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40:
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655:, Rector of Ditton, Kent, began to gather support for reform, resulting in 1866 in the formation of the Society for the Employment and Improved Lodging of Hop Pickers. The hop-pickers were given very basic accommodation, with very poor sanitation. This led to the spread of infectious diseases and led to contaminated water. The 1897
1209:. Some proponents assert that the English varieties Fuggle, East Kent Goldings and Goldings might qualify as "noble hops" due to the similar composition, but such terms are not applied to English varieties. Their low relative bitterness, but strong aroma, are often distinguishing characteristics of European-style
1150:
hop varieties, which are easier to pick by machine and far more economical to grow. Wye
College have also been responsible for breeding hop varieties that will grow with only 12 hours of daily light for the South African hop farmers. Wye College was closed in 2009 but the legacy of their hop breeding
955:
Aroma hops are typically added to the wort later to prevent the evaporation of the essential oils, to impart "hop taste" (if during the final 30 minutes of boil) or "hop aroma" (if during the final 10 minutes, or less, of boil). Aroma hops are often added after the wort has cooled and while the beer
540:
method is that male and female flowers develop on separate plants, although occasionally a fertile individual will develop which contains both male and female flowers. Because pollinated seeds are undesirable for brewing beer, only female plants are grown in hop fields, thus preventing pollination.
994:
Brewers may use software tools to control the bittering levels in the boil and adjust recipes to account for a change in the hop bill or seasonal variations in the crop that may lead to the need to compensate for a difference in alpha acid contribution. Data may be shared with other brewers via
1310:
humulene:caryophyllene above three, and poor storability resulting in them being more prone to oxidation. In reality, this means they have a relatively consistent bittering potential as they age, due to beta-acid oxidation, and a flavor that improves as they age during periods of poor storage.
686:
in Sonoma County, became a manufacturer of hop-harvesting machines in 1940, in part because of the hop industry's importance to the county. This mechanization helped destroy the local industry by enabling large-scale mechanized production, which moved to larger farms in other areas. Dauenhauer
532:
Although hops are grown in most of the continental United States and Canada, cultivation of hops for commercial production requires a particular environment. As hops are a climbing plant, they are trained to grow up trellises made from strings or wires that support the plants and allow them
971:
Today, a substantial amount of "dual-use" hops are used, as well. These have high concentrations of alpha acids and good aromatic properties. These can be added to the boil at any time, depending on the desired effect. Hop acids also contribute to and stabilize the foam qualities of beer.
1309:
Noble hops are characterized through analysis as having an aroma quality resulting from numerous factors in the essential oil, such as an alpha:beta ratio of 1:1, low alpha-acid levels (2–5%) with a low cohumulone content, low myrcene in the hop oil, high humulene in the oil, a ratio of
615:
The need for massed labor at harvest time meant hop-growing had a big social impact. Around the world, the labor-intensive harvesting work involved large numbers of migrant workers who would travel for the annual hop harvest. Whole families would participate and live in
1361:, as a treatment for anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia. A pillow filled with hops is a popular folk remedy for sleeplessness, and animal research has shown a sedative effect. The relaxing effect of hops may be due, in part, to the specific degradation product from
552:
that are started up strings from the ground to an overhead trellis. The cones grow high on the bine, and in the past, these cones were picked by hand. Harvesting of hops became much more efficient with the invention of the mechanical hops separator, patented by
935:
Bittering hops are boiled for a longer period of time, typically 60–90 minutes, and often have inferior aromatic properties, as the aromatic compounds evaporate during the boil. The degree of bitterness imparted by hops depends on the degree to which
662:
Particularly in Kent, because of a shortage of small-denomination coin of the realm, many growers issued their own currency to those doing the labor. In some cases, the coins issued were adorned with fanciful hops images, making them quite beautiful.
1122:
and Brewer's
Favorite for commercial cultivation in 1934, and went on to release more than two dozen new cultivars before his death in 1959. Brewer's Gold has become the ancestor of the bulk of new hop releases around the world since its release.
772:. Myrcene is responsible for the pungent smell of fresh hops. Humulene and its oxidative reaction products may give beer its prominent hop aroma. Together, myrcene, humulene, and caryophyllene represent 80 to 90% of the total hops essential oil.
921:
have higher concentrations of alpha acids, and are responsible for the large majority of the bitter flavour of a beer. European (so-called "noble") hops typically average 5–9% alpha acids by weight (AABW), and the newer
American
317:. Hop plants prefer the same soils as potatoes and the leading potato-growing states in the United States are also major hops-producing areas; however, not all potato-growing areas can produce good hops naturally: soils in the
2518:
Sarah Rogers, ‘The Nurses of the 1897 Maidstone
Typhoid Epidemic: Social Class and Training. How representative were they of mid-nineteenth century nursing reforms?’ (Unpublished Master of Letters dissertation, Dundee, March
231:
In
Germany, using hops was also a religious and political choice in the early 16th century. There was no tax on hops to be paid to the Catholic church, unlike on gruit. For this reason the Protestants preferred hopped beer.
1913:
564:
to reduce moisture content. To be dried, the hops are spread out on the upper floor of the oast house and heated by heating units on the lower floor. The dried hops are then compressed into bales by a
286:
approved an Act of
Parliament banning the practice by which "the Subjects of this Realm have been of late years abused &c. to the Value of £20,000 yearly, besides the Danger of their Healths".
960:
is a major component in some hops. The composition of hop essential oils can differ between varieties and between years in the same variety, having a significant influence on flavour and aroma.
282:
In
England there were many complaints over the quality of imported hops, the sacks of which were often contaminated by stalks, sand or straw to increase their weight. As a result, in 1603, King
644:
were from eastern areas of London. This provided a break from urban conditions that was spent in the countryside. People also came from
Birmingham and other Midlands cities to pick hops in the
3263:
583:, which possess antibiotic properties, suppressing bacterial growth favoring brewer's yeast to grow. After lupulin has been extracted in the brewing process the papery cones are discarded.
190:
and a variety of flavours and aromas. It is believed that traditional herb combinations for beers were abandoned after it was noticed that beers made with hops were less prone to spoilage.
678:
had a serious adverse effect on hops production, but remnants of this significant industry in the western states are still noticeable in the form of old hop kilns that survive throughout
1096:
2016:
1779:
1103:. Others were named for the farmer who is recognized as first cultivating them, including Goldings or Fuggles from England, or by their growing habit like the Oregon Cluster.
122:
and United States) when grown commercially. Many different varieties of hops are grown by farmers around the world, with different types used for particular styles of beer.
3337:
Franco L, Sánchez C, Bravo R, Rodriguez A, Barriga C, Juánez JC (2012). "The sedative effects of hops (Humulus lupulus), a component of beer, on the activity/rest rhythm".
651:
The often-appalling living conditions endured by hop pickers during the harvest became a matter of scandal across Kent and other hop-growing counties. Eventually, the Rev.
3233:
533:
significantly greater growth with the same sunlight profile. In this way, energy that would have been required to build structural cells is also freed for crop growth.
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2885:
2404:
975:
Flavours and aromas are described appreciatively using terms which include "grassy", "floral", "citrus", "spicy", "piney", "lemony", "grapefruit", and "earthy". Many
2459:
3086:
1291:
throughout the world. Noble German dual-use hop used in
European pale lagers, sometimes with Hallertau. Soft bitterness. (Alpha acid 3.5–5.5% / beta acid 3.5–5.5%)
3294:
107:, to which, in addition to bitterness, they impart floral, fruity, or citrus flavours and aromas. Hops are also used for various purposes in other beverages and
1197:
The term "noble hops" is a marketing term that traditionally refers to certain varieties of hops that became known for being low in bitterness and high in
2105:
1181:
Hops from New
Zealand, such as Pacific Gem, Motueka and Nelson Sauvin, are used in a "Pacific Pale Ale" style of beer with increasing production in 2014.
111:. The hops plants have separate female and male plants, and only female plants are used for commercial production. The hop plant is a vigorous, climbing,
2373:
1151:
programs, particularly that of the dwarf varieties, is continuing as already the US private and public breeding programs are using their stock material.
695:
In addition to water, cellulose, and various proteins, the chemical composition of hops consists of compounds important for imparting character to beer.
220:
In Britain, hopped beer was first imported from Holland around 1400, yet hops were condemned as late as 1519 as a "wicked and pernicious weed". In 1471,
2321:
1369:
which was historically used as an anesthetic. Hops tend to be unstable when exposed to light or air and lose their potency after a few months' storage.
3271:
1079:
There are many different varieties of hops used in brewing today. Historically, hops varieties were identified by geography, i.e., from the towns of
1983:
2548:
1178:
and about forty more varieties as the US have lately been the more significant breeders of new hop varieties, including dwarf hop varieties.
217:
for flavouring. Gruit was used when the nobility levied taxes on hops. Whichever was taxed made the brewer then quickly switch to the other.
1659:"Understanding Beer – A Broad Overview of Brewing, Tasting and Analyzing Beer – October 12th, 2006, Beer & Brewing, The Brewing Process"
1365:, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, as demonstrated from nighttime consumption of non-alcoholic beer. 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol is structurally similar to
3587:
3152:
1387:
sometimes results from harvesting hops. Although few cases require medical treatment, an estimated 3% of the workers suffer some type of
202:
region of present-day Germany, although the first mention of the use of hops in brewing in that country was 1079. However, in a will of
2582:
2287:
2288:"Interactive Agricultural Ecological Atlas of Russia and Neighboring Countries. Economic Plants and their Diseases, Pests and Weeds.
2752:
Stevens, Jan F; Page, Jonathan E (1 May 2004). "Xanthohumol and related prenylflavonoids from hops and beer: to your good health!".
640:
contain a vivid description of London families participating in this annual hops harvest. In England, many of those picking hops in
3241:
2429:
1658:
228:("beer" was the name for fermented malt liquors bittered with hops; only in recent times are the words often used as synonyms).
3665:
1832:"From Herbal to Hopped Beer: The Displacement of Regional Herb Beer Traditions by Commercial Export Brewing in Medieval Europe"
932:
usually have a lower concentration of alpha acids (~5%) and are the primary contributors of hop aroma and (nonbitter) flavour.
2940:
2913:
2847:
1966:
1814:
1735:
1708:
1615:
118:, usually trained to grow up strings in a field called a hopfield, hop garden (in the South of England), or hop yard (in the
3122:
2882:
2084:
666:
945:
2467:
915:
The effect of hops on the finished beer varies by type and use, though there are two main hop types: bittering and aroma.
3097:
1497:
1126:
Wye College continued its breeding program and again received attention in the 1970s, when Dr. Ray A. Neve released Wye
1106:
Around 1900, a number of institutions began to experiment with breeding specific hop varieties. The breeding program at
1789:
325:
that hops prefer. Historically, hops were not grown in Ireland, but were imported from England. In 1752 more than 500
2736:
2497:
2263:
1762:
1642:
1061:
1002:
Lately the dried pucks, extracts and pellets replace whole hops in brewing processes because of efficiency and cost.
868:
1240:, noble hops may officially be considered "noble" only if they were grown in the areas for which the hop varieties (
313:
Hops production is concentrated in moist temperate climates, with much of the world's production occurring near the
2135:
548:
Hop plants are planted in rows about 2 to 2.5 metres (7 to 8 ft) apart. Each spring, the roots send forth new
290:
1601:
1445:, an old-fashioned herb mixture used for bittering and flavouring beer, popular before the extensive use of hops
3494:
2113:
1119:
1043:
850:
3431:
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659:
was partly as a result of hop-pickers camping near the Farleigh Springs which supplied Maidstone with water.
603:
3675:
1146:. More recently, Wye College and its successor institution Wye Hops Ltd., have focused on breeding the first
537:
3660:
2719:
Ortega-Heras, M.; González-Sanjosé, M.L. (2003). "BEERS | Wort Production". In Benjamin, Caballero (ed.).
1373:
1259:
or Holledau region in central Bavaria. Due to susceptibility to crop disease, it was largely replaced by
129:, 300 years later, is often cited as the earliest documented source. Before this period, brewers used a "
893:
before they are used in the brewing process. Undried or "wet" hops are sometimes (since c. 1990) used.
289:
Hop cultivation was begun in the present-day United States in 1629 by English and Dutch farmers. Before
103:
family of flowering plants. They are used primarily as a bittering, flavouring, and stability agent in
1909:
1135:
656:
17:
3670:
1991:
1933:
1167:
679:
636:
68:
1143:
1127:
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2556:
1688:
1139:
404:
305:
devastated New York's production by the 1920s, and California only produces hops on a small scale.
3568:
3551:
3432:"How Long Do Hops Last? Do Hops Expire? (With Fridge & Freezer Chart) – Learning to Homebrew"
1032:
839:
645:
560:
Hops are harvested at the end of summer. The bines are cut down, separated, and then dried in an
542:
3524:
3318:
2795:
Milligan, S; Kalita, J; Pocock, V; Heyerick, A; Cooman, L De; Rong, H; Keukeleire, D De (2002).
1405:
683:
591:
39:
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2837:
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1752:
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As with grapes, the location where hops are grown affects the hops' characteristics. Much as
1158:
are usually brewed with European (often German, Polish or Czech) noble hop varieties such as
1039:
1011:
846:
3035:"Finding Mr. Fuggle: The Largely Mysterious History of England's Two Greatest Hop Varieties"
2299:
2250:. Current Topics in Developmental Biology. Vol. 38. Garland Science. pp. 167–223.
2042:
1725:
3385:
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1273:
region south of Nuremberg. With a delicate, spicy aroma. (Alpha acid 4–5% / beta acid 4–5%)
31:
3264:"9 Perennial Vegetables You Can Plant Once, Harvest Forever … And Never Worry About Again"
1284:
8:
652:
621:
396:
349:
314:
126:
3389:
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Hops used in England were imported from France, Holland and Germany and were subject to
3408:
3373:
3009:
2655:
2638:
2219:
2186:
2055:
1585:
1568:
1392:
1335:
800:
596:
554:
400:
353:
318:
294:
187:
2255:
715:. During wort boiling, the humulones are thermally isomerized into iso-alpha acids or
3476:
3413:
3354:
2936:
2909:
2843:
2818:
2777:
2732:
2728:
2701:
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2269:
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2224:
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1962:
1937:
1831:
1810:
1785:
1758:
1731:
1704:
1666:
1638:
1611:
1469:
1403:
Hops and hops picking form the milieu and atmosphere in the British detective novel,
1366:
1233:
357:
3633:
2796:
2773:
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1376:
and are under basic research for potential relief of menstruation-related problems.
1346:. Hops can be eaten; the young shoots of the vine are edible and can be cooked like
999:
allowing the reproduction of a recipe allowing for differences in hop availability.
3680:
3619:
3466:
3403:
3393:
3346:
2982:
2808:
2769:
2724:
2691:
2650:
2251:
2214:
2198:
2160:
1580:
1334:(a carbonated beverage similar to soda that is popular in Sweden during December),
626:
571:
Hop cones contain different oils, such as lupulin, a yellowish, waxy substance, an
369:
146:
3372:
Franco L, Sánchez C, Bravo R, Rodríguez AB, Barriga C, Romero E, Cubero J (2012).
1287:
in Germany. The region produces significant quantities of hops, and ships them to
1154:
Particular hop varieties are associated with beer regions and styles, for example
956:
ferments, a technique known as "dry hopping", which contributes to the hop aroma.
3398:
3350:
3130:
2889:
2864:
2088:
2081:
1449:
1358:
1302:
1229:
as a classic example of the Bohemian Pilsener style, which showcases noble hops.
1226:
1163:
881:
796:
711:
Probably the most important chemical compound within hops are the alpha acids or
360:(Oregon) valleys, and western Canyon County, Idaho (including the communities of
203:
168:
115:
95:
59:
3639:
1809:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 53–54.
703:
239:; it was not until 1524 that hops were first grown in the southeast of England (
3181:
1918:
1527:
1339:
1241:
1131:
988:
949:
808:
804:
620:, with even the smallest children helping in the fields. The final chapters of
385:
345:
298:
283:
248:
179:
1225:. In beer, they are considered aroma hops (as opposed to bittering hops); see
3654:
2705:
2664:
2210:
2136:"International Hop Growers' Convention – Economic Commission Summary Reports"
1505:
1175:
983:
or brewed in the Czech Republic may have noticeable noble hop aroma. Certain
812:
769:
687:
Manufacturing Company remains a current producer of hop harvesting machines.
631:
549:
525:
381:
365:
259:
2347:
1428:
51:
3480:
3471:
3454:
3417:
3358:
2822:
2781:
2578:
2374:"How Hops are Harvested and Used in Brewing • Bale Breaker Brewing Company"
2228:
1388:
1171:
1115:
909:
373:
361:
302:
247:
farmers. Consequently, many words used in the hop industry derive from the
244:
138:
119:
2813:
2273:
2202:
944:
during the boil, and the impact of a given amount of hops is specified in
293:, cultivation was mainly centred around New York, California, Oregon, and
213:
Not until the 13th century did hops begin to start threatening the use of
3624:
1434:
1413:. The novel was subsequently issued in the United States under the title
1236:
may within the EU be labelled "Dortmunder" only if it has been brewed in
1107:
788:
757:
716:
675:
524:
A superstructure of overhead wires supports strings that in turn support
391:
236:
207:
175:
164:
125:
The first documented use of hops in beer is from the 9th century, though
100:
64:
1318:
3455:"Hop extracts and hop substances in treatment of menopausal complaints"
1462:
1410:
1384:
1362:
1327:
1301:
town, used extensively in Bohemia to flavour pale Czech lagers such as
1155:
1114:, was started in 1904 and rose to prominence through the work of Prof.
1100:
1046: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
976:
937:
890:
853: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
617:
561:
156:
112:
3295:"'It's like eating a hedgerow': why do hop shoots cost €1,000 a kilo?"
2797:"Oestrogenic activity of the hop phyto-oestrogen, 8-prenylnaringenin"
1354:
1347:
1260:
1256:
1206:
1159:
1111:
1080:
963:
957:
792:
780:
572:
341:
333:
199:
142:
134:
133:", composed of a wide variety of bitter herbs and flowers, including
108:
90:
44:
3374:"The sedative effect of non-alcoholic beer in healthy female nurses"
3207:
1869:
1498:"University of Minnesota Libraries: The Transfer of Knowledge. Hops-
1222:
1021:
828:
182:
and for purported benefits including balancing the sweetness of the
1939:
An Historical and Chronological Deduction of the Origin of Commerce
1280:
1237:
1214:
1202:
1147:
1088:
980:
923:
811:
for its potential properties, while 8-prenylnaringenin is a potent
765:
742:
734:
712:
580:
576:
252:
3632:
1305:. Soft aroma and bitterness. (Alpha acid 3–4.5% /Beta acid 3–4.5%)
1298:
608:
337:
74:
2322:"Innovative Hopping Equipment: New Belgium's Dry Hop Dosing Skid"
1456:
1331:
1288:
1092:
996:
761:
754:
388:. Essentially all of the harvested hops are used in beer making.
221:
163:. Early documents include mention of a hop garden in the will of
160:
1218:
1189:
941:
210:, hop gardens were left to the Cloister of Saint-Denis in 768.
86:
3638:
1263:
in the 1970s and 1980s. (Alpha acid 3.5–5.5% / beta acid 3–4%)
648:
area of Worcestershire. Some photographs have been preserved.
3495:"Purdue University: Center for New Crops and Plant Products.
3087:"What makes British Hops Unique in the world of Hop Growing?"
2975:
2957:
2583:"Hops, once king of county's crops, helped put region on map"
1607:
1442:
1343:
1270:
1210:
1198:
1084:
905:
745:. These are desirable for their aroma contributions to beer.
565:
545:, and male plants are culled if plants are grown from seeds.
418:
322:
214:
130:
3588:"Oregon Brewers Played an Outsized Role in Popularizing IPA"
2929:
Hough JS, Briggs DE, Stevens R, Young TW (6 December 2012).
2903:
2794:
2718:
1473:, a plant whose leaves are used in the Ethiopian variety of
520:
3371:
3336:
2932:
Malting and Brewing Science: Volume II Hopped Wort and Beer
2045:, International Hop Growers' Convention: Economic Committee
1566:
1474:
901:
897:
729:
641:
575:, that imparts flavour and aroma to beer. Lupulin contains
377:
240:
183:
104:
3556:(First; hardcover ed.). UK: Dodd, Mead & Company.
2092:
1459:, an herb historically used as a bitter in beer production
3597:
2639:"100 Years of Hop Chemistry and Its Relevance to Brewing"
2607:
1723:
1478:
984:
326:
225:
2983:"The Oxford Companion to Beer Definition of German hops"
979:
have fairly low hop influence, while lagers marketed as
243:), when they were introduced as an agricultural crop by
198:
The first documented hop cultivation was in 736, in the
3452:
3182:"An Investigation into the Purity of Noble Hop Lineage"
2928:
2466:. Theorwellprize.co.uk. 20 October 2010. Archived from
2043:
Summary of Reports: Nürnberg, Germany, 14 November 2006
2017:"Hops industry has great potential for Atlantic Canada"
1569:"125th Anniversary Review: The Role of Hops in Brewing"
1166:
use hop varieties such as Fuggles, Goldings and W.G.V.
1600:
Willy H. Verheye, ed. (2010). "Hops and Hop Growing".
721:, which are responsible for the bitter taste of beer.
2908:. Boulder, CO: Brewers Publications. pp. 41–44.
2892:. Treehugger. 6 August 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
2723:(Second ed.). Academic Press. pp. 429–434.
2671:
376:). The principal production centres in the UK are in
224:, England, banned use of the plant in the brewing of
1424:
329:
of English hops were imported through Dublin alone.
255:, near breweries for convenience of infrastructure.
2677:
1956:
948:. On the other hand, unboiled hops are only mildly
904:) is boiled with hops before it is cooled down and
3188:. More Beer; In: Brewing Techniques – Vol. 6, No.2
2862:
2529:Hales, I. (1984). "'Maidstone Typhoid Epidemic'".
1692:
1528:"Cannabaceae | Description, Genera, & Species"
991:, or IPA) can have high levels of hop bitterness.
586:
3115:
3027:
1603:Soils, Plant Growth and Crop Production Volume II
3652:
3324:Plants for a Future. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
2883:"It's Harvest Time at the Sierra Nevada Brewery"
2632:
2630:
2628:
2011:
2009:
1857:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 100.
1852:
1599:
1391:on the face, hands, and legs. Hops are toxic to
3332:
3330:
3085:Capper, Allison; Darby, Peter (24 March 2014).
2241:
1687:
987:(particularly the highly hopped style known as
753:The main components of hops essential oils are
27:Flower used to flavour beer and other beverages
2835:
1330:and in soft drinks. These soft drinks include
1174:, Columbus hops, Centennial hops, Willamette,
3292:
3001:
2625:
2006:
1959:Beer: tap into the art and science of brewing
1932:
1255:– The original German lager hop; named after
395:Early season hop growth in a hop yard in the
275:And being well-brewed long kept it will last,
3365:
3327:
3179:
2577:
2571:
1193:Mature hops growing in a hop yard in Germany
277:And drawing abide, if ye draw not too fast.
273:It strengtheneth drink and it flavored malt;
150:
3549:
3453:Keiler AM, Zierau O, Kretzschmar G (2013).
3084:
2901:
2751:
2721:Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition
1898:. Geographical Association. pp. 14–22.
1807:Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance
1777:
1750:
1637:. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 305.
1567:Schönberger C, Kostelecky T (16 May 2012).
1205:or races Hallertau, Tettnanger, Spalt, and
332:Important production centres today are the
2636:
2112:. Smr.herefordshire.gov.uk. Archived from
2056:"NCGR-Corvallis Humulus Genetic Resources"
1757:. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 58.
1504:. Lib.umn.edu. 13 May 2008. Archived from
515:
3470:
3407:
3397:
3208:"Hop growers union of the Czech Republic"
2812:
2695:
2654:
2430:"Connie's Homepage – Hop Picking in Kent"
2218:
1870:"The Reformation had some help from hops"
1867:
1584:
1062:Learn how and when to remove this message
885:Hops sample at the Moscow Brewing Company
869:Learn how and when to remove this message
3240:. Byo.com. 28 April 2000. Archived from
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3078:
3007:
2865:"Hop harvest yields hip beer for brewer"
2863:Elizabeth Aguilera (10 September 2008).
2839:The Biotechnology of Malting and Brewing
2680:"Fundamentals of beer and hop chemistry"
2184:
1990:. Hop Growers of America. Archived from
1317:
1269:– Traditional German noble hop from the
1188:
962:
880:
784:Chemical structure of 8-prenylnaringenin
779:
728:
702:
670:Puget Sound region, Washington, ca. 1893
665:
602:
590:
519:
390:
174:Hops are also used in brewing for their
73:
58:
50:
38:
3566:
1855:Beer in the Middle Ages and Renaissance
1829:
1630:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
690:
682:, among others. Florian Dauenhauer, of
271:The hop for his profit I thus do exalt,
251:. Hops were then grown as far north as
14:
3653:
3446:
3286:
2492:. Alan Sutton Publishing, Gloucester.
2106:"Herefordshire Through Time – Welcome"
1908:
1893:
1784:. David and Charles PLC. p. 303.
1326:In addition to beer, hops are used in
1074:
3166:
2528:
2033:"The London magazine, 1752", page 332
1804:
1465:, a building designed for drying hops
967:Macro shot of lupulin on a hop's cone
380:(which produces Kent Goldings hops),
264:Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry
3525:"Animal Poison Control Center. Hops"
3008:Stephens, Hollie (18 October 2021).
2185:Keegstra, Kenneth (1 October 2010).
1724:F. G. Priest; Iain Campbell (2003).
1545:
1095:, or the region writ large like the
1044:adding citations to reliable sources
1015:
851:adding citations to reliable sources
822:
149:(the old German name for horehound,
3270:. torageprepper.com. Archived from
2955:
2643:Journal of the Institute of Brewing
1573:Journal of the Institute of Brewing
308:
24:
3580:
3061:"Brewery History: 121, pp. 94–112"
2656:10.1002/j.2050-0416.1986.tb04372.x
2490:Around Malvern in old photographs.
2402:
1981:
1586:10.1002/j.2050-0416.2011.tb00471.x
25:
3692:
3613:
3505:. Hort.purdue.edu. 7 January 1998
3234:"Hop Chemistry: Homebrew Science"
3180:Andrew Walsh (30 November 2001).
2549:"The Furiners: A Forgotten Story"
2405:"Hops: Anatomy and Chemistry 101"
1695:The New World World Guide to Beer
926:typically range from 8–19% AABW.
900:(sugar-rich liquid produced from
748:
321:of Canada, for example, lack the
3641:The New Student's Reference Work
2509:Kentish Gazette, 23 October 1866
2436:. Btinternet.com. Archived from
2242:C. C. Ainsworth (15 June 1999).
1896:England's diminished Hop-acreage
1842:: 9–23 – via ResearchGate.
1665:. Jongriffin.com. Archived from
1427:
1162:, Hallertau and Strissel Spalt.
1020:
827:
795:in hops. The other well-studied
707:Isomerization scheme of humulone
43:Hop flower in a hop yard in the
3560:
3543:
3517:
3487:
3424:
3312:
3256:
3226:
3200:
3145:
3053:
2949:
2922:
2895:
2875:
2856:
2829:
2788:
2774:10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.04.025
2745:
2712:
2697:10.1590/S0100-40422000000100019
2600:
2541:
2522:
2512:
2503:
2482:
2452:
2422:
2396:
2366:
2340:
2314:
2280:
2244:"5 Sex Determination in Plants"
2235:
2178:
2161:"Humulus lupulus L. common hop"
2153:
2128:
2098:
2074:
2048:
2036:
2027:
1975:
1950:
1926:
1902:
1887:
1861:
1846:
1823:
1798:
1778:H.S. Corran (23 January 1975).
1771:
1751:Ian Hornsey (31 October 2007).
1031:needs additional citations for
838:needs additional citations for
587:Migrant labor and social impact
2842:. Cambridge University Press.
2729:10.1016/B0-12-227055-X/00087-0
2298:. Agroatlas.ru. Archived from
2095:, US Department of Agriculture
1744:
1717:
1681:
1651:
1624:
1593:
1520:
1490:
946:International Bitterness Units
698:
55:Cross-section drawing of a hop
13:
1:
3666:Crops originating from Europe
3293:Alexi Duggins (18 May 2015).
2637:M. Verzele (2 January 1986).
2256:10.1016/s0070-2153(08)60247-1
2093:Agricultural research Service
1961:. Plenum Press. p. 245.
1634:A History of Beer and Brewing
1484:
1313:
1184:
889:Hops are usually dried in an
775:
724:
541:Female plants are propagated
3399:10.1371/journal.pone.0037290
3351:10.1556/APhysiol.99.2012.2.6
2678:Denis De Keukeleire (2000).
2460:"George Orwell: Hop-picking"
2110:www.smr.herefordshire.gov.uk
1957:Charles W. Bamforth (1998).
1005:
7:
3339:Acta Physiologica Hungarica
2248:Sex Determination in Plants
1420:
1379:
1374:hormone replacement therapy
1283:, a small town in southern
741:Hops contain beta acids or
178:effect over less desirable
89:(also called seed cones or
10:
3697:
3620:"Plant of the Month: Hops"
3010:"The Rise of Neomexicanus"
1805:Unger, Richard W. (2007).
1398:
1009:
818:
657:Maidstone typhoid epidemic
193:
155:, means "mountain hops"),
29:
2935:. Springer. p. 867.
2888:13 September 2011 at the
2087:29 September 2007 at the
1894:Pocock, D. C. D. (1959).
1853:Richard W. Unger (2004).
1699:. Running Press. p.
1610:Publishers. p. 194.
1372:Hops are of interest for
1297:– Noble hop, named after
680:Sonoma County, California
69:Yakama Indian Reservation
67:ready for harvest on the
3014:Craft Beer & Brewing
2987:Craft Beer & Brewing
2956:Jan (23 December 2022).
2464:www.theorwellprize.co.uk
1631:Hornsey, Ian S. (2003).
1201:. They are the European
3553:Death in the Hop Fields
3153:"On Trade Preview 2014"
3127:British Hop Association
2836:James S. Hough (1991).
1942:. Vol. 1. p.
1830:Verberg, Susan (2020).
1730:. Springer. p. 5.
1532:Encyclopedia Britannica
807:. Xanthohumol is under
516:Cultivation and harvest
3472:10.1055/s-0032-1328330
3094:www.britishhops.org.uk
3065:www.breweryhistory.com
2348:"The Anatomy of a Hop"
2326:Craft Brewing Business
1406:Death in the Hopfields
1323:
1194:
968:
886:
785:
738:
708:
674:In the United States,
671:
637:A Clergyman's Daughter
612:
600:
529:
408:
280:
151:
79:
71:
56:
48:
3593:All Things Considered
3319:Plants for a Future:
2814:10.1530/rep.0.1230235
2203:10.1104/pp.110.161240
2082:A Fancy to Worcesters
1322:2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol
1321:
1192:
1012:List of hop varieties
966:
884:
783:
732:
706:
669:
606:
594:
523:
414:Hop producing country
394:
268:
77:
62:
54:
42:
3676:Medieval agriculture
3550:Rhode, John (1937).
2902:John Palmer (2006).
2384:on 26 September 2022
2165:USDA Plants database
1727:Brewing microbiology
1357:in a way similar to
1353:Hops may be used in
1168:North American beers
1040:improve this article
847:improve this article
691:Chemical composition
630:and a large part of
595:Hops harvest in the
30:For other uses, see
3661:Brewing ingredients
3503:www.hort.purdue.edu
3390:2012PLoSO...737290F
2766:2004PChem..65.1317S
2378:www.balebreaker.com
2116:on 27 December 2008
2023:. 12 December 2012.
1914:"Antiquity of Beer"
1075:Breeding programmes
908:is added, to start
653:John Young Stratton
622:W. Somerset Maugham
417:2020 hop output in
397:Yakima River Valley
315:48th parallel north
127:Hildegard of Bingen
93:) of the hop plant
3570:The Harvest Murder
3244:on 2 February 2010
2881:Kristin Underwood
2434:www.btinternet.com
2403:Andrew, Sewalish.
2354:. 21 November 2014
2352:Craft Beer Academy
2187:"Plant Cell Walls"
1919:The Penny Magazine
1781:History of Brewing
1663:www.jongriffin.com
1415:The Harvest Murder
1324:
1223:Oktoberfest/Märzen
1195:
1118:. Salmon released
969:
887:
801:8-Prenylnaringenin
786:
739:
709:
672:
613:
601:
597:Kingdom of Bohemia
555:Emil Clemens Horst
530:
409:
319:Maritime Provinces
99:, a member of the
80:
78:Humulus on a house
72:
57:
49:
3160:www.ontrade.co.uk
3123:"History of Hops"
2942:978-1-4615-1799-3
2915:978-0-937381-88-5
2849:978-0-521-39553-3
2760:(10): 1317–1330.
2328:. 22 October 2013
1968:978-0-306-45797-5
1816:978-0-8122-1999-9
1737:978-0-306-47288-6
1710:978-0-89471-884-7
1617:978-1-84826-368-0
1470:Rhamnus prinoides
1367:tert-amyl alcohol
1285:Baden-Württemberg
1097:Neomexicanus hops
1072:
1071:
1064:
879:
878:
871:
791:is the principal
611:, Sweden, in 1937
513:
512:
16:(Redirected from
3688:
3671:Medicinal plants
3647:
3645:
3636:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3575:
3574:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3474:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3411:
3401:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3334:
3325:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3274:on 23 April 2021
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3186:www.morebeer.com
3177:
3164:
3163:
3157:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3129:. Archived from
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3102:
3096:. Archived from
3091:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2899:
2893:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2816:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2699:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2658:
2634:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2581:(29 June 2008).
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2555:. Archived from
2545:
2539:
2538:
2526:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2501:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2470:on 26 March 2012
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2409:bioweb.uwlax.edu
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2380:. Archived from
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2302:on 10 March 2012
2296:www.agroatlas.ru
2284:
2278:
2277:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2222:
2191:Plant Physiology
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2140:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2102:
2096:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2060:www.ars-grin.gov
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2013:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1982:Knight, Paul D.
1979:
1973:
1972:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1874:www.academia.edu
1865:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1698:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1669:on 15 March 2012
1655:
1649:
1648:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1564:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1494:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1342:soft drink) and
1067:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1024:
1016:
874:
867:
863:
860:
854:
831:
823:
797:prenylflavonoids
627:Of Human Bondage
607:Hops harvest in
536:The hop plant's
411:
410:
336:in Germany, the
309:World production
297:. Problems with
295:Washington state
206:, the father of
154:
21:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3651:
3650:
3631:
3628:, June 29, 2022
3616:
3603:
3601:
3586:
3583:
3581:Further reading
3578:
3565:
3561:
3548:
3544:
3534:
3532:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3508:
3506:
3497:Humulus lupulus
3493:
3492:
3488:
3451:
3447:
3437:
3435:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3370:
3366:
3335:
3328:
3321:Humulus lupulus
3317:
3313:
3303:
3301:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3247:
3245:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3217:
3215:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3189:
3178:
3167:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3136:
3134:
3133:on 30 June 2017
3121:
3120:
3116:
3106:
3104:
3103:on 25 July 2014
3100:
3089:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3067:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3041:. 11 April 2016
3033:
3032:
3028:
3018:
3016:
3006:
3002:
2992:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2966:
2964:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2900:
2896:
2890:Wayback Machine
2880:
2876:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2834:
2830:
2793:
2789:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2717:
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2676:
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2513:
2508:
2504:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2443:
2441:
2440:on 21 July 2012
2428:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2411:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2290:Humulus lupulus
2286:
2285:
2281:
2266:
2240:
2236:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2141:. February 2021
2138:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2089:Wayback Machine
2079:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2015:
2014:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1994:on 10 June 2015
1980:
1976:
1969:
1955:
1951:
1931:
1927:
1910:Knight, Charles
1907:
1903:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1868:Mika Rissanen.
1866:
1862:
1851:
1847:
1836:Brewery History
1828:
1824:
1817:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1689:Michael Jackson
1686:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1598:
1594:
1565:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1508:on 5 March 2012
1500:Humulus lupulus
1496:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1453:, the hop plant
1450:Humulus lupulus
1433:
1426:
1423:
1401:
1382:
1355:herbal medicine
1316:
1303:Pilsner Urquell
1234:Dortmunder beer
1227:Pilsner Urquell
1187:
1077:
1068:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1037:
1025:
1014:
1008:
875:
864:
858:
855:
844:
832:
821:
778:
751:
727:
701:
693:
589:
518:
407:in the distance
311:
279:
276:
274:
272:
204:Pepin the Short
196:
169:Pepin the Short
109:herbal medicine
96:Humulus lupulus
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3694:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3649:
3648:
3629:
3615:
3614:External links
3612:
3611:
3610:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3559:
3542:
3516:
3486:
3445:
3434:. 12 June 2020
3423:
3364:
3326:
3311:
3285:
3255:
3225:
3199:
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3144:
3114:
3077:
3052:
3026:
3000:
2989:. 6 April 2023
2974:
2948:
2941:
2921:
2914:
2894:
2874:
2855:
2848:
2828:
2807:(2): 235–242.
2787:
2754:Phytochemistry
2744:
2737:
2711:
2690:(1): 108–112.
2670:
2624:
2599:
2587:Press Democrat
2570:
2553:www.brewtek.ca
2540:
2521:
2511:
2502:
2488:Smith, Keith.
2481:
2451:
2421:
2395:
2365:
2339:
2313:
2279:
2264:
2234:
2197:(2): 483–486.
2177:
2152:
2127:
2097:
2073:
2062:. Ars-grin.gov
2047:
2035:
2026:
2005:
1984:"HOPS IN BEER"
1974:
1967:
1949:
1925:
1901:
1886:
1860:
1845:
1822:
1815:
1797:
1791:978-0715367353
1790:
1770:
1763:
1743:
1736:
1716:
1709:
1680:
1650:
1643:
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1592:
1579:(3): 259–267.
1544:
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1400:
1397:
1381:
1378:
1340:Latin American
1315:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1292:
1274:
1264:
1244:) were named.
1186:
1183:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1028:
1026:
1019:
1010:Main article:
1007:
1004:
989:India Pale Ale
919:Bittering hops
877:
876:
835:
833:
826:
820:
817:
809:basic research
805:isoxanthohumol
777:
774:
760:consisting of
750:
749:Essential oils
747:
726:
723:
700:
697:
692:
689:
588:
585:
517:
514:
511:
510:
507:
503:
502:
499:
495:
494:
491:
487:
486:
483:
479:
478:
475:
471:
470:
467:
463:
462:
459:
455:
454:
451:
450:Czech Republic
447:
446:
443:
439:
438:
435:
431:
430:
427:
423:
422:
415:
386:Worcestershire
346:Czech Republic
310:
307:
299:powdery mildew
269:
249:Dutch language
195:
192:
180:microorganisms
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3693:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3644:
3642:
3635:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3600:. 1 June 2024
3599:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3572:
3571:
3567:Rhode, John.
3563:
3555:
3554:
3546:
3530:
3529:www.aspca.org
3526:
3520:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3490:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3433:
3427:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3384:(7): e37290.
3383:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3331:
3323:
3322:
3315:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3213:
3212:www.czhops.cz
3209:
3203:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3161:
3154:
3148:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3015:
3011:
3004:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2944:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2898:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2851:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2832:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2740:
2738:9780122270550
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2559:on 4 May 2020
2558:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2537:(4): 217–223.
2536:
2532:
2525:
2515:
2506:
2499:
2498:0-86299-587-6
2495:
2491:
2485:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2265:9780203345993
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2137:
2131:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2080:Norman Moss,
2077:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2044:
2039:
2030:
2022:
2021:peicanada.com
2018:
2012:
2010:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1970:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1934:Adam Anderson
1929:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1897:
1890:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1856:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1818:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1764:9781847550286
1760:
1756:
1755:
1747:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1720:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1646:
1644:9780854046300
1640:
1636:
1635:
1627:
1619:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1596:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1320:
1311:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1279:– Comes from
1278:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1176:Amarillo hops
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1120:Brewer's Gold
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1066:
1063:
1055:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1029:This section
1027:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1000:
998:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
973:
965:
961:
959:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
933:
931:
927:
925:
920:
916:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
894:
892:
883:
873:
870:
862:
852:
848:
842:
841:
836:This section
834:
830:
825:
824:
816:
814:
813:phytoestrogen
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
782:
773:
771:
770:caryophyllene
767:
763:
759:
756:
746:
744:
736:
733:Structure of
731:
722:
720:
719:
714:
705:
696:
688:
685:
681:
677:
668:
664:
660:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
638:
633:
632:George Orwell
629:
628:
623:
619:
618:hoppers' huts
610:
605:
598:
593:
584:
582:
578:
574:
569:
567:
563:
558:
556:
551:
546:
544:
539:
534:
527:
522:
508:
505:
504:
500:
497:
496:
492:
489:
488:
484:
481:
480:
476:
473:
472:
468:
465:
464:
460:
457:
456:
452:
449:
448:
444:
441:
440:
436:
433:
432:
428:
426:United States
425:
424:
420:
416:
413:
412:
406:
402:
398:
393:
389:
387:
383:
382:Herefordshire
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
285:
278:
267:
265:
261:
260:Thomas Tusser
258:According to
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
229:
227:
223:
218:
216:
211:
209:
205:
201:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
176:antibacterial
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
153:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
123:
121:
117:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
84:
76:
70:
66:
61:
53:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3640:
3623:
3602:. Retrieved
3591:
3569:
3562:
3552:
3545:
3533:. Retrieved
3528:
3519:
3507:. Retrieved
3502:
3496:
3489:
3465:(7): 576–9.
3462:
3458:
3448:
3436:. Retrieved
3426:
3381:
3377:
3367:
3345:(2): 133–9.
3342:
3338:
3320:
3314:
3302:. Retrieved
3299:The Guardian
3298:
3288:
3276:. Retrieved
3272:the original
3268:8 March 2017
3267:
3258:
3246:. Retrieved
3242:the original
3237:
3228:
3216:. Retrieved
3211:
3202:
3190:. Retrieved
3185:
3159:
3147:
3135:. Retrieved
3131:the original
3126:
3117:
3105:. Retrieved
3098:the original
3093:
3080:
3068:. Retrieved
3064:
3055:
3043:. Retrieved
3039:BeerAdvocate
3038:
3029:
3017:. Retrieved
3013:
3003:
2991:. Retrieved
2986:
2977:
2965:. Retrieved
2961:
2951:
2931:
2924:
2904:
2897:
2877:
2868:
2858:
2838:
2831:
2804:
2801:Reproduction
2800:
2790:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2720:
2714:
2687:
2684:Química Nova
2683:
2673:
2649:(1): 32–48.
2646:
2642:
2615:. Retrieved
2611:
2602:
2590:. Retrieved
2586:
2579:Gaye LeBaron
2573:
2561:. Retrieved
2557:the original
2552:
2543:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2514:
2505:
2489:
2484:
2472:. Retrieved
2468:the original
2463:
2454:
2442:. Retrieved
2438:the original
2433:
2424:
2414:13 September
2412:. Retrieved
2408:
2398:
2386:. Retrieved
2382:the original
2377:
2368:
2356:. Retrieved
2351:
2342:
2330:. Retrieved
2325:
2316:
2304:. Retrieved
2300:the original
2295:
2289:
2282:
2247:
2237:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2170:13 September
2168:. Retrieved
2164:
2155:
2143:. Retrieved
2130:
2118:. Retrieved
2114:the original
2109:
2100:
2076:
2064:. Retrieved
2059:
2050:
2038:
2029:
2020:
1996:. Retrieved
1992:the original
1987:
1977:
1958:
1952:
1938:
1928:
1922:. p. 3.
1917:
1904:
1895:
1889:
1879:21 September
1877:. Retrieved
1873:
1863:
1854:
1848:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1806:
1800:
1780:
1773:
1753:
1746:
1726:
1719:
1694:
1683:
1671:. Retrieved
1667:the original
1662:
1653:
1633:
1626:
1602:
1595:
1576:
1572:
1537:16 September
1535:. Retrieved
1531:
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
1506:the original
1499:
1492:
1468:
1448:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1389:skin lesions
1383:
1371:
1352:
1325:
1308:
1295:Žatec (Saaz)
1294:
1276:
1266:
1252:
1248:
1231:
1196:
1180:
1172:Cascade hops
1164:British ales
1153:
1125:
1116:E. S. Salmon
1105:
1078:
1058:
1049:
1038:Please help
1033:verification
1030:
1001:
993:
974:
970:
954:
934:
929:
928:
918:
917:
914:
910:fermentation
895:
888:
865:
859:January 2021
856:
845:Please help
840:verification
837:
787:
758:hydrocarbons
752:
740:
718:isohumulones
717:
710:
694:
673:
661:
650:
635:
625:
614:
570:
559:
547:
543:vegetatively
538:reproduction
535:
531:
331:
312:
303:downy mildew
288:
281:
270:
263:
257:
234:
230:
219:
212:
197:
173:
139:burdock root
124:
120:West Country
94:
82:
81:
63:Fully grown
36:
3634:"Hop"
3625:JSTOR Daily
3238:www.byo.com
3214:. Czhops.cz
2967:29 December
2905:How to Brew
2869:Denver Post
2592:4 September
2531:Bygone Kent
1435:Beer portal
1363:alpha acids
1328:herbal teas
1261:Hersbrucker
1253:Hallertauer
1156:pale lagers
1108:Wye College
977:pale lagers
938:alpha acids
789:Xanthohumol
737:(beta acid)
699:Alpha acids
676:Prohibition
482:New Zealand
405:Mount Adams
291:prohibition
237:import duty
208:Charlemagne
167:'s father,
165:Charlemagne
101:Cannabaceae
3655:Categories
3459:Planta Med
1485:References
1463:Oast house
1411:John Rhode
1409:(1937) by
1385:Dermatitis
1314:Other uses
1213:, such as
1185:Noble hops
1170:often use
1132:Challenger
1101:New Mexico
942:isomerized
930:Aroma hops
891:oast house
776:Flavonoids
725:Beta acids
684:Santa Rosa
562:oast house
490:UK/England
401:Washington
358:Willamette
354:Washington
188:bitterness
157:ground ivy
152:Berghopfen
113:herbaceous
65:hops bines
18:Noble hops
2706:0100-4042
2665:2050-0416
2211:1532-2548
1348:asparagus
1289:breweries
1257:Hallertau
1249:Hallertau
1203:cultivars
1136:Northdown
1112:Wye, Kent
1081:Hallertau
1052:July 2014
1006:Varieties
958:Farnesene
924:cultivars
793:flavonoid
743:lupulones
713:humulones
573:oleoresin
557:in 1909.
474:Australia
370:Greenleaf
344:) in the
334:Hallertau
200:Hallertau
147:horehound
135:dandelion
116:perennial
91:strobiles
47:, Germany
45:Hallertau
3481:23512496
3438:28 April
3418:22815680
3378:PLOS ONE
3359:22849837
3192:10 March
2962:Beerwiki
2886:Archived
2823:11866690
2782:15231405
2617:3 August
2612:dmfg.com
2229:20921169
2085:Archived
1988:USA Hops
1936:(1764).
1912:(1832).
1691:(1988).
1421:See also
1380:Toxicity
1359:valerian
1281:Tettnang
1277:Tettnang
1238:Dortmund
1215:Pilsener
1142:and Wye
1089:Tettnang
981:Pilsener
766:humulene
735:lupulone
581:humulone
577:lupulone
466:Slovenia
262:'s 1557
253:Aberdeen
143:marigold
85:are the
3681:Humulus
3646:. 1914.
3531:. ASPCA
3409:3399866
3386:Bibcode
3137:19 July
3045:6 April
3019:6 April
2993:6 April
2762:Bibcode
2608:"About"
2563:22 July
2274:9399079
2220:2949028
1998:11 June
1754:Brewing
1477:called
1457:Mugwort
1399:Fiction
1332:Julmust
1271:Spalter
1093:Germany
997:BeerXML
819:Brewing
762:myrcene
755:terpene
646:Malvern
437:46,878
434:Germany
429:47,541
284:James I
222:Norwich
194:History
161:heather
87:flowers
3643:
3604:1 June
3535:20 May
3509:20 May
3479:
3416:
3406:
3357:
3304:3 June
3278:3 June
3248:20 May
3218:20 May
3107:4 July
3070:2 June
2958:"Hops"
2939:
2912:
2846:
2821:
2780:
2735:
2704:
2663:
2519:2016),
2496:
2474:20 May
2444:20 May
2388:5 June
2358:5 June
2306:20 May
2272:
2262:
2227:
2217:
2209:
2145:5 June
2120:24 May
2066:20 May
1965:
1813:
1788:
1761:
1734:
1707:
1673:20 May
1641:
1614:
1512:20 May
1221:, and
1219:Dunkel
1211:lagers
1144:Yeoman
1138:, Wye
1134:, Wye
1130:, Wye
1128:Target
1087:, and
950:bitter
599:(1898)
506:France
485:1,250
477:1,714
469:2,723
461:3,417
458:Poland
453:5,925
445:7,044
419:tonnes
384:, and
372:, and
366:Wilder
356:) and
350:Yakima
348:, the
159:, and
3573:. US.
3156:(PDF)
3101:(PDF)
3090:(PDF)
2332:4 May
2139:(PDF)
1608:EOLSS
1443:Gruit
1344:kvass
1336:Malta
1299:Žatec
1267:Spalt
1242:races
1199:aroma
1148:dwarf
1140:Saxon
1085:Spalt
906:yeast
609:Skåne
566:baler
550:bines
526:bines
498:Spain
442:China
403:with
374:Notus
362:Parma
338:Žatec
323:boron
245:Dutch
215:gruit
186:with
131:gruit
3606:2024
3537:2012
3511:2012
3477:PMID
3440:2021
3414:PMID
3355:PMID
3306:2017
3280:2017
3250:2012
3220:2012
3194:2019
3139:2014
3109:2014
3072:2017
3047:2023
3021:2023
2995:2023
2969:2022
2937:ISBN
2910:ISBN
2844:ISBN
2819:PMID
2778:PMID
2733:ISBN
2702:ISSN
2661:ISSN
2619:2021
2594:2012
2565:2019
2494:ISBN
2476:2012
2446:2012
2416:2013
2390:2021
2360:2021
2334:2021
2308:2012
2270:PMID
2260:ISBN
2225:PMID
2207:ISSN
2172:2013
2147:2021
2122:2012
2068:2012
2000:2015
1963:ISBN
1881:2016
1811:ISBN
1786:ISBN
1759:ISBN
1732:ISBN
1705:ISBN
1675:2012
1639:ISBN
1612:ISBN
1539:2020
1514:2012
1475:mead
1393:dogs
1207:Saaz
1160:Saaz
985:ales
940:are
902:malt
898:wort
896:The
803:and
799:are
768:and
642:Kent
579:and
509:767
501:908
493:924
421:(t)
378:Kent
342:Saaz
327:tons
301:and
241:Kent
184:malt
105:beer
83:Hops
3622:at
3598:NPR
3467:doi
3404:PMC
3394:doi
3347:doi
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