No Child Left Behind Act

2334:

cancel the inclusion model and keep special education students separate. "IDEA calls for individualized curriculum and assessments that determine success based on growth and improvement each year. NCLB, in contrast, measures all students by the same markers, which are based not on individual improvement but by proficiency in math and reading," the study states. When interviewed with the Indiana University Newsroom, author of the CEEP report Sandi Cole said, "The system needs to make sense. Don't we want to know how much a child is progressing towards the standards? ... We need a system that values learning and growth over time, in addition to helping students reach high standards." Cole found in her survey that NCLB encourages teachers to teach to the test, limiting curriculum choices/options, and to use the special education students as a "scapegoat" for their school not making AYP. In addition, Indiana administrators who responded to the survey indicated that NCLB testing has led to higher numbers of students with disabilities dropping out of school.

2338:

the necessary protocols of Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE). They worry that not enough emphasis is being placed on the child's IEP with this setup. In Board of Education for Ottawa Township High School District 140 v. Spelling, two Illinois school districts and parents of disabled students challenged the legality of NCLB's testing requirements in light of IDEA's mandate to provide students with individualized education. Although students there were aligned with "proficiency" to state standards, students did not meet requirements of their IEP. Their parents feared that students were not given right to FAPE. The case questioned which better indicated progress: standardized test measures, or IEP measures? It concluded that since some students may never test on grade level, all students with disabilities should be given more options and accommodations with standardized testing than they currently receive.

1549: 2416:

The states, in turn, reallocate 50% of the funds to local districts by Title I formula and 50% competitively. While districts must reserve a minimum of 25% of all EETT funds for professional development, recent studies indicate that most EETT recipients use far more than 25% of their EETT funds to train teachers to use technology and integrate it into their curricula. In fact, EETT recipients committed more than $ 159 million in EETT funds towards professional development during the 2004–05 school year alone. Moreover, even though EETT recipients are afforded broad discretion in their use of EETT funds, surveys show that they target EETT dollars towards improving student achievement in reading and mathematics, engaging in data-driven decision making, and launching online assessment programs.

1638:. This report suggested that America's economic security would be severely compromised unless there were a complete reorientation of the education system and an increase in the set of academic standards that students were expected to achieve. Though many Republican groups historically opposed the active role of the federal government in education, lobbying efforts, public opinion, and other political developments in Washington (such as the Republican defeat in the 1996 presidential election) caused congressional Republicans to push for federal educational reforms that emphasized standardized testing and other accountability measures. At the time, increased attention was being paid to the state of education in the nation because prior to the 1895:

requirements set for new teachers or could meet a state-determined "...high, objective, uniform state standard of evaluation," aka HOUSSE. Downfall of the quality requirements of the NCLB legislation have received little research attention, in part because state rules require few changes from pre-existing practice. There is also little evidence that the rules have altered trends in observable teacher traits. American educators have been struggling to identify which teacher traits are important contributors to student achievement. Currently, there is no consensus on what traits are most important and most education policy experts agree that further research is required.

51: 1003: 2663:, which was passed by the House on December 2 and the Senate on December 9, before being signed into law by President Obama on December 10, 2015. This bill affords states more flexibility in regards to setting their own respective standards for measuring school as well as student performance. While the No Child Left Behind Act mandated labels for lower performing schools, the ESSA allows for no labels to be put on the lowest performing schools. A school's success is also determined by 4-year and 5-year graduation rates rather than the previous 4-year determination. This further enables flexibility in standards of student performance. 2392:

transfer their students to a non-failing school within the district, but it is not required that the other school accepts the student. NCLB controls the portion of federal Title I funding based upon each school meeting annual set standards. Any participating school that does not make AYP for two years must offer parents the choice to send their child to a non-failing school in the district, and after three years, must provide supplemental services, such as free tutoring or after-school assistance. After five years of not meeting AYP, the school must make dramatic changes to how the school is run, which could entail state-takeover.

2301:(NCD) looks at how NCLB and IDEA are improving outcomes for students with Down syndrome. The effects they investigate include reducing the number of students who drop out, increasing graduation rates, and effective strategies to transition students to post-secondary education. Their studies have reported that NCLB and IDEA have changed the attitudes and expectations for students with disabilities. They are pleased that students are finally included in state assessment and accountability systems. NCLB made assessments be taken "seriously," they found, as now assessments and accommodations are under review by administrators. 2514:& Open Testing (FairTest) initiated and chaired the meetings that produced the statement, originally released in October 2004. The statement's central message is that "the law's emphasis needs to shift from applying sanctions for failing to raise test scores to holding states and localities accountable for making the systemic changes that improve student achievement." The number of organizations signing the statement has nearly quadrupled since it was launched in late 2004 and continues to grow. The goal is to influence Congress, and the broader public, as the law's scheduled reauthorization approaches. 2305:

and school accountability for students and disabilities." They specifically highlight the new focus on "shared responsibility of general and special education teachers," forcing schools to have disabled students more on their radar." They do acknowledge, however, that for each student to "participate in the general curriculum and make progress toward proficiency," additional time and effort for coordination are needed. The National Center on Educational Outcomes reported that now disabled students will receive "...the academic attention and resources they deserved."

2153:"There's a fallacy in the law and everybody knows it," said Alabama State Superintendent Joe Morton on Wednesday, August 11, 2010. According to the No Child Left Behind Act, by 2014, every child is supposed to test on grade level in reading and math. "That can't happen," said Morton. "You have too many variables and you have too many scenarios, and everybody knows that would never happen." Alabama State Board Member Mary Jane Caylor said, "I don't think that No Child Left Behind has benefited this state." She argued the goal of 100 percent proficiency is unattainable. 2401:

billion Reading First program was created, distributing funds to local schools to improve the teaching of reading, and over $ 100 million for its companion, Early Reading First. Numerous other formula programs received large increases as well. This was consistent with the administration's position of funding formula programs, which distribute money to local schools for their use, and grant programs, where particular schools or groups apply directly to the federal government for funding. In total, federal funding for education increased 59.8% from 2000 to 2003.

2426:(IDEA) at the same time as the NCLB increases. IDEA Part B, a state formula-funding program that distributes money to local districts for the education of students with disabilities, was increased from $ 6.3 billion in 2001 to $ 10.1 billion in 2004. Because a district's and state's performance on NCLB measures depended on improved performance by students with disabilities, particularly, students with learning disabilities, this 60 percent increase in funding was also an important part of the overall approach to NCLB implementation. 2538:, Co-Chairs of the Aspen Commission on No Child Left Behind, announced the release of the Commission's final recommendations for the reauthorization of the No Child Left Behind Act. The Commission is an independent, bipartisan effort to improve NCLB and ensure it is a more useful force in closing the achievement gap that separates disadvantaged children and their peers. After a year of hearings, analysis, and research, the Commission uncovered the successes of NCLB, as well as provisions that must be significantly changed. 1697:

and parental involvement activities, among others. In order to determine how much grant money schools should be allocated for the programs enacted in the various sections of NCLB, the act asks each local agency to determine the average number of students in daily attendance in the K-12 schools that the agencies serve. Also, the law calls for the improvement of the dissemination of information on student achievement and school performance to parents through reporting systems that reflect best educational practices.

1828:

the main means of determining whether schools live up to required standards. If required improvements are not made, the schools face decreased funding and other punishments that contribute to the increased accountability. According to supporters, these goals help teachers and schools realize the significance and importance of the educational system and how it affects the nation. Opponents of this law say that the punishments only hurt the schools and do not contribute to the improvement of student education.

997: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1555: 1493: 1535: 1552: 1659:

Education Trust because of its inclusion of vouchers. Vouchers would enable parents to choose a different school (public, private, or otherwise) for their child to attend if their district failed to meet state standards; however, critics stated that this move would take funds away from schools that needed the most funding. The NCLB Act was introduced in the United States House of Representatives on March 22, 2001, and it was coauthored by Representatives

1778:" teachers to all students. Each state sets its own standards for what counts as "highly qualified." Similarly, the act requires states to set "one high, challenging standard" for its students. Each state decides for itself what counts as "one high, challenging standard," but the curriculum standards must be applied to all students, rather than having different standards for students in different cities or other parts of the state. 1650:

Bank, and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) devoted their attention to global educational development. From the 1960s onward, these organizations increasingly focused on learning outcomes and evaluation procedures that included the evaluation of education systems against defined standards of performance. The 2001 NCLB Act was part of this global movement toward greater accountability in education.

1904:

positive impact. A primary criticism asserts that NCLB reduces effective instruction and student learning by causing states to lower achievement goals and motivate teachers to "teach to the test." A primary supportive claim asserts that systematic testing provides data that shed light on which schools don't teach basic skills effectively, so that interventions can be made to improve outcomes for all students while reducing the

566: 2090:, on the other hand, is one of the subjects least affected. Some might find this confusing because like many electives and non-core classes, No Child Left Behind does not address Physical Education directly. Two reasons why Physical Education is not adversely affected include the obesity crisis in the United States that the federal government is trying to reverse through programs like First Lady Michelle Obama's 1482: 2474:

federal funding if the budget passed as it was. Specifically, funding for the Enhancing Education Through Technology Program (EETT) has continued to drop while the demand for technology in schools has increased (Technology and Learning, 2006). However, these claims focused on reallocated funds, as each of President Bush's proposed budgets increased funding for major NCLB formula programs such as

2617:

want to discredit what they see as the traditional Democratic agenda. Opponents posit that NCLB has inadvertently shifted the debate on education and racial inequality to traditional political alliances. Consequently, major political discord remains between those who oppose federal oversight of state and local practices and those who view NCLB in terms of civil rights and educational equality.

2486:

when there was an increase in expectations for school performance. To make ends meet, many schools re-allocated funds that had been intended for other purposes (e.g., arts, sports, etc.) to achieve the national educational goals set by NCLB. Congress acknowledged these funding decreases and retroactively provided the funds to cover shortfalls, but without the guarantee of permanent aid.

2408:, funded at $ 1.02 billion in 2004, to help states and districts set up "scientific, research-based" reading programs for children in grades K–3 (with priority given to high-poverty areas). A smaller early-reading program sought to help states better prepare 3- to 5-year-olds in disadvantaged areas to read. The program's funding was later cut drastically by Congress amid budget talks. 1675:(R-NH). As it made its way through the House of Representatives and the Senate, the bill faced a number of challenges, ranging from Democratic appeals for more funding, to Republican pushback on the increased role of the Federal government in the realm of education. Despite this, the Act garnered bipartisan support in both chambers of the legislature, and it was passed in the 1978:, rather than achieve in-depth understanding of the overall curriculum. For example, a teacher who knows that all questions on a math test are simple addition problems (e.g., What is 2 + 3?) might not invest any class time on the practical applications of addition, to leave more time for the material the test assesses. This is colloquially referred to as " 2099:

more elementary schools and by more teachers than ever before. 2/3 of elementary school teachers indicated that they were not familiar with national science standards. Most concern circulates around the result that, consuming too much time for language arts and mathematics may limit children's experience—and curiosity and interest—in sciences.

2589:, the successor to No Child Left Behind, in March 2010. Specific revisions include providing funds for states to implement a broader range of assessments to evaluate advanced academic skills, including students' abilities to conduct research, use technology, engage in scientific investigation, solve problems, and communicate effectively. 2313:

thus prompted more research on the effectiveness of certain in- and out-of-school interventions. For example, NCLB requirements have made researchers begin to study the effects of read aloud or interpreters on both reading and mathematics assessments, and on having students sign responses that are then recorded by a scribe.

2326:

IDEA is "inconsistent with the group nature of NCLB." They worry that NCLB focuses too much on standardized testing and not enough on the work-based experience necessary for obtaining jobs in the future. Also, NCLB is measured essentially by a single test score, but IDEA calls for various measures of student success.

2070:, some schools have cut or eliminated classes and resources for many subject areas that are not part of NCLB's accountability standards. Since 2007, almost 71% of schools have reduced instruction time in subjects such as history, arts, language, and music to provide more time and resources to mathematics and English. 6099: 2608:

Moreover, critics further argue that the current political landscape of this country, which favors market-based solutions to social and economic problems, has eroded trust in public institutions and has undermined political support for an expansive concept of social responsibility, which subsequently

2481:

Members of Congress have viewed these authorized levels as spending caps, not spending promises. Some opponents argue that these funding shortfalls mean that schools faced with the system of escalating penalties for failing to meet testing targets are denied the resources necessary to remedy problems

2434:

Some critics claim that extra expenses are not fully reimbursed by increased levels of federal NCLB funding. Others note that funding for the law increased massively following passage and that billions in funds previously allocated to particular uses could be reallocated to new uses. Even before the

2415:

Funding for school technology used in classrooms as part of NCLB is administered by the Enhancing Education Through Technology Program (EETT). Funding sources are used for equipment, professional development and training for educators, and updated research. EETT allocates funds by formula to states.

2360:

NCLB requires schools and districts to focus their attention on the academic achievement of traditionally under-served groups of children, such as low-income students, students with disabilities, and students of "major racial and ethnic subgroups". Each state is responsible for defining major racial

2333:

A 2006 report by the Center for Evaluation and Education Policy (CEEP) and the Indiana Institute on Disability and Community indicated that most states were not making AYP because of special education subgroups even though progress had been made toward that end. This was in effect pushing schools to

2257:

NCLB includes incentives to reward schools showing progress for students with disabilities and other measures to fix or provide students with alternative options than schools not meeting the needs of the disabled population. The law is written so that the scores of students with IEPs (Individualized

1789:

The act outlines programs and requirements that have the intended purpose of preventing drug and alcohol use by students, as well as programs that would deter students from committing acts of violence in schools. The act also provides funds to states in order to enable students who have been expelled

1781:

The act also requires schools to let military recruiters have students' contact information and other access to the student, if the school provides that information to universities or employers, unless the students opt out of giving military recruiters access. This portion of the law has drawn a fair

2596:

Obama's objectives also entail lowering the achievement gap between Black and White students and also increasing the federal budget by $ 3 billion to help schools meet the strict mandates of the bill. There has also been a proposal, put forward by the Obama administration, that states increase their

2439:

Washington is willing to help , as we've helped before, even before we . But this is a part of the teaching responsibility that each state has. ... Washington has offered some assistance now. In the legislation, we have ... some support to pay for the development of tests. But even if that should be

2411:

Funding Changes: Through an alteration in the Title I funding formula, the No Child Left Behind Act was expected to better target resources to school districts with high concentrations of poor children. The law also included provisions intended to give states and districts greater flexibility in how

2304:

Another organization that found positive correlations between NCLB and IDEA was the National Center on Educational Outcomes. It published a brochure for parents of students with disabilities about how the two (NCLB & IDEA) work well together because they "provide both individualized instruction

2278:). It kept the EAHCA requirements of free and accessible education for all children. The 2004 IDEA authorized formula grants to states and discretionary grants for research, technology, and training. It also required schools to use research-based interventions to assist students with disabilities. 2228:

In addition to not requiring 5% of students to be assessed at all, regulations let schools use alternate assessments to declare up to 1% of all students proficient for the purposes of the Act. States are given broad discretion in selecting alternate assessments. For example, a school may accept an

1903:

Several of the analyses of state accountability systems that were in place before NCLB indicate that outcomes accountability led to faster growth in achievement for the states that introduced such systems. The direct analysis of state test scores before and after enactment of NCLB also supports its

1691:

According to the U.S. Department of Education, some of the most important things that the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 sets out to accomplish are increasing the accountability of schools for the educational outcomes of their students and bridging the gap between poor and high-performing students

1551: 2641:

While Obama plans to improve the quality of standardized testing, he does not plan to eliminate the testing requirements and accountability measures produced by standardized tests. Rather, he provides additional resources and flexibility to meet new goals. Critics of Obama's reform efforts maintain

2604:

The federal government's gradual investment in public social provisions provides the NCLB Act a forum to deliver on its promise to improve achievement for all of its students. Education critics argue that although the legislation is marked as an improvement to the ESEA in de-segregating the quality

2513:

The Joint Organizational Statement on No Child Left Behind is a proposal by more than 135 national civil rights, education, disability advocacy, civic, labor, and religious groups that have signed on to a statement calling for major changes to the federal education law. The National Center for Fair

2485:

In fiscal year 2007, $ 75 billion in costs were shifted from NCLB, adding further stresses on state budgets. This decrease resulted in schools cutting programs that served to educate children, which subsequently impacted the ability to meet the goals of NCLB. The decrease in funding came at a time

2378:

Many schools test or assess students with limited English proficiency even when the students are exempt from NCLB-mandated reporting, because the tests may provide useful information to the teacher and school. In certain schools with large immigrant populations, this exemption comprises a majority

2356:

by creating common expectations for all. NCLB has shown mixed success in eliminating the racial achievement gap. Although there is evidence to support the statement that test scores are improving, studies do not find evidence that racial achievement gaps have narrowed in a significant way since the

2030:

Many argued that local government had failed students, necessitating federal intervention to remedy issues like teachers teaching outside their areas of expertise, and complacency in the face of continually failing schools. Some local governments, notably that of New York state, have supported NCLB

2016:

The incentives for improvement also may cause states to lower their official standards. Because each state can produce its own standardized tests, a state can make its statewide tests easier to increase scores. Missouri, for example, improved testing scores but openly admitted that they lowered the

1953:

These statistics compare 2005 with 2000 though No Child Left Behind did not even take effect until 2003. Critics point out that the increase in scores between 2000 and 2003 was roughly the same as the increase between 2003 and 2005, which calls into question how any increase can be attributed to No

1853:

The commonwealth of Pennsylvania has proposed tying teacher's salaries to test scores. If a district's students do poorly, the state cuts the district's budget the following year and the teachers get a pay cut. Critics point out that if a school does poorly, reducing its budget and cutting teacher

1696:

annually to students in select grades. Furthermore, in order to improve the educational outcomes of students, the act names several methods that could be utilized by school districts to help their students achieve educational growth, such as teacher professional development, educational technology,

2637:

provisions by upgrading the standards they are set to measure. To do this, the federal government gives states grants to help develop and implement assessments based on higher standards so they can more accurately measure school progress. This mirrors provisions in the Race to the Top program that

2616:

Skeptics posit that NCLB provides distinct political advantages to Democrats, whose focus on accountability offers a way for them to speak of equal opportunity and avoid being classified as the party of big government, special interests, and minority groups—a common accusation from Republicans who

2337:

Legal journals have also commented on the incompatibility of IDEA and NCLB; some say the acts may never be reconciled with one another. They point out that an IEP is designed specifically for individual student achievement, which gives the rights to parents to ensure that the schools are following

2329:

IDEA's focus on various measures stems from its foundation in Individualized Education Plans for students with disabilities (IEP). An IEP is designed to give students with disabilities individual goals that are often not on their grade level. An IEP is intended for "developing goals and objectives

2218:, then these students' scores are counted the same as any other student's score. Common acceptable changes include extended test time, testing in a quieter room, translation of math problems into the student's native language, or allowing a student to type answers instead of writing them by hand. 2205:

between privileged and underprivileged districts in a state, they still impose a "one size fits all" standard on individual students. Particularly in states with high standards, schools can be punished for not being able to dramatically raise the achievement of students that may have below-average

2098:

The opportunities, challenges, and risks that No Child Left Behind poses for science education in elementary and middle schools—worldwide competition insists on rapidly improving science education. Adding science assessments to the NCLB requirements may ultimately result in science being taught in

1827:

Supporters of the NCLB claim one of the strong positive points of the bill is the increased accountability that is required of schools and teachers. According to the legislation, schools must pass yearly tests that judge student improvement over the fiscal year. These yearly standardized tests are

1719:

Schools that miss AYP for a second consecutive year are publicly labeled as "In Need of Improvement," and must develop a two-year improvement plan for the subject that the school is not teaching well. Students have the option to transfer to a higher performing school within the school district, if

2325:

The National Council for Disabilities had reservations about how the regulations of NCLB fit with those of IDEA. One concern is how schools can effectively intervene and develop strategies when NCLB calls for group accountability rather than individual student attention. The Individual nature of

2312:

or hard of hearing. First, the legislation makes schools responsible for how students with disabilities score—emphasizing "...student outcomes instead of placement." It also puts the public's eye on how outside programs can be utilized to improve outcomes for this underserved population, and has

2200:

students) within a school to reach the same state standards in reading and mathematics by 2014; detractors charge that a 100% goal is unattainable, and critics of the NCLB requirement for "one high, challenging standard" claim that some students are simply unable to perform at the given level for

2112:

NCLB pressures schools to guarantee that nearly all students meet the minimum skill levels (set by each state) in reading, writing, and arithmetic—but requires nothing beyond these minima. It provides no incentives to improve student achievement beyond the bare minimum. Programs not essential for

2012:

Under No Child Left Behind, schools and teachers were held almost exclusively accountable for levels of student performance. But that meant that even schools that were making great strides with students were still labeled as "failing" just because the students had not yet made it all the way to a

1649:

The increased focus in the United States on educational standards and accountability reflected international education policy developments and debates. After World War II, international organizations such as the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the World

1595:

The act did not set national achievement standards. Instead, each state developed its own standards. NCLB expanded the federal role in public education through further emphasis on annual testing, annual academic progress, report cards, and teacher qualifications, as well as significant changes in

2400:

As part of their support for NCLB, the administration and Congress backed massive increases in funding for elementary and secondary education. Total federal education funding increased from $ 42.2 billion in 2001 (the fiscal year before the law's passage) up to $ 55.7 billion in 2004. A new $ 1

2382:

NCLB testing under-reports learning at non-English-language immersion schools, particularly those that immerse students in Native American languages. NCLB requires some Native American students to take standardized tests in English. In other cases, the students could be legally tested in their

2144:

A 2008 study by the Fordham Institute suggests that the lack of incentive for schools to meet the needs of high achieving students had serious consequences: while between 2000 and 2007 students in the lowest 10th percentile (low performers) had improved their average performance on the 4th grade

2632:

Obama says that accurate assessments "...can be used to accurately measure student growth; to better measure how states, districts, schools, principals, and teachers are educating students; to help teachers adjust and focus their teaching, and to provide better information to students and their

2370:

All students who are learning English would have an automatic three-year window to take assessments in their native language, after which they must normally demonstrate proficiency on an English-language assessment. However, the local education authority may grant an exception to any individual

2316:

Still, research thus far on the positive effects of NCLB/IDEA is limited. It has been aimed at young students in an attempt to find strategies to help them learn to read. Evaluations also have included a limited number of students, which make it very difficult to draw conclusions to a broader

2120:

decreased by a third over the law's first five years. There was only one program that helped improve the gifted: they received $ 9.6 million. In the 2007 budget, President George W. Bush zeroed this out. While NCLB is silent on the education of academically gifted students, some states (such as

1894:

Prior to the NCLB act, new teachers were typically required to have a bachelor's degree, be fully certified, and demonstrate subject matter knowledge—generally through tests. Under NCLB, existing teachers—including those with tenure—were also supposed to meet standards. They could meet the same

2592:

In addition, Obama proposes that the NCLB legislation lessen its stringent accountability punishments to states by focusing more on student improvement. Improvement measures would encompass assessing all children appropriately, including English language learners, minorities, and special needs

2473:

requested only $ 13.3 billion of a possible $ 22.75 billion in 2006. Advocacy groups note that President Bush's 2008 budget proposal allotted $ 61 billion for the Education Department, cutting funding by $ 1.3 billion from the year before. 44 out of 50 states would have received reductions in

2391:

One study found that schools in California and Illinois that have not met Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) serve 75–85% minority students while schools meeting AYP have less than 40% minority students. Schools that do not meet AYP are required to offer their students' parents the opportunity to

1623:

in 1965. Its goal was to provide additional resources to low-income students, but following its enactment, the nation repeatedly fell short of meeting the law's goal of providing full educational opportunities to students. Fears concerning the American education system culminated with the 1983

2001:

Another problem is that outside influences often affect student performance. Students who struggle to take tests may perform well using another method of learning such as project-based learning. Sometimes, factors such as home life can affect test performance. Basing performance on one test

1885:

for programs and teaching methods. The act defines this as "research that involves the application of rigorous, systematic, and objective procedures to obtain reliable and valid knowledge relevant to education activities and programs." Scientifically based research results in "replicable and

1658:

President George W. Bush first proposed the use of federal aid to create a plan by which to hold schools accountable for the educational outcomes of their students on January 23, 2001; however, as it was initially described, the Act faced significant criticism from interest groups such as the

2650:

In 2012, President Obama granted waivers from NCLB requirements to several states. "In exchange for that flexibility, those states 'have agreed to raise standards, improve accountability, and undertake essential reforms to improve teacher effectiveness,' the White House said in a statement."

2570:

The Forum on Educational Accountability (FEA), a working group of signers of the Joint Organizational Statement on NCLB has offered an alternative proposal. It proposes to shift NCLB from applying sanctions for failing to raise test scores to supporting state and communities and holding them

1844:

Provides information for parents by requiring states and school districts to give parents detailed report cards on schools and districts explaining the school's AYP performance; schools must inform parents when their child is taught by a teacher or para-professional who does not meet "highly

2094:

which among other things, looks to improve the quantity and quality of physical education. Secondly, there is research, including a 2005 study by Dr. Charles H. Hillmam of The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign that concludes that fitness is globally related to academic achievement.

1961:

Education researchers Thomas Dee and Brian Jacob argue that NCLB showed statistically significant positive impact on students' performance on 4th-grade math exams (equal to two-thirds of a year's worth of growth), smaller and statistically insignificant improvements in 8th-grade math exam

2035:(AYP). States all over the United States have shown improvements in their progress as an apparent result of NCLB. For example, Wisconsin ranks first of all fifty states plus the District of Columbia, with ninety-eight percent of its schools achieving No Child Left Behind standards. 2605:

of education in schools, it is actually harmful. The legislation has become virtually the only federal social policy meant to address wide-scale social inequities, and its policy features inevitably stigmatize both schools attended by children of the poor and children in general.

2620:

In the plan, the Obama Administration responds to critiques that standardized testing fails to capture higher level thinking by outlining new systems of evaluation to capture more in depth assessments on student achievement. His plan came on the heels of the announcement of the

1863:

Gives options to students enrolled in schools failing to meet AYP. If a school fails to meet AYP targets two or more years running, the school must offer eligible children the chance to transfer to higher-performing local schools, receive free tutoring, or attend after-school

2084:, the author of "Stop Narrowing of the Curriculum By Right-Sizing School Time," teachers are learning that students need more time to excel in the "needed" subjects. The students need more time to achieve the basic goals that should come by somewhat relevant to a student. 2013:"proficient" level of achievement. Since 2005, the U.S. Department of Education has approved 15 states to implement growth model pilots. Each state adopted one of four distinct growth models: Trajectory, Transition Tables, Student Growth Percentiles, and Projection. 2460:

In in America, even the most earnest teacher has often given up because they lack every available resource that could possibly make a difference. ... When we say all children can achieve and then not give them the additional resources ... we are creating a

5960: 1786:, student-led efforts forced school districts to create an "opt-in" policy that required students affirm they wanted the military to have their information. This successful student organizing effort was copied in various other cities throughout the United States. 2233:

test for English in lieu of the English test written by the state, and simplified tests for students with significant cognitive disabilities. The Virginia Alternate Assessment Program (VAAP) and Virginia Grade Level Alternative (VGLA) options, for example, are

2047:

Improves quality of instruction by requiring schools to implement "scientifically based research" practices in the classroom, parent involvement programs, and professional development activities for those students that are not encouraged or expected to attend

2281:

The amount of funding each school would receive from its "Local Education Agency" for each year would be divided by the number of children with disabilities and multiplied by the number of students with disabilities participating in the schoolwide programs.

1730:

If a school misses its AYP target for a fourth consecutive year, the school is labelled as requiring "corrective action," which might involve wholesale replacement of staff, introduction of a new curriculum, or extending the amount of time students spend in

1734:

A fifth year of failure results in planning to restructure the entire school; the plan is implemented if the school unsuccessfully hits its AYP targets for the sixth consecutive year. Common options include closing the school, turning the school into a

2593:

students. The school system would be re-designed to consider measures beyond reading and math tests; and would promote incentives to keep students enrolled in school through graduation, rather than encouraging student drop-out to increase AYP scores.

5389: 6187: 1591:

based on the premise that setting high standards and establishing measurable goals could improve individual outcomes in education. To receive federal school funding, states had to create and give assessments to all students at select grade levels.

2330:

that correspond to the needs of the student, and ultimately choosing a placement in the least restrictive environment possible for the student." Under the IEP, students could be able to legally have lowered success criteria for academic success.

2361:

and ethnic subgroups itself. Many previous state-created systems of accountability measured only average school performance—so schools could be highly rated even if they had large achievement gaps between affluent and disadvantaged students.

2505:, they had to incur additional expenses to comply with the requirements of the NCLB Act. The funding they received from the federal government in support of NCLB was not enough to cover the added expense necessary to adhere to the new law. 2258:

Education Plans) and 504 plans are counted just as other students' scores are counted. Schools have argued against having disabled populations involved in their AYP measurements because they claim that there are too many variables involved.

2209:

The term "all" in NCLB ended up meaning less than 100% of students, because by the time the 100% requirement was to take effect in 2015, no state had reached the goal of having 100% of students pass the proficiency bar. Students who have an

1804:

Mathematics and Science Partnerships (MSP) is education policy from Title 2, Part B, Sections 2201–2203 of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. The purpose of MSP is to increase student achievement in science and mathematics by partnering

2289:, for establishment of goals for students with special needs, and for assessment levels for these students. In 2004, George Bush signed provisions that would define for both of these acts what was considered a "highly qualified teacher." 1848:

Establishes the foundation for schools and school districts to significantly enhance parental involvement and improved administration through the use of the assessment data to drive decisions on instruction, curriculum and business

2374:

In practice, however, only 10 states choose to test any English language learners in their native language (almost entirely Spanish speakers). The vast majority of English language learners are given English language assessments.

2188:, more than 1,000 students began high school as freshmen, and four years later, fewer than 300 students were enrolled in the senior class. However, none of these "missing" students from Sharpstown High were reported as dropouts. 6719: 1809:

science, math, and engineering departments with elementary and secondary science and math teachers in high-need local educational agencies (LEAs) in order to develop teachers' content knowledge and instructional performance.

5957: 7575: 6712: 7108: 2642:

that high-stakes testing is detrimental to school success across the country, because it encourages teachers to "teach to the test" and places undue pressure on teachers and schools if they fail to meet benchmarks.

6168: 2645:

The re-authorization process has become somewhat of a controversy, as lawmakers and politicians continually debate about the changes that must be made to the bill to make it work best for the educational system.

1867:

Gives school districts the opportunity to demonstrate proficiency, even for subgroups that do not meet State Minimum Achievement standards, through a process called "safe harbor," a precursor to growth-based or

2469:, it is true that during the Bush Administration, neither the Senate nor the White House has even requested federal funding up to the authorized levels for several of the act's main provisions. For example, 2171:

The system of incentives and penalties set up a strong motivation for schools, districts, and states to manipulate test results. For example, schools have been shown to employ "creative reclassification" of

2875: 1997:

to calculate the distance between two points. The teachers correctly anticipated the content of the tests, but incorrectly assumed each test would present simplistic items rather than higher-order items.

1958:—that in other subgroups scores remained the same or fell. Also, the makers of the standardized tests have been blamed for making the tests easier so that it is easier for schools to sufficiently improve. 1747:

States must develop AYP statewide measurable objectives for improved achievement by all students and for specific groups: economically disadvantaged students, students with disabilities, and students with

1931:

America's nine-year-olds age group, posted the best scores in reading (since 1971) and math (since 1973) in the history of the report. America's 13-year-olds earned the highest math scores the test ever

5903:

Lowe, R. and Kantor, H. (2006). From New Deal to No Deal: No Child Left Behind Act and the Devolution of Responsibility for Equal Opportunity. 76:4. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Educational Review.

2482:

detected by testing. However, federal NCLB formula funding increased by billions during this period and state and local funding increased by over $ 100 billion from school year 2001–02 through 2006–07.

2701: 265: 5190: 6310: 2157:

wrote of the law: "The United States Congress, acting with large bipartisan majorities, at the urging of the President, enacted as the law of the land that all children are to be above average."

6007: 6974: 2422:

The NCLB increases were companions to another massive increase in federal education funding at that time. The Bush administration and congress passed very large increases in funding for the

2017:

standards. A 2007 study by the U.S. Dept. of Education indicates that the observed differences in states' reported scores is largely due to differences in the stringency of their standards.

1265: 2521:

argues that the NCLB law is "unredeemable" and should be scrapped. He is quoted saying "ts main effect has been to sentence poor children to an endless regimen of test-preparation drills".

7241: 6610: 7692: 6602: 6116: 4108: 5834: 3286: 1949:

Forty-three states and the District of Columbia either improved academically or held steady in all categories (fourth- and eighth-grade reading and fourth- and eighth-grade math).

7386: 6705: 847: 4669: 7639: 7303: 7669: 4968: 2245:

ensures that deficiencies in the education of these disadvantaged students are identified and addressed. Opponents say that testing students with disabilities violates the

1470: 1074: 6199: 3562:

Linn, Robert L.; Eva L. Baker; Damian W Betebenner (August–September 2002). "Accountability Systems: Implications of Requirements of the No Child Left behind Act of 2001".

2031:

provisions, because local standards failed to provide adequate oversight over special education, and NCLB would let them use longitudinal data more effectively to monitor

2225:

needs does not automatically exempt students from assessment. Most students with mild disabilities or physical disabilities take the same test as non-disabled students.

2145:

reading portion of the National Assessment of Educational Progress by 16 points, the scores of the highest-performing students (90th percentile and above) hardly budged.

6777: 1764:

School AYP results must be reported separately for each group of students identified above so that it can be determined whether each student group met the AYP objective.

1379: 946: 7625: 859: 7420: 7342: 7287: 6445: 3038:

DeBray-Pelot, Elizabeth; McGuinn, Patrick (January 1, 2009). "The New Politics of Education: Analyzing the Federal Education Policy Landscape in the Post-NCLB Era".

5154:

Education Policy Brief, Closing the Achievement Gap Series: Part III, "What is the Impact of NCLB on the Inclusion of Students with Disabilities?" Cassandra Cole,

4761:"Re-Framing the Gift of Life: An Examination of Altruism, Social Distance, and Material Incentives as Factors in Non-Directed Kidney Donor Motivation Among Nurses" 1078: 6561: 5886: 1761:

The AYP objectives must be assessed at the school level. Schools that failed to meet their AYP objective for two consecutive years are identified for improvement.

5192:

The Impact of No Child Left Behind on IDEA's Guarantee of Free, Appropriate Public Education for Students with Disabilities: A Critical Review of Recent Case Law

1974:(all students in a state take the same test under the same conditions) encourages teachers to teach a narrow subset of skills that the school believes increases 1596:

funding. While the bill faced challenges from both Democrats and Republicans, it passed in both chambers of the legislature with significant bipartisan support.

1838:

Measures student performance: a student's progress in reading and math must be measured annually in grades 3 through 8 and at least once during high school via

7646: 7589: 7273: 6923: 6337: 3710:""Highly Qualified" to Do What? The Relationship Between NCLB Teacher Quality Mandates and the Use of Reform-Oriented Instruction in Middle School Mathematics" 2444:

Various early Democratic supporters of NCLB criticize its implementation, claiming it is not adequately funded by either the federal government or the states.

1993:, and the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) almost two-thirds of eighth graders missed math word problems that required an application of the 166: 1755:

The objectives must be set with the goal of having all students at the proficient level or above within 12 years (i.e. by the end of the 2013–14 school year).

7427: 2525: 1352: 1150: 4471: 2452:, U.S. Department of Education's former Assistant Secretary for Elementary and Secondary Education, commented about her worries of NCLB in a meeting of the 8277: 7397: 7101: 7050: 7039: 2982:

Nichols, S. L., Berliner, D. C., & Noddings, N. (2007). Collateral damage: How high-stakes testing corrupts America's schools. Harvard Education Press.

2501:, the act was put into action during a time of fiscal crisis for most states. While states were being forced to make budget cuts, including in the area of 2214:(IEP) and who are assessed must receive the accommodations specified in the IEP during assessment; if these accommodations do not change the nature of the 832: 827: 623: 477: 2066:

NCLB's main focus is on skills in reading, writing, and mathematics, which are areas related to economic success. Combined with the budget crises in the

522: 500: 6689: 5199: 4139: 2435:

law's passage, Secretary of Education Rod Paige noted ensuring that children are educated remained a state responsibility regardless of federal support:

1428: 1374: 1236: 837: 6146:(Cornell University Press; 2012) 264 pages; explores role of civil-rights activists, business leaders, and education experts in passing the legislation. 6798: 6482: 6205: 3497:

Hemelt, Steven W. (2011). "Performance effects of failure to make Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP): Evidence from a regression discontinuity framework".

2895: 1418: 1083: 884: 5158: 8297: 6856: 6517: 4524:

Williams, David R.; McClellan, Mark B.; Rivlin, Alice M. (2010). "Beyond the Affordable Care Act: Achieving Real Improvements in Americans' Health".

3527: 3211: 2466: 1327: 854: 6158:

Investment in early childhood education in a globalized world: Policies, practices, and parental philosophies in China, India, and the United States

5710: 2285:

Particularly since 2004, policymakers have sought to align IDEA with NCLB. The most obvious points of alignment include the shared requirements for

2137:) require schools to identify gifted students and provide them with an appropriate education, including grade advancement. In other states, such as 7192: 6812: 6805: 6749: 6438: 6431: 6424: 6417: 6410: 6403: 6396: 1406: 6123:

McGuinn, Patrick. "From no child left behind to the every student succeeds act: Federalism and the education legacy of the Obama administration."

5346: 6960: 6770: 6454: 2005:

Those opposed to the use of testing to determine educational achievement prefer alternatives such as subjective teacher opinions, classwork, and

1946:

Achievement gaps in reading and math between white and black nine-year-olds and between white and Hispanic nine-year-olds are at an all-time low.

1521: 1359: 1255: 1244: 1027: 864: 5944: 4700: 4006: 2448:, the legislation's initial sponsor, once stated: "The tragedy is that these long overdue reforms are finally in place, but the funds are not." 8307: 8282: 7524: 7494: 7143: 6784: 6756: 5367: 5308:

Kim, J. S.; Sunderman, G. L. (2005). "Measuring Academic Proficiency Under the No Child Left Behind Act: Implications for Educational Equity".

2626: 1985:

Many teachers who practice "teaching to the test" misinterpret the educational outcomes the tests are designed to measure. On two state tests,

1705: 1635: 1452: 481: 325: 6554: 7185: 6916: 6849: 6728: 4306: 2601:

period, focus on re-classifying schools that have been labeled as failing, and develop a new evaluation process for teachers and educators.

7552: 7531: 7464: 7171: 6930: 6819: 6763: 4883: 4116: 1260: 1184: 974: 931: 5831: 1758:

AYP must be primarily based on state assessments, but must also include one additional academic indicator, which is defined by the states.

7478: 7379: 7087: 6791: 6547: 5093:

pp. 480–81, "Policies for Students Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing Hidden Benefits and Unintended Consequences of No Child Left Behind,"

2423: 2353: 2275: 2271: 2246: 1921: 1317: 1307: 1250: 236: 6252: 5266: 2419:

In addition, the provisions of NCLB permitted increased flexibility for state and local agencies in the use of federal education money.

7517: 7059: 6330: 5236:

Rowley, Rochelle; Wright, David (2011). "No "White" child left behind: The academic achievement gap between Black and White students".

4600:

Marx, Ronald W.; Christopher J. Harris (May 2006). "No Child Left Behind and Science Education: Opportunities, Challenges, and Risks".

3095: 2267: 1285: 1194: 5524: 5223: 7607: 7471: 7094: 6526: 6389: 6368: 6355: 4858: 4644: 1701: 1364: 1342: 1204: 1088: 964: 921: 869: 695: 688: 613: 6212: 5499: 5128: 5109: 5020: 4195: 2795: 6995: 6872: 6568: 6156:

Tan, Guangyu, et al. "From a nation at risk to no child left behind to race to the top: The US response to global competition." in

2274:(IDEA) was enacted in its first form in 1991, and then reenacted with new education aspects in 2006 (although still referred to as 1639: 1460: 1411: 969: 926: 184: 4733: 2489:

The number one area where funding was cut from the national budget was in Title I funding for disadvantaged students and schools.

1712:(AYP) in test scores (e.g. each year, fifth graders must do better on standardized tests than the previous year's fifth graders). 8058: 7891: 7699: 7676: 7436: 6584: 6489: 6461: 5077: 5057: 1401: 1347: 1189: 1045: 984: 941: 904: 791: 4400:

Grey, A (2010). "No Child Left Behind in Art Education Policy: A Review of Key Recommendations for Arts Language Revisions. A".

3645: 2116:

In particular, NCLB does not require any programs for gifted, talented, and other high-performing students. Federal funding of

7596: 7349: 7206: 6575: 6503: 6496: 6276: 2586: 2475: 1676: 1616: 1580: 1456: 1384: 1167: 894: 889: 257: 210: 6182:

Ydesen, Christian, and Sherman Dorn. "The No Child Left Behind Act in the Global Architecture of Educational Accountability."

5747: 4219: 2638:

require states to measure individual achievement through sophisticated data collection from kindergarten to higher education.

8312: 7568: 7136: 6895: 6510: 6382: 6323: 6305: 6219: 5609: 5607:

Leaving No Child Left Behind: States charged with implementing Bush's national education plan balk at the cost of compliance.

5271: 4094: 2711: 1917: 1905: 1664: 1464: 1312: 1214: 1113: 1103: 899: 820: 708: 2465:

Organizations have particularly criticized the unwillingness of the federal government to "fully fund" the act. Noting that

6944: 6375: 6239: 2154: 1799: 1369: 1302: 1231: 1177: 1155: 1145: 767: 703: 320: 279: 215: 17: 6533: 2073:

In some schools, the classes remain available, but individual students who are not proficient in basic skills are sent to

1692:

and districts. In order to do this, NCLB requires all public schools receiving federal funding to administer a nationwide

7358: 7157: 6835: 4435:

Pederson, P (2007). "What Is Measured Is Treasured: The Impact of the No Child Left Behind Act on Nonassessed Subjects".

3691: 1599:

Many provisions of the act generated significant controversy. By 2015, bipartisan criticism had increased so much that a

1514: 1389: 1172: 1135: 1020: 979: 936: 668: 608: 201: 6226: 5662: 4236: 8292: 7881: 7828: 7759: 7510: 7406: 6967: 6468: 6056: 1290: 1199: 1140: 796: 745: 720: 427: 418: 409: 400: 391: 383: 374: 365: 355: 351: 347: 343: 5768: 5629: 4795: 4172: 4109:"Tested: Test scores to be primary tool for choosing nation's best schools, but critics say there's more to education" 3827:

Carnoy, Martin; Loeb, Susanna (2002). "Does External Accountability Affect Student Outcomes? A Cross-State Analysis".

3607:"Preparing Highly Qualified Teachers for Students with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders: The Impact of NCLB and IDEA" 2820: 7294: 7080: 6540: 6128: 5778: 4829: 2453: 715: 6263: 6258: 6177:

From A Nation at Risk to No Child Left Behind: National education goals and the creation of federal education policy

5794: 1982:." "Teaching to the test" has been observed to raise test scores, though not as much as other teaching techniques. 7129: 5143: 4072: 2211: 1588: 1423: 1108: 1098: 463: 330: 5437: 4489:

Jennings, Jack; Rentner, Diane Stark (2006). "Ten Big Effects of the No Child Left behind Act on Public Schools".

4280: 3916:"Innovation, NCLB, and the Fear Factor: The Challenge of Leading 21st-Century Schools in an Era of Accountability" 1928:

More progress was made by nine-year-olds in reading in the last five years than in the previous 28 years combined.

61:

An act to close the achievement gap with accountability, flexibility, and choice, so that no child is left behind.

7683: 7501: 7443: 7365: 6828: 6674: 6667: 6660: 6653: 6646: 6639: 6632: 6475: 2760: 2580: 2058:

Student performance in other subjects (besides reading and math) will be measured as a part of overall progress.

2002:

inaccurately measures student success overall. No Child Left Behind has failed to account for all these factors.

1739:, hiring a private company to run the school, or asking the state office of education to run the school directly. 1160: 1093: 125: 117: 5559: 1886:

applicable findings" from research that used appropriate methods to generate persuasive, empirical conclusions.

8075: 7655: 7538: 7372: 7335: 7257: 7164: 7073: 6988: 6106:

Schoolhouse of Cards: An Inside Story of No Child Left Behind and Why America Needs a Real Education Revolution

5586: 4923: 3749:"A HOUSSE Built on Quicksand? Exploring the Teacher Quality Conundrum for Secondary Special Education Teachers" 2298: 1507: 1054: 1013: 663: 633: 628: 312: 155: 4352: 7865: 7559: 7450: 7178: 5294: 4947: 2241:

Organizations that support NCLB assessment of disabled or limited English proficient (LEP) students say that

1940: 1882: 1806: 1130: 808: 244: 6080: 5692: 4997: 2851:"To close the achievement gap with accountability, flexibility, and choice, so that no child is left behind" 2141:, state funding for gifted and talented programs was cut by up to 90% in the year after the Act became law. 1683:

on December 18, 2001 (voting 87–10). The Act was then signed into law by President Bush on January 8, 2002.

7266: 7220: 7018: 6863: 6346: 5155: 1576: 1280: 784: 683: 603: 231: 83: 35: 6288:

Historian Diane Ravitch: No Child Left Behind Has Left US Schools with Legacy of "Institutionalized Fraud"

4746: 3524: 2756: 110: 7234: 7025: 6625: 5525:"Support the Enhancing Education Through Technology Program Restore Funding to $ 496 million FY 05 Level" 5406:

Still Segregated Still Unequal: Analyzing the Impact of No Child Left Behind on African American Students

5288: 1749: 249: 31: 2994:"A Nation at Risk or a Nation in Progress? Naming the Way Forward Through Research in Teacher Education" 440: 8317: 8302: 8287: 7886: 7724: 7715: 7662: 7213: 6163:

Thomsen, Morten K., et al. "PROTOCOL: Testing frequency and student achievement: A systematic review."

5343: 3902:

Answering the Question that Matters Most: Has Student Achievement Increased since No Child Left Behind?

2744: 2660: 1604: 549: 296: 176: 98: 6133:

McGuinn, Patrick. "The national schoolmarm: No Child Left Behind and the new educational federalism."

5999: 2695: 2371:

English learner for another two years' testing in his or her native language on a case-by-case basis.

163:

Augustus F. Hawkins-Robert T. Stafford Elementary and Secondary School Improvement Amendments of 1988

8272: 7618: 7457: 7326: 5872: 4003: 2726: 2286: 1775: 1394: 1226: 431: 413: 404: 369: 6094:

Eskelsen, Lily. "The National Schoolmarm: No Child Left Behind and the New Educational Federalism."

5679: 4816:

Many Children Left Behind: How the No Child Left Behind Act Is Damaging Our Children and Our Schools

3548: 3309: 2945: 422: 8196: 7032: 6282: 5573: 2914: 2721: 2054:

Emphasizes reading, language arts, mathematics and science achievement as "core academic subjects."

2032: 1955: 1709: 1297: 171: 5958:"Dictating to the Schools: A Look at the Effects of the Bush and Obama Administrations on Schools" 4310: 3953: 3413:"Supplemental Education Services Under No Child Left Behind: Who Signs Up, and What Do They Gain?" 2753: 2659:

On April 30, 2015, a bill was introduced to Congress to replace the No Child Left Behind Act, the

107: 7932: 7632: 5724: 1924:(NAEP) results, released in July 2005, showing improved student achievement in reading and math: 1538: 641: 301: 6030: 4887: 4670:"5 Ways No Child Left Behind Waivers Help State Education Reform – Center for American Progress" 4253: 2625:

initiative, a $ 4.35 billion reform program financed by the Department of Education through the

8155: 8125: 8070: 8053: 7983: 7752: 7582: 7122: 5344:

No Child Left Behind: Misguided Approach to School Accountability for English Language Learners

4980: 4053: 2684: 2215: 2202: 2177: 2006: 1831:

In addition to and in support of the above points, proponents claim that No Child Left Behind:

1811: 1783: 996: 5918: 3971: 2249:(IDEA) by making students with disabilities learn the same material as non-disabled students. 8236: 7963: 7797: 7250: 7011: 7004: 4026:

Cochran-Smith, M.; Lytle, S. (2006). "Troubling Images of Teaching in No Child Left Behind".

3606: 3268: 3192: 3163: 3154:"Bush pushes ambitious education plan: Would use U.S. aid to force schools to meet standards" 3085:

Kernell. (2007). Going public: New strategies of presidential leadership (4th ed.). CQ Press.

2386: 2242: 1814:

may apply for competitive grants and then IHEs and LEAs may apply for a subgrant of the SEA.

1270: 762: 6232: 5222:

Reardon, S.F., Greenberg, E.H., Kalogrides, D., Shores, K.A., & Valentino, R.A. (2013).

5124:

p. 23, "No Child Left Behind:Improving Educational Outcomes for Students with Disabilities"

3709: 3354: 3239: 2850: 455: 50: 8150: 8065: 6909: 6886: 6879: 6315: 5535: 5105:

p. 5, "No Child Left Behind:Improving Educational Outcomes for Students with Disabilities"

4876: 4332: 3915: 3748: 3459: 3096:

Bush impact on schools to outlive term; NCLB law key element of President's domestic legacy

3074:

Bush pushes ambitious education plan: Would use U.S. aid to force schools to meet standards

2706: 2672: 2235: 2173: 2067: 1979: 1869: 1680: 1497: 1332: 1322: 1275: 735: 8: 8201: 8140: 8013: 7917: 7860: 7853: 7782: 5125: 5106: 5029: 4909: 4821: 4814: 1994: 1743:

States must create AYP objectives consistent with the following requirements of the law:

1715:

If the school's results are repeatedly poor, then steps are taken to improve the school.

1600: 395: 5094: 4217:

New study confirms vast differences in state goals for academic 'proficiency' under NCLB

4039: 3664:"The Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act: Reauthorization and Appropriations" 3327: 2201:

their age, no matter how effective the teacher is. While statewide standards reduce the

387: 378: 8135: 8033: 8023: 7833: 7545: 6842: 6742: 5977: 5815: 5325: 5245: 4625: 4617: 4577: 4560: 4506: 4452: 4417: 4382: 4054:

Learning about Teaching: Initial Findings from the Measuring Effective Teaching Program

3935: 3883: 3844: 3809: 3768: 3729: 3626: 3587: 3579: 3479: 3440: 3432: 3263: 3187: 3158: 3131: 3110:"The No Child Left Behind Act in the Global Architecture of Educational Accountability" 3055: 3015: 2965: 2780: 2230: 2087: 2074: 1782:

amount of criticism and has even led to political resistance. For instance, in 2003 in

646: 5074: 5054: 3663: 8221: 8120: 8008: 7993: 7988: 7978: 7843: 7838: 7787: 7745: 7280: 6902: 6735: 5774: 5404: 5329: 4825: 4629: 4582: 4541: 4510: 4456: 4421: 4090: 3939: 3772: 3733: 3630: 3591: 3510: 3483: 3444: 3135: 3059: 3019: 2969: 2678: 2634: 2222: 2197: 2166: 2077:

reading or mathematics classes rather than arts, sports, or other optional subjects.

1971: 1839: 1693: 1620: 774: 6149:

Shelly, Bryan. "Rebels and their causes: State resistance to no child left behind."

5174: 4386: 4307:"Federal Legislation and Education in New York State 2005: No Child Left Behind Act" 3848: 2044:

Increases the quality of education by requiring schools to improve their performance

8095: 8003: 7968: 5745: 5466: 5317: 5022:

No Child Left Behind: Improving Educational Outcomes for Students with Disabilities

5018: 4772: 4609: 4572: 4533: 4498: 4444: 4409: 4374: 4035: 3927: 3887: 3875: 3836: 3799: 3760: 3721: 3618: 3571: 3506: 3471: 3424: 3374: 3366: 3121: 3047: 3005: 2957: 2926: 2633:

families." He has pledged to support state governments in their efforts to improve

2532: 2117: 1986: 1975: 1936: 1626: 1486: 6113:

No Child Left Behind And the Transformation of Federal Education Policy, 1965–2005

5606: 5275:(Press release). January 14, 2004. Archived from the original on February 10, 2004 4089:

Wiggins, G. & McTighe, J. (2005). Understanding by design, 2nd Edition. ASCD.

2961: 2545:

Have effective teachers for all students, effective principals for all communities

1603:

stripped away the national features of No Child Left Behind. Its replacement, the

8231: 8165: 8145: 8130: 8105: 8090: 8048: 7973: 7792: 7310: 7115: 5964: 5931: 5838: 5751: 5666: 5613: 5574:

U.S. Department of Education, Elementary and Secondary Education Act Budget Table

5350: 5162: 5132: 5113: 5081: 5061: 4799: 4223: 4010: 3695: 3531: 2781:

The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (The No Child Left Behind Act of 2004)

2716: 2622: 2449: 2383:

native language, except that the state has not paid to have the test translated.

1572: 803: 6287: 5267:"Charting the Course: States Decide Major Provisions Under No Child Left Behind" 4747:

Times Watchdog Report: No Child Left Behind on the way out, but not anytime soon

4645:"No Child Left Behind Overview: Definitions, Requirements, Criticisms, and More" 3393:

Arlette Ingram Willis. (2019). Response to intervention: An illusion of equity.

3310:"Actions – H.R.1 – 107th Congress (2001–2002): No Child Left Behind Act of 2001" 2113:

achieving mandated minimum skills are neglected or canceled by those districts.

8251: 8191: 8115: 8085: 8080: 8043: 8028: 7927: 7812: 7485: 6292: 4969:

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act#Alignment with No Child Left Behind

4561:"Aerobic Fitness and Neurocognitive Function in Healthy Preadolescent Children" 4502: 4216: 3622: 3525:"States' Evidence: What It Means to Make 'Adequate Yearly Progress' Under NCLB" 3272: 3196: 3167: 2548:

Accelerate progress and achievement gaps closed through improved accountability

2528: 2470: 2196:

The act is promoted as requiring 100% of students (including disadvantaged and

1736: 1643: 1541: 580: 532: 6057:"Congress is getting rid of No Child Left Behind. Here's what will replace it" 5391:

School Accountability under NCLB: Aid or Obstacle for Measuring Racial Equity?

5368:"Native American Languages Act: Twenty Years Later, Has It Made a Difference?" 5321: 4621: 4537: 4448: 4413: 4378: 3840: 3725: 3688: 3575: 514: 490: 207:

Educational Research, Development, Dissemination, and Improvement Act of 1994

8266: 8216: 8206: 8160: 7998: 7937: 7807: 7413: 6953: 6698: 6300: 5659: 3954:"No Child Left Behind | Testing Our Schools | FRONTLINE | PBS" 3931: 3788:"The Quality and Distribution of Teachers under the No Child Left Behind Act" 3764: 3475: 3428: 3051: 3010: 2993: 2610: 2405: 1631: 1337: 842: 740: 5224:

Left behind? The effect of No Child Left Behind on academic achievement gaps

3985: 3258: 3183:"Adding a financial threat to familiar promises on education: News analysis" 3182: 3153: 3073: 1770:

States may aggregate up to three years of data in making AYP determinations.

8170: 8038: 7942: 7922: 6937: 6618: 6144:

An Education in Politics: The Origins and Evolution of No Child Left Behind

5764: 5637: 5419: 4792: 4777: 4586: 4545: 4164: 2828: 2702:

Mental health provisions in Title V of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001

2598: 2261: 2134: 2081: 1660: 1646:

made a number of campaign promises related to bipartisan education reform.

1534: 952: 459: 3546:

National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance. (2008).

2551:

Move beyond status quo to effective school improvement and student options

2387:

Demographic study of AYP failure rates and requirement for failing schools

2308:

Particular research has been done on how the laws impact students who are

266:

National Agricultural Research, Extension, and Teaching Policy Act of 1977

7958: 7227: 7199: 7150: 7066: 6081:

https://dese.ade.arkansas.gov/Files/20201126143555_NCLB_vs_ESSA_Flier.pdf

4165:"What's Wrong With Standardized Tests? (Updated October 2023) - Fairtest" 3804: 3787: 3555: 3379: 2764: 2571:

accountable as they make systemic changes that improve student learning.

2445: 1727:

and other supplemental education services to students who are struggling.

1668: 752: 618: 129: 5249: 5156:

http://www.ceep.indiana.edu/projects/PDF/PB_V4N11_Fall_2006_NCLB_dis.pdf

4926:. Online NewsHour. August 21, 2005. pbs.org/newshour. 20 February 2009. 3813: 3436: 3412: 3126: 3109: 2930: 7912: 4284: 3583: 3212:"House Speaker Boehner, Key Architect of NCLB, to Resign From Congress" 2535: 2518: 2191: 2126: 1790:

from school for certain offenses to perform acts of community service.

1672: 223: 4714: 3879: 3460:"NCLB and Scientifically-Based Research: Opportunities Lost and Found" 3370: 3240:"H.R.1 – 107th Congress (2001–2002): No Child Left Behind Act of 2001" 8186: 8018: 5633: 5261: 5259: 3863: 3698:

ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management. Retrieved June 7, 2007.

3605:

Rosenberg, Michael S.; Sindelar, Paul T.; Hardman, Michael L (2004).

2502: 2467:

appropriations bills always originate in the House of Representatives

1817: 1559:

President George W. Bush signs the No Child Left Behind Act into law.

6264:

President Discusses No Child Left Behind and High School Initiatives

4472:"Stop the Narrowing of the Curriculum By 'Right-Sizing' School Time" 2946:"Fifty Years Later: Access to Education as an Avenue out of Poverty" 2613:

in the education of the poor and privatization of American schools.

1962:

performance, and no discernible improvement in reading performance.

30:"No Child Left Behind" redirects here. For the Kanye West song, see 8211: 8100: 7768: 6981: 5851: 5795:"Joint Organizational Statement on No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act" 4844: 4760: 4613: 4365:

Beveridge, T (2010). "No Child Left Behind and Fine Arts Classes".

3901: 3561: 2876:"Obama signs new K–12 education law that ends No Child Left Behind" 2689: 2365: 2138: 2130: 2051:

Supports early literacy through the Early Reading First initiative.

1990: 1724: 1448: 779: 7693:

Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act

5256: 5175:

Report: No Child Left Behind is out of step with special education

4981:"Reauthorized Statute Alignment With the No Child Left Behind Act" 4060:(Research paper). December 2010 – via The Los Angeles Times. 3864:"Does school accountability lead to improved student performance?" 2896:"President Obama Signs Into Law a Rewrite of No Child Left Behind" 2560:

Ensure high schools prepare students for college and the workplace

2320: 2292: 1954:

Child Left Behind. They also argue that some of the subgroups are

1793: 8246: 8241: 8226: 7802: 4226:. South Carolina Department of Education. Retrieved June 7, 2007. 3552:. Institution of Education Sciences. Retrieved November 18, 2021. 2341: 2317:

group. Evaluations also focus only on one type of disabilities.

2181: 2122: 1767:

At least 95% of each group must participate in state assessments.

1584: 565: 66: 5945:"Obama's No Child Left Behind Revise: A Little More Flexibility" 4559:

Hillman, Charles H.; Castelli, Darla M.; Buck, Sarah M. (2005).

7387:

White House Office of Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships

6206:

Obama Administration to Push for NCLB Reauthorization This Year

6031:"S.1177 114th Congress (2015–2016): Every Student Succeeds Act" 4731: 4593: 2440:

looked at as a gift, it is the state responsibility to do this.

2020: 1481: 7640:

Committee on Climate Change Science and Technology Integration

5560:

U.S. Department of Education, Fiscal Year 2007 Budget Proposal

5028:. National Council on Disability. pp. 7–8. Archived from 4196:"Growth Models and Accountability: A Recipe for Remaking ESEA" 3411:

Heinrich, Carolyn J.; Meyer, Robert H.; Whitten, Greg (2010).

2585:

President Barack Obama released a blueprint for reform of the

1723:

Missing AYP in the third year forces the school to offer free

167:

Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Technical Education Act of 1998

160:

Albert Einstein Distinguished Educator Fellowship Act of 1994

8110: 5913: 5911: 5909: 4884:"VDOE :: No Child Left Behind – NCLB, Understanding AYP" 4254:

Mapping 2005 state proficiency standards onto the NAEP scales

4073:"Study backs 'value-added' analysis of teacher effectiveness" 3779: 2913:

Frey, A. J.; Mandlawitz, M.; Alvarez, M. E. (April 1, 2012).

2185: 1854:

salaries will likely hamper the school's ability to improve.

6345: 6255:(online version, includes Microsoft documents and PDF links) 5832:

Beyond NCLB: Fulfilling the Promise to Our Nation's Children

5409:. University of California, Berkeley: National Urban League. 5354: 4734:"High-Achieving Students in the Era of No Child Left Behind" 4703:

from Time, July 27, 2007, pp 40–46. Retrieved April 6, 2009.

4013:. International Reading Association. Retrieved June 7, 2007. 1835:

Links state academic content standards with student outcomes

7737: 5019:

American Youth Policy Forum; Educational Policy Institute.

4138:

Eskelsen García, Lily; Thornton, Otha (February 13, 2015).

3355:"The impact of no Child Left Behind on student achievement" 2309: 1587:

provisions applying to disadvantaged students. It mandated

467: 6277:

National Education Association 'No Child Left Behind'/ESEA

6220:

ESEA's 50-Year Legacy a Blend of Idealism, Policy Tensions

5906: 5394:

Cambridge, MA: Civil Rights Project at Harvard University.

4333:"NPR and Newshour 2008 Election Map: More about Wisconsin" 2992:

Floden, Robert E.; Richmond, Gail; Salazar, Maria (2020).

7421:

Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001

5591: 4599: 4337: 3900:

Chudowsky, Naomi; Chudowsky, Victor; Kober, Nancy (2007)

3708:

Smith, Thomas M.; Desimone, Laura M.; Ueno, Koji (2005).

2768: 5397: 4924:"No Child Left Behind's Impact on Specialized Education" 4910:""Terminology" Virginia Department of Education website" 3785: 3604: 2262:

Aligning the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

4523: 4309:. New York State Education Agency. 2005. Archived from 4137: 3904:. Washington: Center on Education Policy, June 2007). 2404:

The act created a new competitive-grant program called

1889: 511:

agreed to by the United States House of Representatives

7590:

Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005

7343:

President's Council on Service and Civic Participation

7274:

Higher Education Relief Opportunities For Students Act

6240:

Rebranding No Child Left Behind a Tough Marketing Call

5532:

Software & Information Industry Association (SIIA)

5126:

http://www.aypf.org/publications/NCLB-Disabilities.pdf

5107:

http://www.aypf.org/publications/NCLB-Disabilities.pdf

2790: 2788: 2681:, argues focus on tests can impair educational outcome 2554:

Have fair and accurate assessments of student progress

27:

2002 United States education reform law; repealed 2015

7428:

Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003

5932:"Comparing No Child Left Behind and Race to the Top." 5095:

http://aer.sagepub.com/content/44/3/460.full.pdf+html

3287:"Actions Overview H.R.1 — 107th Congress (2001–2002)" 2991: 2912: 1965: 7040:

Foreign Investment and National Security Act of 2007

5669:. American Federation of Teachers. Retrieved 6/7/07. 3458:

Liston, Dan; Whitcomb, Jennie; Borko, Hilda (2007).

3410: 2557:

Have high standards for every student in every state

2346: 2192:

Variability in student potential and 100% compliance

2176:(to reduce unfavorable statistics). For example, at 6298: 5967:, "Virginia Journal of Education". (November 2010). 5770:

NCLB meets school realities: lessons from the field

5762: 5725:"Funding Stagnant for No Child Left Behind Program" 5084:, "NCLB and IDEA: What parents need to know and do" 5075:

http://www.cehd.umn.edu/nceo/onlinepubs/parents.pdf

5064:, "NCLB and IDEA: What parents need to know and do" 5055:

http://www.cehd.umn.edu/nceo/onlinepubs/parents.pdf

4758: 4732:Farcas, Steve; Duffett, Ann; Loveless, Tom (2008). 4558: 3786:Hanushek, Eric A.; Steven G. Rivkin (Summer 2010). 3457: 3037: 2785: 2025: 1615:Prior to the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, the 6227:The Nation's Main K–12 Law: A Timeline of the ESEA 5569: 5567: 4813: 4025: 2745: 2412:they spent a portion of their federal allotments. 1818:Effects on teachers, schools, and school districts 1679:on December 13, 2001 (voting 381–41), and in the 99: 3707: 2102: 487:Passed the United States House of Representatives 8264: 7193:National Security Entry-Exit Registration System 6611:Joint session of Congress (September 11 attacks) 5630:"Bush Education Ad: Going Positive, Selectively" 5226:. Stanford Center for Education Policy Analysis. 3862:Hanushek, Eric A.; Raymond, Margaret E. (2005). 3747:Drame, Elizabeth R.; Pugach, Marleen C. (2010). 3646:"Military Recruiters Meet Pockets of Resistance" 2893: 2366:State refusal to produce non-English assessments 1898: 1876: 189:District of Columbia College Access Act of 1999 6000:"Obama to push 'No Child Left Behind' overhaul" 5564: 4811: 4715:"Education, Intelligence, and America's Future" 4565:Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 4488: 3913: 3861: 2429: 2321:Negative effects for students with disabilities 2293:Positive effects for students with disabilities 2061: 1794:Title II – Mathematics and Science Partnerships 7525:Job Creation and Worker Assistance Act of 2002 7495:Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 5494: 5492: 5461: 5459: 4936:No Child Left Behind Act#Provisions of the act 4793:Bush Education Ad: Going Positive, Selectively 4281:"NCLB: Conspiracy, Compliance, or Creativity?" 3549:Key provisions of the No Child Left Behind Act 2627:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 2566:Encourage parental involvement and empowerment 2563:Drive progress through reliable, accurate data 2342:Effects on racial and ethnic minority students 1706:Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 1636:National Commission on Excellence in Education 326:Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century 258:McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act of 1987 211:Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 198:Education Flexibility Partnership Act of 1999 7753: 6331: 6283:AAUW's Position Paper on No Child Left Behind 6259:Remarks by President Bush at signing ceremony 2894:Hirschfeld Davis, Julie (December 10, 2015). 2252: 1515: 1021: 548:Repealed on December 10, 2015. Replaced with 228:Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1986 7553:Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 7532:Mortgage Forgiveness Debt Relief Act of 2007 7465:Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 6200:online state reports on No Child Left Behind 5307: 5235: 4070: 3914:Schoen, LaTefy; Fusarelli, Lance D. (2008). 3259:"Bush-backed school bill advances in Senate" 2478:, including his final 2009 budget proposal. 2021:Intended effects on curriculum and standards 309:State Dependent Care Development Grants Act 280:National Environmental Education Act of 1990 254:Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 1997 8278:United States federal education legislation 7479:Financial Literacy and Education Commission 7102:Government response to September 11 attacks 7088:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act 5489: 5456: 5185: 5183: 3746: 2581:Presidency of Barack Obama § Education 2424:Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 2354:racial achievement gap in the United States 2272:Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 2247:Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 1922:National Assessment of Educational Progress 1822: 352:42 U.S.C.: Public Health and Social Welfare 270:National and Community Service Act of 1990 237:Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 7760: 7746: 7518:Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 7060:Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act 6338: 6324: 5947:, "The Christian Science Monitor". (2010). 5432: 5430: 5428: 5388:Owens, A., & Sunderman, G. L. (2006). 4935: 3974:Department of Education. Retrieved 6/7/07. 3829:Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 3826: 3714:Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 3417:Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 3107: 2492: 2268:Education for All Handicapped Children Act 1607:, turned the remnants over to the states. 1522: 1508: 1028: 1014: 507:Reported by the joint conference committee 276:National Education Statistics Act of 1994 7472:Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act 7095:Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act 6729:Jordan–United States Free Trade Agreement 6266:, Speech text and video, January 12, 2005 6242:. Education Week. Retrieved 16 July 2015. 6229:. Education Week. Retrieved 16 July 2015. 6222:. Education Week. Retrieved 16 July 2015. 6215:. Education Week. Retrieved 16 July 2015. 5739: 4776: 4576: 4364: 4278: 3984:Dee, Thomas; Jacob, Brian (Summer 2010). 3868:Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 3803: 3378: 3359:Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 3180: 3125: 3108:Ydesen, Christian; Dorn, Sherman (2022). 3009: 1908:for disadvantaged and disabled students. 1089:History of education in the United States 306:School-to-Work Opportunities Act of 1994 293:Refugee Education Assistance Act of 1980 8298:Acts of the 107th United States Congress 6309:) is being considered for deletion. See 5180: 4802:. FactCheck.org. Retrieved June 7, 2007. 4695: 4693: 4691: 4434: 4258:National Center for Education Statistics 4237:Congress To Weigh 'No Child Left Behind' 3983: 3681: 3643: 3352: 1943:nine-year-olds reached an all-time high. 1686: 1640:2000 United States presidential election 1619:(ESEA) was signed into law by President 1547: 1533: 317:Tribally Controlled Schools Act of 1987 185:Department of Education Organization Act 152:Adult Education and Family Literacy Act 7892:National Council of Teachers of English 7700:Water Resources Development Act of 2007 7437:Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act 6462:Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy 6029:Lamar, Sen Alexander (April 30, 2015). 5425: 4469: 4175:from the original on September 30, 2022 4106: 3753:Teacher Education and Special Education 3307: 3234: 3232: 3209: 3147: 3145: 2508: 2038: 1911: 905:George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates 792:Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy 14: 8265: 7597:Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006 7207:Secondary Security Screening Selection 6054: 6010:from the original on February 14, 2012 5934:, "OLR Research Report" (4 June 2010). 5693:"Digest of Education Statistics, 2007" 4712: 3496: 3256: 3210:Ujifusa, Andrew (September 25, 2015). 3151: 2587:Elementary and Secondary Education Act 2352:The Act seeks to narrow the class and 1677:United States House of Representatives 1653: 1617:Elementary and Secondary Education Act 1581:Elementary and Secondary Education Act 273:National Child Protection Act of 1993 241:James Madison Memorial Fellowship Act 8308:Education reform in the United States 8283:Education policy in the United States 7741: 7137:National Construction Safety Team Act 6896:Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty 6319: 6028: 5852:"Forum on Educational Accountability" 4856: 4805: 4765:The Journal of Nephrology Social Work 4719:Columbia International Affairs Online 4688: 4193: 4021: 4019: 3542: 3540: 3353:Dee, Thomas S.; Jacob, Brian (2011). 3033: 3031: 3029: 2943: 2853:. Library of Congress. March 22, 2001 2712:Prairie State Achievement Examination 2574: 1918:United States Department of Education 1114:History of education in New York City 1104:History of education in Massachusetts 7670:Magnuson–Stevens Reauthorization Act 7569:Renovation, Repair and Painting Rule 7186:U.S. Department of Homeland Security 5680:The Targets of Bush's Education Cuts 5438:"FY 2005 ED Budget Summary: Summary" 5173:Cole, Cassandro (November 15, 2006) 4399: 4345: 3792:The Journal of Economic Perspectives 3523:Dillon, Erin & Rotherham, Andy. 3308:Boehner, John A. (January 8, 2002). 3229: 3142: 2889: 2887: 2874:Layton, Lyndsey (December 11, 2015) 2870: 2868: 2160: 2148: 1890:Quality and distribution of teachers 1881:The act requires schools to rely on 1800:Mathematics and science partnerships 1774:The act requires states to provide " 1544:signing the No Child Left Behind Act 768:Iraq and weapons of mass destruction 321:Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 216:Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 7359:Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 6836:Darfur Peace and Accountability Act 5873:"Obama on No Child Left Behind Act" 5841:, February, 2007. Retrieved 6/8/07. 5763:Sunderman, Gail L.; Kim, James S.; 5500:"No Child Left Behind: An Overview" 5418:Rooney, Patrick et al. (June 2006) 4859:"No Child Left Behind: An Overview" 4812:Meier and Woods, D. and G. (2004). 4046: 4040:10.17763/haer.76.4.56v8881368215714 3972:No Child Left Behind Act Is Working 2796:"No Child Left Behind: An Overview" 2526:Health and Human Services Secretary 678:43rd President of the United States 454:in the House of Representatives as 181:Community Services Block Grant Act 24: 7882:International Literacy Association 7829:List of countries by literacy rate 7511:Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2004 7407:American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 6778:Dominican Republic–Central America 6088: 6055:Nelson, Libby (December 2, 2015). 5884: 5816:NCLB: 'Too Destructive to Salvage' 5370:. Cultural Survival. July 19, 2012 4998:"Building The Legacy of IDEA 2004" 4948:"Building The Legacy of IDEA 2004" 4706: 4578:10.1249/01.mss.0000176680.79702.ce 4260:(Report). June 2007. NCES 2007-482 4071:Felch, Jason (December 11, 2010). 4016: 4004:High-Stakes Assessments in Reading 3537: 3026: 2750:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 2221:Simply being classified as having 2107: 1966:Criticisms of standardized testing 104:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 25: 8329: 7081:Born-Alive Infants Protection Act 6313:to help reach a consensus. › 6213:No Child Left Behind: An Overview 6193: 5822:, May 31, 2007. Retrieved 6/7/07. 4642: 4107:Patrick, K. (November 30, 2001). 4058:Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 3644:Cavanagh, Sean (April 23, 2003). 2884: 2865: 2825:Sonoma County Office of Education 2454:International Reading Association 2347:Attention to minority populations 220:General Education Provisions Act 7288:Criticism of government response 7267:Higher Education Opportunity Act 7158:President's Surveillance Program 6108:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2010) 6074: 6048: 6022: 5992: 5970: 5950: 5937: 5924: 5897: 5878: 5865: 5844: 5825: 5809: 5787: 5756: 5717: 5703: 5685: 5672: 5652: 5622: 5599: 5587:"Frontline. Testing Our Schools" 5579: 5553: 5517: 5412: 5382: 5360: 5336: 5301: 5229: 5216: 5144:Individualized Education Program 4857:Klein, Alison (April 10, 2015). 4820:. Boston: Beacon Press. p. 3511:10.1016/j.econedurev.2011.02.009 2944:Kilty, Keith M. (July 3, 2015). 2026:Improvement over local standards 1970:Critics argue that the focus on 1857: 1589:standards-based education reform 1565:No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 1491: 1480: 1109:History of education in Missouri 1099:History of education in Kentucky 1001: 995: 564: 331:Workforce Investment Act of 1998 262:Museum and Library Services Act 49: 44:No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 7684:Renewable Identification Number 7502:Forest Land Enhancement Program 7444:Credit Rating Agency Reform Act 7366:Public Service Loan Forgiveness 7144:NIST WTC Disaster Investigation 6179:(Teachers College Press, 2015). 5875:, "Education.com, Inc." (2006). 5420:The Condition of Education 2006 5167: 5148: 5137: 5118: 5099: 5087: 5067: 5047: 5012: 4990: 4973: 4962: 4940: 4929: 4916: 4902: 4850: 4838: 4785: 4752: 4740: 4725: 4662: 4636: 4552: 4517: 4482: 4463: 4428: 4393: 4358: 4325: 4299: 4272: 4246: 4229: 4209: 4187: 4157: 4131: 4100: 4083: 4064: 3996: 3977: 3964: 3946: 3907: 3894: 3855: 3820: 3740: 3701: 3656: 3637: 3598: 3517: 3490: 3451: 3404: 3387: 3346: 3320: 3301: 3279: 3250: 3203: 3174: 3101: 3088: 3079: 3066: 2985: 2976: 1094:History of education in Chicago 497:Passed the United States Senate 224:Goals 2000: Educate America Act 202:Education for Economic Security 8059:Occupational Safety and Health 7656:Diesel Emissions Reduction Act 7576:SAFE Transportation Equity Act 7539:Pension Protection Act of 2006 7373:Unborn Victims of Violence Act 7336:Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act 7258:Election Assistance Commission 7165:Terrorist Surveillance Program 7074:Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act 6569:State funeral of Ronald Reagan 6184:History of Education Quarterly 5422:. U.S. Department of Education 5238:The Journal of Negro Education 4736:. Thomas B. Fordham Institute. 4470:Reville, Paul (October 2007). 4243:. Retrieved November 13, 2011. 3689:Scientifically Based Research. 3114:History of Education Quarterly 3098:. Education Week, 28(15), 1–1. 3072:Sanger, D. E. (2001, Jan 24). 2937: 2906: 2843: 2813: 2774: 2738: 2654: 2299:National Council on Disability 2103:Effects on school and students 1429:Full-service community schools 313:Telecommunications Act of 1996 284:Native American Languages Act 156:Age Discrimination Act of 1975 13: 1: 7560:Troubled Asset Relief Program 7451:Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 7179:Homeland Security Act of 2002 5980:. FairTest. December 30, 2011 5917:U.S. Department of Education 5678:Center for American Progress 5177:. Newsroom Indiana University 4602:The Elementary School Journal 4194:Carey, Kevin (May 24, 2011). 3499:Economics of Education Review 2962:10.1080/10875549.2015.1047715 2732: 2007:performance-based assessments 1899:Effects on student assessment 1883:scientifically based research 1877:Narrow definition of research 1624:release of a report entitled 1610: 344:15 U.S.C.: Commerce and Trade 245:Internal Revenue Code of 1986 195:Education Amendments of 1978 192:Education Amendments of 1972 8313:Presidency of George W. Bush 7767: 7221:Terrorist Screening Database 7172:NSA warrantless surveillance 7019:H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004 6864:Vision for Space Exploration 6576:State funeral of Gerald Ford 6347:Presidency of George W. Bush 6306:Presidency of George W. Bush 5773:. Corwin Press. p. 10. 5442:U.S. Department of Education 5403:Knaus, Christopher. (2007). 5272:U.S. Department of Education 4759:Humphries, Harry L. (2015). 4749:. Retrieved August 12, 2010. 4701:Are We Failing Our Geniuses? 4674:Center for American Progress 4402:Arts Education Policy Review 4367:Arts Education Policy Review 3534:. Retrieved August 19, 2009. 3464:Journal of Teacher Education 2998:Journal of Teacher Education 2541:The Commission's goals are: 2430:Criticisms of funding levels 2062:Effect on arts and electives 1935:Reading and math scores for 1577:presidency of George W. Bush 250:Johnson–O'Malley Act of 1934 232:Higher Education Act of 1965 84:107th United States Congress 36:No Child Left Behind (album) 34:. For the Viking album, see 7: 7242:FISA Amendments Act of 2008 7235:Protect America Act of 2007 7026:L-1 Visa Reform Act of 2004 6165:Campbell Systematic Reviews 5978:"NCLB's Lost Decade Report" 5919:"ESEA Blueprint for Reform" 5353:. National Association for 3992:. Vol. 10, no. 3. 2666: 2597:academic standards after a 2499:NCLB Meets School Realities 1750:limited English proficiency 1407:For-profit higher education 521:on December 18, 2001 ( 513:on December 13, 2001 ( 478:Education and the Workforce 32:No Child Left Behind (song) 10: 8334: 7887:International Literacy Day 7663:Healthy Forests Initiative 7304:Medicare Modernization Act 7214:Terrorist Screening Center 7109:Rescue and recovery effort 6945:August 2001 daily briefing 6562:Presidential proclamations 5887:"No Child Left Behind Act" 5750:November 20, 2010, at the 5617:The American Conservative. 5475:US Department of Education 4503:10.1177/003172170608800206 4222:December 17, 2010, at the 4028:Harvard Educational Review 3623:10.1177/019874290402900308 2661:Every Student Succeeds Act 2578: 2395: 2253:Children with disabilities 2164: 1797: 1605:Every Student Succeeds Act 1360:School corporal punishment 550:Every Student Succeeds Act 297:Rehabilitation Act of 1973 177:Communications Act of 1934 29: 8293:Standards-based education 8179: 7951: 7905: 7874: 7821: 7775: 7709: 7619:Clean Boating Act of 2008 7606: 7458:Energy Policy Act of 2005 7396: 7327:Highly qualified teachers 7049: 6743:Trade promotion authority 6688: 6603:Joint session of Congress 6594: 6363: 6354: 6233:No Child Left Behind news 5612:October 10, 2006, at the 5357:. Retrieved June 7, 2007. 5322:10.3102/0013189x034008003 5293:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4538:10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0071 4449:10.3200/tchs.80.6.287-291 4414:10.1080/10632910903228132 4379:10.1080/10632910903228090 3841:10.3102/01623737024004305 3726:10.3102/01623737027001075 3576:10.3102/0013189x031006003 3076:. New York Times (1923–). 2727:Standards-based education 2524:In February 2007, former 2287:Highly Qualified Teachers 2212:Individual Education Plan 1395:School-to-work transition 638:Non-profit organizaitons 547: 542: 447: 438: 361: 339: 140: 135: 116: 94: 89: 78: 65: 57: 48: 7897:No Child Left Behind Act 7716:← Clinton administration 7320:No Child Left Behind Act 7033:Secure Fence Act of 2006 6490:Supreme Court candidates 6455:Legislation and programs 6311:templates for discussion 6208:. Retrieved 7 July 2010. 4713:Murray, Charles (2007). 3932:10.1177/0895904807311291 3765:10.1177/0888406409356402 3476:10.1177/0022487107299980 3429:10.3102/0162373710361640 3052:10.1177/0895904808328524 3011:10.1177/0022487119900628 2722:School Improvement Grant 2357:legislation was enacted. 2033:Adequate Yearly Progress 1823:Increased accountability 1710:Adequate Yearly Progress 1498:United States portal 1044:This article is part of 865:Legislation and programs 758:No Child Left Behind Act 573:This article is part of 172:Civil Rights Act of 1964 7677:Renewable Fuel Standard 6931:Pre-attack intelligence 5131:March 23, 2012, at the 5112:March 23, 2012, at the 4355:. 107th Congress, 2002. 4140:"'No Child' has failed" 3694:April 26, 2012, at the 2493:State education budgets 1870:value-added assessments 1845:qualified" requirements 1630:, written by President 1216:Education policy issues 1185:Environmental education 642:Clinton Bush Haiti Fund 499:on June 14, 2001 ( 474:Committee consideration 362:U.S.C. sections amended 302:Safe Drinking Water Act 8071:Information literacies 7725:Obama administration → 7633:Clear Skies Initiative 6253:NCLB Desktop Reference 6238:Brenneman, R. (2015). 6186:62.3 (2022): 268-290. 6127:46.3 (2016): 392-415. 5727:. NPR. August 20, 2007 5636:. 2004. Archived from 5310:Educational Researcher 5080:April 4, 2012, at the 5060:April 4, 2012, at the 4778:10.61658/jnsw.v38i2.32 4113:The Charleston Gazette 3668:www.everycrsreport.com 3564:Educational Researcher 3328:"Four Pillars of NCLB" 3257:Schemo, D. J. (2001). 3181:Steinberg, J. (2001). 3152:Sanger, D. E. (2001). 2919:Children & Schools 2821:"No Child Left Behind" 2685:Compensatory education 2497:According to the book 2463: 2442: 2203:educational inequality 2178:Sharpstown High School 1784:Santa Cruz, California 1579:. It reauthorized the 1560: 1545: 1353:Standards-based reform 1328:Gender achievement gap 1318:Racial achievement gap 1251:Educational attainment 916:Presidential campaigns 658:46th Governor of Texas 509:on December 13, 2001; 489:on May 23, 2001 ( 8237:Post-literate society 8197:Children's literature 8076:Information and media 7798:Functional illiteracy 7647:Executive Order 13432 7626:Climate change policy 7251:Help America Vote Act 7012:Executive Order 13470 7005:Executive Order 13355 6483:Judicial appointments 6153:38.3 (2008): 444-468. 5943:Russell Chaddock, G. 5576:. 2006. 7 April 2009. 4721:: 5 – via CIAO. 4077:The Los Angeles Times 2915:"Leaving NCLB Behind" 2579:Further information: 2458: 2437: 2270:(EAHCA) of 1975, the 2236:portfolio assessments 1700:Schools that receive 1687:Provisions of the act 1667:(D-CA), and Senators 1558: 1537: 1419:Research universities 1286:Student financial aid 1281:Graduate unemployment 1256:Post-secondary issues 1232:Primary and secondary 1195:Mathematics education 809:Economic Stimulus Act 598:Business and personal 356:47 U.S.C.: Telegraphy 6917:Communication issues 6910:September 11 attacks 6626:Mission Accomplished 6167:18.1 (2022): e1212. 6111:McGuinn, Patrick J. 5541:on September 9, 2008 5469:No Child Left Behind 4890:on February 11, 2008 4845:EdAccountability.org 4119:on November 11, 2021 3805:10.1257/jep.24.3.133 3687:Beghetto, R. (2003) 3611:Behavioral Disorders 2707:Ohio Graduation Test 2673:Annenberg Foundation 2509:Proposals for reform 2174:high school dropouts 2092:Let's Move Campaign, 2068:late-2000s recession 2039:Quality of education 1980:teaching to the test 1972:standardized testing 1912:Improved test scores 1704:funding through the 1681:United States Senate 1487:Education portal 1323:Desegregation busing 1276:Elite overproduction 1205:Vocational education 736:September 11 attacks 721:Presidential library 519:United States Senate 432:ch. 5, subch. II 414:ch. 5, subch. II 405:ch. 5, subch. VI 370:ch. 53, subch. I 348:20 U.S.C.: Education 18:No Child Left Behind 8202:Composition studies 7918:Ruth Johnson Colvin 7783:Adolescent literacy 7380:2006 VRA Amendments 6720:by Condoleezza Rice 6706:International trips 6541:Impeachment efforts 6137:35.1 (2005): 41-68. 5355:Bilingual Education 5205:on January 30, 2012 3334:. December 19, 2005 3127:10.1017/heq.2022.11 2379:of young students. 1995:Pythagorean theorem 1654:Legislative history 1601:bipartisan Congress 1440:Levels of education 1412:For-profit colleges 1380:Foreign involvement 848:international trips 470:) on March 22, 2001 441:Legislative history 423:ch. 5, subch. I 290:Public Law 106-400 45: 7583:Sarbanes–Oxley Act 7546:Public Law 110-343 6843:Mexico City policy 6225:Klein, A. (2015). 6218:Klein, A. (2015). 6211:Klein, A. (2015). 6204:Lewis, T. (2010). 6175:Vinovskis, Maris. 6006:. March 15, 2010. 5963:2011-08-10 at the 5891:The New York Times 5837:2007-06-08 at the 5797:. October 21, 2004 5711:"Monitor Overview" 5665:2006-10-19 at the 5640:on January 7, 2008 5477:. January 19, 2005 5444:. February 2, 2004 5349:2013-04-08 at the 5342:Crawford, J. (nd) 5289:cite press release 5161:2012-04-25 at the 4798:2008-01-07 at the 4353:Public Law 107-110 4279:Mizell, H (2003). 4009:2006-08-27 at the 3920:Educational Policy 3530:2010-01-24 at the 3264:The New York Times 3246:. January 8, 2002. 3188:The New York Times 3159:The New York Times 3040:Educational Policy 2950:Journal of Poverty 2900:The New York Times 2575:Obama reforms 2010 2266:Stemming from the 2231:Advanced Placement 2088:Physical education 1840:standardized tests 1561: 1546: 1402:Community colleges 1348:School segregation 1266:Cost and financing 1190:Language education 746:War in Afghanistan 716:Efforts to impeach 647:One America Appeal 535:on January 8, 2002 287:Public Law 88-210 43: 8318:2002 in education 8303:2001 in education 8288:Linguistic rights 8260: 8259: 8222:Media consumption 7788:Emergent literacy 7735: 7734: 7281:Hurricane Katrina 6924:Military response 6903:USA Freedom Corps 6829:2002 steel tariff 6736:Trade Act of 2002 6684: 6683: 6675:2008 SOTU Address 6668:2007 SOTU Address 6661:2006 SOTU Address 6654:2005 SOTU Address 6647:2004 SOTU Address 6640:2003 SOTU Address 6633:2002 SOTU Address 6548:Executive actions 6469:Email controversy 6235:. Education Week. 6142:Rhodes, Jesse H. 6098:35#1 (2005): 1+. 5619:Retrieved 6/7/07. 5595:. March 28, 2002. 5035:on March 23, 2012 4571:(11): 1967–1974. 4476:Education Week 24 4095:978-1-4166-0035-0 3986:"Evaluating NCLB" 3880:10.1002/pam.20091 3371:10.1002/pam.20586 3289:. January 8, 2002 2931:10.1093/cs/cds021 2675:a major supporter 2635:standardized test 2517:Education critic 2223:special education 2198:special education 2167:Gaming the system 2161:Gaming the system 2149:Unrealistic goals 1694:standardized test 1642:, then-candidate 1621:Lyndon B. Johnson 1556: 1532: 1531: 1385:Special education 1375:Sexual harassment 1168:Medical education 1122:Curriculum topics 1058: 1038: 1037: 797:Email controversy 775:Hurricane Katrina 609:Professional life 590: 589: 555: 554: 119:Statutes at Large 16:(Redirected from 8325: 8273:Education rights 7762: 7755: 7748: 7739: 7738: 7728: 7719: 7702: 7695: 7686: 7679: 7672: 7665: 7658: 7649: 7642: 7635: 7628: 7621: 7599: 7592: 7585: 7578: 7571: 7562: 7555: 7548: 7541: 7534: 7527: 7520: 7513: 7504: 7497: 7488: 7481: 7474: 7467: 7460: 7453: 7446: 7439: 7430: 7423: 7416: 7409: 7389: 7382: 7375: 7368: 7361: 7352: 7345: 7338: 7329: 7322: 7313: 7306: 7297: 7290: 7283: 7276: 7269: 7260: 7253: 7244: 7237: 7230: 7223: 7216: 7209: 7202: 7195: 7188: 7181: 7174: 7167: 7160: 7153: 7146: 7139: 7132: 7125: 7118: 7111: 7104: 7097: 7090: 7083: 7076: 7069: 7062: 7042: 7035: 7028: 7021: 7014: 7007: 6998: 6991: 6984: 6977: 6970: 6963: 6956: 6947: 6940: 6933: 6926: 6919: 6912: 6905: 6898: 6889: 6882: 6875: 6866: 6859: 6852: 6845: 6838: 6831: 6822: 6815: 6808: 6801: 6794: 6787: 6780: 6773: 6766: 6759: 6752: 6745: 6738: 6731: 6722: 6715: 6708: 6701: 6677: 6670: 6663: 6656: 6649: 6642: 6635: 6628: 6621: 6614: 6606: 6587: 6585:Obama transition 6578: 6571: 6564: 6557: 6555:Executive orders 6550: 6543: 6536: 6529: 6520: 6513: 6506: 6499: 6492: 6485: 6478: 6476:Shoeing incident 6471: 6464: 6457: 6448: 6441: 6434: 6427: 6420: 6413: 6406: 6399: 6392: 6385: 6383:2nd inauguration 6378: 6376:1st inauguration 6371: 6361: 6360: 6340: 6333: 6326: 6317: 6316: 6279:(NEA's position) 6160:(2019): 107-158. 6104:Hickok, Eugene. 6083: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6052: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6026: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6015: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5974: 5968: 5954: 5948: 5941: 5935: 5928: 5922: 5915: 5904: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5882: 5876: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5848: 5842: 5829: 5823: 5813: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5760: 5754: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5689: 5683: 5676: 5670: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5626: 5620: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5562: 5557: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5540: 5534:. Archived from 5529: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5496: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5463: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5434: 5423: 5416: 5410: 5401: 5395: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5364: 5358: 5340: 5334: 5333: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5292: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5263: 5254: 5253: 5233: 5227: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5204: 5198:, archived from 5197: 5187: 5178: 5171: 5165: 5152: 5146: 5141: 5135: 5122: 5116: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5071: 5065: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5034: 5027: 5016: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5005: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4977: 4971: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4944: 4938: 4933: 4927: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4886:. Archived from 4880: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4854: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4819: 4809: 4803: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4710: 4704: 4697: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4580: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4532:(8): 1481–1488. 4521: 4515: 4514: 4491:Phi Delta Kappan 4486: 4480: 4479: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4362: 4356: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4287:on July 13, 2007 4283:. Archived from 4276: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4250: 4244: 4233: 4227: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4203:Education Sector 4200: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4171:. May 22, 2012. 4161: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4115:. Archived from 4104: 4098: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4023: 4014: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3981: 3975: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3911: 3905: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3807: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3705: 3699: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3559: 3553: 3544: 3535: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3408: 3402: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3314:www.congress.gov 3305: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3236: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3149: 3140: 3139: 3129: 3105: 3099: 3092: 3086: 3083: 3077: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3035: 3024: 3023: 3013: 2989: 2983: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2891: 2882: 2872: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2831:on April 6, 2012 2827:. Archived from 2817: 2811: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2792: 2783: 2778: 2772: 2770: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2533:Georgia Governor 2118:gifted education 1976:test performance 1776:highly qualified 1627:A Nation at Risk 1575:promoted by the 1557: 1524: 1517: 1510: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1485: 1484: 1424:Community school 1343:Racial diversity 1313:Achievement gaps 1217: 1079:in insular areas 1061: 1057:Education in the 1056: 1040: 1039: 1030: 1023: 1016: 1005: 1004: 999: 763:Invasion of Iraq 586: 585: 583: 576: 568: 561: 560: 557: 556: 543:Major amendments 443: 120: 105: 101: 71: 53: 46: 42: 21: 8333: 8332: 8328: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8323: 8322: 8263: 8262: 8261: 8256: 8232:Oral literature 8175: 8091:Multiliteracies 7947: 7901: 7870: 7817: 7793:Family literacy 7771: 7766: 7736: 7731: 7722: 7713: 7705: 7698: 7691: 7682: 7675: 7668: 7661: 7654: 7645: 7638: 7631: 7624: 7617: 7609: 7602: 7595: 7588: 7581: 7574: 7567: 7558: 7551: 7544: 7537: 7530: 7523: 7516: 7509: 7500: 7493: 7484: 7477: 7470: 7463: 7456: 7449: 7442: 7435: 7426: 7419: 7412: 7405: 7398:Economic policy 7392: 7385: 7378: 7371: 7364: 7357: 7348: 7341: 7334: 7325: 7318: 7311:Medicare Part D 7309: 7302: 7295:Disaster relief 7293: 7286: 7279: 7272: 7265: 7256: 7249: 7240: 7233: 7226: 7219: 7212: 7205: 7198: 7191: 7184: 7177: 7170: 7163: 7156: 7149: 7142: 7135: 7128: 7121: 7116:9/11 Commission 7114: 7107: 7100: 7093: 7086: 7079: 7072: 7065: 7058: 7051:Domestic policy 7045: 7038: 7031: 7024: 7017: 7010: 7003: 6994: 6987: 6980: 6973: 6968:Afghanistan War 6966: 6959: 6952: 6943: 6936: 6929: 6922: 6915: 6908: 6901: 6894: 6887:Slovakia summit 6885: 6880:Slovenia summit 6878: 6871: 6862: 6855: 6848: 6841: 6834: 6827: 6818: 6811: 6804: 6797: 6790: 6783: 6776: 6769: 6762: 6755: 6748: 6741: 6734: 6727: 6718: 6713:by Colin Powell 6711: 6704: 6697: 6680: 6673: 6666: 6659: 6652: 6645: 6638: 6631: 6624: 6617: 6609: 6601: 6590: 6583: 6574: 6567: 6560: 6553: 6546: 6539: 6532: 6525: 6516: 6509: 6502: 6495: 6488: 6481: 6474: 6467: 6460: 6453: 6444: 6437: 6430: 6423: 6416: 6409: 6402: 6395: 6388: 6381: 6374: 6367: 6350: 6344: 6314: 6271:Interest groups 6196: 6091: 6089:Further reading 6086: 6079: 6075: 6065: 6063: 6053: 6049: 6039: 6037: 6027: 6023: 6013: 6011: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5983: 5981: 5976: 5975: 5971: 5965:Wayback Machine 5955: 5951: 5942: 5938: 5929: 5925: 5916: 5907: 5902: 5898: 5883: 5879: 5870: 5866: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5839:Wayback Machine 5830: 5826: 5814: 5810: 5800: 5798: 5793: 5792: 5788: 5781: 5761: 5757: 5752:Wayback Machine 5744: 5740: 5730: 5728: 5723: 5722: 5718: 5709: 5708: 5704: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5677: 5673: 5667:Wayback Machine 5657: 5653: 5643: 5641: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5614:Wayback Machine 5604: 5600: 5585: 5584: 5580: 5572: 5565: 5558: 5554: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5527: 5523: 5522: 5518: 5508: 5506: 5498: 5497: 5490: 5480: 5478: 5467:"Introduction: 5465: 5464: 5457: 5447: 5445: 5436: 5435: 5426: 5417: 5413: 5402: 5398: 5387: 5383: 5373: 5371: 5366: 5365: 5361: 5351:Wayback Machine 5341: 5337: 5306: 5302: 5286: 5285: 5278: 5276: 5265: 5264: 5257: 5234: 5230: 5221: 5217: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5181: 5172: 5168: 5163:Wayback Machine 5153: 5149: 5142: 5138: 5133:Wayback Machine 5123: 5119: 5114:Wayback Machine 5104: 5100: 5092: 5088: 5082:Wayback Machine 5072: 5068: 5062:Wayback Machine 5052: 5048: 5038: 5036: 5032: 5025: 5017: 5013: 5003: 5001: 4996: 4995: 4991: 4983: 4979: 4978: 4974: 4967: 4963: 4953: 4951: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4934: 4930: 4921: 4917: 4908: 4907: 4903: 4893: 4891: 4882: 4881: 4877: 4867: 4865: 4855: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4832: 4810: 4806: 4800:Wayback Machine 4790: 4786: 4757: 4753: 4745: 4741: 4730: 4726: 4711: 4707: 4698: 4689: 4679: 4677: 4676:. April 8, 2013 4668: 4667: 4663: 4653: 4651: 4643:Klein, Alyson. 4641: 4637: 4598: 4594: 4557: 4553: 4522: 4518: 4487: 4483: 4468: 4464: 4433: 4429: 4398: 4394: 4363: 4359: 4351:United States. 4350: 4346: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4290: 4288: 4277: 4273: 4263: 4261: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4241:Washington Post 4234: 4230: 4224:Wayback Machine 4214: 4210: 4198: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4148: 4146: 4144:Washington Post 4136: 4132: 4122: 4120: 4105: 4101: 4088: 4084: 4069: 4065: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4024: 4017: 4011:Wayback Machine 4001: 3997: 3982: 3978: 3969: 3965: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3912: 3908: 3899: 3895: 3860: 3856: 3825: 3821: 3784: 3780: 3745: 3741: 3706: 3702: 3696:Wayback Machine 3686: 3682: 3672: 3670: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3642: 3638: 3603: 3599: 3560: 3556: 3545: 3538: 3532:Wayback Machine 3522: 3518: 3495: 3491: 3456: 3452: 3409: 3405: 3392: 3388: 3351: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3306: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3255: 3251: 3238: 3237: 3230: 3220: 3218: 3208: 3204: 3179: 3175: 3150: 3143: 3106: 3102: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3071: 3067: 3036: 3027: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2942: 2938: 2911: 2907: 2892: 2885: 2880:Washington Post 2873: 2866: 2856: 2854: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2834: 2832: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2804: 2802: 2794: 2793: 2786: 2779: 2775: 2769:January 8, 2002 2749: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2717:Race to the Top 2669: 2657: 2649: 2623:Race to the Top 2583: 2577: 2511: 2495: 2450:Susan B. Neuman 2432: 2398: 2389: 2368: 2349: 2344: 2323: 2295: 2264: 2255: 2194: 2169: 2163: 2151: 2110: 2108:Gifted students 2105: 2064: 2041: 2028: 2023: 1968: 1914: 1906:achievement gap 1901: 1892: 1879: 1860: 1825: 1820: 1802: 1796: 1689: 1656: 1613: 1573:Act of Congress 1548: 1528: 1492: 1490: 1489: 1479: 1453:Early childhood 1435: 1370:School violence 1303:Charter schools 1215: 1209: 1178:Nursing degrees 1156:Legal education 1151:Music education 1146:Civic education 1084:By subject area 1059: 1055: 1034: 1002: 1000: 993: 992: 991: 947:Florida recount 917: 913: 912: 911: 880: 876: 875: 874: 823: 817: 816: 815: 804:Great Recession 785:2007 Iraq surge 731: 727: 726: 725: 679: 675: 674: 673: 659: 655: 654: 653: 599: 595: 581: 579: 578: 577: 574: 572: 538: 529:Signed into law 439: 426: 417: 408: 399: 398:§ 11301 et seq. 390: 382: 373: 354: 350: 346: 335: 149: 148: 118: 103: 79:Enacted by 69: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8331: 8321: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8254: 8252:Writing system 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8192:Asemic writing 8189: 8183: 8181: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8062: 8061: 8056: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7955: 7953: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7933:Griffith Jones 7930: 7928:James Paul Gee 7925: 7920: 7915: 7909: 7907: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7878: 7876: 7872: 7871: 7869: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7857: 7856: 7848: 7847: 7846: 7836: 7831: 7825: 7823: 7819: 7818: 7816: 7815: 7813:Whole language 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7779: 7777: 7773: 7772: 7765: 7764: 7757: 7750: 7742: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7729: 7720: 7710: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7703: 7696: 7689: 7688: 7687: 7673: 7666: 7659: 7652: 7651: 7650: 7643: 7636: 7622: 7614: 7612: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7600: 7593: 7586: 7579: 7572: 7565: 7564: 7563: 7556: 7542: 7535: 7528: 7521: 7514: 7507: 7506: 7505: 7491: 7490: 7489: 7486:Red Flags Rule 7482: 7468: 7461: 7454: 7447: 7440: 7433: 7432: 7431: 7424: 7410: 7402: 7400: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7390: 7383: 7376: 7369: 7362: 7355: 7354: 7353: 7339: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7291: 7277: 7270: 7263: 7262: 7261: 7247: 7246: 7245: 7238: 7231: 7224: 7217: 7210: 7203: 7196: 7189: 7182: 7175: 7168: 7161: 7154: 7147: 7140: 7133: 7126: 7119: 7112: 7098: 7091: 7084: 7077: 7070: 7063: 7055: 7053: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7043: 7036: 7029: 7022: 7015: 7008: 7001: 7000: 6999: 6996:2008 Iraq SOFA 6992: 6989:financial cost 6985: 6978: 6975:2002 Iraq AUMF 6971: 6964: 6950: 6949: 6948: 6941: 6934: 6927: 6920: 6906: 6899: 6892: 6891: 6890: 6883: 6873:Russia summits 6869: 6868: 6867: 6853: 6846: 6839: 6832: 6825: 6824: 6823: 6816: 6809: 6802: 6795: 6788: 6781: 6774: 6767: 6760: 6753: 6746: 6732: 6725: 6724: 6723: 6716: 6702: 6694: 6692: 6690:Foreign policy 6686: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6678: 6671: 6664: 6657: 6650: 6643: 6636: 6629: 6622: 6615: 6607: 6598: 6596: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6588: 6581: 6580: 6579: 6572: 6565: 6558: 6544: 6537: 6530: 6523: 6522: 6521: 6514: 6507: 6500: 6493: 6479: 6472: 6465: 6458: 6451: 6450: 6449: 6442: 6435: 6428: 6421: 6414: 6407: 6400: 6386: 6379: 6372: 6364: 6358: 6352: 6351: 6343: 6342: 6335: 6328: 6320: 6297: 6296: 6293:Democracy Now! 6285: 6280: 6273: 6272: 6268: 6267: 6261: 6256: 6249: 6248: 6244: 6243: 6236: 6230: 6223: 6216: 6209: 6202: 6195: 6194:External links 6192: 6191: 6190: 6180: 6172: 6171: 6161: 6154: 6147: 6139: 6138: 6131: 6120: 6119: 6109: 6102: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6073: 6047: 6021: 5991: 5969: 5949: 5936: 5923: 5905: 5896: 5877: 5871:Weinstein, A. 5864: 5843: 5824: 5808: 5786: 5779: 5755: 5738: 5716: 5702: 5684: 5671: 5651: 5621: 5598: 5578: 5563: 5552: 5516: 5504:Education Week 5488: 5455: 5424: 5411: 5396: 5381: 5359: 5335: 5300: 5255: 5228: 5215: 5179: 5166: 5147: 5136: 5117: 5098: 5086: 5066: 5046: 5011: 4989: 4972: 4961: 4939: 4928: 4915: 4901: 4875: 4863:Education Week 4849: 4837: 4830: 4804: 4784: 4751: 4739: 4724: 4705: 4687: 4661: 4649:Education Week 4635: 4622:10.1086/505441 4614:10.1086/505441 4592: 4551: 4526:Health Affairs 4516: 4497:(2): 110–113. 4481: 4462: 4437:Clearing House 4427: 4392: 4357: 4344: 4324: 4313:on May 9, 2007 4298: 4271: 4245: 4228: 4208: 4186: 4156: 4130: 4099: 4082: 4063: 4045: 4034:(4): 668–697. 4015: 3995: 3990:Education Next 3976: 3963: 3945: 3926:(1): 181–203. 3906: 3893: 3874:(2): 297–327. 3854: 3835:(4): 305–331. 3819: 3778: 3739: 3700: 3680: 3655: 3650:Education Week 3636: 3617:(3): 266–278. 3597: 3554: 3536: 3516: 3505:(4): 702–723. 3489: 3450: 3423:(2): 273–298. 3403: 3386: 3365:(3): 418–446. 3345: 3319: 3300: 3278: 3249: 3228: 3216:Education Week 3202: 3173: 3141: 3120:(3): 268–290. 3100: 3094:Hoff. (2008). 3087: 3078: 3065: 3025: 3004:(2): 169–171. 2984: 2975: 2956:(3): 324–329. 2936: 2905: 2883: 2864: 2842: 2812: 2800:Education Week 2784: 2773: 2754:107–110 (text) 2736: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2696:The Bell Curve 2692: 2687: 2682: 2679:Campbell's law 2676: 2668: 2665: 2656: 2653: 2576: 2573: 2568: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2529:Tommy Thompson 2510: 2507: 2494: 2491: 2471:President Bush 2431: 2428: 2397: 2394: 2388: 2385: 2367: 2364: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2322: 2319: 2294: 2291: 2263: 2260: 2254: 2251: 2206:capabilities. 2193: 2190: 2162: 2159: 2155:Charles Murray 2150: 2147: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2037: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 1967: 1964: 1951: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1933: 1929: 1920:points to the 1913: 1910: 1900: 1897: 1891: 1888: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1873: 1865: 1859: 1856: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1836: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1798:Main article: 1795: 1792: 1772: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1741: 1740: 1737:charter school 1732: 1728: 1721: 1688: 1685: 1655: 1652: 1612: 1609: 1542:George W. Bush 1530: 1529: 1527: 1526: 1519: 1512: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1468: 1465:Post-secondary 1442: 1441: 1437: 1436: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1421: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1404: 1399: 1398: 1397: 1390:Apprenticeship 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1253: 1248: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1237:Post-secondary 1234: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1211: 1210: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1173:Medical school 1165: 1164: 1163: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1136:Normal schools 1133: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1069: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1051: 1050: 1036: 1035: 1033: 1032: 1025: 1018: 1010: 1007: 1006: 994: 990: 989: 988: 987: 982: 977: 972: 962: 961: 960: 959: 958: 957: 956: 939: 934: 929: 918: 915: 914: 910: 909: 908: 907: 902: 897: 892: 885:Federal judges 881: 878: 877: 873: 872: 867: 862: 860:Climate change 857: 852: 851: 850: 845: 835: 830: 824: 819: 818: 814: 813: 812: 811: 801: 800: 799: 789: 788: 787: 777: 772: 771: 770: 760: 755: 750: 749: 748: 738: 732: 729: 728: 724: 723: 718: 713: 712: 711: 706: 700:Inaugurations 698: 693: 692: 691: 680: 677: 676: 672: 671: 666: 660: 657: 656: 652: 651: 650: 649: 644: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 600: 597: 596: 592: 591: 588: 587: 582:George W. Bush 575:a series about 571: 569: 553: 552: 545: 544: 540: 539: 537: 536: 533:George W. Bush 526: 504: 494: 484: 471: 448: 445: 444: 436: 435: 381:§ 1001 et seq. 363: 359: 358: 341: 340:Titles amended 337: 336: 334: 333: 328: 323: 318: 315: 310: 307: 304: 299: 294: 291: 288: 285: 282: 277: 274: 271: 268: 263: 260: 255: 252: 247: 242: 239: 234: 229: 226: 221: 218: 213: 208: 205: 199: 196: 193: 190: 187: 182: 179: 174: 169: 164: 161: 158: 153: 146: 145: 144: 142: 138: 137: 133: 132: 122: 114: 113: 108:107–110 (text) 96: 92: 91: 87: 86: 80: 76: 75: 72: 63: 62: 59: 55: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8330: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8270: 8268: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8217:Literacy test 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8207:Dick and Jane 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8178: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8161:Transliteracy 8159: 8157: 8156:Technological 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8126:Psychological 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8054:Mental health 8052: 8051: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7984:Computational 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7956: 7954: 7950: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7938:Frank Laubach 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7910: 7908: 7904: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7879: 7877: 7873: 7867: 7866:United States 7864: 7862: 7859: 7855: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7845: 7842: 7841: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7826: 7824: 7820: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7808:Post-literacy 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7763: 7758: 7756: 7751: 7749: 7744: 7743: 7740: 7727: 7726: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7712: 7711: 7708: 7701: 7697: 7694: 7690: 7685: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7674: 7671: 7667: 7664: 7660: 7657: 7653: 7648: 7644: 7641: 7637: 7634: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7623: 7620: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7611: 7608:Environmental 7605: 7598: 7594: 7591: 7587: 7584: 7580: 7577: 7573: 7570: 7566: 7561: 7557: 7554: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7543: 7540: 7536: 7533: 7529: 7526: 7522: 7519: 7515: 7512: 7508: 7503: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7492: 7487: 7483: 7480: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7469: 7466: 7462: 7459: 7455: 7452: 7448: 7445: 7441: 7438: 7434: 7429: 7425: 7422: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7414:Bush tax cuts 7411: 7408: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7399: 7395: 7388: 7384: 7381: 7377: 7374: 7370: 7367: 7363: 7360: 7356: 7351: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7340: 7337: 7333: 7328: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7317: 7312: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7301: 7296: 7292: 7289: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7275: 7271: 7268: 7264: 7259: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7248: 7243: 7239: 7236: 7232: 7229: 7225: 7222: 7218: 7215: 7211: 7208: 7204: 7201: 7197: 7194: 7190: 7187: 7183: 7180: 7176: 7173: 7169: 7166: 7162: 7159: 7155: 7152: 7148: 7145: 7141: 7138: 7134: 7131: 7127: 7124: 7120: 7117: 7113: 7110: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7099: 7096: 7092: 7089: 7085: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7071: 7068: 7064: 7061: 7057: 7056: 7054: 7052: 7048: 7041: 7037: 7034: 7030: 7027: 7023: 7020: 7016: 7013: 7009: 7006: 7002: 6997: 6993: 6990: 6986: 6983: 6979: 6976: 6972: 6969: 6965: 6962: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6954:War on terror 6951: 6946: 6942: 6939: 6935: 6932: 6928: 6925: 6921: 6918: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6907: 6904: 6900: 6897: 6893: 6888: 6884: 6881: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6870: 6865: 6861: 6860: 6858: 6854: 6851: 6847: 6844: 6840: 6837: 6833: 6830: 6826: 6821: 6817: 6814: 6810: 6807: 6803: 6800: 6796: 6793: 6789: 6786: 6782: 6779: 6775: 6772: 6768: 6765: 6761: 6758: 6754: 6751: 6747: 6744: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6733: 6730: 6726: 6721: 6717: 6714: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6700: 6699:Bush Doctrine 6696: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6687: 6676: 6672: 6669: 6665: 6662: 6658: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6644: 6641: 6637: 6634: 6630: 6627: 6623: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6593: 6586: 6582: 6577: 6573: 6570: 6566: 6563: 6559: 6556: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6524: 6519: 6518:controversies 6515: 6512: 6508: 6505: 6504:Harriet Miers 6501: 6498: 6494: 6491: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6480: 6477: 6473: 6470: 6466: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6452: 6447: 6443: 6440: 6436: 6433: 6429: 6426: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6387: 6384: 6380: 6377: 6373: 6370: 6366: 6365: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6353: 6348: 6341: 6336: 6334: 6329: 6327: 6322: 6321: 6318: 6312: 6308: 6307: 6302: 6295: 6294: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6270: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6250: 6246: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6217: 6214: 6210: 6207: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6173: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6159: 6155: 6152: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6121: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6107: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6092: 6082: 6077: 6062: 6058: 6051: 6036: 6032: 6025: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5995: 5979: 5973: 5966: 5962: 5959: 5953: 5946: 5940: 5933: 5927: 5920: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5900: 5892: 5888: 5885:Dillon, Sam. 5881: 5874: 5868: 5853: 5847: 5840: 5836: 5833: 5828: 5821: 5817: 5812: 5796: 5790: 5782: 5780:1-4129-1555-4 5776: 5772: 5771: 5766: 5765:Orfield, Gary 5759: 5753: 5749: 5746: 5742: 5726: 5720: 5712: 5706: 5698: 5694: 5688: 5681: 5675: 5668: 5664: 5661: 5655: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5625: 5618: 5615: 5611: 5608: 5602: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5582: 5575: 5570: 5568: 5561: 5556: 5537: 5533: 5526: 5520: 5505: 5501: 5495: 5493: 5476: 5472: 5470: 5462: 5460: 5443: 5439: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5421: 5415: 5408: 5407: 5400: 5393: 5392: 5385: 5369: 5363: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5339: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5304: 5296: 5290: 5274: 5273: 5268: 5262: 5260: 5251: 5247: 5244:(2): 93–107. 5243: 5239: 5232: 5225: 5219: 5201: 5194: 5193: 5186: 5184: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5151: 5145: 5140: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5121: 5115: 5111: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5083: 5079: 5076: 5070: 5063: 5059: 5056: 5050: 5031: 5024: 5023: 5015: 5000:. Idea.ed.gov 4999: 4993: 4982: 4976: 4970: 4965: 4950:. Idea.ed.gov 4949: 4943: 4937: 4932: 4925: 4922:Harper, Liz. 4919: 4911: 4905: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4864: 4860: 4853: 4846: 4841: 4833: 4831:0-8070-0459-6 4827: 4823: 4818: 4817: 4808: 4801: 4797: 4794: 4788: 4779: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4755: 4748: 4743: 4735: 4728: 4720: 4716: 4709: 4702: 4699:Cloud, John. 4696: 4694: 4692: 4675: 4671: 4665: 4650: 4646: 4639: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4608:(5): 467–78. 4607: 4603: 4596: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4466: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4443:(6): 287–91. 4442: 4438: 4431: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4361: 4354: 4348: 4340: 4339: 4334: 4328: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4242: 4238: 4232: 4225: 4221: 4218: 4212: 4204: 4197: 4190: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4160: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4103: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4067: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4022: 4020: 4012: 4008: 4005: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3973: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3910: 3903: 3897: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3798:(3): 133–50. 3797: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3720:(1): 75–109. 3719: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3697: 3693: 3690: 3684: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3640: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3551: 3550: 3543: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3526: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3470:(2): 99–107. 3469: 3465: 3461: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3400: 3396: 3395:Language Arts 3390: 3381: 3380:2027.42/86808 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3349: 3333: 3329: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3288: 3282: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3235: 3233: 3217: 3213: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3160: 3155: 3148: 3146: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3104: 3097: 3091: 3082: 3075: 3069: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2988: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2888: 2881: 2877: 2871: 2869: 2852: 2846: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2801: 2797: 2791: 2789: 2782: 2777: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2755: 2748: 2741: 2737: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2664: 2662: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2636: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2618: 2614: 2612: 2611:disinvestment 2609:results in a 2606: 2602: 2600: 2594: 2590: 2588: 2582: 2572: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2543: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2515: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2462: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2441: 2436: 2427: 2425: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2407: 2406:Reading First 2402: 2393: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2350: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2300: 2290: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2259: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2237: 2232: 2226: 2224: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2207: 2204: 2199: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2168: 2158: 2156: 2146: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2083: 2080:According to 2078: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2059: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2036: 2034: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1963: 1959: 1957: 1956:cherry-picked 1948: 1945: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1909: 1907: 1896: 1887: 1884: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1858:School choice 1855: 1847: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1815: 1813: 1808: 1801: 1791: 1787: 1785: 1779: 1777: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1695: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1665:George Miller 1662: 1651: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1632:Ronald Reagan 1629: 1628: 1622: 1618: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1593: 1590: 1586: 1583:and included 1582: 1578: 1574: 1571:) was a U.S. 1570: 1566: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1506: 1505: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1477: 1472: 1471:Organizations 1469: 1467: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1338:School choice 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1291:Student loans 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1271:Credentialism 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1227:Accreditation 1225: 1224: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1213: 1212: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1200:Sex education 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1141:Art education 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1126: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1060:United States 1053: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1042: 1041: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1012: 1011: 1009: 1008: 998: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 967: 966: 963: 955: 954: 950: 949: 948: 945: 944: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 924: 923: 920: 919: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 887: 886: 883: 882: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 849: 846: 844: 843:Bush Doctrine 841: 840: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 825: 822: 810: 807: 806: 805: 802: 798: 795: 794: 793: 790: 786: 783: 782: 781: 778: 776: 773: 769: 766: 765: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 747: 744: 743: 742: 741:War on terror 739: 737: 734: 733: 722: 719: 717: 714: 710: 707: 705: 702: 701: 699: 697: 694: 690: 687: 686: 685: 682: 681: 670: 667: 665: 662: 661: 648: 645: 643: 640: 639: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 601: 594: 593: 584: 570: 567: 563: 562: 559: 558: 551: 546: 541: 534: 531:by President 530: 527: 524: 520: 517:) and by the 516: 512: 508: 505: 502: 498: 495: 492: 488: 485: 483: 479: 475: 472: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 450: 449: 446: 442: 437: 434:§ 271 et seq. 433: 429: 425:§ 151 et seq. 424: 420: 416:§ 251 et seq. 415: 411: 406: 402: 397: 393: 389: 385: 380: 376: 371: 367: 364: 360: 357: 353: 349: 345: 342: 338: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 316: 314: 311: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 292: 289: 286: 283: 281: 278: 275: 272: 269: 267: 264: 261: 259: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 227: 225: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 206: 203: 200: 197: 194: 191: 188: 186: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 162: 159: 157: 154: 151: 150: 143: 139: 134: 131: 127: 123: 121: 115: 112: 109: 102: 97: 93: 88: 85: 81: 77: 73: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 47: 41: 37: 33: 19: 8039:Geo-literacy 7964:Agricultural 7943:Brian Street 7923:Paulo Freire 7896: 7875:Institutions 7850:New Zealand 7723: 7714: 7319: 6938:Phoenix Memo 6857:Space policy 6619:Axis of evil 6511:Samuel Alito 6497:John Roberts 6304: 6291: 6183: 6176: 6164: 6157: 6150: 6143: 6134: 6124: 6112: 6105: 6095: 6076: 6064:. Retrieved 6060: 6050: 6038:. Retrieved 6035:congress.gov 6034: 6024: 6014:February 13, 6012:. Retrieved 6003: 5994: 5982:. Retrieved 5972: 5956:Ravitch, D. 5952: 5939: 5926: 5899: 5890: 5880: 5867: 5855:. Retrieved 5846: 5827: 5819: 5811: 5799:. Retrieved 5789: 5769: 5758: 5741: 5729:. Retrieved 5719: 5705: 5696: 5687: 5674: 5654: 5644:December 29, 5642:. Retrieved 5638:the original 5624: 5616: 5601: 5590: 5581: 5555: 5543:. Retrieved 5536:the original 5531: 5519: 5507:. Retrieved 5503: 5481:February 23, 5479:. Retrieved 5474: 5468: 5448:February 11, 5446:. Retrieved 5441: 5414: 5405: 5399: 5390: 5384: 5372:. Retrieved 5362: 5338: 5313: 5309: 5303: 5277:. Retrieved 5270: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5218: 5207:, retrieved 5200:the original 5191: 5169: 5150: 5139: 5120: 5101: 5089: 5069: 5049: 5037:. Retrieved 5030:the original 5021: 5014: 5002:. Retrieved 4992: 4975: 4964: 4952:. Retrieved 4942: 4931: 4918: 4904: 4892:. Retrieved 4888:the original 4878: 4868:February 17, 4866:. Retrieved 4862: 4852: 4840: 4815: 4807: 4787: 4768: 4764: 4754: 4742: 4727: 4718: 4708: 4678:. Retrieved 4673: 4664: 4652:. Retrieved 4648: 4638: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4568: 4564: 4554: 4529: 4525: 4519: 4494: 4490: 4484: 4475: 4465: 4440: 4436: 4430: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4370: 4366: 4360: 4347: 4336: 4327: 4315:. Retrieved 4311:the original 4301: 4289:. Retrieved 4285:the original 4274: 4262:. Retrieved 4257: 4248: 4240: 4231: 4211: 4202: 4189: 4177:. Retrieved 4169:fairtest.org 4168: 4159: 4149:September 8, 4147:. Retrieved 4143: 4133: 4123:November 11, 4121:. Retrieved 4117:the original 4112: 4102: 4085: 4076: 4066: 4057: 4048: 4031: 4027: 3998: 3989: 3979: 3966: 3957: 3948: 3923: 3919: 3909: 3896: 3871: 3867: 3857: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3795: 3791: 3781: 3759:(1): 55–69. 3756: 3752: 3742: 3717: 3713: 3703: 3683: 3673:November 18, 3671:. Retrieved 3667: 3658: 3649: 3639: 3614: 3610: 3600: 3567: 3563: 3557: 3547: 3519: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3467: 3463: 3453: 3420: 3416: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3362: 3358: 3348: 3338:November 18, 3336:. Retrieved 3331: 3322: 3313: 3303: 3291:. Retrieved 3281: 3262: 3252: 3244:Congress.gov 3243: 3219:. Retrieved 3215: 3205: 3186: 3176: 3157: 3117: 3113: 3103: 3090: 3081: 3068: 3046:(1): 15–42. 3043: 3039: 3001: 2997: 2987: 2978: 2953: 2949: 2939: 2925:(2): 67–69. 2922: 2918: 2908: 2899: 2879: 2855:. Retrieved 2845: 2833:. Retrieved 2829:the original 2824: 2815: 2803:. Retrieved 2799: 2776: 2740: 2694: 2658: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2631: 2619: 2615: 2607: 2603: 2599:dumbing down 2595: 2591: 2584: 2569: 2540: 2523: 2516: 2512: 2498: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2464: 2459: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2403: 2399: 2390: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2315: 2307: 2303: 2296: 2284: 2280: 2265: 2256: 2240: 2227: 2220: 2208: 2195: 2170: 2152: 2143: 2135:Pennsylvania 2115: 2111: 2097: 2091: 2086: 2082:Paul Reville 2079: 2072: 2065: 2057: 2029: 2015: 2011: 2004: 2000: 1984: 1969: 1960: 1952: 1915: 1902: 1893: 1880: 1852: 1830: 1826: 1803: 1788: 1780: 1773: 1742: 1714: 1699: 1690: 1661:John Boehner 1657: 1648: 1625: 1614: 1598: 1594: 1568: 1564: 1562: 1447: 1365:School meals 1243: 1043: 953:Bush v. Gore 951: 879:Appointments 757: 664:Governorship 634:Bibliography 629:Public image 528: 518: 510: 506: 496: 486: 473: 460:John Boehner 451: 372:§§ 2601–2629 141:Acts amended 136:Codification 70:(colloquial) 40: 8151:Statistical 8066:Information 7952:Other types 7228:Real ID Act 7200:No Fly List 7151:Patriot Act 7067:Amber alert 6820:South Korea 6349:(2001–2009) 6299:‹ The 6290:– video by 5930:Lohman, J. 5697:nces.ed.gov 5316:(8): 3–13. 5279:October 24, 5209:January 23, 5053:pp. 10–12, 5039:October 31, 4680:October 25, 4654:October 25, 4408:(1): 8–15. 4097:. pp. 42–43 3958:www.pbs.org 3570:(6): 3–16. 3401:(2), 83–96. 3332:www2.ed.gov 3221:October 10, 2759:, 115 2655:Replacement 2446:Ted Kennedy 1720:any exists. 1671:(D-MA) and 1669:Ted Kennedy 1644:George Bush 753:Patriot Act 456:H.R. 1 8267:Categories 8141:Scientific 8014:Ecological 7913:Marie Clay 6369:Transition 6247:Government 6040:August 23, 5857:January 3, 5801:January 3, 4373:(1): 4–7. 2857:August 23, 2767:, enacted 2733:References 2536:Roy Barnes 2519:Alfie Kohn 2216:assessment 2165:See also: 2127:California 1708:must make 1673:Judd Gregg 1611:Background 1333:Head Start 1308:Inequality 1161:Law school 980:convention 937:convention 696:Transition 684:Presidency 604:Early life 452:Introduced 95:Public law 58:Long title 8187:Aliteracy 8136:Religious 8034:Financial 8024:Emotional 8019:Electracy 7822:Locations 7130:criticism 6961:2001 AUMF 6813:Singapore 6750:Australia 6066:March 29, 5921:, (2010). 5820:USA Today 5634:FactCheck 5330:145548070 4771:(2): 36. 4630:146637284 4511:145742483 4457:143019686 4422:144288670 4179:March 12, 3940:145333950 3773:145729061 3734:122216562 3631:140965433 3592:145316506 3484:145123816 3445:146443121 3136:249216267 3060:145457787 3020:214511040 2970:146415644 2835:March 21, 2503:education 2276:IDEA 2004 2243:inclusion 1932:recorded. 1864:programs. 1849:practices 1539:President 1461:Secondary 1245:Financing 975:primaries 932:primaries 669:Elections 482:Judiciary 428:47 U.S.C. 419:47 U.S.C. 410:47 U.S.C. 401:47 U.S.C. 392:42 U.S.C. 384:20 U.S.C. 375:20 U.S.C. 366:15 U.S.C. 124:115 90:Citations 8212:Dyslexia 8121:Physical 8101:Numeracy 8009:Diaspora 7994:Cultural 7989:Critical 7979:Computer 7776:Learning 7769:Literacy 6982:Iraq War 6771:Colombia 6595:Speeches 6390:Timeline 6356:Timeline 6301:template 6008:Archived 5984:June 24, 5961:Archived 5835:Archived 5767:(2005). 5748:Archived 5731:June 24, 5663:Archived 5610:Archived 5509:June 29, 5374:June 24, 5347:Archived 5250:41341113 5159:Archived 5129:Archived 5110:Archived 5078:Archived 5058:Archived 5004:June 24, 4954:June 24, 4894:March 6, 4847:website. 4796:Archived 4587:16286868 4546:20679651 4387:73523609 4220:Archived 4173:Archived 4007:Archived 3849:41339444 3814:20799159 3692:Archived 3528:Archived 3437:40732421 3293:March 7, 3273:91983932 3269:ProQuest 3197:91999335 3193:ProQuest 3168:91941192 3164:ProQuest 2805:July 16, 2690:FairTest 2667:See also 2461:fantasy. 2139:Michigan 2131:Virginia 2075:remedial 2048:college. 1991:Michigan 1987:New York 1941:Hispanic 1725:tutoring 1663:(R-OH), 1131:Literacy 1075:By state 1046:a series 970:election 927:election 828:Domestic 821:Policies 780:Iraq War 689:timeline 67:Acronyms 8247:Writing 8242:Reading 8227:Orality 8180:Related 8096:Musical 8004:Digital 7969:Braille 7861:Romania 7854:Tokelau 7803:Phonics 6785:Morocco 6757:Bahrain 6534:Cabinet 6527:Pardons 6446:2008–09 6303:below ( 6151:Publius 6135:Publius 6125:Publius 6117:excerpt 6115:(2006) 6096:Publius 5660:Funding 5545:July 6, 5073:p. 20, 4986:. IDEA. 4791:(2004) 4317:June 7, 4291:June 7, 4264:June 8, 4235:(2007) 3970:(2006) 3888:2271993 3584:3594432 2746:Pub. L. 2476:Title I 2396:Funding 2182:Houston 2123:Arizona 1702:Title I 1585:Title I 1457:Primary 1067:Summary 985:debates 942:debates 890:Roberts 870:Pardons 838:Foreign 833:Economy 614:Eponyms 396:ch. 119 100:Pub. L. 8166:Visual 8146:Social 8131:Racial 8106:Object 8049:Health 7974:Carbon 7906:People 7834:Canada 7610:policy 7123:report 6850:PEPFAR 6799:Panama 6613:(2001) 6605:(2001) 6188:online 6169:online 6129:online 6100:online 5777: 5328: 5248: 4828: 4628: 4620: 4585: 4544: 4509: 4455: 4420: 4385: 4093: 3938: 3886: 3847: 3812: 3771: 3732: 3629: 3590: 3582: 3482: 3443: 3435: 3271: 3195: 3166: 3134: 3058: 3018: 2968: 2763: 2752: 2133:, and 1731:class. 1298:Reform 1261:Bubble 730:Tenure 709:second 624:Honors 619:Family 515:381–41 491:384–45 388:ch. 70 379:ch. 28 128: 106: 8116:Power 8111:Oracy 8086:Media 8081:Legal 8044:Graph 8029:Faith 7844:Bihar 7839:India 7350:award 6764:Chile 5658:(nd) 5605:(nd) 5539:(PDF) 5528:(PDF) 5326:S2CID 5246:JSTOR 5203:(PDF) 5196:(PDF) 5033:(PDF) 5026:(PDF) 4984:(PDF) 4626:S2CID 4618:JSTOR 4507:S2CID 4453:S2CID 4418:S2CID 4383:S2CID 4215:(nd) 4199:(PDF) 4002:(nd) 3936:S2CID 3884:S2CID 3845:S2CID 3810:JSTOR 3769:S2CID 3730:S2CID 3627:S2CID 3588:S2CID 3580:JSTOR 3480:S2CID 3441:S2CID 3433:JSTOR 3132:S2CID 3056:S2CID 3016:S2CID 2966:S2CID 2761:Stat. 2757:(PDF) 2186:Texas 1937:black 900:Alito 895:Miers 855:Space 704:first 523:87–10 430: 421: 412: 407:§ 609 403: 394: 386: 377: 368: 126:Stat. 111:(PDF) 7999:Data 6806:Peru 6792:Oman 6439:2007 6432:2006 6425:2005 6418:2004 6411:2003 6404:2002 6397:2001 6068:2016 6042:2016 6016:2012 5986:2013 5859:2008 5803:2008 5775:ISBN 5733:2013 5646:2007 5547:2008 5511:2015 5483:2009 5450:2023 5376:2013 5295:link 5281:2021 5211:2020 5041:2011 5006:2013 4956:2013 4896:2008 4870:2020 4826:ISBN 4682:2018 4656:2018 4583:PMID 4542:PMID 4319:2007 4293:2007 4266:2007 4181:2024 4151:2018 4125:2021 4091:ISBN 3675:2021 3340:2021 3295:2018 3223:2021 2859:2016 2837:2012 2807:2015 2765:1425 2531:and 2310:deaf 2297:The 1989:and 1939:and 1916:The 1812:SEAs 1569:NCLB 1563:The 1463:) – 1449:K–12 1077:and 965:2004 922:2000 501:91–8 480:and 204:Act 147:List 130:1425 82:the 74:NCLB 8171:Web 6061:Vox 6004:CNN 5592:PBS 5318:doi 4773:doi 4610:doi 4606:106 4573:doi 4534:doi 4499:doi 4445:doi 4410:doi 4406:111 4375:doi 4371:111 4338:PBS 4036:doi 3928:doi 3876:doi 3837:doi 3800:doi 3761:doi 3722:doi 3619:doi 3572:doi 3507:doi 3472:doi 3425:doi 3375:hdl 3367:doi 3122:doi 3048:doi 3006:doi 2958:doi 2927:doi 2180:in 1807:IHE 1634:'s 476:by 458:by 8269:: 7959:AI 6059:. 6033:. 6002:. 5908:^ 5889:. 5818:, 5695:. 5632:. 5589:. 5566:^ 5530:. 5502:. 5491:^ 5473:. 5458:^ 5440:. 5427:^ 5324:. 5314:34 5312:. 5291:}} 5287:{{ 5269:. 5258:^ 5242:80 5240:. 5182:^ 4861:. 4824:. 4822:36 4769:38 4767:. 4763:. 4717:. 4690:^ 4672:. 4647:. 4624:. 4616:. 4604:. 4581:. 4569:37 4567:. 4563:. 4540:. 4530:29 4528:. 4505:. 4495:88 4493:. 4474:. 4451:. 4441:80 4439:. 4416:. 4404:. 4381:. 4369:. 4335:. 4256:. 4239:. 4201:. 4167:. 4142:. 4111:. 4075:. 4056:. 4032:76 4030:. 4018:^ 3988:. 3956:. 3934:. 3924:22 3922:. 3918:. 3882:. 3872:24 3870:. 3866:. 3843:. 3833:24 3831:. 3808:. 3796:24 3794:. 3790:. 3767:. 3757:33 3755:. 3751:. 3728:. 3718:27 3716:. 3712:. 3666:. 3648:. 3625:. 3615:29 3613:. 3609:. 3586:. 3578:. 3568:31 3566:. 3539:^ 3503:30 3501:. 3478:. 3468:58 3466:. 3462:. 3439:. 3431:. 3421:32 3419:. 3415:. 3399:97 3397:, 3373:. 3363:30 3361:. 3357:. 3330:. 3312:. 3267:. 3261:. 3242:. 3231:^ 3214:. 3191:. 3185:. 3162:. 3156:. 3144:^ 3130:. 3118:62 3116:. 3112:. 3054:. 3044:23 3042:. 3028:^ 3014:. 3002:71 3000:. 2996:. 2964:. 2954:19 2952:. 2948:. 2923:34 2921:. 2917:. 2898:. 2886:^ 2878:. 2867:^ 2823:. 2798:. 2787:^ 2629:. 2456:: 2238:. 2184:, 2129:, 2125:, 2009:. 1459:– 1451:- 1048:on 468:OH 7761:e 7754:t 7747:v 6339:e 6332:t 6325:v 6070:. 6044:. 6018:. 5988:. 5893:. 5861:. 5805:. 5783:. 5735:. 5713:. 5699:. 5682:. 5648:. 5549:. 5513:. 5485:. 5471:" 5452:. 5378:. 5332:. 5320:: 5297:) 5283:. 5252:. 5043:. 5008:. 4958:. 4912:. 4898:. 4872:. 4834:. 4781:. 4775:: 4684:. 4658:. 4632:. 4612:: 4589:. 4575:: 4548:. 4536:: 4513:. 4501:: 4478:. 4459:. 4447:: 4424:. 4412:: 4389:. 4377:: 4341:. 4321:. 4295:. 4268:. 4205:. 4183:. 4153:. 4127:. 4079:. 4042:. 4038:: 3960:. 3942:. 3930:: 3890:. 3878:: 3851:. 3839:: 3816:. 3802:: 3775:. 3763:: 3736:. 3724:: 3677:. 3652:. 3633:. 3621:: 3594:. 3574:: 3513:. 3509:: 3486:. 3474:: 3447:. 3427:: 3383:. 3377:: 3369:: 3342:. 3316:. 3297:. 3275:. 3225:. 3199:. 3170:. 3138:. 3124:: 3062:. 3050:: 3022:. 3008:: 2972:. 2960:: 2933:. 2929:: 2902:. 2861:. 2839:. 2809:. 2771:. 1872:. 1752:. 1567:( 1523:e 1516:t 1509:v 1455:( 1029:e 1022:t 1015:v 525:) 503:) 493:) 466:- 464:R 462:( 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

No Child Left Behind Act

Index