigenous languages of Washington (state)
7340:
7326:
6308:
6294:
5994:
5980:
5682:
5609:
5595:
5320:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 8.
5185:Hollenbeck, Jan L.; Moss, Madonna (1987).
5114:, April 7, 2016 (retrieved April 25, 2016)
4998:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 3.
4951:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4903:
4698:
3559:Southern Lushootseed Salmonoid Vocabulary
2070:
285:
5514:Hilbert, Vi, Crisca Bierwest, Thom Hess.
5511:. Seattle: University of Washington, 1985
5483:Lushootseed Book 2 (Advanced Lushootseed)
4722:
4614:
4612:
4581:
4521:
4474:
4375:
3540:Learn how and when to remove this message
3468:Laryngealized high front unrounded glide
2164:Historical extent of Lushootseed dialects
1588:Learn how and when to remove this message
1240:Learn how and when to remove this message
5518:. Third Edition, Lushootseed Press, 2001
5430:Indiana University, Bloomington (1996).
5191:. United States Forest Service. p. 162.
5056:
4597:94.9 FM - Seattle News & Information
4548:
4417:Lushootseed, Seattle's original language
2159:
2134:University of Washington's Tacoma campus
2032:
298:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
9844:Native American language revitalization
7599:
7160:Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs
7150:South Puget Intertribal Planning Agency
5420:
5370:. Vol. I. Dallas: Tulalip Tribes.
5315:
5207:
4993:
4807:
4805:
4770:
4768:
4766:
2111:. It has been spoken during the annual
1493:
1356:Lushootseed has four subject pronouns:
320:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
9816:
6001:
4609:
4449:
7375:
7321:
7145:Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission
6289:
5975:
5590:
5088:Glimpse | the Art + Science of Seeing
4847:
4672:
4590:
4557:
4351:
4272:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
4256:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3799:fish with a large amount of body fat
2144:, and Zalmai Zahir, a PhD student of
2081:Tulalip Lushootseed language teachers
574:
7155:Washington Indian Gaming Association
5557:by Drew Brown for PLU Scene Magazine
5488:
5455:
5365:
5154:
5081:
4802:
4763:
3518:adding citations to reliable sources
3485:
2498:writing system meaning that it is a
1958:Related languages and current status
1526:adding citations to reliable sources
1497:
1374:'you' (second-person singular), and
1178:adding citations to reliable sources
1149:
252: – Snohomish (covered by )
32:List of Lushootseed-speaking peoples
7034:Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis
5581:Developing a corpus for Lushootseed
5493:. Missoula: University of Montana.
3475:
2087:dxʷləšucid sʔəsqaləkʷ ʔə ti wiw̓suʔ
1824:-, and only one of them is correct:
1738:If a verb does involve motion, the
1280:. An example of such a sentence is
451:. In most southern dialects, it is
24:
4781:. University of Washington Press.
4673:Zahir, Zalmai (2009). "Foreward".
4637:"dxʷləšucid, Lushootseed Research"
427:large number of Indigenous peoples
25:
9870:
7124:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
5879:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
5528:
4658:
3334:
3328:
3307:
3301:
2826:
2820:
2463:is used in Southern Lushootseed.
2457:in Northern Lushootseed, whereas
1132:
1126:
1112:
1098:
1092:
1083:
1077:
1008:
999:
990:
966:
957:
948:
927:
920:
913:
906:
897:
890:
883:
853:
833:
826:
819:
812:
805:
798:
791:
784:
768:
761:
754:
747:
740:
733:
726:
719:
712:
692:
685:
678:
671:
664:
657:
245: – Skagit (covered by )
9617:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
7447:Inland Northern American English
6315:
5535:Puyallup Tribal Language Program
5125:"LUSHOOTSEED LANGUAGE INSTITUTE"
4966:Hess, Thom; Hilbert, Vi (1995).
4811:
4690:
3490:
3362:Laryngealized high back rounded
3075:Rare due to phonetic evolution
3052:Rare due to phonetic evolution.
3032:Rare due to phonetic evolution.
2483:
2115:that takes place throughout the
1962:Lushootseed, like its neighbors
1606:
1502:
1154:
469:is derived from the original by
388:Puget Salish, Puget Sound Salish
341:
9599:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
5935:Port Madison Indian Reservation
5359:
5277:
5226:
5201:
5179:
5129:University of Washington Tacoma
5117:
5094:
5075:
5050:
5026:
5002:
4987:
4959:
4915:Hess, Thom, 1936-2009. (1995).
4866:
4848:Zahir, Zalmai (December 2018).
4716:
4666:
4249:
2473:and Southern Lushootseed using
2142:University of Washington Tacoma
1513:needs additional citations for
1165:needs additional citations for
402:composed of two main dialects,
7349:Languages of the United States
7138:Organizations and institutions
7114:Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians
5874:Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians
4432:"About dxʷləšucid Lushootseed"
4424:
4407:
4291:
2489:
1976:North Straits Salish languages
480:and switching the position of
13:
1:
7029:Confederated Tribes of Siletz
5259:"sƛ̓əladiʔ – Alphabet/Sounds"
5210:Twulshootseed Advisory Notice
5208:Hayward, Amber (2021-05-19).
5057:Anderson, Hans (2020-06-20).
4566:. Everett, WA. Archived from
4334:
3481:
1884:
1362:'I' (first-person singular),
564:
463:. The southern pronunciation
9552:Black American Sign Language
9330:Creole Hawai'i Sign Language
7571:Western Pennsylvania English
6859:Sto꞉lo Nation Chiefs Council
6794:Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt First Nation
5930:Swinomish Indian Reservation
5884:Tulalip Tribes of Washington
5082:Shen, Juliet (Autumn 2010).
4691:Hess, Thom, "Introduction",
4591:Gauld, Ben (June 24, 2015).
4414:Seattle Channel (Nov 2022).
1368:'we' (first-person plural),
536:
95:Lushootseed-speaking peoples
7:
9346:Navajo Family Sign Language
7059:Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe
6984:Tsleil-Waututh First Nation
6889:Tsleil-waututh First Nation
5857:Federally recognized tribes
5481:Hess, Thom and Vi Hilbert.
5474:Hess, Thom and Vi Hilbert.
5399:Bates, D., Hess, T., &
5394:Language-learning materials
5335:"tiʔiʔiɬ kʷi ʔišil aquatic"
5161:Anthropological Linguistics
5035:Lushootseed_Syllabus_06.pdf
2155:
2109:Pacific Lutheran University
1469:
1351:
417:roughly between modern-day
10:
9875:
9562:Puerto Rican Sign Language
7089:Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe
6974:Yakweakwioose First Nation
6879:Yakweakwioose First Nation
6834:Shxw'ow'hamel First Nation
5869:Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe
4969:Lushootseed Grammar Book 1
4755:: CS1 maint: url-status (
4558:Fiege, Gale (2013-03-31).
4237:
4225:
4213:
4201:
4195:
4183:
4171:
4159:
4147:
4135:
4123:
4111:
4099:
4087:
4075:
4063:
4051:
4039:
4027:
4015:
4003:
3991:
3979:
3967:
3955:
3943:
3931:
3919:
3907:
3895:
3874:
3862:
3850:
3838:
3826:
3805:
3793:
3781:
3769:
3757:
3745:
3733:
3721:
3709:
3697:
3685:
3673:
3661:
3649:
3637:
3625:
3613:
3601:
3589:
3577:
3565:
3427:Labialized counterpart of
3385:Labialized counterpart of
3212:Labialized counterpart of
3189:Labialized counterpart of
2934:Labialized counterpart of
2911:Labialized counterpart of
2787:Labialized counterpart of
2304:("wife") being pronounced
1950:The third person singular
1746:- prefix is replaced with
1599:
1251:
29:
9637:
9608:
9588:
9570:
9537:
9528:
9486:
9448:
9405:
9367:
9358:
9318:
9285:Anishinaabe Sign Language
9276:
9267:
9222:
9160:
9153:
9089:
8991:
8963:
8945:
8841:
8823:
8771:
8645:
8540:
8486:
8447:
8420:
8368:
8331:
8300:
8264:
8169:
8121:
7947:
7897:
7869:
7832:
7794:
7606:
7588:
7534:Southern American English
7514:Pacific Northwest English
7504:Northern American English
7385:
7366:
7355:
7194:
7168:
7137:
7054:Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe
7049:Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe
6761:
6323:
6270:
6235:
6209:
6200:
6178:
6139:
6034:
6025:
6009:
5948:
5922:
5904:Puyallup Tribe of Indians
5864:Upper Skagit Indian Tribe
5856:
5791:
5740:
5729:
5691:
5680:
5659:
5643:
5632:
5524:. Lushootseed Press, 1993
5485:. Lushootseed Press, 1995
4705:Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom;
4394:Puyallup Tribe of Indians
3888:
3819:
3558:
3002:Glottalized barred-lambda
1852:-. In contrast, the verb
1145:
1125:
1091:
1076:
1042:
935:
875:
646:
603:
598:
593:
586:
581:
576:
386:), historically known as
306:
284:
272:
256:
216:
211:
190:
171:
157:
120:
110:
100:
90:
75:
65:
44:
39:
8312:San Felipe–Santo Domingo
7566:Western American English
7462:Midland American English
7437:General American English
7390:African-American English
7074:Muckleshoot Indian Tribe
5899:Muckleshoot Indian Tribe
5699:Salishan oral narratives
5561:Lushootseed | Ethnologue
5478:. Lushootseed Press 1995
5289:Puyallup Tribal Language
4725:"Glottalized Consonants"
4461:The Lushootseed Language
4284:
4129:little neck steam clams
3456:Glottalized/Strictured y
3350:Glottalized/Strictured w
3083:Glottalized/Strictured n
3040:Glottalized/Strictured m
2963:Glottalized/Strictured l
1658:Completed telic actions
1490:'Don't get hurt again'.
1384:Pronouns of Lushootseed
231: – Lushootseed
9288:Blackfoot Sign Language
7499:New York Latino English
7402:American Indian English
7211:Sliammon/Mainland Comox
7104:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
6964:Tsawwassen First Nation
6959:Snuneymuxw First Nation
6904:Kwikwetlem First Nation
6839:Skawahlook First Nation
5894:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
5316:Kroeber, P. D. (1999).
4994:Kroeber, P. D. (1999).
4323:
4309:
4299:
4263:
2475:
2469:
2459:
2453:
2306:
2300:
2190:
2184:
2174:
2146:theoretical linguistics
2138:American Indian Studies
2105:Evergreen State College
2094:Wa He Lut Indian School
2086:
2071:Language revitalization
2039:
1873:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1829:
1819:
1810:
1802:
1793:
1785:
1777:
1774:actions use the prefix
1759:
1749:
1741:
1727:
1716:
1707:
1486:
1476:
1454:
1444:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1337:
1322:
1306:
1282:
1272:
570:Lushootseed consonants
521:
511:
502:
493:
465:
459:
453:
447:
437:
58:
52:
46:
9824:Coast Salish languages
9624:Henniker Sign Language
9547:American Sign Language
9291:Cheyenne Sign Language
8156:Central Siberian Yupik
8151:Central Alaskan Yup'ik
7646:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
7556:Upper Michigan English
7529:Puerto Rican Englishes
7099:Skokomish Indian Tribe
7084:Quinault Indian Nation
7079:Nisqually Indian Tribe
7009:Esquimalt First Nation
6994:Union Bar First Nation
6914:Chemainus First Nation
6909:Semiahmoo First Nation
6874:Tzeachten First Nation
6849:Soowahlie First Nation
6814:Sq'éwlets First Nation
6799:Leq'á:mel First Nation
6774:Chawathil First Nation
5909:Nisqually Indian Tribe
5448:Chamberlain, Rebecca,
5421:Browner, Tara (2009).
5405:Lushootseed Dictionary
5236:Lushootseed Dictionary
5157:"Lushootseed Dialects"
4877:Lushootseed dictionary
4778:Lushootseed Dictionary
4737:10.5281/zenodo.7385533
4711:Lushootseed Dictionary
4457:"What is Lushootseed?"
4297:Northern Lushootseed:
3739:kippered dried salmon
3200:Glottalized q-raised-w
2922:Glottalized k-raised-w
2310:in Northern dialects.
2165:
2043:
1986:region, including the
1882:
1838:
1782:-. Most verbs without
1768:
1736:
1487:xʷiʔ čəxʷ sixʷ ləbakʷɬ
1464:
1329:'My father is working
515:means "language." The
308:This article contains
116:472 L2 speakers (2022)
9326:Hawai'i Sign Language
9309:Ktunaxa Sign Language
9304:Plateau Sign Language
9066:Northern Sierra Miwok
9006:Southern Sierra Miwok
8315:Zia–Santa Ana Pueblos
8063:Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie
7551:Transatlantic English
7494:New York City English
7484:New Mexican Englishes
7467:New England Englishes
6929:Klahoose First Nation
6864:Stó꞉lō Tribal Council
6844:Skowkale First Nation
6784:Kwantlen First Nation
6227:Thompson River Salish
5949:Non-recognized groups
5940:Nisqually Reservation
5622:-speaking peoples of
4821:University of Toronto
4532:"Tulalip Lushootseed"
3478:below for resources.
2322:Southern Lushootseed
2319:Northern Lushootseed
2163:
2113:Tribal Canoe Journeys
2036:
2014:in the south and the
1870:
1826:
1756:
1724:
1648:Imperfective present
1638:Imperfective present
1441:
396:Coast Salish language
9829:Lushootseed language
9774:Serbo-Croatian (0.3)
9642:in 2021 in millions)
9580:Samoan Sign Language
9297:Navajo Sign Language
9232:Afro-Seminole Creole
9001:Central Sierra Miwok
8580:North Straits Salish
8004:Mescalero-Chiricahua
7524:Philadelphia English
7109:Squaxin Island Tribe
7094:Samish Indian Nation
7039:Cowlitz Indian Tribe
7014:Tsawout First Nation
6979:Tseycum First Nation
6939:Nanoose First Nation
6934:Malahat First Nation
6924:Homalco First Nation
6894:Musqueam Indian Band
6854:Squiala First Nation
6804:Matsqui First Nation
5914:Squaxin Island Tribe
5635:Lushootseed language
5571:Lushootseed Research
5112:Puyallup Tribal News
4919:. : Tulalip Tribes.
4352:Brown, Drew (2003).
4305:Southern Lushootseed
4141:large native oyster
3698:ʔalil tiʔiɫ ƛ̓usq̓íl
3514:improve this section
2415:take/hold something
2238:Southern Lushootseed
2199:Northern Lushootseed
2180:Southern Lushootseed
2170:Northern Lushootseed
2150:University of Oregon
1893:Possessive Suffixes
1522:improve this article
1494:Morphology and verbs
1174:improve this article
408:Southern Lushootseed
404:Northern Lushootseed
183:Southern Lushootseed
178:Northern Lushootseed
9640:(number of speakers
9638:Immigrant languages
9336:Inuit Sign Language
7561:Utah Mormon English
7489:New Orleans English
7407:Appalachian English
7169:Culture and society
6944:Peters First Nation
6919:Halalt First Nation
6899:Katzie First Nation
6819:Seabird Island Band
6789:Katzie First Nation
5709:Transformer/Changer
5651:Lushootseed grammar
5489:Hess, Thom (1995).
5456:Hess, Thom (1995).
5366:Hess, Thom (1995).
5263:Tulalip Lushootseed
5155:Hess, Thom (1977).
4709:, "Language Name",
2680:Glottalized c-wedge
2315:
1894:
1880:'You are jumping.'
1698:Subjunctive/future
1602:Lushootseed grammar
1385:
1339:šəqabac ʔal ti piit
1264:verb-subject-object
1254:Lushootseed grammar
1049:
1048:Lushootseed vowels
1024:Lushootseed has no
571:
9415:Pennsylvania Dutch
9294:Cree Sign Language
9106:Havasupai–Hualapai
9052:Kings River Yokuts
9031:Buena Vista Yokuts
9011:Tule-Kaweah Yokuts
7519:Pennsylvania Dutch
7442:High Tider English
7427:California English
6869:Sumas First Nation
6829:Skway First Nation
6824:Skwah First Nation
6779:Cheam First Nation
6003:Salishan languages
5458:Lushootseed reader
5265:. 27 December 2016
5175:– via JSTOR.
5106:2016-04-17 at the
3901:orca/killer whale
3763:dried salmon eggs
2508:⟨pʼ⟩
2504:⟨p'⟩
2467:Lushootseed using
2313:
2166:
2101:Seattle University
2044:
1892:
1766:'I'm going home.'
1462:'I am not Lummi.'
1452:'Are you Lummi?'
1383:
1047:
569:
18:Nisqually language
9811:
9810:
9633:
9632:
9524:
9523:
9354:
9353:
9268:Manual Indigenous
9263:
9262:
9259:
9258:
9149:
9148:
8524:Northeastern Pomo
8511:Southeastern Pomo
8284:Northern Kalapuya
7584:
7583:
7412:Baltimore English
7315:
7314:
6969:Yale First Nation
6283:
6282:
6277:extinct languages
6266:
6265:
6253:Colville-Okanagan
6196:
6195:
5969:
5968:
5852:
5851:
5678:
5677:
5063:KNKX Public Radio
4499:SIL International
4420:(Video). YouTube.
4270:Article 1 of the
4254:Article 1 of the
4247:
4246:
3884:
3883:
3815:
3814:
3550:
3549:
3542:
3472:
3471:
2500:phonemic alphabet
2449:
2448:
2292:Skykomish dialect
1948:
1947:
1702:
1701:
1598:
1597:
1590:
1572:
1437:
1436:
1345:On top of the bed
1250:
1249:
1242:
1224:
1140:
1139:
1022:
1021:
985:
943:
848:
781:
709:
654:
642:
637:
632:
625:
620:
613:
400:dialect continuum
334:
333:
316:rendering support
312:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
9866:
9535:
9534:
9506:Louisiana Creole
9365:
9364:
9274:
9273:
9158:
9157:
8449:Plateau Penutian
8277:Central Kalapuya
7604:
7603:
7597:
7596:
7379:American English
7373:
7372:
7342:
7335:
7328:
7319:
7318:
6884:Sts'ailes Nation
6310:
6303:
6296:
6287:
6286:
6207:
6206:
6073:Northern Straits
6032:
6031:
5996:
5989:
5982:
5973:
5972:
5961:Steilacoom Tribe
5792:Southern peoples
5741:Northern peoples
5738:
5737:
5733:
5686:
5641:
5640:
5636:
5626:
5620:
5611:
5604:
5597:
5588:
5587:
5504:
5471:
5445:
5426:
5389:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5331:
5322:
5321:
5313:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5255:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5214:
5205:
5199:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5152:
5133:
5132:
5121:
5115:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5054:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5040:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4963:
4957:
4956:
4946:
4938:
4912:
4901:
4900:
4880:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4845:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4818:
4809:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4772:
4761:
4760:
4754:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4688:
4679:
4678:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4656:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4633:
4624:
4623:
4616:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4588:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4555:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4528:
4519:
4518:
4485:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4384:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4360:. Archived from
4349:
4328:
4326:
4312:
4302:
4295:
4266:
4258:in Lushootseed:
4240:
4239:
4228:
4227:
4216:
4215:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4197:
4186:
4185:
4174:
4173:
4162:
4161:
4150:
4149:
4138:
4137:
4126:
4125:
4114:
4113:
4102:
4101:
4090:
4089:
4078:
4077:
4066:
4065:
4054:
4053:
4042:
4041:
4030:
4029:
4018:
4017:
4006:
4005:
3994:
3993:
3982:
3981:
3970:
3969:
3958:
3957:
3946:
3945:
3934:
3933:
3922:
3921:
3910:
3909:
3898:
3897:
3886:
3885:
3877:
3876:
3865:
3864:
3853:
3852:
3844:Chinook or King
3841:
3840:
3829:
3828:
3817:
3816:
3808:
3807:
3796:
3795:
3784:
3783:
3772:
3771:
3760:
3759:
3748:
3747:
3736:
3735:
3724:
3723:
3712:
3711:
3703:spawning season
3700:
3699:
3688:
3687:
3676:
3675:
3664:
3663:
3652:
3651:
3640:
3639:
3631:the pink salmon
3628:
3627:
3616:
3615:
3604:
3603:
3592:
3591:
3583:Chinook or King
3580:
3579:
3568:
3567:
3556:
3555:
3545:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3525:
3494:
3486:
3465:
3446:
3430:
3424:
3405:
3388:
3382:
3359:
3340:
3338:
3332:
3313:
3311:
3305:
3287:
3268:
3250:
3231:
3215:
3209:
3192:
3186:
3167:
3148:
3130:
3111:
3092:
3072:
3049:
3029:
3011:
2991:
2972:
2953:
2937:
2931:
2914:
2908:
2889:
2870:
2852:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2806:
2790:
2784:
2765:
2747:
2726:
2707:
2689:
2670:
2651:
2632:
2613:
2594:
2576:
2558:
2527:
2526:
2509:
2505:
2478:
2472:
2462:
2456:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2303:
2193:
2187:
2177:
2089:
2075:As of 2013, the
2042:
1895:
1891:
1879:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1836:'You jump(ed).'
1835:
1822:
1813:
1805:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1765:
1752:
1744:
1733:
1719:
1710:
1622:
1621:
1593:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1530:
1506:
1498:
1489:
1479:
1461:
1451:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1342:
1328:
1323:ʔuyayus ti dbad
1313:
1307:stab əw̓ə tiʔiɫ
1285:
1275:
1245:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1182:
1158:
1150:
1136:
1130:
1116:
1102:
1096:
1087:
1081:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1012:
1003:
994:
981:
970:
961:
952:
941:
931:
924:
917:
910:
901:
894:
887:
857:
846:lateral ejective
844:
837:
830:
823:
816:
809:
802:
795:
788:
777:
772:
765:
758:
751:
744:
737:
730:
723:
716:
707:
696:
689:
682:
675:
668:
661:
652:
640:
635:
628:
623:
616:
611:
572:
568:
524:
514:
505:
496:
468:
462:
456:
450:
392:Skagit-Nisqually
382:
376:
375:
372:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
300:
289:
268:
251:
244:
237:
230:
221:
196:
126:
61:
55:
49:
37:
36:
21:
9874:
9873:
9869:
9868:
9867:
9865:
9864:
9863:
9814:
9813:
9812:
9807:
9641:
9639:
9629:
9604:
9584:
9566:
9530:
9520:
9482:
9444:
9401:
9360:
9350:
9314:
9269:
9255:
9224:
9218:
9145:
9092:
9085:
8987:
8959:
8941:
8886:Northern Paiute
8837:
8833:Coast Tsimshian
8819:
8767:
8641:
8536:
8482:
8443:
8416:
8364:
8327:
8296:
8260:
8165:
8117:
8024:Upper Kuskokwim
7950:
7943:
7893:
7865:
7828:
7790:
7591:
7590:Oral Indigenous
7580:
7576:Yeshiva English
7432:Chicano English
7381:
7362:
7351:
7346:
7316:
7311:
7190:
7164:
7133:
7119:Suquamish Tribe
7044:Suquamish Tribe
7019:Cowichan Tribes
7004:T'Sou-ke Nation
6989:Squamish Nation
6954:shíshálh Nation
6949:Tla'amin Nation
6769:Aitchelitz Band
6757:
6319:
6314:
6284:
6279:
6262:
6231:
6202:Interior Salish
6192:
6174:
6135:
6021:
6005:
6000:
5970:
5965:
5944:
5918:
5889:Suquamish Tribe
5848:
5787:
5731:
5725:
5687:
5674:
5655:
5634:
5628:
5624:
5618:
5615:
5531:
5501:
5468:
5442:
5396:
5378:
5362:
5357:
5348:
5346:
5333:
5332:
5325:
5314:
5303:
5293:
5291:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5268:
5266:
5257:
5256:
5247:
5239:
5231:
5227:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5206:
5202:
5184:
5180:
5153:
5136:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5108:Wayback Machine
5099:
5095:
5080:
5076:
5067:
5065:
5055:
5051:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5018:
5016:
5008:
5007:
5003:
4992:
4988:
4979:
4977:
4964:
4960:
4940:
4939:
4927:
4913:
4904:
4889:
4871:
4867:
4857:
4855:
4846:
4835:
4825:
4823:
4816:
4810:
4803:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4773:
4764:
4748:
4747:
4741:
4739:
4721:
4717:
4703:
4699:
4689:
4682:
4671:
4667:
4657:
4650:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4627:
4618:
4617:
4610:
4601:
4599:
4589:
4582:
4573:
4571:
4556:
4549:
4540:
4538:
4530:
4529:
4522:
4487:
4486:
4475:
4466:
4464:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4441:
4439:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4399:
4397:
4385:
4376:
4367:
4365:
4350:
4341:
4337:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4313:
4303:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4252:
3856:sockeye salmon
3811:Lightly smoked
3794:sxʷudᶻəʔdaliɫəd
3595:Sockeye salmon
3546:
3535:
3529:
3526:
3511:
3495:
3484:
3415:Rounded x-wedge
3056:bilabial nasal
2982:Barred/Belted l
2507:
2503:
2492:
2158:
2073:
2052:Marianne Mithun
1960:
1887:
1763:ƛ̕a čəd ʔálʔal.
1609:
1604:
1594:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1531:
1529:
1519:
1507:
1496:
1472:
1354:
1286:'What that?'.
1283:stab əw̓ə tiʔiɫ
1256:
1246:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1183:
1181:
1171:
1159:
1148:
1142:
1045:
589:
567:
539:
506:along with the
440:
394:, is a Central
380:
344:
340:
314:Without proper
302:
301:
292:
264:
247:
246:
240:
239:
233:
232:
226:
225:
217:
197:
192:
167:
160:
153:
127:
124:Language family
122:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9872:
9862:
9861:
9856:
9854:Tulalip Tribes
9851:
9846:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9826:
9809:
9808:
9806:
9805:
9799:
9793:
9787:
9781:
9775:
9772:
9766:
9760:
9754:
9748:
9742:
9736:
9730:
9727:
9721:
9715:
9709:
9706:
9700:
9694:
9688:
9682:
9676:
9670:
9664:
9658:
9652:
9645:
9643:
9635:
9634:
9631:
9630:
9628:
9627:
9620:
9612:
9610:
9606:
9605:
9603:
9602:
9594:
9592:
9586:
9585:
9583:
9582:
9576:
9574:
9568:
9567:
9565:
9564:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9543:
9541:
9532:
9529:Manual settler
9526:
9525:
9522:
9521:
9519:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9497:
9495:
9484:
9483:
9481:
9480:
9475:
9470:
9465:
9460:
9458:Caló (Chicano)
9454:
9452:
9446:
9445:
9443:
9442:
9437:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9417:
9411:
9409:
9403:
9402:
9400:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9384:
9379:
9373:
9371:
9362:
9356:
9355:
9352:
9351:
9349:
9348:
9343:
9341:Keresan Pueblo
9338:
9333:
9332:
9331:
9322:
9320:
9316:
9315:
9313:
9312:
9311:
9310:
9299:
9298:
9295:
9292:
9289:
9286:
9282:
9280:
9271:
9265:
9264:
9261:
9260:
9257:
9256:
9254:
9253:
9245:
9244:
9239:
9237:Chinook Jargon
9234:
9228:
9226:
9223:Mixed or trade
9220:
9219:
9217:
9216:
9209:
9201:
9200:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9170:
9164:
9162:
9155:
9151:
9150:
9147:
9146:
9144:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9097:
9095:
9087:
9086:
9084:
9083:
9076:
9069:
9062:
9055:
9048:
9045:Gashowu Yokuts
9041:
9034:
9027:
9019:
9018:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8997:
8995:
8989:
8988:
8986:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8969:
8967:
8961:
8960:
8958:
8957:
8951:
8949:
8943:
8942:
8940:
8939:
8932:
8924:
8923:
8918:
8916:Ute-Chemehuevi
8913:
8908:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8847:
8845:
8839:
8838:
8836:
8835:
8829:
8827:
8821:
8820:
8818:
8817:
8809:
8808:
8803:
8798:
8793:
8788:
8783:
8777:
8775:
8769:
8768:
8766:
8765:
8758:
8751:
8744:
8737:
8730:
8723:
8716:
8708:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8651:
8649:
8643:
8642:
8640:
8639:
8636:Upper Chehalis
8632:
8625:
8618:
8615:Lower Chehalis
8611:
8603:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8555:Columbia-Moses
8552:
8546:
8544:
8538:
8537:
8535:
8534:
8527:
8519:
8518:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8492:
8490:
8484:
8483:
8481:
8480:
8473:
8465:
8464:
8459:
8453:
8451:
8445:
8444:
8442:
8441:
8433:
8432:
8426:
8424:
8418:
8417:
8415:
8414:
8406:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8374:
8372:
8366:
8365:
8363:
8362:
8354:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8337:
8335:
8329:
8328:
8326:
8325:
8322:
8319:
8316:
8313:
8310:
8309:Cochiti Pueblo
8306:
8304:
8298:
8297:
8295:
8294:
8287:
8280:
8272:
8270:
8262:
8261:
8259:
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8237:
8230:
8222:
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8133:
8127:
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8119:
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8115:
8108:
8101:
8094:
8087:
8080:
8073:
8066:
8059:
8052:
8045:
8037:
8036:
8034:Western Apache
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
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7781:
7774:
7767:
7760:
7753:
7746:
7739:
7736:Mohegan-Pequot
7732:
7729:Miami-Illinois
7725:
7718:
7711:
7704:
7697:
7689:
7688:
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7678:
7673:
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7479:
7474:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7417:Boston English
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7398:
7397:
7386:
7383:
7382:
7370:
7364:
7363:
7356:
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7254:
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7234:
7229:
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7219:
7214:
7213:
7212:
7209:
7208:Island Comox †
7200:
7198:
7192:
7191:
7189:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7172:
7170:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7141:
7139:
7135:
7134:
7132:
7131:
7129:Tulalip Tribes
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
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6609:
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6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6532:Seabird Island
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6487:Tsleil-Waututh
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6432:Kwa-kwa-a-pilt
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
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6359:
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6338:
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6327:
6325:
6321:
6320:
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6312:
6305:
6298:
6290:
6281:
6280:
6271:
6268:
6267:
6264:
6263:
6261:
6260:
6258:Montana Salish
6255:
6250:
6248:Columbia-Moses
6245:
6239:
6237:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6213:
6211:
6204:
6198:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6190:
6182:
6180:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6165:
6162:Upper Chehalis
6158:
6155:Lower Chehalis
6151:
6143:
6141:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6133:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6109:
6108:
6107:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6070:
6063:
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6049:
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6029:
6023:
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6019:
6013:
6011:
6007:
6006:
5999:
5998:
5991:
5984:
5976:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5963:
5958:
5956:Duwamish Tribe
5952:
5950:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5926:
5924:
5920:
5919:
5917:
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5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
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5876:
5871:
5866:
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5854:
5853:
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5841:
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5811:
5806:
5801:
5795:
5793:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5748:Skagit peoples
5744:
5742:
5735:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5715:Spirit Powers
5713:
5712:
5711:
5701:
5695:
5693:
5689:
5688:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5672:
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5573:
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5563:
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5537:
5530:
5529:External links
5527:
5526:
5525:
5519:
5512:
5505:
5499:
5486:
5479:
5472:
5466:
5453:
5446:
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5415:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5376:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5343:Tulalip Tribes
5323:
5301:
5285:"The Alphabet"
5276:
5245:
5242:. pp. xi.
5225:
5200:
5178:
5167:(9): 403–419.
5134:
5116:
5093:
5074:
5049:
5025:
5014:Tulalip Tribes
5001:
4986:
4958:
4925:
4902:
4887:
4865:
4833:
4801:
4787:
4762:
4715:
4697:
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4127:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4107:
4106:
4105:native oyster
4103:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4083:
4082:
4079:
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4070:
4067:
4059:
4058:
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4022:
4019:
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4007:
3999:
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3995:
3987:
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3923:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3891:
3890:
3882:
3881:
3880:silver salmon
3878:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3858:
3857:
3854:
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3842:
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3561:
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3496:
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3483:
3480:
3476:external links
3470:
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3457:
3454:
3450:
3449:
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3432:
3431:
3425:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3383:
3374:
3373:x-w/x-raised-w
3371:
3367:
3366:
3360:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3324:
3322:
3318:
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2496:morphophonemic
2491:
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2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2204:(Upper) Skagit
2157:
2154:
2077:Tulalip Tribes
2072:
2069:
2065:Puyallup Tribe
2030:in the north.
1959:
1956:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1908:
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1903:Second Person
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1600:Main article:
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1394:Second Person
1392:
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1334:
1319:
1314:'What is that
1252:Main article:
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439:
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332:
331:
318:, you may see
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212:Language codes
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194:Writing system
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79:North Western
77:
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66:Native to
63:
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42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9871:
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9453:
9451:
9447:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9433:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9412:
9410:
9408:
9404:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9374:
9372:
9370:
9366:
9363:
9357:
9347:
9344:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9329:
9328:
9327:
9324:
9323:
9321:
9317:
9308:
9307:
9306:
9305:
9301:
9300:
9296:
9293:
9290:
9287:
9284:
9283:
9281:
9279:
9275:
9272:
9266:
9252:
9251:
9247:
9246:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9229:
9227:
9221:
9215:
9214:
9210:
9208:
9207:
9203:
9202:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9191:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9166:
9165:
9163:
9159:
9156:
9152:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9099:
9098:
9096:
9094:
9088:
9082:
9081:
9077:
9075:
9074:
9070:
9068:
9067:
9063:
9061:
9060:
9056:
9054:
9053:
9049:
9047:
9046:
9042:
9040:
9039:
9035:
9033:
9032:
9028:
9026:
9025:
9021:
9020:
9017:
9016:Valley Yokuts
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8998:
8996:
8994:
8990:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8970:
8968:
8966:
8962:
8956:
8953:
8952:
8950:
8948:
8944:
8938:
8937:
8933:
8931:
8930:
8926:
8925:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8848:
8846:
8844:
8840:
8834:
8831:
8830:
8828:
8826:
8822:
8816:
8815:
8811:
8810:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8796:Southern Tiwa
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8778:
8776:
8774:
8770:
8764:
8763:
8759:
8757:
8756:
8755:Tutelo-Saponi
8752:
8750:
8749:
8745:
8743:
8742:
8738:
8736:
8735:
8731:
8729:
8728:
8724:
8722:
8721:
8717:
8715:
8714:
8710:
8709:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8652:
8650:
8648:
8644:
8638:
8637:
8633:
8631:
8630:
8626:
8624:
8623:
8619:
8617:
8616:
8612:
8610:
8609:
8605:
8604:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8550:Coeur d'Alene
8548:
8547:
8545:
8543:
8539:
8533:
8532:
8531:Northern Pomo
8528:
8526:
8525:
8521:
8520:
8517:
8516:Southern Pomo
8514:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8493:
8491:
8489:
8485:
8479:
8478:
8474:
8472:
8471:
8467:
8466:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8454:
8452:
8450:
8446:
8440:
8439:
8435:
8434:
8431:
8428:
8427:
8425:
8423:
8419:
8413:
8412:
8408:
8407:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8375:
8373:
8371:
8367:
8361:
8360:
8356:
8355:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8338:
8336:
8334:
8330:
8324:Laguna Pueblo
8323:
8320:
8318:Western Keres
8317:
8314:
8311:
8308:
8307:
8305:
8303:
8299:
8293:
8292:
8288:
8286:
8285:
8281:
8279:
8278:
8274:
8273:
8271:
8269:
8268:
8263:
8257:
8256:
8252:
8250:
8249:
8248:Susquehannock
8245:
8243:
8242:
8238:
8236:
8235:
8234:Neutral Huron
8231:
8229:
8228:
8224:
8223:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8176:
8174:
8172:
8168:
8162:
8161:Chevak Cup’ik
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8128:
8126:
8124:
8120:
8114:
8113:
8109:
8107:
8106:
8102:
8100:
8099:
8095:
8093:
8092:
8088:
8086:
8085:
8084:Plains Apache
8081:
8079:
8078:
8074:
8072:
8071:
8067:
8065:
8064:
8060:
8058:
8057:
8053:
8051:
8050:
8046:
8044:
8043:
8039:
8038:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7956:
7954:
7952:
7946:
7940:
7939:
7935:
7933:
7932:
7928:
7926:
7925:
7921:
7919:
7918:
7914:
7912:
7911:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7902:
7901:
7896:
7890:
7889:Upper Chinook
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7876:
7874:
7872:
7868:
7862:
7861:
7857:
7856:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7839:
7837:
7835:
7831:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7801:
7799:
7797:
7793:
7787:
7786:
7782:
7780:
7779:
7775:
7773:
7772:
7768:
7766:
7765:
7761:
7759:
7758:
7754:
7752:
7751:
7747:
7745:
7744:
7740:
7738:
7737:
7733:
7731:
7730:
7726:
7724:
7723:
7719:
7717:
7716:
7715:Nawathinehena
7712:
7710:
7709:
7705:
7703:
7702:
7698:
7696:
7695:
7691:
7690:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7613:
7611:
7609:
7605:
7602:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7587:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7546:Texan English
7544:
7540:
7537:
7536:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7469:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7457:Maine English
7455:
7453:
7452:Miami English
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7422:Cajun English
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7396:
7393:
7392:
7391:
7388:
7387:
7384:
7380:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7365:
7360:
7357:Languages in
7354:
7350:
7343:
7338:
7336:
7331:
7329:
7324:
7323:
7320:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7291:
7288:Northern and
7287:
7286:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7244:
7243:
7242:North Straits
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7210:
7207:
7206:
7205:
7202:
7201:
7199:
7197:
7193:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7173:
7171:
7167:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7136:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6999:Nuxalk Nation
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6760:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6697:Stillaquamish
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6667:Sauk-Suiattle
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6587:Yakweakwioose
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6552:Shxw'ow'hamel
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6442:Kway-quit-lam
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6352:Clemclemaluts
6350:
6348:
6345:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6311:
6306:
6304:
6299:
6297:
6292:
6291:
6288:
6278:
6274:
6269:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6243:Coeur d’Alene
6241:
6240:
6238:
6234:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6199:
6189:
6188:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6177:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6159:
6157:
6156:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6138:
6132:
6131:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6105:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6064:
6062:
6061:
6057:
6055:
6054:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6024:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6008:
6004:
5997:
5992:
5990:
5985:
5983:
5978:
5977:
5974:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5921:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5855:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5790:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5778:Stillaguamish
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5728:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5690:
5685:
5671:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5658:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5631:
5627:
5621:
5612:
5607:
5605:
5600:
5598:
5593:
5592:
5589:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5523:
5520:
5517:
5513:
5510:
5507:Hilbert, Vi.
5506:
5502:
5496:
5492:
5487:
5484:
5480:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5463:
5459:
5454:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5437:
5433:
5428:
5424:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5413:9780295973234
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5397:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5373:
5369:
5364:
5363:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5330:
5328:
5319:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5264:
5260:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5238:
5237:
5229:
5211:
5204:
5197:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5182:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5130:
5126:
5120:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5102:
5097:
5089:
5085:
5078:
5064:
5060:
5053:
5037:
5036:
5029:
5015:
5011:
5010:"Lushootseed"
5005:
4997:
4990:
4976:on 2021-02-25
4975:
4971:
4970:
4962:
4954:
4950:
4944:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4922:
4918:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4884:
4879:
4878:
4869:
4853:
4852:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4822:
4815:
4812:Beck, David.
4808:
4806:
4790:
4788:9780295973234
4784:
4780:
4779:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4758:
4752:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4685:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4653:
4638:
4632:
4630:
4621:
4615:
4613:
4598:
4594:
4587:
4585:
4570:on 2013-06-30
4569:
4565:
4564:HeraldNet.com
4561:
4554:
4552:
4537:
4536:Tualip Tribes
4533:
4527:
4525:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4489:"Lushootseed"
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4462:
4458:
4452:
4437:
4433:
4427:
4419:
4418:
4410:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4364:on 2007-07-04
4363:
4359:
4355:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4339:
4325:
4320:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4294:
4290:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4243:small chiton
4242:
4235:
4234:
4231:large chiton
4230:
4223:
4222:
4219:any seashell
4218:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4196:č̓ič̓əlpyaqid
4193:
4192:
4188:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4013:
4012:
4009:sea cucumber
4008:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3879:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3810:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3730:
3727:fillet knife
3726:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3554:
3544:
3541:
3533:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3499:This section
3497:
3493:
3488:
3487:
3479:
3477:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3278:Glottalized t
3277:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3158:Glottalized q
3157:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3121:Glottalized p
3120:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3054:Laryngealized
3051:
3047:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2880:Glottalized k
2879:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2642:Glottalized c
2641:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2604:Glottalized b
2603:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2511:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2464:
2461:
2455:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2302:
2295:
2293:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2162:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2055:tribal elder
2053:
2048:
2041:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2020:Stillaguamish
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1906:Third Person
1905:
1902:
1900:First Person
1899:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1881:
1878:
1877:təlawil čəxʷ.
1876:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1859:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1773:
1770:Completed or
1767:
1764:
1762:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1607:Verb prefixes
1603:
1592:
1589:
1581:
1578:December 2023
1570:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1539: –
1538:
1537:"Lushootseed"
1534:
1533:Find sources:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1511:This section
1509:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1491:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1450:
1448:
1440:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:Third Person
1396:
1393:
1391:First Person
1390:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1309:ʔal tə stulək
1304:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1260:agglutinating
1255:
1244:
1241:
1233:
1230:December 2023
1222:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1191: –
1190:
1189:"Lushootseed"
1186:
1185:Find sources:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1163:This section
1161:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1143:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1040:
1030:
1027:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1002:
998:
996:
993:
989:
987:
984:
983:laryngealized
980:
979:
976:
974:
972:
969:
965:
963:
960:
956:
954:
951:
947:
945:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
923:
919:
916:
912:
909:
905:
903:
900:
896:
893:
889:
886:
882:
880:
878:
874:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
856:
852:
850:
847:
843:
842:
839:
836:
832:
829:
825:
822:
818:
815:
811:
808:
804:
801:
797:
794:
790:
787:
783:
780:
776:
775:
771:
767:
764:
760:
757:
753:
750:
746:
743:
739:
736:
732:
729:
725:
722:
718:
715:
711:
706:
705:
702:
700:
698:
695:
691:
688:
684:
681:
677:
674:
670:
667:
663:
660:
656:
651:
649:
645:
639:
634:
631:
627:
622:
619:
615:
610:
609:
606:
601:
596:
591:
584:
579:
573:
562:
560:
556:
552:
551:laryngealized
548:
547:labialization
544:
534:
532:
528:
527:Wayne Suttles
523:
518:
513:
509:
504:
500:
495:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
472:
467:
461:
455:
449:
443:
435:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:
374:
338:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
311:
305:
299:
296:
288:
283:
280:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
261:
260:
255:
250:
243:
236:
229:
223:
220:
215:
210:
206:
202:
199:
195:
189:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
174:
170:
166:
162:
156:
146:
143:
142:
140:
139:
138:
135:
134:
133:
129:
125:
119:
115:
113:
109:
105:
103:
99:
96:
93:
89:
86:
83:, around the
82:
78:
74:
71:
70:United States
68:
64:
60:
54:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
9622:
9615:
9597:
9589:
9478:Sabine River
9473:Puerto Rican
9425:Plautdietsch
9359:Oral settler
9302:
9250:Mohawk Dutch
9248:
9211:
9204:
9080:Plains Miwok
9078:
9071:
9064:
9057:
9050:
9043:
9036:
9029:
9022:
8934:
8927:
8812:
8760:
8753:
8746:
8739:
8732:
8725:
8718:
8711:
8634:
8627:
8620:
8613:
8606:
8529:
8522:
8501:Eastern Pomo
8496:Central Pomo
8475:
8468:
8436:
8409:
8357:
8321:Acoma Pueblo
8289:
8282:
8275:
8265:
8253:
8246:
8239:
8232:
8225:
8110:
8105:Upper Umpqua
8103:
8096:
8089:
8082:
8075:
8068:
8061:
8054:
8047:
8040:
8029:Upper Tanana
7999:Lower Tanana
7936:
7929:
7922:
7915:
7908:
7898:
7858:
7796:Austronesian
7783:
7776:
7769:
7762:
7755:
7750:Narragansett
7748:
7741:
7734:
7727:
7720:
7713:
7706:
7699:
7692:
7651:Massachusett
7377:Dialects of
7361:are extinct.
7358:
7283:
7064:Lummi Nation
6642:Upper Skagit
6637:Lower Skagit
6317:Coast Salish
6272:
6185:
6167:
6160:
6153:
6146:
6128:
6111:
6102:
6097:
6065:
6059:
6058:
6051:
6027:Coast Salish
5923:Reservations
5633:
5617:
5521:
5515:
5508:
5490:
5482:
5475:
5457:
5449:
5431:
5422:
5404:
5367:
5360:Bibliography
5347:. Retrieved
5345:. 2017-03-19
5338:
5317:
5292:. Retrieved
5288:
5279:
5267:. Retrieved
5262:
5235:
5228:
5217:. Retrieved
5203:
5186:
5181:
5164:
5160:
5119:
5096:
5087:
5077:
5066:. Retrieved
5062:
5052:
5042:, retrieved
5034:
5028:
5017:. Retrieved
5013:
5004:
4995:
4989:
4978:. Retrieved
4974:the original
4968:
4961:
4916:
4876:
4868:
4856:. Retrieved
4850:
4824:. Retrieved
4820:
4792:. Retrieved
4777:
4740:. Retrieved
4728:
4718:
4710:
4700:
4692:
4674:
4668:
4660:
4640:. Retrieved
4600:. Retrieved
4596:
4572:. Retrieved
4568:the original
4563:
4539:. Retrieved
4535:
4492:
4465:. Retrieved
4463:. 2016-06-07
4460:
4451:
4440:. Retrieved
4438:. 2014-12-05
4435:
4426:
4416:
4409:
4398:. Retrieved
4392:
4366:. Retrieved
4362:the original
4357:
4293:
4278:
4274:in English:
4269:
4253:
4250:Example text
4177:cockle clam
4165:butter clam
4100:ƛ̓ux̌ʷƛ̓ux̌ʷ
3937:harbor seal
3896:qal̓qaləx̌ič
3868:chum salmon
3691:net fishing
3655:coho season
3619:chum salmon
3607:coho salmon
3551:
3536:
3527:
3512:Please help
3500:
3473:
2549:Glottal stop
2519:
2512:
2493:
2481:
2465:
2450:
2440:
2435:
2430:go upstream
2425:
2420:
2410:
2405:
2395:
2390:
2380:
2375:
2365:
2360:
2350:
2345:
2335:
2330:
2296:
2288:
2237:
2209:Lower Skagit
2198:
2167:
2131:
2124:
2121:
2098:
2092:
2074:
2061:
2045:
2024:Upper Skagit
1961:
1951:
1949:
1939:
1934:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1888:
1874:
1871:
1861:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1833:saxʷəb čəxʷ.
1830:
1827:
1817:
1808:
1800:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1769:
1760:
1757:
1747:
1739:
1737:
1728:
1725:
1714:
1705:
1703:
1693:
1683:
1673:
1663:
1653:
1643:
1633:
1610:
1584:
1575:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1532:
1520:Please help
1515:verification
1512:
1481:
1473:
1465:
1456:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1423:
1410:
1405:
1355:
1344:
1338:
1330:
1324:
1316:in the river
1315:
1308:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1268:
1257:
1236:
1227:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1184:
1172:Please help
1167:verification
1164:
1141:
1023:
540:
490:
485:
481:
477:
473:
444:
441:
412:
391:
387:
336:
335:
307:
257:
165:Proto-Salish
144:
137:Coast Salish
9708:Hindi (0.9)
9516:Angloromani
9468:New Mexican
9397:New England
9038:Coast Miwok
8911:Tübatulabal
8843:Uto-Aztecan
8825:Tsimshianic
8814:Piro Pueblo
8734:Mitchigamea
8690:Omaha–Ponca
8655:Assiniboine
8570:Lushootseed
8422:Palaihnihan
8255:Wenrohronon
7951:Yeniseian?)
7814:Refaluwasch
7701:Gros Ventre
7284:Lushootseed
7069:Makah Tribe
6809:Popkum Band
6762:Governments
6739:(Tillamook)
6652:Muckleshoot
6060:Lushootseed
6010:Bella Coola
5625:Puget Sound
5619:Lushootseed
5401:Hilbert, V.
5339:Lushootseed
4858:15 December
4729:WALS Online
4707:Hilbert, Vi
4436:Lushootseed
4321:dialects:
4315:Muckleshoot
4207:periwinkle
4189:horse clam
4069:jelly fish
4064:kəlapx̌ʷəlč
3997:sea urchin
3913:grey whale
3787:dried chum
3775:fresh eggs
3751:fish heads
2533:Letter Name
2490:Orthography
2484:Determiners
2263:Muckleshoot
2000:Muckleshoot
1984:Puget Sound
1731:ƛ̕ubil čəd.
1704:The prefix
937:Approximant
415:Puget Sound
337:Lushootseed
322:instead of
279:Lushootseed
145:Lushootseed
85:Puget Sound
40:Lushootseed
9818:Categories
9729:Urdu (0.5)
9697:Portuguese
9667:Vietnamese
9557:Protactile
9539:Francosign
9206:Chitimacha
9059:Lake Miwok
8560:Halkomelem
8056:Holikachuk
7931:Purisimeño
7676:Potawatomi
7395:Vernacular
7222:Halkomelem
6722:Sahewamish
6677:Snoqualmie
6557:Skawahlook
6482:Tsawwassen
6477:Snuneymuxw
6397:Humptulips
6347:Stz'uminus
6047:Halkomelem
5844:Sahewamish
5834:Steilacoom
5804:Snoqualmie
5583:(archived)
5500:1879763117
5467:1879763141
5441:0803212623
5377:1879763117
5349:2023-03-09
5219:2023-04-02
5068:2023-03-07
5044:2013-04-04
5019:2013-04-04
4980:2019-06-03
4926:1879763117
4888:0295973234
4742:2024-09-20
4731:. Zenodo.
4642:2013-04-04
4602:2015-10-03
4574:2013-04-04
4541:2013-04-04
4494:Ethnologue
4467:2022-11-28
4442:2022-11-28
4400:2024-02-27
4368:2013-04-04
4335:References
4319:Snoqualmie
4310:txʷəlšucid
4300:dxʷləšucid
4021:star fish
3908:č(ə)xʷəluʔ
3770:ƛ̓ǝbƛ̓əbqʷ
3686:ɫičaʔalikʷ
3650:pədkʷəxʷic
3643:Steelhead
3530:March 2023
3482:Vocabulary
3177:q-raised-w
2899:k-raised-w
2775:g-raised-w
2717:d-raised-z
2454:x̌aʔx̌əlus
2282:Sahewamish
2248:Snoqualmie
2185:txʷəlšucid
2175:dxʷləšucid
2117:Salish Sea
2057:Vi Hilbert
2047:Ethnologue
2004:Snoqualmie
1974:, and the
1885:Possession
1548:newspapers
1459:lədxʷləbiʔ
1331:over there
1200:newspapers
588:(Alveolo-)
565:Consonants
494:dxʷləšucid
471:de-voicing
466:txʷəlšucid
454:txʷəlšucid
448:dxʷləšucid
419:Bellingham
224:Variously:
159:Early form
81:Washington
53:txʷəlšucid
47:dxʷləšucid
9859:Nisqually
9531:languages
9511:Spanglish
9494:languages
9420:Hutterite
9377:Louisiana
9361:languages
9278:Hand Talk
9270:languages
9225:Languages
9073:Palewyami
9024:Bay Miwok
8993:Yuk-Utian
8871:Kitanemuk
8705:Winnebago
8629:Tillamook
8457:Nez Perce
8411:Apalachee
8383:Chickasaw
8370:Muskogean
8267:Kalapuyan
8214:Tuscarora
8171:Iroquoian
8014:Tanacross
7989:Jicarilla
7964:Deg Xinag
7938:Ventureño
7910:Barbareño
7900:Chumashan
7879:Kathlamet
7871:Chinookan
7824:Tokelauan
7743:Nanticoke
7656:Menominee
7626:Blackfoot
7592:languages
7262:Semiahmoo
7217:Pentlatch
7196:Languages
7181:Mythology
6748:Quamichan
6727:Wynoochee
6707:Swinomish
6702:Suquamish
6687:Nisqually
6682:Skykomish
6672:Snohomish
6657:Sammamish
6647:Skokomish
6612:Penelakut
6607:Quamichan
6582:Tzeachten
6567:Soowahlie
6547:Shilshole
6522:Leq'á:mel
6517:Sts'ailes
6512:Sq'éwlets
6502:Semiahmoo
6412:Kilpahlas
6407:Khenipsen
6377:Esquimalt
6341:Sts'ailes
6331:Chawathil
6275:indicate
6187:Tillamook
6179:Tillamook
6113:Pentlatch
6098:Semiahmoo
5839:Nisqually
5824:Suquamish
5819:Sammamish
5809:Shilshole
5799:Skykomish
5783:Snohomish
5768:Kikiallus
5758:Swinomish
5386:95-060060
5196:892024380
4943:cite book
4507:1946-9675
4324:xʷəlšucid
4117:barnacle
4057:flounder
4045:rock cod
4016:q̓ʷəlačiʔ
3662:sc̓ay̓ay̓
3501:does not
2355:backbone
2273:Nisqually
2253:Suquamish
2243:Skykomish
2226:Snohomish
2213:Swinomish
2191:xʷəlšucid
2028:Swinomish
2016:Snohomish
2008:Nisqually
1992:Suquamish
1911:Singular
1840:The verb
1799:will use
1688:Habitual
1445:dxʷləbiʔ
1402:Singular
1325:ʔal tudiʔ
1273:ʔuʔəy’dub
877:Fricative
708:voiceless
555:sonorants
537:Phonology
517:root word
460:xʷəlšucid
259:Glottolog
219:ISO 639-3
91:Ethnicity
59:xʷəlšucid
9778:Armenian
9751:Gujarati
9745:Japanese
9609:Isolates
9435:Alsatian
9387:Missouri
9319:Isolates
9161:Isolates
9121:Maricopa
9116:Kumeyaay
8947:Wakashan
8906:Timbisha
8901:Shoshoni
8866:Kawaiisu
8861:Ivilyuat
8851:Comanche
8622:Quinault
8595:Thompson
8585:Okanagan
8575:Nooksack
8542:Salishan
8462:Sahaptin
8438:Atsugewi
8430:Achumawi
8403:Muscogee
8398:Mikasuki
8291:Yoncalla
8241:Nottoway
8199:Onondaga
8184:Cherokee
8123:Eskaleut
8091:Tsetsaut
7974:Gwich’in
7969:Dena'ina
7924:Obispeño
7809:Hawaiian
7804:Chamorro
7764:Powhatan
7694:Etchemin
7631:Cheyenne
7600:Families
7307:Quinault
7290:Southern
7272:T'sou-ke
7267:Songhees
7237:Nooksack
7232:Squamish
7227:shíshálh
6717:Quinault
6692:Puyallup
6632:Nooksack
6617:Lamalcha
6597:Tsartlip
6592:T'souk-e
6562:Skowkale
6497:Squamish
6492:shíshálh
6472:Sliammon
6452:Musqueam
6437:Kwantlen
6427:Koksilah
6417:Klahoose
6372:Duwamish
6357:Comiaken
6236:Southern
6217:Lillooet
6210:Northern
6169:Quinault
6140:Tsamosan
6124:Squamish
6119:shíshálh
6104:T'Sou-ke
6088:Songhees
6067:Nooksack
5829:Puyallup
5814:Duwamish
5704:dukʷibəɬ
5670:Southern
5666:Northern
5660:Dialects
5403:(1994).
5294:27 April
5269:27 April
5173:30027548
5104:Archived
4935:79169469
4897:29877333
4854:(Thesis)
4826:15 April
4794:15 April
4751:cite web
4515:43349556
4214:sč̓awəyʔ
4172:sx̌əp̓ab
4153:geoduck
4136:xʷč̓iɬqs
4112:c̕ubc̕ub
4076:sʔax̌ʷuʔ
4040:t̓aɬiɡʷs
3992:sk̕ʷic̕i
3980:waq̓waq̓
3961:octopus
3875:skʷəxʷic
3827:sʔuladxʷ
3746:səlusqid
3734:sq̓ʷəlus
3715:tailfin
3638:skʷawǝl̓
3602:skʷǝxʷic
3474:See the
2522:alphabet
2366:č̓ə́ƛ̕əʔ
2351:sc̓ə́lič
2325:English
2268:Puyallup
2258:Duwamish
2156:Dialects
2012:Puyallup
1988:Duwamish
1980:Salishan
1968:Nooksack
1470:Negation
1352:Pronouns
1026:phonemic
779:ejective
618:sibilant
583:Alveolar
559:ejective
328:Help:IPA
266:lush1251
172:Dialects
132:Salishan
9769:Punjabi
9757:Bengali
9733:Persian
9724:Italian
9703:Haitian
9691:Russian
9661:Tagalog
9655:Chinese
9649:Spanish
9590:Kentish
9450:Spanish
9430:Bernese
9392:Muskrat
9213:Tonkawa
9183:Siuslaw
9178:Kutenai
9141:Yavapai
9131:Quechan
9101:Cocopah
9093:Cochimí
8973:Nomlaki
8965:Wintuan
8896:Serrano
8891:O'odham
8876:Luiseño
8791:Picuris
8741:Moneton
8727:Chiwere
8720:Catawba
8670:Hidatsa
8608:Cowlitz
8565:Klallam
8506:Kashaya
8470:Klamath
8393:Koasati
8388:Choctaw
8378:Alabama
8351:Nisenan
8333:Maiduan
8302:Keresan
8219:Wyandot
8146:Alutiiq
8136:Inupiat
8112:Wailaki
8098:Tututni
8077:Mattole
7994:Koyukon
7917:Cruzeño
7852:Wichita
7842:Arikara
7834:Caddoan
7771:Quiripi
7757:Pamlico
7722:Mahican
7681:Shawnee
7661:Mi'kmaq
7621:Arapaho
7616:Abenaki
7477:Western
7472:Eastern
7368:English
7359:italics
7302:Cowlitz
7279:Klallam
7252:Saanich
6737:Nehalem
6712:Tulalip
6622:Saanich
6572:Squiala
6467:Malahat
6457:Nanoose
6447:Matsqui
6422:Klallam
6392:Homalco
6367:Cowlitz
6362:Copalis
6324:Peoples
6273:Italics
6222:Shuswap
6148:Cowlitz
6083:Saanich
6053:Klallam
6035:Central
5763:Nuwhaha
5732:Peoples
5692:Culture
5644:Grammar
4124:sx̌aʔaʔ
4093:mussel
4004:təǰabac
3973:turtle
3968:ʔaləšək
3956:sqibk̕ʷ
3949:beaver
3944:st̓əqxʷ
3863:ƛ̓xʷayʔ
3806:xʷšabus
3722:t̓altəd
3614:ƛ̓xʷay̓
3566:sčədadx
3522:removed
3507:sources
3396:x-wedge
3241:s-wedge
2843:j-wedge
2661:c-wedge
2411:kʷə́dəd
2396:k̓ádəyu
2391:k̓ədáyu
2346:sc̓əlíč
2278:Squaxin
2230:Tulalip
2148:at the
2140:at the
2127:Unicode
1996:Squaxin
1972:Klallam
1944:(none)
1931:Plural
1856:təlawil
1678:Future
1625:Prefix
1615:and/or
1562:scholar
1420:Plural
1266:(VSO).
1214:scholar
1061:Central
605:Glottal
590:palatal
543:voicing
423:Olympia
324:Unicode
141:Central
112:Revival
102:Extinct
9796:Hebrew
9739:Telugu
9718:Polish
9712:German
9685:Korean
9679:French
9673:Arabic
9651:(41.3)
9572:BANZSL
9501:Gullah
9488:Creole
9463:Isleño
9407:German
9369:French
9242:Michif
9154:Others
9136:Tiipai
9126:Mojave
9091:Yuman–
8978:Patwin
8936:Tongva
8929:Cupeño
8773:Tanoan
8762:Woccon
8713:Biloxi
8700:Stoney
8695:Quapaw
8685:Mandan
8680:Lakota
8665:Dakota
8647:Siouan
8590:Salish
8488:Pomoan
8477:Molala
8341:Konkow
8209:Seneca
8194:Oneida
8189:Mohawk
8179:Cayuga
8019:Tolowa
8009:Navajo
7949:Dené(–
7884:Tsinúk
7860:Kitsai
7819:Samoan
7671:Ojibwe
7666:Munsee
7257:Samish
6753:Somena
6743:Siletz
6732:Satsop
6662:Samish
6602:Somena
6577:Stó꞉lō
6527:Popkum
6462:Nuxalk
6402:Katzie
6382:Halalt
6093:Samish
6017:Nuxálk
5753:Skagit
5719:Ayahos
5497:
5464:
5438:
5411:
5384:
5374:
5171:
4933:
4923:
4895:
4885:
4785:
4513:
4505:
4226:ʔuk̕ʷs
4160:stxʷub
4148:ɡʷidəq
4052:p̓uay̓
3932:sup̓qs
3925:otter
3920:sq̓aƛ̓
3851:scəqiʔ
3710:skʷǝɫt
3674:ɫičaʔa
3667:gills
3590:c̓uwad
3578:sac̓əb
2541:Notes
2530:Letter
2515:schwas
2460:bəlups
2445:I, me
2406:kʷədád
2381:də́čuʔ
2376:dəč̓úʔ
2361:č̓ƛ̕áʔ
2340:child
2336:bə́dəʔ
2307:čəgʷas
2301:čəgʷəš
2178:) and
2026:, and
2010:, and
1842:saxʷəb
1694:gʷ(ə)-
1628:Usage
1617:aspect
1564:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1535:
1278:copula
1216:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1187:
1146:Syntax
1043:Vowels
1029:nasals
653:voiced
641:labio.
600:Uvular
578:Labial
557:, and
531:Salish
508:suffix
499:prefix
497:. The
383:-tseed
295:UNESCO
76:Region
9804:(0.2)
9802:Khmer
9798:(0.2)
9792:(0.2)
9790:Hmong
9786:(0.3)
9784:Greek
9780:(0.3)
9771:(0.3)
9765:(0.3)
9763:Tamil
9759:(0.4)
9753:(0.4)
9747:(0.5)
9741:(0.5)
9735:(0.5)
9726:(0.5)
9720:(0.5)
9714:(0.9)
9705:(0.9)
9699:(0.9)
9693:(1.0)
9687:(1.1)
9681:(1.2)
9675:(1.4)
9669:(1.5)
9663:(1.7)
9657:(3.4)
9492:mixed
9440:Texas
9382:Métis
9193:Yuchi
9188:Washo
9173:Karuk
9168:Haida
8983:Wintu
8955:Makah
8921:Yaqui
8786:Kiowa
8781:Jemez
8675:Kansa
8600:Twana
8359:Chico
8346:Maidu
8204:Osage
8141:Aleut
8131:Inuit
8070:Lipan
8042:Cahto
7959:Ahtna
7847:Caddo
7785:Wiyot
7778:Unami
7686:Yurok
7608:Algic
7539:Older
7297:Twana
7247:Lummi
7204:Comox
7176:Music
6627:Lummi
6542:Skway
6537:Skwah
6507:Sumas
6336:Cheam
6130:Twana
6078:Lummi
6042:Comox
5240:(PDF)
5213:(PDF)
5169:JSTOR
5039:(PDF)
4817:(PDF)
4285:Notes
4238:x̌ald
4202:puʔps
4184:haʔəc
4088:tulqʷ
4081:clam
4033:crab
4028:bəsqʷ
3985:frog
3839:yubəč
3782:sɫuʔb
3758:qəlx̌
3679:nets
3364:glide
2979:ɫ/ɬ/ł
2737:Schwa
2470:dəxʷ-
2441:ʔə́cə
2426:táyil
2421:təyíl
2370:rock
2331:bədáʔ
1964:Twana
1790:- or
1772:telic
1668:Past
1613:tense
1569:JSTOR
1555:books
1455:xʷiʔ
1429:čələp
1377:čələp
1221:JSTOR
1207:books
1056:Front
942:plain
636:plain
624:plain
612:plain
595:Velar
553:with
512:-ucid
476:into
425:by a
390:, or
381:SHOOT
201:Latin
9490:and
9198:Zuni
9111:Ipai
8881:Mono
8856:Hopi
8806:Tewa
8801:Taos
8660:Crow
8227:Erie
8049:Eyak
7984:Hupa
7708:Loup
7636:Cree
6343:(WA)
5773:Sauk
5495:ISBN
5462:ISBN
5436:ISBN
5409:ISBN
5382:LCCN
5372:ISBN
5296:2022
5271:2022
5193:OCLC
5090:(7).
4953:link
4949:link
4931:OCLC
4921:ISBN
4893:OCLC
4883:ISBN
4860:2022
4828:2017
4796:2017
4783:ISBN
4757:link
4511:OCLC
4503:ISSN
4317:and
3626:hədu
3505:any
3503:cite
3214:/qʼ/
3008:t͜ɬʼ
2936:/kʼ/
2686:t͡ʃʼ
2648:t͡sʼ
2506:and
2482:See
2476:sxʷ-
2436:ʔəcá
2400:rat
2385:one
2221:Sauk
1940:-ləp
1935:-čəɬ
1816:and
1684:ƛ̕u-
1634:ʔəs-
1541:news
1477:xʷiʔ
1447:čəxʷ
1411:čəxʷ
1371:čəxʷ
1298:ʔal,
1193:news
1073:High
1066:Back
1035:and
648:Stop
630:lab.
545:and
503:dxʷ-
484:and
438:Name
421:and
406:and
379:luh-
205:NAPA
106:2008
8748:Ofo
7979:Hän
7641:Fox
7186:Art
6387:Hoh
4733:doi
3516:by
3429:/χ/
3412:x̌ʷ
3387:/x/
3206:qʷʼ
3197:q̓ʷ
3191:/q/
2928:kʷʼ
2919:k̓ʷ
2913:/k/
2849:d͡ʒ
2789:/ɡ/
2723:d͡z
2667:t͡ʃ
2629:t͡s
2537:IPA
1920:ad-
1786:ʔəs
1742:ʔəs
1729:ʔəs
1717:ʔəs
1708:ʔəs
1674:ɬu-
1664:tu-
1654:ʔu-
1644:lə-
1524:by
1482:lə-
1457:čəd
1424:čəɬ
1406:čəd
1365:čəɬ
1359:čəd
1176:by
1122:Low
1108:Mid
1037:/d/
1033:/b/
855:tɬʼ
835:qʷʼ
821:kʷʼ
807:tʃʼ
800:tsʼ
533:."
522:ləš
310:IPA
274:ELP
249:sno
242:ska
235:slh
228:lut
9820::
5380:.
5341:.
5337:.
5326:^
5304:^
5287:.
5261:.
5248:^
5165:19
5163:.
5159:.
5137:^
5127:.
5110:,
5086:.
5061:.
5012:.
4945:}}
4941:{{
4929:.
4905:^
4891:.
4836:^
4819:.
4804:^
4765:^
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