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or purposive sampling, where the researcher chooses the sample based on who they think would be appropriate for the study. This is used primarily when there is a limited number of people that have expertise in the area being researched, or when the interest of the research is on a specific field or a
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While probabilistic methods are suitable for large-scale studies concerned with representativeness, nonprobability approaches may be more suitable for in-depth qualitative research in which the focus is often to understand complex social phenomena. The in-depth analysis of a small purposive sample or
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Nonprobability samples are not intended to be used to infer from the sample to the general population in statistical terms. In cases where external validity is not of critical importance to the study's goals or purpose, researchers might prefer to use nonprobability sampling. Researchers may seek to
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case study enables the discovery and identification of patterns and causal mechanisms that do not draw time and context-free assumptions. Another advantage of nonprobability sampling is its lower cost compared to probability sampling.
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Studies intended to use probability sampling sometimes unintentionally end up using nonprobability samples because of characteristics of the sampling method. The statistical model used can also render the data a nonprobability sample.
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Deviant case: The researcher obtains cases that substantially differ from the dominant pattern. The case is selected in order to obtain information on unusual cases that can be specially problematic or specially
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use iterative nonprobability sampling for theoretical purposes, where analytical generalization is considered over statistical generalization.
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that does not utilise random sampling techniques where the probability of getting any particular sample may be calculated.
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Small, Mario L. (2009). "‘How many cases do I need?’ On science and the logic of case selection in field-based research."
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350:"Beyond the Existence Proof: Ontological Conditions, Epistemological Implications, and In-Depth Interview Research."
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Nonprobability sampling is widely used in qualitative research. Examples of nonprobability sampling include:
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Wiederman, Michael W. (1999). "Volunteer bias in sexuality research using college student participants."
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Case study: The research is limited to one group, often with a similar characteristic or of small size.
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Nonprobability sampling is often not appropriate in statistical quantitative research.
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Berg, Sven. (2006). "Snowball
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Marshall, Martin N. (1996). "Sampling for
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Steinke, I. (2004). "Quality criteria in qualitative research".
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Schuster, Daniel P.; Powers (MD.), William J. (2005).
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Bowers, David; House, Allan; Owens, David H. (2011).
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