Novum Instrumentum omne

696: 130: 1578: 1529: 1286: 975:," and tried to overtake the project of Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros for commercial reasons. However, not only had the Complutensian Polyglot New Testament already been printed back in January 1514, months before Erasmus met with Froben in August, but the historical record shows the Pope had issue with some translations in the Polyglot. Translator Antonio de Nebrija quit the Polyglot project when Cardinal Cisneros refused to allow him to alter the translations according to the Pope's satisfaction. 1003: 929: 583:, as used for the first edition), so Erasmus translated the Vulgate's text back into Greek, noting what he had done. Erasmus also re-translated the Latin text into Greek wherever he found that the Greek text and the accompanying commentaries were mixed up, where his Greek manuscripts lacked words found in the Vulgate, or where he simply preferred the Vulgate's reading to the Greek text (e.g., at Acts 9:6). In Acts 9:6 the question that 1400:, entire NT except Revelation; 12th century) and an unidentified Gospel codex. The Greek text was changed in about 400 places, with most—though not all—of the typographical errors corrected. Some new erroneous readings were added to the text. For this edition, Erasmus re-worked his initial revision of Vulgate recension of earlier Latin translations into a new, more elegant translation. This new Latin translation had a good reception. 22: 1864:"The quality of the Greek edition made little difference, as long as it could justify the choice of wording and phraseology of the Latin translation." … "Ultimately, compared to the literary and linguistic quality of the Latin translation, the textual accuracy of the Greek edition was a matter of little moment to him. … Real influence could only be exercised by a Latin text." 326:(from his conviction that the humble and faithful unlearned could be true "theologians") and Patristic editions (from his conviction that even an optimal translation should not be read divorced from the understanding of the immediately succeeding generations of Christian teachers.) Some historians have claimed that, for Erasmus' 300:"And if there should be sermons of Christ in the Hebrew or Syrian-that is to say in the same languages as those in which he first spoke them -who would not cherish above all things the opportunity to philosophize in those languages and to master not only the eloquence and that which is specific to their vocabulary, but also to 1727:"Vulgate" edition corrected with contemporary scholarship: "The council decrees and determines that hereafter the sacred scriptures, particularly in this ancient Vulgate edition, shall be printed after a thorough revision." Erasmus' Latin translation choices and annotations were considered during the preparation of the 1593:, and used its Greek text for improvement of his own text. In the Book of Revelation he altered his fourth edition in about 90 passages on the basis of the Complutensian text. Unfortunately Erasmus may have forgotten what places of the Apocalypse he translated from Latin and he did not correct all of them. 350:"Accordingly, I do not publish this edition as if I intended it to be completely free of errors. For I translated whatever I found most frequently and most uniformly in the Greek, pointing out where our (Vulgate) version agrees or disagrees with it and indicating what seems to me to be the most correct. 707:

were a major and integral part the effort, rather dry, and were thoroughly re-worked in each edition. The annotations were primarily philological, but later included more theological justifications in response to subsequent academic controversies. The annotations sometimes gave readings that were not

598:

In the negative judgement of a modern Dominican scholar "As an edition of the (Greek) New Testament, his work has no critical value, even by Renaissance standards. But it was the text that first revealed the fact that the Vulgate, the Holy Book of the Latin Church, was not only a second-hand document

295:

Because of this, Erasmus claimed his translation was not intended to supplant the Vulgate for public use, though both the Vulgate and the Greek needed to be purged of copyist errors. Indeed, demonstrating a nascent intuition of different text traditions, one of the aims was to allow comparison of the

645:

First, not an increased facility in argumentation but an interior change, and a willingness to engage not in “conflictatio” with others but in “collatio”– a mutual interchange; secondly, a willingness to interrupt study with prayer, both petition for insight and thanksgiving for benefits, “sicubi te

396:

In the negative judgement of one modern scholar "Erasmus' (Latin) translation is a monstrous mix of Vulgate (Western) and Byzantine elements…Only linguistically, by the standards of humanistic Latin, is it an improvement...Erasmus changed the Vulgate text (of Heb. 9, in 5th ed.) wherever this seemed

1559:

An often repeated story is that Erasmus included it, because he felt bound by a promise to include it if a manuscript was found that contained it. Henk Jan de Jonge, a specialist in Erasmian studies, stated that there is no explicit evidence that supports this frequently-made assertion concerning a

565:

To some extent, Erasmus "synchronized" or "unified" the Greek (Byzantine) and the Latin textual traditions of the New Testament by producing an updated translation of both simultaneously. Both being part of canonical tradition, he clearly found it necessary to ensure that both were actually present

1585:

The fourth edition (1527) was printed in a new format of three parallel columns, they contain the updated Greek, Erasmus' own Latin version, and a standard Vulgate. Except in Revelation, the Greek of the fourth edition differed only in about 20 places from the third (though according to Mill it is

762:

Erasmus learned Latin at an early age, read voraciously, and for much of his life refused to write letters or speak in any language other than Latin, favouring classical syntax but embracing the expanded post-antiquity vocabulary. Over more than a decade, he assembled a large number of variants in

561:

According to scholars such as Henk Jan de Jonge, "In judging the Greek text in Erasmus' editions of the New Testament, one should realize from the start that it was not intended as a textual edition in its own right, but served to give the reader of the Latin version, which was the main point, the

1668:

Popular demand for Greek New Testaments led to a flurry of further authorized and unauthorized editions in the early sixteenth century; almost all of which were based on Erasmus's work and incorporated his particular readings, although typically also making a number of minor changes of their own.

1884:

All New (Latin) Instrument, diligently reexamined and improved by Erasmus of Rotterdam: not only from the original Greek, but also from many others, from codices in each language, of the ancient faith with corrections, finally from the citation, emendation and interpretation of the most approved

916:

I perceived that that teaching which is our salvation was to be had in a much purer and more lively form if sought at the fountain-head and drawn from the actual sources than from pools and runnels. And so I have revised the whole New Testament (as they call it) against the standard of the Greek

1726:

Erasmus' main thrust (that the Vulgate's Latin text had suffered a millennium of scribal variations and should be revised, including in light of old texts in the original languages and patristic usage) was accepted, even if his Latin version was not favoured: Trent called for a new standardized

711:

Much use was made of Latin and Greek church fathers (with the exception of the Cappadocian Fathers: Basil, Gregory of Nyssa, and Gregory of Nazianzen)' the book's title named Origen, Chrysostom, Cyril, Vulgarius, Jerome, Cyprian, Ambrose, Hilary, and Augustine, in particular. "In general he was

345:

Erasmus himself later summarized his approach as philological, forensic and pre-theological, and that the formal aim was not to produce a definitive Greek recension or Latin translation: he included Patristic quotations as evidence about the existence of different traditions. Notably he did not

160:

Cardinal Cisneros's team completed and printed the full New Testament, including the Greek version, in 1514. To do so they developed specific types to print Greek. Cisneros informed Erasmus of the work going on in Spain and may have sent a printed version of the New Testament to him; he invited

1015:

Novum Instrumentum omne, diligenter ab Erasmo Rot. Recognitum et Emendatum, non solum ad Graecam veritatem verum etiam ad multorum utriusq; linguae codicum eorumq; veterum simul et emendatorum fidem, postremo ad probatissimorum autorum citationem, emendationem et interpretationem, praecipue,

1367:

The reception of the first edition by some theologians was mixed, but the English bishops who had been Erasmus' primary sponsors and mentors on the project were enthusiastic at the result, and within three years a second was made. Erasmus' network of friends and correspondents, notably

675:

if we had Christ's footprints or tunic they would be venerated, yet would merely tell us about his bodily form: the New Testament gives us a portrait of his mind. We can see him speaking, curing the sick, dying and rising again, almost more vividly that if we had seen him with our own

214:

The fear of the Complutensian being publishing first, though, affected Erasmus' work, rushing him to printing and causing him to forgo editing. The result was a large number of translation mistakes, transcription errors, and typos, that required further editions to be printed (see

1794:"Erasmian hermeneutics are notoriously difficult to describe clearly because Erasmus is always looking in two directions at once - both toward the ideal, perfectly expressive Word and toward the multitude of imperfect, human words caught in the tumult of history and transmission." 318:

According to historian Lucy Wooding, "Three points stand out: Erasmus did not expect to find a single definitive text; he was happy (like St Augustine) to see several possible interpretations of any given biblical verse; and he expected ultimately to rely on Church tradition."

1803:"Thus the multiple levels of meaning present in Scripture should be understood as a function of its immeasurable fecundity rather than a token of any ambiguity.…Erasmus treats the semiotic vagueness of a discourse caught up in history and contingency as a kind of linguistic 715:

The Annotations contain some readings of the Greek not found in the Basel manuscripts, but from prior research in England, etc. In England before coming to Basel in 1515, Erasmus had consulted with four Greek manuscripts, as yet unidentified. Erasmus also made use of

750:

He began studying, collecting and comparing Latin and Greek manuscripts far and wide in order to provide the world with a fresh Latin translation from the Greek. By 1505 he had completed the letters of Paul, and by 1509 the Gospels, with a large collection of notes.

276:

However, Erasmus did not believe that a single translation could ever be a definitive rendition of a different language. Having multiple translations of the Latin plus the Greek, and especially his Annotations, allowed fuller coverage of the verses' meaning:

494:, because whatsoever the Father speaks, he speaks through the Son." This emphasized the Son as the self-disclosure of God, and dynamic or energetic rather than static. Critics worried this turned Christ into the Voice of God rather than the Mind of God. 1514:. Erasmus replied that he had not found any Greek manuscript that contained these words, he answered that this was a case not of omission or removal, but simply of non-addition. He showed that even some Latin manuscripts did not contain these words. 566:

in the same content. In modern terminology, he made the two traditions "compatible". This is clearly evidenced by the fact that his Greek text informs his Latin translation, but also the other way round: there are numerous instances of

1702:

edition...(should) be, in public lectures, disputations, sermons and expositions, held as authentic; no one is to date or presume to reject it under any pretext whatever." This decree established that the Latin (based by Jerome on the

3465:

An Account of the Printed Text of the Greek New Testament; with Remarks on its Revision upon Critical Principles, Together with a Collation of the Critical Texts of Griesbach, Schloz, Lachmann, and Tischendorf, with that in common

1600:

sent Erasmus a description of an ancient Vatican manuscript, informing him that it differed from the fourth edition text in favour of the Vulgate in 365 places. Nothing is known about these 365 readings except for one. Erasmus in

1446:, who had assisted Erasmus, insisted that he introduce more readings from the minuscule 1 in the third edition. But according to Erasmus the text of this codex was altered from the Latin manuscripts, and had only secondary value. 1718:

text-types) was a distinct and authentic text tradition (similar to the Greek traditions, the Syriac, etc.) that must not be rejected as inauthentic. However Protestant polemicists have made stronger interpretations: for example

1555:

This manuscript had allegedly been produced to order in 1520, back-translated from the Vulgate, by Francis Frowick, Provincial of the Observant Franciscans in England and a friend of Erasmus, however Frowick retired or died in

708:

adopted in his Latin, or were not derived from his Basel manuscripts. The initial version was largely written in England and Brabant before the decision to create the Greek recension (and perhaps, the Latin recension too).

587:

asks at the time of his conversion on the Damascus road, Τρέμων τε καὶ θαμβὣν εἲπεν κύριε τί μέ θέλεις ποιῆσαι ("And he trembling and astonished said, Lord, what will you have me to do?") was incorporated from the Vulgate.

917:

original... I have added annotations of my own, in order in the first place to show the reader what changes I have made, and why; second, to disentangle and explain anything that may be complicated, ambiguous, or obscure.

154:

put together a team of Spanish translators to create a compilation of the Bible in four languages: Greek, Hebrew, Aramaic, and Latin. Translators from Greek were commissioned from Greece itself and worked closely with

2638:

From Sacred Text to Religious Text: An Intellectual History of the Impact of New Testament Lower Criticism on Dogma as a Contribution to the English Enlightenment and the Victorian Crisis of Faith 1690-1854 (Ph.D

2080:

Pinilla, Ignacio Garcia (2016). "Reconsidering the Relationship between the Complutensian Polyglot Bible and Erasmus' Novum Testamentum". In Wallraff, Martin; Menchi, Silvana Seidel; von Greyerz, Kaspar (eds.).

296:

Latin quotes of the Western Church Fathers and the Greek quotes of the Eastern Church Fathers. However Erasmus even noted that sometimes even the original Greek itself may not fully convey the original meaning:

1425:

The Greek of the third edition (1522) differed in 118 places from the second. It addressed many issues raised by opponents such as Lee and Stunica; though Erasmus tended to call corrections printer's errors.

743:, a work comparing the Latin Vulgate against Greek manuscripts. Erasmus republished Valla's work in 1505 and wrote in his preface about the need to recover the true text of the Bible. From 1499, encouraged by 405:

Erasmus' Latin contained several controversial renderings—different to or augmenting the Vulgate—(with philological or historical justifications in the Annotations) of words which became significant in the

985:

The printing began on 2 October 1515, and in very short time was finished (1 March 1516). It was produced quickly – Erasmus declared later that the first edition was "precipitated rather than published"

352:

I know that sacred matters are to be treated with religious reverence; therefore, even though I was engaged in a minor task, I was as circumspect as I could be. I collated the most ancient and reliable

1389:

is an agreement without a written record.) Pope Leo X contributed a letter of recommendation, featured as one of the prefaces. The Latin text frequently provided alternative phrasing to the Vulgate's.

1476:. Publishers outside Basel frequently re-printed or cannibalized Erasmus' work without license: Erasmus' Latin Matthew, and his preface, were bundled with Johannes Lang's German translation in 1522. 2149:

Otto Danwerth.Erasmus, christlicher Humanismus und Spiritualität in Spanien und Neu-Spanien (16. Jahrhundert). Max-Planck-Institut für europäische Rechtsgeschichte. Working Paper Series.No. 2020-01.

813:

Erasmus had, unusually, been taught basic classical Greek at school, but did not actively learn it until his mid 30s under the influence and assistance of his English circle, notable Greek experts

1677:

For Protestants, Erasmus' Latin New Testament was sidelined by vernacular translations and interest in the Greek and Hebrew original languages. Erasmus' editions started what became known as the

1885:

authors, especially Origen, Chrysostom, Cyril, Vulgarius, Jerome, Cyprian, Ambrose, Hilary, Augustine. Together with annotations, which teach the reader what has been changed for what reason.

1403:

The Aldine press had in 1518 produced its own version of the first edition, with its own corrections from unknown Greek manuscripts in Venice. These changes were also considered by Erasmus.

1897:

Andrist, Patrick (2016). "Structure and History of the Biblical Manuscripts used by Erasmus for his 1516 Edition". In Wallraff, Martin; Menchi, Silvana Seidel; von Greyerz, Kaspar (eds.).

1413:

After this edition, Erasmus was involved in many polemics and controversies. Particularly objectionable were the objections from the universities of Cambridge and Oxford, such as over the

393:

By the last editions, Erasmus' Latin version differs from the Vulgate for about 40% to 60% of the text. Erasmus frequently borrowed from Lefèvre d'Étaples's and Valla's translations.

3310: 637:, RVT): it promoted affective devotional reading where one inserts oneself into the Gospel situation as an observer of Christ's human actions and interactions, akin to the monastic 281:"In a translation, you can only express one meaning, but with the help of annotations it is possible to suggest various shades of meaning, leaving the reader free to choose. In my 170:

The Complutensian Polyglot edition was approved for publication by the Pope in 1520; however, it was not released until 1522 due to the team's insistence on reviewing and editing.

952:

of Basel It seems that it was decided first to make his word notes into annotations on the Greek and Vulgate Latin, and then, at a late stage, to use a new Latin translation.

3049:

Leutzsch, Martin (2022). "The First Bible Translations into German Based on Erasmus's New Testament: Johannes Lang's and Martin Luther's Versions of the Gospel of Matthew".

1629:

and the list of solecisms of the Vulgate. Otherwise it was a minor revision: according to Mill the Greek of the fifth edition differed only in four places from the fourth.

1824:

was a particularly inflammatory choice as it suggested self-correction not only "with the sins, but with the errors, the madness, and the moral confusion of his own age."

1321:, for which he had access to only one manuscript. That manuscript was not complete, the final leaf, which contained the last six verses of the book, having been torn off. 3652:

The Eve of the Reformation: Studies in the Religious Life and Thought of the English people in the Period Preceding the Rejection of the Roman jurisdiction by Henry VIII

1016:

Origenis, Chrysostomi, Cyrilli, Vulgarij, Hieronymi, Cypriani, Ambrosij, Hilarij, Augustini, una cum Annotationibus, quae lectorem doceant, quid qua ratione mutatum sit.

2409:"Erasmus's Biblical Project: Some Thoughts and Observations on Its Scope, Its Impact in the Sixteenth Century and Reception in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries" 921:

It was a bilingual edition; the Greek text was in a left column, the Latin in a right. The substantial annotations came from Erasmus' previous decade of manuscript and

205:(The Greek New Testament with his Latin translation) to attempt to ensure that his work (all publications) would not be copied by other printers. He obtained it from 1669:

Tregelles gives Acts 13:33 as an example of the places in which commonly received text did not follow Erasmian text (εν τω ψαλμω τω πρωτω → εν τω ψαλμω τω δευτερω).

382:

Erasmus' philological efforts helped launch what has been described as a "golden century of Catholic biblical scholarship" in the hundred years following his death.

121:

published his revised version of the Vulgate's epistles of St Paul, corrected against Greek texts, as well as a four-translation edition of the Psalms, sponsored by

1683:("received text") Greek family which was the basis for most Western non-Catholic vernacular translations for the subsequent 350 years, until the new recensions of 1525:. Bombasius sent two extracts from this manuscript containing the beginnings of 1 John 4 and 5, which has three dots in the margin but not the text of the Comma. 940:

The Latin translation retained much of the Vulgate. The Annotations had been researched during the previous decade with recourse to many Latin and Greek sources.

1343:

Even in other parts of Revelation and other books of the New Testament, Erasmus occasionally introduced self-created Greek text material taken from the Vulgate.

106:, around 1455. The manuscripts still exist, but Manetti's version was not printed until 2014. Greek fragments began to be printed as Greek fonts were cut: the 994:

Against his usual practice, Erasmus was absent for some of the printing leaving the correction to his assistants, who introduced their own errors as well.

3223: 754:

Erasmus also "recognized the importance of biblical citations in the commentaries of the Fathers as valuable evidence for the original biblical text."

570:

where he edits the Greek text to reflect his Latin version (and, perhaps, some lost Greek or patristic source from his prior research or annotation.)

3868:

Epp, Elden J. (2016). "Critical Editions of the New Testament, and the Development of Text-Critical Methods: From Erasmus to Griesbach (1516–1807)".

2689:"Epistolae Pauli Apostoli, ad Graecam veritatem et veterum Latinorum codicum fidem recognitae per Erasmum Roterodamum sacrae theologiae professorem" 1495:). Erasmus replied that he had not found it in any Greek manuscript. Stunica answered that Latin manuscripts are more reliable than Greek. In 1520 1436:

Recent research suggests Erasmus likely included more than 30 new readings from Volume V of the Complutensian Polyglot, without attributing them.

1324:

Instead of delaying the publication on account of the search for another manuscript, he decided to translate the missing verses from the Latin

1046:

To prepare the Greek text for the First Edition, Erasmus and team used several manuscripts available locally in Basel, though the accompanying

763:

Vulgate and patristic manuscripts, enabling him to choose those Latin readings which approached closest to the Greek texts in his judgement.

3786: 613:: various prefaces on methodology, a list of problems in the Vulgate translation, and substantial annotations justifying the word choices. 365:

they furnished. I weighed the meaning of the passage and only then did I pronounce what I thought. No, I did not even pronounce; rather I

2203: 2177: 1948:

argued that Erasmus did not use the Vulgate, instead suggesting that Erasmus used other Greek manuscripts such as Minuscule 2049. See:

471:(to repent, to become wise again, to recover from insanity or senility, or to regain consciousness) with historical justification from 2802:

Metzger, Bruce Manning; Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). "Chapter 3. The Precritical Period. The Origin and Dominance of the Textus Receptus".

1484: 859:

and classical Adages and Apophthegms. In the later versions of the New Testament and Annotations, Erasmus made use material from his

3021:

Erasmus' annotations on the New Testament: Galatians to the Apocalypse; Facsimile of the Final Latin Text with all Earlier Variants

1973:

concluded that Erasmus was "guided providentially by the common faith to include" Latin Vulgate readings into his Greek text. See:

1625:

The fifth edition of Erasmus, published in 1535, the year before his death, discarded the Vulgate again and omitted the well-known

1449:

He also found several important new Latin sources with alternative Latin renderings he used, such as a commentary of the Venerable

2761:

The Text of the New Testament. An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism

1895:

For a detailed description of the manuscripts, which also mentions the use of a commentary on Paul's epistles by Theophylact, see

886:, for the first edition) and through his first-class network of correspondents (for example, he made enquiries of Papal Librarian 1923:

Most of these Greek manuscripts came from the collection that had been bequeathed in 1443 to the Dominican monastery at Basel by

1617:). In another letter sent to Erasmus in 1534 Sepúlveda informed him, that Greek manuscripts had been influenced by the Vulgate. 2923:

Sider, Robert D. (2019). "A System or Method of Arriving by a Short Cut at True Theology by Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam".

3589: 3505: 3427: 3392: 3028: 2620: 2480: 2092: 1908: 250:

published new Latin translations of both the Old and New Testaments, from the Greek and Hebrew, also sponsored by Pope Leo X.

727:

The annotations gave extra material that helped subsequent vernacular translators, such as Johannes Lang and Martin Luther.

2549:

Elliott, James Keith (2016). "'Novum Testamentum editum est': The Five-Hundredth Anniversary of Erasmus's New Testament".

322:

The Greek and Latin New Testament with annotations was the scholarly part of his wider biblical program that included his

4028: 113:

The early 1500s saw several authorized efforts to create and print scholarly polyglot and Greek editions of Bible texts.

3350: 1694:

For Catholics, Erasmus' Latin New Testament was side-lined from liturgical use and scholastic disputation following the

3078:"Review of Annotationes in Novum Testamentum (Pars Quinta): Desiderii Erasmi Roterodami, M. L. van Poll-Van de Lisdonk" 2061: 390:

Erasmus polished the Latin, declaring, "It is only fair that Paul should address the Romans in somewhat better Latin."

1282:

of the Greek, as such. He sent Minuscules 2 and 2 to the printers "somewhat corrected" against the other manuscripts.

641:. Erasmus wrote that the “signs of profit from study” of the New Testament (RVT 1) using this method are, summarized: 3885: 3631: 3534: 2940: 2891: 2811: 2734:

de Jonge, Henk Jan (1984). "Novum Testamentum a nobis versum: the Essence of Erasmus' Edition of the New Testament".

2577: 2505: 2296:

Between Saint James and Erasmus: Studies in Late-Medieval Religious Life – Devotion and Pilgrimage in the Netherlands

2218: 2032: 1511: 1344: 118: 40:, was a series of bilingual Latin-Greek New Testaments with substantial scholarly annotations, and the first printed 3123: 122: 1488: 151: 4109: 1337: 1328:

into Greek, alerting readers to this in a note. He used an inferior Vulgate manuscript with the textual variant

67:

An estimate of up to 300,000 copies were printed in Erasmus' lifetime. They were the basis for the majority of

3668:"The Influence of Erasmus upon Melanchthon, Luther and the Formula of Concord in the Doctrine of Justification" 1723:

claimed the Trent decrees are "condemning all translations except the Vulgate" including the Greek and Hebrew.

1302: 423:

was a notable problem: his each edition of the New Testament adopted a different rendering from the Vulgate's

4104: 1508: 1213: 94: 4099: 2110: 1744: 1597: 1522: 972: 667:

promoted scriptural knowledge for devotional use by even uneducated laymen, including the vernacular. (See

162: 3650: 2763:, Translated by Erroll F. Rhodes. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987. Second edition, revised and enlarged, 1989 346:

warrant that his Greek manuscripts were necessarily more correct in every passage than the Latin sources:

3984: 2578:"The character of Erasmus' translation of the New Testament as reflected in his translation of Hebrews 9" 2368: 1615:

Tamet si quidam admonent in codice Graeco pontificiae bibliothecae scriptum haberi, καυδα, id est, cauda

1468:

as a base for his editions of the Greek New Testament from 1546 and 1549, and by the translators of the

2212: 1976: 1951: 1086: 129: 4021: 3994: 3821: 2038:

The Authorized Edition of the English Bible, 1611, its subsequent reprints and modern representatives

964: 699:

First page of Preface, Annotations of the New Testament (1521), with characteristic Froben decoration

1838:

Cook, Brendan (2007). "The Uses of Resipiscere in the Latin of Erasmus: In the Gospels and Beyond".

1728: 1688: 1306: 1053:

Eight Greek manuscripts have been identified: in Basel, Erasmus had three Greek manuscripts of the

766:

A key resource used for his initial Latin rendition (1516) was his long-prepared complete works of

592: 1540:

was included. A single 16th-century Greek manuscript subsequently had been found to contain it. (

864: 794: 573:

In one case back-translating was necessary: the manuscript page containing the last six verses of

539:, etc) have "be conformed" and "be reformed". (Knox has "fall in" and "must be an inward change".) 3952: 2197: 2036: 1807:

at the generative heart of communication …making more versions (and more mediations) possible."

285:

I thus present what in my opinion lies closest to the original text, to the apostolic intention."

3375:. Collected Works of Erasmus, 3. Translated by Mynors, R.A.B.; Thomson, Eleanor M. Annotated by 1662: 1644: 1439: 979: 789:

In the later versions of the New Testament and Annotations, Erasmus made use material from his

695: 1577: 591:

Erasmus was not aware that the text of the New Testament had bifurcated early (into different

2529: 2240: 2116: 2054:

Giannozzo Manetti's New Testament: Translation Theory and Practice in Fifteenth Century Italy

1711: 956: 847:

He honed his Greek-to-Latin translation skills by translating secular Greek authors, such as

102:

translated the New Testament from the Greek, and the Psalms from the Hebrew, at the court of

3522: 1548:

Erasmus included it, though he expressed doubt as to the authenticity of the passage in his

1491:' Complutensian Polyglot, reproached Erasmus that his text lacked part of the 1 John 5:7-8 ( 2167: 1873:"The revisions to the Vulgate in the first edition of 1516 were limited and conservative." 1640: 1266: 1222: 991: 206: 176: 2920:

Ratio seu methodus compendio perveniendi ad veram theologiam per Des. Erasmum Roterodamum

1317:

In every book of the New Testament he compared several manuscripts, except the last book,

8: 3463: 2234: 1928: 1715: 1496: 1158: 532: 232:, pairing the Complutensian Septuagint Old Testament with Erasmus' initial New Testament. 3734:

Coogan, Robert (1986). "The Pharisee Against the Hellenist: Edward Lee Versus Erasmus".

3408:

Mansfield, Bruce (2003). "Erasmus in the Twentieth Century: Interpretations 1920-2000".

3284: 269:

elimination of grammatical peculiarities and solecisms from the Latin New Testament; and

3929: 3767: 3759: 3703: 3695: 3266: 3171: 3105: 2946: 2897: 2856: 2436: 2349: 2276: 1473: 1246: 1154: 1070: 840:), and which conducted most of its business in Greek. In 1508 he studied in Padua with 575: 549: 536: 82: 73:

translations of the New Testament in the 16th–19th centuries, including those of

4081: 3921: 3881: 3771: 3751: 3707: 3687: 3549:

J. Brashler, "From Erasmus to Calvin: Exploring the Roots of Reformed Hermeneutics",

3530: 3523: 3501: 3470: 3423: 3388: 3376: 3258: 3205: 3163: 3097: 3024: 2950: 2936: 2901: 2887: 2848: 2844: 2807: 2616: 2501: 2476: 2428: 2341: 2268: 2257:"Review of Erasmus' Annotations on the New Testament: From Philologist to Theologian" 2150: 2088: 2057: 1945: 1904: 1704: 1684: 1564:

by Erasmus, has been speculated as care for his good name and for the success of his

1369: 1351:), Erasmus created a new Greek word: ἀκαθάρτητος. In Rev. 17:8 he used καιπερ εστιν ( 1298: 1066: 712:

appreciative of the early church Fathers and contemptuous of medieval commentators."

272:

the effort to provide the most accurate possible edition of the Greek New Testament."

194:. This was intended to be part of a larger polyglot bible, but did not find a market. 99: 4037: 2109: 4009: 3873: 3803: 3743: 3679: 3493: 3415: 3380: 3325: 3250: 3089: 3058: 2977: 2928: 2879: 2840: 2608: 2558: 2468: 2420: 2380: 2333: 2299: 2133: 1847: 1695: 1518: 1279: 1062: 1058: 887: 584: 236: 3604: 2670: 2612: 1285: 595:) and presumed that some Greek manuscripts had been "Latinized" from the Vulgate. 3877: 2688: 2525: 2084:

Reconsidering the Relationship, Basel 1516: Erasmus' Edition of the New Testament

1970: 1900:

Reconsidering the Relationship, Basel 1516: Erasmus' Edition of the New Testament

1754: 1679: 1657: 1633: 1606: 1605:

to Acts 27:16 wrote that according to the Codex from the Library Pontifici (i.e.

1537: 1492: 1465: 1457: 1443: 1294: 933: 891: 876: 625:, was expanded in the second edition, then spun out as an independent work: the " 141:

Greek LXX with Latin interlinear; Latin Vulgate; Hebrew; Hebrew roots in margin.

103: 78: 69: 49: 4073: 3841:

Erasmus’ Annotations on the New Testament: Acts – Romans – I and II Corinthians

2915: 1924: 1825: 1817: 1193: 1173: 1146: 1126: 841: 837: 832:

which supported a community of over 30 Greek scholars, many refugees, such as

818: 814: 779: 630: 580: 464: 448: 440: 432: 424: 415: 263:"clarification of the New Testament's teachings on the basis of the Greek text; 247: 161:

Erasmus to participate. Although the first printed Greek New Testament was the

45: 3239:"The Latinity of Erasmus and Medieval Latin: Continuities and Discontinuities" 3109: 3077: 3062: 2997:

O'Connell, Patrick F. (2020). "If Not for Luther? Thomas Merton and Erasmus".

2982: 2965: 2932: 2883: 2424: 2303: 1528: 4093: 3925: 3755: 3691: 3474: 3262: 3209: 3167: 3101: 2852: 2562: 2432: 2345: 2272: 2192: 2162: 1648: 968: 960: 949: 883: 822: 736: 717: 668: 651: 638: 562:

opportunity to find out whether the translation was supported by the Greek."

460: 74: 57: 41: 3949:

The Latin New Testament; a Guide to its Early History, Texts and Manuscripts

3224:"Erasmus and the Renaissance of the Bible | Houston Baptist University" 2804:

The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration

2652: 397:

to him to be necessary or desirable, but otherwise he left it as it stood."

376:

The Chief Points in the Arguments Answering Some Crabby and Ignorant Critics

4055: 4013: 3254: 1994: 1749: 1732: 1707: 1541: 1469: 1407: 833: 829: 775: 724:, which had been based on seven Greek and four Latin manuscripts in Italy. 456: 229: 225: 107: 3722:

An Introduction to the Critical study and Knowledge of the Holy Scriptures

3497: 3419: 3384: 2472: 219:"). Erasmus made use of the Complutensian Polyglot in subsequent editions. 1851: 1720: 1589:

Shortly after the publication of his third edition, Erasmus had seen the

1504: 1393: 1237: 1103: 1050:

were based on his lengthy manuscript research throughout Western Europe.

852: 783: 407: 342:

were perhaps more important to him than his Latin and Greek recensions.)

3933: 3909: 3409: 3329: 3270: 3238: 3193: 3175: 3151: 2860: 2828: 2460: 2440: 2408: 2280: 2256: 2207:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 350. 2196: 1984:(4th ed.). Ankeny: Christian Research Press. pp. 147, 156–157. 1002: 978:

In July 1515, Erasmus travelled from his Brabant base to Basel. Student

770:(1516), an author Erasmus had intensively studied and the editor of the 3763: 3699: 3667: 2384: 2353: 2321: 2181:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 55. 1997:

was the first, who identified this note with 365 readings of Sepulveda.

1691:(1898 and after.) His annotations continued to be respected and used. 971:

speculated that Froben might have heard about "the forthcoming Spanish

903: 744: 472: 198: 187: 2601:

The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism: Volume 3: The Renaissance

948:

On a visit to Basel in August 1514, he contacted Swiss-German printer

774:

Latin version New Testament, which was in turn largely based on older

2233: 1609:) name of the island is καυδα (Cauda), not κλαυδα (Clauda) as in his 1375:

Erasmus described it as "a new work": it used the more familiar term

928: 922: 908: 856: 802: 3747: 3683: 2337: 2082: 1898: 1735:(1979), a version that gave greater weight to the Greek and Hebrew. 1560:

specific promise made by Erasmus: so the real reason to include the

552:

onwards, Protestant bibles used "be conformed" and "be transformed."

266:

improvement of the Latin translation from a stylistic point of view;

3093: 1652: 1500: 747:

of Oxford, Erasmus began an intensive study of the Greek language.

490:(word), after the first edition. "Christ is for this reason called 21: 2166: 882:

Erasmus was assisted by numerous scholars, both in Basel (such as

455:(repent of the former life). However the 1519—the edition used by 259:

Historian Erika Rummel identifies four tasks for the publication:

239:

published his own corrected Vulgate, and in 1527 a Gospel harmony.

201:. Erasmus requested a "Publication Privilege" (copyright) for the 133:

Leaf of Complutensian Polyglot Bible showing the start of Exodus,

56:(1466–1536) in consultation with leading scholars, and printed by 2874:

Sider, Robert D. (2019). "The Methodus of Erasmus of Rotterdam".

2498:

Biblical scholarship in Louvain in the 'Golden' sixteenth century

1699: 1325: 868: 798: 771: 609: 542: 191: 180: 53: 2522:

Collected Works of Erasmus Vol. 5: Letters 594 to 841, 1517–1518

1931:

which in small part resolved the Eastern schism; see Bo Reicke,

1731:(1592), and Vulgate itself was replaced for official use by the 3075: 1111: 1054: 872: 860: 848: 790: 767: 145:

Aramaic; Latin translation of Aramaic; Aramaic roots in margin.

3910:"The Apocrypha in the Sixteenth Century: A Summary and Survey" 3843:, ed. A. Reeve and M. A. Sceech, (Brill: Leiden 1990), p. 931. 1596:

In November 1533, before the appearance of the fifth edition,

1517:

Erasmus asked his friend, the Prefect of the Vatican Library,

475:, and with an intellective rather than affective connotation. 3968:

Tracts and Treatises in Defence of the Reformed Faith (Vol 3)

3152:"The Date of Erasmus' Latin Translation of the New Testament" 825:, a Renaissance biblical scholar of the previous generation. 361:

of ancients and moderns, both Greek and Latin. I noticed the

134: 61: 369:

the reader, leaving everyone free to make up his own mind."

3801:

An image of the page is available from the Vatican Library.

3638:. Vol. 1. London: George Bell & Sons. p. 200. 2966:"Erasmus on Literature: His Ratio or "System" of 1518/1519" 2599:

Boyle, Marjorie O'rourke (1999). "Evangelism and Erasmus".

1927:, who had brought them in 1437 from Constantinople for the 1450: 735:

Erasmus had been inspired back in 1504 by his discovery of

110:

published the first six chapters of John's Gospel in 1505.

3986:

The History of the Printed Greek Text of the New Testament

3636:

A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament

3373:

The Correspondence of Erasmus: Letters 298-445 (1514-1516)

3311:"The 'New Academy' of Aldus Manutius: a Renaissance dream" 2369:"Erasmus and the Politics of Translation in Tudor England" 1347:

remarked that in Rev. 17:4, instead of using τὰ ἀκάθαρτα (

3525:

Biblical Humanism and Scholasticism in the Age of Erasmus

3076:

Fantazzi, Charles; van Poll-Van de Lisdonk, M. L (2010).

1289:

The last page of the Erasmian New Testament (Rev 22:8-21)

1006:

The title page of Erasmus' 1516 New Testament from Froben

982:

served as his editorial assistant and Hebrew consultant.

357:, and indeed no small number of them. I investigated the 175:

In 1516, Dominican monk and friend of Erasmus and More,

906:, Erasmus positioned the 1516 work within the humanist 3914:

Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church

228:

published the first complete printed Greek bible, the

3156:

Transactions of the Cambridge Bibliographical Society

1956:. Vol. 2. London: Bernard Quaritch. p. 644. 1935:, Theologische Zeitschrift, XXII (1966), pp. 254-265. 197:

In 1516 the Novum Instrumentum omne was dedicated to

184:

Psalterium Hebraeum, Graecum, Arabicum, et Chaldaicum

3561: 3559: 3492:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 23. 2041:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 60. 1536:

With the third edition of Erasmus's Greek text the

2806:(4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 2532:; Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1976), 172. 2322:"Erasmus and the Hermeneutics of Linguistic Praxis" 1297:Library. Manuscripts 1 and 1 Erasmus borrowed from 1075: 3366: 3364: 1433:, misprinted εμαις for εν αις in Apocalypse 2:13. 778:translations. He had begun collecting material on 3992: 3556: 3379:. Toronto, Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. 2641:. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh. p. 76. 1372:, supplied many improvements for the Latin text. 4091: 3566:Riddle, Jeffrey T. (2017). "Erasmus Anecdotes". 2406: 1933:Erasmus und die neutestamentliche Textgeschichte 3791:. London: University of Cambridge. pp. 2–3 3361: 3019:Erasmus, Desiderius (1993). Reeve, Anne (ed.). 1278:It seems that Erasmus did not intend to make a 932:Acknowledgement page engraved and published by 646:senseris profecisse” (“however you feel moved”) 497:For Romans 12:2, the Greek has συσχηματίζεσθε ( 478:Another important translation choice was Greek 186:, which included new Latin translations of the 3187: 3185: 2293: 2021:. New York: Stein & Day. pp. 165–166. 1710:, adjusted in phraseology to be more like the 1647:. Estienne's edition was used as the basis of 1081: 545:-based bibles used "fashion" and "be changed". 3788:The Scribes and Correctors of Codex Vaticanus 2996: 2801: 3626: 3624: 3597:Detroit Baptist Theological Seminary Journal 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3414:. University of Toronto Press. p. 145. 912:(back to the source of the stream) program: 165:(1514), Erasmus' was published first (1516). 3371:Erasmus, Desiderius (1976). "Epistle 384". 3182: 3124:"Erasmus' Annotations on the New Testament" 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2751: 2749: 2582:Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies 1903:. Tubingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 81–124. 1636:'s 1550 New Testament, which was the first 1384: 1041: 1033: 1023:Novum Instrumentum Recognitum et Emendatum 808: 757: 290:Erasmus, Letter to Étienne Gaigny, May 1533 3044: 3042: 3040: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2759:, pp. 99–100; Kurt Aland – Barbara Aland, 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2315: 2313: 2129: 2127: 2107: 2087:. Tubingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 59–80. 1672: 1487:, known as Stunica, one of the editors of 959:and Critical Text against Erasmus' work, 602: 3899: 3897: 3630: 3621: 3461: 3436: 3407: 2981: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2500:. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2075: 2073: 2031: 1767: 3946: 3583: 3581: 3490:Erasmus' Annotations on the New Testamen 3191: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3048: 3014: 3012: 2925:The New Testament Scholarship of Erasmus 2876:The New Testament Scholarship of Erasmus 2746: 2733: 2575: 2467:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 2454: 2452: 2450: 2191: 2161: 2140:, Oxford University Press, 1977, p. 338. 2051: 1974: 1643:of the Greek, showing variants from the 1576: 1527: 1406:The second edition became the basis for 1392:In the second edition Erasmus also used 1284: 1001: 927: 828:In 1506/1507 he lived and worked at the 694: 224:In 1518, Erasmus' Italian publisher the 128: 20: 3907: 3648: 3642: 3370: 3236: 3037: 3018: 2766: 2548: 2535: 2366: 2319: 2310: 2254: 2138:The Early Versions of the New Testament 2124: 2079: 1949: 1896: 1293:He borrowed the manuscripts from Basel 955:In their own advocacy of the competing 782:from the early 1500s, in his extensive 88: 4092: 3965: 3894: 3863: 3861: 3733: 3565: 3520: 3487: 2914:Also published under the longer title 2710: 2635: 2495: 2407:Nellen, Henk; Bloemendal, Jan (2016). 2391: 2231: 2070: 2016: 1532:Comma Johanneum in Codex Montfortianus 334:were actually more important than the 16:First published New Testament in Greek 4035: 3784: 3665: 3659: 3587: 3578: 3308: 3149: 3134: 3009: 2922: 2873: 2598: 2458: 2447: 1953:Concerning the Text of the Apocalypse 1499:accused Erasmus of tendencies toward 1429:In this edition Erasmus, after using 635:ratio seu compendium verae theologiae 3318:Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 3194:"Erasmus' Novum Testamentum of 1519" 2963: 2826: 2671:"Vulgate: Romans: Romans Chapter 12" 2413:Church History and Religious Culture 2120:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1837: 1783:prœcipitatum fuit verius quam editum 1414: 1027:New Instrument Revised and Improved 925:research throughout Western Europe. 863:editions of the Eastern and African 793:editions of the Western and African 4029:Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses 3867: 3858: 3828:Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses 3469:. London: Samuel Bagster and Sons. 2298:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 560–561. 1775:Collected Works of Erasmus Volume 5 1632:The fifth edition was the basis of 1069:, but only one manuscript with the 1038:is a decision put down in writing. 627:System (or Method) of True Theology 486:(speech, conversation) rather than 216: 13: 3995:"Novum Testamentum a nobis versum" 3993:Henk Jan de Jonge (October 1984). 3977: 3870:New Cambridge History of the Bible 3632:Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose 2736:The Journal of Theological Studies 2033:Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose 1698:, which decreed that "the old and 1479: 1265:Pauline Epistles in commentary by 990:) – with hundreds of spelling and 599:but, in places, quite erroneous." 457:Martin Luther's German translation 14: 4121: 4067: 4062:Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism 4042:. New York: Russell & Russell 3655:. London: George Bell & Sons. 3590:"Erasmus and the Textus Receptus" 2653:"Romans 12:2 Greek Text Analysis" 2528:and D.F.S. Thomson; annotated by 2111:"Jacques Lefèvre d'Etaples" 2108:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 1572: 1362: 459:—notably adopted Papal secretary 3903:Council of Trent, IVth session, 3411:Erasmus in the Twentieth Century 2845:10.1111/j.0028-4289.2005.00081.x 2232:Reilly, Thomas à Kempis (1913). 1978:The King James Version Defended! 1620: 1420: 988:praecipitatum verius quam editum 897: 453:poenitentiam agite vitae prioris 304:their unique and sublime truth?" 4023:Erasmus and the Comma Johanneum 3959: 3940: 3846: 3833: 3823:Erasmus and the Comma Johanneum 3814: 3778: 3727: 3714: 3649:Gasquet, Francis Aidan (1905). 3543: 3529:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 4–5. 3514: 3481: 3401: 3343: 3302: 3277: 3230: 3216: 3116: 3069: 2990: 2957: 2908: 2867: 2820: 2681: 2663: 2645: 2629: 2592: 2569: 2514: 2489: 2360: 2287: 2248: 2225: 2185: 1988: 1960: 1938: 1917: 1889: 1876: 1867: 1858: 1810: 1797: 1788: 1779:precipitated rather than edited 1661:editions, and the base text of 943: 4002:Journal of Theological Studies 2696:Novum Instrumentum omne (1516) 2461:"Erasmus on the New Testament" 2261:The Catholic Historical Review 2155: 2143: 2101: 2045: 2025: 2010: 1021:This title, especially words: 741:Adnotationis Novum Testamentum 730: 690: 1: 4032:LXVI (1980), pp. 381–389 3462:Tregelles, Samuel P. (1854). 3243:The Journal of Medieval Latin 2757:The Text of the New Testament 2613:10.1017/CHOL9780521300087.005 2217:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 2004: 1312: 1309:, and was available for him. 685:, paraphrase by M.A. Screech. 658: 355:manuscripts in both languages 152:Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros 95:Bible translations into Latin 3878:10.1017/CHO9781139048781.007 2636:Lettis, Theodore P. (1995). 2294:van Herwaarden, Jan (2003). 2151:urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:3-465241 1745:Complutensian Polyglot Bible 967:and modern critical scholar 607:The New Testaments included 7: 4086:, 2nd edition, Basel, 1519. 4078:, 1st edition, Basel, 1516. 3947:Houghton, H. A. G. (2016). 3192:de Jonge, Henk Jan (2019). 3128:University of Toronto Press 2576:de Jonge, Henk Jan (1984). 2320:Barnett, Mary Jane (1996). 1950:Hoskier, Herman C. (1929). 1840:Canadian Journal of History 1738: 1408:Luther's German translation 1398:Vindobonensis Suppl. Gr. 52 1396:(Codex Corsendoucensis, or 1355:) instead of και παρεσται ( 616: 400: 254: 150:In 1502 in Spain, Cardinal 10: 4126: 3908:Medford, Floyd C. (1983). 3804:"Codex Vaticanus 1 John 5" 3588:Combs, William W. (1996). 2255:Bentley, Jerry H. (1987). 1665:'s 1707 critical edition. 1332:(book of life) instead of 1221:Gospels, in commentary by 1061:, five manuscripts of the 92: 3970:. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. 3666:Green, Lowell C. (1974). 3237:Tunberg, Terence (2004). 3150:Brown, Andrew J. (1984). 3063:10.1177/20516770221137824 2983:10.1163/18749275-04301004 2933:10.3138/9781487510206-020 2884:10.3138/9781487510206-018 2425:10.1163/18712428-09604006 2373:Studies in Church History 2304:10.1163/9789004473676_020 2198:"Osiander, Andreas" 1975:F. Hills, Edward (1984). 1456:This edition was used by 1255: 1232: 1208: 1188: 1168: 1141: 1121: 1098: 1093: 1090: 1085: 1082: 1065:, two manuscripts of the 531:English Catholic bibles ( 419: 119:Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples 3785:Grenz, Jesse R. (2021). 3568:Puritan Reformed Journal 3553:63(2) April 2009, p. 163 2563:10.1177/2051677016628242 2496:Gerace, Antonio (2019). 2052:den Haan, Annet (2016). 1832:is the ultimate word in 1760: 1729:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate 1307:Basel University Library 1305:, which was held at the 1134:Acts and Epistles (main) 1042:Direct Greek manuscripts 997: 809:Greek skills preparation 758:Latin skills preparation 722:Collatio Novi Testementi 556: 431:(do penance): variously 385: 338:(in which, in turn, his 52:. They were prepared by 4075:Novum Instrumentum omne 3953:Oxford University Press 3603:: 35–53. Archived from 3289:Encyclopedia Britannica 2204:Encyclopædia Britannica 2178:Encyclopædia Britannica 2017:Faludy, George (1970). 1673:Subsequent developments 1586:only about 10 places). 865:patristic and classical 795:patristic and classical 603:Annotations and scholia 203:Novum Instrumentum omne 117:In 1512, French priest 31:Novum Instrumentum Omne 4110:New Testament editions 4083:Novum Testamentum omne 3724:, London 1856, p. 208. 3521:Rummel, Erika (2008). 3488:Rummel, Erika (1986). 3309:Lowry, M. J C (1976). 3255:10.1484/J.JML.2.304219 2919: 2459:Sider, Robert (2020). 2367:Wooding, Lucy (2017). 2235:"Santes Pagnino" 1834:The Complaint of Peace 1829: 1821: 1645:Complutensian Polyglot 1591:Complutensian Polyglot 1582: 1533: 1385: 1290: 1034: 1019: 1007: 980:Johannes Oecolampadius 937: 919: 821:, and the writings of 700: 688: 656: 634: 520:Erasmus rendered them 509:The Vulgate Latin has 501:) and μεταμορφοῦσθε ( 468: 452: 444: 436: 428: 380: 336:Novum Testamentum omne 316: 311:Novum Instumentum omne 293: 179:released his polyglot 163:Complutensian Polyglot 146: 37:Novum Testamentum Omne 26: 4036:Allen, P. C. (1963). 3966:Calvin, John (1958). 3736:Renaissance Quarterly 3498:10.3138/9781442674530 3420:10.3138/9781442674554 3385:10.3138/9781442680999 3082:Renaissance Quarterly 2827:Kerr, Fergus (2005). 2473:10.3138/9781487533250 2326:Renaissance Quarterly 2241:Catholic Encyclopedia 2117:Catholic Encyclopedia 1687:(1881 and after) and 1580: 1531: 1462:English New Testament 1301:. He did not use the 1288: 1245:the entire NT except 1012: 1010:The work was titled: 1005: 957:Alexandrian text-type 931: 914: 902:In his dedication to 698: 673: 643: 621:One notable preface, 348: 298: 279: 132: 93:Further information: 24: 4105:Early printed Bibles 4014:10.1093/jts/35.2.394 3839:Erasmus Desiderius, 3051:The Bible Translator 2964:Keen, Ralph (2023). 2551:The Bible Translator 2019:Erasmus of Rotterdam 1852:10.3138/cjh.42.3.397 992:typographical errors 579:had been lost (from 207:Emperor Maximilian I 177:Agostino Giustiniani 89:Contemporary efforts 4100:Greek New Testament 4057:The Textus Receptus 4020:Henk Jan de Jonge, 3820:Henk Jan de Jonge, 3330:10.7227/bjrl.58.2.6 1816:Cook suggests that 1542:Codex Montfortianus 1431:Codex Montfortianus 1157:, in commentary by 328:Philosophia christi 4039:The age of Erasmus 3988:, Southampton 1865 3810:. Vatican Library. 3285:"Alexander Hegius" 3226:. 14 October 2019. 2829:"Comment: Erasmus" 2698:. University Basel 2385:10.1017/stc.2016.9 2172:6. Agostino" 1583: 1534: 1474:King James Version 1345:F. H. A. Scrivener 1336:(tree of life) in 1291: 1155:Book of Revelation 1071:Book of Revelation 1008: 938: 701: 550:King James Version 439:(may you repent), 429:poenitentiam agite 309:Erasmus, Preface, 147: 123:Cardinal Briçonnet 83:King James Version 54:Desiderius Erasmus 27: 3855:, III, col. 1762. 3720:S. P. Tregelles, 3507:978-1-4426-7453-0 3429:978-1-4426-7455-4 3394:978-1-4426-8099-9 3377:James K. McConica 3351:"British Library" 3198:Novum Testamentum 3030:978-90-04-09906-7 3023:. Leiden: Brill. 2839:(1003): 257–258. 2622:978-1-139-05363-1 2530:James K. McConica 2520:"Epistle 695" in 2482:978-1-4875-3325-0 2213:cite encyclopedia 2094:978-3-16-154522-1 2056:. Leiden: Brill. 1910:978-3-16-154522-1 1773:"Epistle 694" in 1705:Western text-type 1685:Westcott and Hort 1651:'s versions, the 1611:Novum Testamentum 1566:Novum Testamentum 1370:Cuthbert Tunstall 1299:Johannes Reuchlin 1276: 1275: 1067:Catholic epistles 867:authors, notably 797:authors, notably 463:'s suggestion of 447:(repentance) and 242:In 1527, Italian 100:Giannozzo Manetti 4117: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4017: 3999: 3972: 3971: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3901: 3892: 3891: 3865: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3837: 3831: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3731: 3725: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3628: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3615: 3609: 3594: 3585: 3576: 3575: 3563: 3554: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3528: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3459: 3434: 3433: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3368: 3359: 3358: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3315: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3189: 3180: 3179: 3147: 3132: 3131: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3046: 3035: 3034: 3016: 3007: 3006: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2799: 2764: 2753: 2744: 2743: 2731: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2693: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2675:sacred-texts.com 2667: 2661: 2660: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2546: 2533: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2456: 2445: 2444: 2404: 2389: 2388: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2317: 2308: 2307: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2237: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2216: 2208: 2200: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2174: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2134:Bruce M. Metzger 2131: 2122: 2121: 2113: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2077: 2068: 2067: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2014: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1985: 1983: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1944:Textual scholar 1942: 1936: 1929:Council of Basel 1921: 1915: 1914: 1893: 1887: 1880: 1874: 1871: 1865: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1814: 1808: 1801: 1795: 1792: 1786: 1771: 1696:Council of Trent 1641:critical edition 1519:Paulus Bombasius 1388: 1338:Revelation 22:19 1303:Codex Basilensis 1280:critical edition 1269:(1 use: Gal 3:8) 1201:Pauline epistles 1181:Pauline epistles 1076: 1063:Pauline epistles 1037: 888:Paulus Bombasius 686: 654: 499:syschēmatizesthe 421: 378: 363:various readings 314: 291: 237:Andreas Osiander 4125: 4124: 4120: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4090: 4089: 4070: 4045: 4043: 3997: 3980: 3978:Further reading 3975: 3964: 3960: 3945: 3941: 3902: 3895: 3888: 3866: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3838: 3834: 3819: 3815: 3802: 3794: 3792: 3783: 3779: 3748:10.2307/2862040 3732: 3728: 3719: 3715: 3684:10.2307/3163951 3664: 3660: 3647: 3643: 3629: 3622: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3592: 3586: 3579: 3564: 3557: 3548: 3544: 3537: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3486: 3482: 3460: 3437: 3430: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3369: 3362: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3334: 3332: 3313: 3307: 3303: 3293: 3291: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3235: 3231: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3190: 3183: 3148: 3135: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3074: 3070: 3047: 3038: 3031: 3017: 3010: 2995: 2991: 2970:Erasmus Studies 2962: 2958: 2943: 2913: 2909: 2894: 2872: 2868: 2833:New Blackfriars 2825: 2821: 2814: 2800: 2767: 2754: 2747: 2732: 2711: 2701: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2634: 2630: 2623: 2597: 2593: 2574: 2570: 2547: 2536: 2519: 2515: 2508: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2465:Erasmus Studies 2457: 2448: 2405: 2392: 2365: 2361: 2338:10.2307/2863366 2318: 2311: 2292: 2288: 2253: 2249: 2244:. 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Tregelles 946: 934:Johannes Froben 900: 892:Codex Vaticanus 877:John Chrysostom 811: 780:specific issues 760: 733: 693: 687: 680: 661: 655: 650: 619: 605: 559: 503:metamorphousthe 403: 388: 379: 373: 351: 315: 308: 292: 289: 257: 104:Pope Nicholas V 97: 91: 79:William Tyndale 70:Textus Receptus 60:(1460–1527) of 34:, later titled 17: 12: 11: 5: 4123: 4113: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4088: 4087: 4079: 4069: 4068:External links 4066: 4065: 4064: 4052: 4033: 4018: 3990: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3973: 3958: 3939: 3920:(4): 343–354. 3893: 3886: 3857: 3845: 3832: 3813: 3777: 3742:(3): 476–506. 3726: 3713: 3678:(2): 183–200. 3672:Church History 3658: 3641: 3620: 3577: 3555: 3551:Interpretation 3542: 3535: 3513: 3506: 3480: 3435: 3428: 3400: 3393: 3360: 3342: 3324:(2): 378–420. 3301: 3276: 3229: 3215: 3181: 3162:(4): 351–380. 3133: 3115: 3110:10.1086/655239 3094:10.1086/655239 3088:(2): 552–554. 3068: 3057:(3): 354–375. 3036: 3029: 3008: 2989: 2956: 2941: 2907: 2892: 2866: 2819: 2812: 2765: 2745: 2709: 2680: 2662: 2644: 2628: 2621: 2591: 2568: 2534: 2513: 2506: 2488: 2481: 2446: 2419:(4): 595–635. 2390: 2359: 2332:(3): 542–572. 2309: 2286: 2267:(3): 464–465. 2247: 2224: 2195:, ed. (1911). 2193:Chisholm, Hugh 2184: 2165:, ed. (1911). 2163:Chisholm, Hugh 2154: 2142: 2123: 2100: 2093: 2069: 2063:978-9004323742 2062: 2044: 2024: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1987: 1959: 1937: 1925:John of Ragusa 1916: 1909: 1888: 1875: 1866: 1857: 1846:(3): 397–410. 1809: 1796: 1787: 1777:, 167. It was 1765: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1740: 1737: 1674: 1671: 1622: 1619: 1574: 1573:Fourth edition 1571: 1570: 1569: 1557: 1553: 1512:sacramentology 1481: 1478: 1460:for the first 1422: 1419: 1364: 1363:Second edition 1361: 1357:and shall come 1314: 1311: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1243: 1240: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1219: 1216: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1152: 1149: 1143: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1109: 1106: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1043: 1040: 999: 996: 973:Polyglot Bible 945: 942: 899: 896: 842:Giulio Camillo 838:Janus Lascaris 819:William Grocyn 815:Thomas Linacre 810: 807: 759: 756: 732: 729: 692: 689: 678: 660: 657: 648: 618: 615: 604: 601: 558: 555: 554: 553: 546: 540: 529: 526:transformemeni 518: 402: 399: 387: 384: 371: 330:, the popular 306: 287: 274: 273: 270: 267: 264: 256: 253: 252: 251: 248:Santes Pagnino 240: 233: 221: 220: 217:Second Edition 211: 210: 195: 172: 171: 167: 166: 157: 156: 127: 126: 90: 87: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4122: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4085: 4084: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4071: 4063: 4059: 4058: 4053: 4041: 4040: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4025: 4024: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3982: 3981: 3969: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3900: 3898: 3889: 3887:9780521513425 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3864: 3862: 3854: 3849: 3842: 3836: 3829: 3825: 3824: 3817: 3809: 3805: 3790: 3789: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3723: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3662: 3654: 3653: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3625: 3610:on 2007-09-27 3606: 3602: 3598: 3591: 3584: 3582: 3574:(1): 101–112. 3573: 3569: 3562: 3560: 3552: 3546: 3538: 3536:9789004145733 3532: 3527: 3526: 3517: 3509: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3431: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3412: 3404: 3396: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3367: 3365: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3305: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3225: 3219: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3186: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3129: 3125: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3032: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3013: 3004: 3000: 2999:Merton Annual 2993: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2960: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2942:9781487510206 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2893:9781487510206 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2870: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2823: 2815: 2813:9780195161229 2809: 2805: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2752: 2750: 2741: 2737: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2697: 2690: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2648: 2640: 2632: 2624: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2572: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2531: 2527: 2526:R.A.B. Mynors 2523: 2517: 2509: 2507:9783525593783 2503: 2499: 2492: 2484: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2363: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2316: 2314: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2290: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2251: 2243: 2242: 2236: 2228: 2220: 2214: 2206: 2205: 2199: 2194: 2188: 2180: 2179: 2173: 2171: 2168:"Giustiniani 2164: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2119: 2118: 2112: 2104: 2096: 2090: 2086: 2085: 2076: 2074: 2065: 2059: 2055: 2048: 2040: 2039: 2034: 2028: 2020: 2013: 2009: 1996: 1991: 1980: 1979: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1955: 1954: 1947: 1941: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1920: 1912: 1906: 1902: 1901: 1892: 1886: 1882:In English: 1879: 1870: 1861: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1813: 1806: 1800: 1791: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1770: 1766: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1724: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1670: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1649:Theodore Beza 1646: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1621:Final edition 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1592: 1587: 1579: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1546: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1530: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1440:Oecolampadius 1437: 1434: 1432: 1427: 1421:Third edition 1418: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1371: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1287: 1283: 1281: 1272:14th century 1271: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1251:12th century 1250: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1231: 1228:15th century 1227: 1224: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1214:Minuscule 817 1212: 1211: 1207: 1204:12th century 1203: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1187: 1184:15th century 1183: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1167: 1164:12th century 1163: 1160: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1140: 1137:12th century 1136: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1120: 1117:12th century 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1088: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1039: 1036: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1018: 1017: 1011: 1004: 995: 993: 989: 983: 981: 976: 974: 970: 969:Bruce Metzger 966: 962: 958: 953: 951: 950:Johann Froben 941: 935: 930: 926: 924: 918: 913: 911: 910: 905: 898:First edition 895: 893: 889: 885: 884:Oecolampadius 880: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 826: 824: 823:Lorenzo Valla 820: 816: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 787: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 764: 755: 752: 748: 746: 742: 738: 737:Lorenzo Valla 728: 725: 723: 719: 718:Lorenzo Valla 713: 709: 706: 697: 684: 677: 672: 670: 669:Plowboy trope 666: 653: 652:Thomas Merton 647: 642: 640: 639:Lectio Divina 636: 632: 628: 624: 614: 612: 611: 600: 596: 594: 589: 586: 582: 578: 577: 571: 569: 563: 551: 547: 544: 541: 538: 534: 530: 527: 523: 519: 516: 512: 508: 507: 506: 504: 500: 495: 493: 489: 485: 481: 476: 474: 470: 466: 462: 461:Lorenzo Valla 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 437:poeniteat vos 434: 430: 426: 422: 417: 411: 409: 398: 394: 391: 383: 377: 370: 368: 364: 360: 356: 347: 343: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 320: 312: 305: 303: 297: 286: 284: 278: 271: 268: 265: 262: 261: 260: 249: 245: 241: 238: 234: 231: 227: 223: 222: 218: 213: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 193: 189: 185: 182: 178: 174: 173: 169: 168: 164: 159: 158: 153: 149: 148: 144: 140: 136: 131: 124: 120: 116: 115: 114: 111: 109: 105: 101: 96: 86: 84: 80: 76: 75:Martin Luther 72: 71: 65: 63: 59: 58:Johann Froben 55: 51: 47: 43: 42:New Testament 39: 38: 33: 32: 23: 19: 4082: 4074: 4061: 4056: 4044:. 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