1322:
1333:
1466:
to unite
Buryatia, Tuva, Outer Mongolia, and Inner Mongolia into one Mongol state, discussed at the February 1919 Chita "Pan-Mongol" congress led by Semyonov's Transbaikal Buryats. A "Provisional Government" was set up after the February 1919 meeting. Russian officered Chahars and other Mongols served in Semyonov 's army. Inner Mongols made up a division. There were Chahars, Tungus, Buryats, Tatars, Bashkirs, and others in the army. The Inner Mongols numbered around 2,000 and were placed in the "Wild Division" of OMO, led by General Levitskii. The White Army cavalry of Semyonov drafted 1,800 Buryats while Buryats were also recruited by the Bolsheviks. In Trans-Baikalia, Semyonov was joined by Kappel, who commanded Aleksandr Vasil'evich Kolchak's rearguard. Semyonov and Kolchak were allied. From 1916 to 1919, the Buryats were subjected to Japanese propaganda. The Paris Peace Conference was attended by representatives from the "Dauria Government" of the pan-Mongol initiative established in February 1919 by Semyonov.
120:
1470:
for the idea of the pan-Mongolian movement due to participation of the Buryat national democrats, and he was not participated in this movement. The Bogd Khan rejected the idea of a pan-Mongol state since he did not want to lose his power to the
Japanese and Semenov. Since did not want to provoke China, he rejected a delegation from Dauria in which Fushenge participated. Ungern's Russian officers in Dauria were drilling the Inner Mongol soldiers of Fushenge and Buriat soldiers, but hostility was developing between the Inner Mongols and the Buriats. Fushenge and his soldiers wanted to kill buryats and return to Inner Mongolia. The plot was uncovered, and in a short fight Fushenge and most of conspirators were killed by Russian soldiers.
5566:
1306:'s rival southern government, although Sun's telegram could be interpreted sarcastically. It is supposed that the Japanese were the ones who ordered the pro Japanese Chinese warlords to occupy Mongolia to halt a possibly-revolutionary spillover from the Russian revolutionaries into Mongolia and Northern China.; after the Chinese had completed the occupation, the Japanese abandoned them and left them on their own. These data are not confirmed by archival documents which indicate that the occupation of Outer Mongolia was initiative of the Anhiu-led Chinese government caused by weakening of Russia by revolution and civil war.
70:
1314:
56:
1652:
1638:
335:
296:
321:
282:
4179:
1420:
1622:. During Soviet rule, Bolshevik officials conducted an anti-Buddhist campaign in Buryatia, executing many in a cultural and intelligentsia purge. The Soviets faced opposition in their anti-religious campaign from Buryat clerics. Mongol nationalism in Transbaikalia and Buryatia was equated with Grigory Semenov by the Mongolian communists and the Soviets. The Buryat-Mongolia Communist Party First Secretary Verbanov was executed in Stalin's purge. Buryatia and Tuva are today part of the
4787:
393:
1109:
4775:
102:
1666:
1170:
1075:
ready to accept
Chinese rule by 1919. According to an Associated Press dispatch, some Mongol chieftains signed a petition asking China to retake administration of Mongolia and end Outer Mongolia's autonomy. Since they opposed the Bogd Khan and his clerics, Mongol nobles agreed to abolish Mongol autonomy and reunite with China under an agreement with 63 stipulations signed with Chen Yi (
103:
1273:
3669:
territory. {...} Long a province of China, Mongolia declared its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing. After the
Ministry of the Interior's recent decision to exclude Mongolia from the official ROC map, on Oct. 3, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that Taiwan recognizes Mongolia as an independent country -- 81 years after Mongolia declared its independence.
108:
106:
105:
107:
109:
1321:
2704:
3668:
In
October 1945, the people of Outer Mongolia voted for independence, gaining the recognition of many countries, including the Republic of China. (...) Due to a souring of relations with the Soviet Union in the early 1950s, however, the ROC revoked recognition of Outer Mongolia, reclaiming it as ROC
2408:
in 1919, a
Japanese influenced faction in the Chinese government mounted an invasion of Outer Mongolia and forced its leaders to sign a "request" to be taken over by the government of China. Japan's aim was to protect its own economic, political, and military interests in North China be keeping the
1469:
Fushenge led the Bargut and
Karachen (Karachin) Mongol soldiers and entrusted the training of them to Ungern. The Pan Mongolist Inner Mongolian commander Fushenge was participating in the Pan-Mongol conference with Ungern when they sent representatives to Versailles, but Ungern developed a distaste
1465:
The
Transbaikalia Cossack Ataman was Semyonov. A Mongol–Buryat republic was declared in January 1919 by Semyonov. A "Buryat National Department" was created by Semyonov and the Buryat elite like intelligentsia, lamas and noyons and summoned by Semyonov and the Japanese in February 1919. The aim was
1415:
killed them. Both the
Chinese army and Ungern's force contained Chahar Inner Mongol soldiers, who participating in kidnapping local Outer Mongol women in addition to looting and mutilating the Outer Mongols. The plundering Inner Mongol Chahars were recruited by the Chinese High Commissioner Wu Tsin
1286:
led the military occupation of
Mongolia in violation of Chen Yi's agreement signed with the Mongol nobles because he wanted to use Mongolia as his own fief. Anhui clique was also known as Anfu group. Some authors believe that the Anfu Club was bribed by Japan to implement in Mongolia the strategies
1437:
swept into Mongolia from the north, fought many battles against the Chinese garrison stationed in Urga, and captured it in February 1921. There, he defeated the Chinese forces and restored Bogd Khan as monarch. Around the same time, the MPP engaged in its first battle against Chinese troops. After
1394:, which was a major cause for animosity between Outer Mongols (Khalkhas) and Inner Mongols. But the main animosity was directed to Chinese soldiers who were not suitably paid by the Chinese Government. This led to profound looting and murdering of Mongols by Chinese troops in Urga and elsewhere.
1074:
state. Meanwhile, some Mongol aristocrats had become more and more dissatisfied with their marginalization at the hands of the theocratic Lamaist government, and, also provoked by the threat of the Outer Mongolia's independence from the pan-Mongolist movement of Grigory Semyonov in Siberia, were
1087:
nobles of Urga, so the Khalkha nobles instead assured the Chinese under Chen Yi that they were against it. The prospect of ending Mongol autonomy and having Chinese troops stationed in Niialel Khuree, Altanbulag, Uliyasutai, and Khovd was permitted by the Mongolian government in response to the
1207:, Duan's rival, had no control, despite constitutionally being commander-in-chief. When the war ended without a soldier stepping foot abroad, his critics demanded the disbanding of the War Participation Army. Duan had to find a new purpose for his army. Mongolia was chosen for several reasons:
1617:
Many Buryats had served in Ungern's army and with Stalin's ensuing persecutions, Mongolia became a refuge for many fleeing Buryats. The Soviets divided the Mongols away from the Tuvan and the Buryat peoples, though they had been separate during the preceding Russian Empire and the time of the
1496:
and the Soviet Red Army defeated the rest of the White Russians like Kazagrandi and Suharev as they fled and abandoned Ungern. The Chinese Army in June 1921 defeated a 350 strong White Russian unit, led by Colonel Kazagrandi, most of whom died in battle although 42 became prisoners.
119:
1461:
and the apparent victory of the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War led to the end of China's involvement. Reincarnations, abbots and lamas were imprisoned or executed by the Mongolian People's Party led by the Soviet Bolsheviks. China rejected the Soviet intervention.
1416:
Lao with the deliberate knowledge that they would engage in looting. Deserters, including Russians, from Ungern's forces were punished or killed by the Chahar Inner Mongols in Ungern's army. The Soviet Red Army crushed the Chahar Mongol unit of Ungern's forces.
104:
1199:. His rivals knew that the purpose of the army was really to crush internal dissent. It existed outside the Ministry of the Army and was controlled by the "War Participation Bureau", which he led, and it was staffed entirely by his
101:
1343:
In 1919, the Mongolian Council of Khans was addressed to by Xu Shuzheng in a condescending speech. In February 1920, Xu presided over a very humiliating ceremony in which Bogd Khan and other leaders were forced to
1585:
announced that it now recognized Mongolia as an independent country again, excluding Mongolia from the official maps of the Republic of China and requiring Mongolian citizens visiting Taiwan to produce passports.
1438:
the defeat of the Chinese army, 2000 Chinese petitioned the Living Buddha to enlist in his legions. They were accepted and formed into two regiments, which wore as insignia the old Chinese silver dragons.
1332:
1504:, Mongolian revolutionaries successively eliminated the Russian White Army and the Chinese Army in Outer Mongolia and a new people's government was established. After a brief period of
1379:
to remove Xu Shuzheng from his position. In response, Xu Shuzheng moved the bulk of his forces to confront his enemies in China. Both he and Duan Qirui were defeated in the ensuing
3155:
Kuzmin, S. L. 2016. Theocratic Statehood and the Buddhist Church in Mongolia in the Beginning of the 20th Century. Moscow: KMK Sci. Press, p. 120-155, ISBN 978-5-9907838-0-5
2516:
Kuzmin, S. L. 2016. Theocratic Statehood and the Buddhist Church in Mongolia in the Beginning of the 20th Century. Moscow: KMK Sci. Press, p. 147-148, ISBN 978-5-9907838-0-5
4806:
1290:
The War Participation Army was renamed the Northwestern Frontier Army. Duan gave control of it to his right-hand man, Xu Shuzheng, a member of the pro-Japanese
5903:
1833:
4975:
1914:
1302:
without resistance. Another 10,000 troops followed to occupy the rest of the country. The successful invasion was met with acclaim throughout China, even by
2849:
2805:
1806:
994:
993:
claimed inheritance of all territories held by the Qing dynasty and considered Outer Mongolia as part of its territory. This claim was provided for in the
5187:
5734:
1032:
3534:
3613:
4214:
1298:
incursions. It was supposed to begin in July 1919, but the train broke down. In October, Xu led a spearhead group of 4,000 that quickly captured
3967:
3521:
Kuzmin, S.L. (2011). The History of Baron Ungern. An Experience of Reconstruction. Moscow: KMK Sci. Press, p. 135-137, ISBN 978-5-87317-692-2
2507:
Kuzmin, S.L. (2011). The History of Baron Ungern. An Experience of Reconstruction. Moscow: KMK Sci. Press, p. 164-165, ISBN 978-5-87317-692-2
2420:
Kuzmin, S.L. (2011). The History of Baron Ungern. An Experience of Reconstruction. Moscow: KMK Sci. Press, p. 121-141, ISBN 978-5-87317-692-2
873:
3648:
5948:
1546:
battled one another for many years to come. Many White Russian guerrillas became mercenaries in China after the occupation. Along with the
1294:
in the Chinese government. They announced that the expedition was at the invitation of several Mongolian princes to protect Mongolia from
1035:
adopted in 1912 specifically established frontier regions of the new republic, including Outer Mongolia, as integral parts of the state.
69:
5201:
2101:
Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the IATS, 2003. Volume 9: The Mongolia-Tibet Interface: Opening New Research Terrains in Inner Asia
1046:(which had strategic interests in Mongolian independence but did not want to completely alienate China), the Republic of China and the
5923:
5565:
4965:
4022:
1259:, died in April 1919 and left the country's ruling elite deeply divided over a successor. Some of Mongolia's princes, as well as its
5635:
5621:
4091:
2679:
Tsongol Folklore: Translation of the Collection The Language and Collective Farm Poetry of the Buriat Mongols of the Selenga Region
678:
633:
1083:) in August–September 1919. The pan-Mongolist initiative of Grigory Semyonov led by Buryats and Inner Mongols was rejected by the
5645:
5625:
1130:
94:
2180:
5155:
4915:
1563:
2431:
2277:
2126:
2073:
5928:
5601:
4831:
4764:
4442:
3943:
3899:
3872:
3829:
3800:
3773:
3746:
3597:
3570:
3506:
3479:
3452:
3425:
3398:
3354:
3327:
3300:
3273:
3246:
3219:
3192:
3140:
3113:
3069:
3042:
3015:
2972:
2913:
2886:
2859:
2832:
2731:
2687:
2660:
2612:
2581:
2441:
2401:
2368:
2358:
2341:
2314:
2304:
2287:
2260:
2233:
2190:
2163:
2153:
2136:
2109:
2099:
2083:
2056:
2029:
2019:
1999:
1887:
1860:
1789:
1762:
1735:
1611:
3130:
2250:
5433:
4391:
2945:
1970:
55:
3889:
3862:
3344:
3317:
3182:
2822:
1404:'s Prince, Daichin Chin Wang, was a supporter of Chinese rule, but his younger brother Tsewang was a supporter of Ungern.
5827:
5596:
5033:
3790:
2650:
1941:
1752:
1725:
1582:
3763:
3736:
2903:
2876:
1779:
1230:
to target his policies. His reputation as a patriot was discredited. Reintegrating Mongolia would reverse the situation.
4885:
4722:
4302:
4258:
4035:
3005:
2929:
2485:
2223:
1816:
2598:
2571:
5908:
5402:
4435:
3994:
3263:
3236:
2748:
2721:
1924:
1897:
1870:
1843:
1551:
1156:
990:
895:
866:
154:
125:
1367:, who was upset that such a large army was moved so close to his territory. He joined the chorus of critics such as
1138:
5173:
4895:
4384:
4226:
1956:
Thomas E. Ewing, "Russia, China, and the Origins of the Mongolian People's Republic, 1911-1921: A Reappraisal", in
3103:
3032:
1066:, and in summer 1918 asked for Chinese military assistance, which led to the deployment of a small force to Urga.
4851:
4742:
4141:
3388:
3059:
2206:
1694:
1610:
issued a statement saying that "Mongolia (formerly known as Outer Mongolia in Taiwan) has never been part of its
1220:
807:
4665:
4496:
4151:
2530:
1509:
1134:
903:
820:
5028:
4478:
4401:
4280:
4051:
4015:
3916:
3845:
3496:
3469:
3442:
3371:
2988:
1603:
1587:
1256:
1234:
1067:
402:
61:
3562:
The Bloody White Baron: The Extraordinary Story of the Russian Nobleman Who Became the Last Khan of Mongolia
3498:
The Bloody White Baron: The Extraordinary Story of the Russian Nobleman Who Became the Last Khan of Mongolia
3471:
The Bloody White Baron: The Extraordinary Story of the Russian Nobleman Who Became the Last Khan of Mongolia
3444:
The Bloody White Baron: The Extraordinary Story of the Russian Nobleman Who Became the Last Khan of Mongolia
3417:
The Bloody White Baron: The Extraordinary Story of the Russian Nobleman Who Became the Last Khan of Mongolia
3415:
2962:
2764:
2279:
The Bloody White Baron: The Extraordinary Story of the Russian Nobleman Who Became the Last Khan of Mongolia
1991:
The Bloody White Baron: The Extraordinary Story of the Russian Nobleman Who Became the Last Khan of Mongolia
1574:
retracted its recognition of Mongolian independence in 1953 over Soviet assistance of the Communists in the
5918:
5318:
4995:
4520:
4199:
4163:
4146:
4126:
2458:
1689:
1479:
1458:
978:
935:
859:
830:
803:
773:
2252:
Fred Barton and the Warlords' Horses of China: How an American Cowboy Brought the Old West to the Far East
1352:
flag. That event marked the beginning of active resistance against Chinese rule, which coalesced into the
5250:
5210:
5073:
4985:
4594:
4584:
4425:
4241:
1353:
1212:
365:
3209:
3165:
1307:
5759:
5726:
5688:
5613:
5312:
5177:
5099:
4363:
4307:
4248:
4231:
4204:
4168:
3624:
1434:
1423:
1349:
1252:
915:
840:
354:
3007:
International Competition in China, 1899–1991: The Rise, Fall, and Restoration of the Open Door Policy
1359:
Domestic politics in China soon changed the situation dramatically. The invasion had caused alarm for
5943:
5938:
5933:
5791:
5744:
5701:
5583:
4955:
4757:
4650:
4604:
4379:
4263:
4236:
3290:
3086:
3709:[Reference materials about the territory of the Republic of China excluding Outer Mongolia]
1241:. Using his army for another risky attempt to retake southern China from the rebels was undesirable.
5806:
5796:
5749:
5739:
5706:
5630:
5516:
5489:
5484:
5426:
5125:
5115:
4622:
4579:
4532:
4483:
4413:
4345:
4156:
4131:
4121:
4081:
4008:
3714:
1684:
1679:
1626:, with ethnic Russians making up most of Buryatia's population since the turn of the 20th century.
1607:
1485:
1119:
1047:
1039:
946:
927:
783:
748:
606:
314:
287:
2331:
1313:
1095:
Gelugpa Buddhist Lama leader Sixth Janggiya Khutughtu was against the autonomy of Outer Mongolia.
5494:
5383:
4855:
4468:
4418:
3656:
2787:
2635:
2553:
1505:
1123:
610:
2677:
5479:
5059:
5055:
4645:
4473:
4430:
4368:
2964:
How Mongolia is really ruled: a political history of the Mongolian People's Republic, 1900–1978
1559:
1555:
1454:
998:
602:
483:
3587:
3560:
2475:
2393:
2386:
2046:
1989:
5801:
5767:
5711:
5280:
5236:
4905:
4564:
4506:
4488:
4406:
4396:
4358:
4187:
4106:
1699:
1547:
432:
412:
407:
133:
3681:
5913:
5833:
5696:
5640:
4750:
4683:
4655:
4333:
4056:
3706:
1550:, that was the only foreign military expedition carried out by the Beiyang government. The
453:
442:
427:
2456:
2075:
Historical Atlas of Northeast Asia, 1590–2010: Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, Eastern Siberia
1450:
8:
5591:
5526:
5419:
5169:
5094:
4945:
4924:
4715:
4614:
4501:
4456:
4221:
4043:
2225:
Arming the Chinese: The Western Armaments Trade in Warlord China, 1920-28, Second Edition
1380:
1227:
1224:
728:
513:
422:
384:
245:
5360:
5355:
5221:
5006:
4875:
4841:
4821:
4635:
4589:
4574:
4569:
4350:
4268:
4178:
3961:
3850:. Council for Religious and Cultural Affairs of H.H. the Dalai Lama. 1992. p. 119.
3818:
2781:
2629:
2547:
1619:
1059:
891:
523:
503:
473:
463:
437:
417:
203:
179:
1248:
left Mongolia without a foreign protector. An easy victory would boost Duan's stature.
5866:
5135:
5104:
5069:
4731:
4696:
4670:
4660:
4640:
4599:
4295:
4290:
3990:
3949:
3939:
3895:
3868:
3825:
3796:
3769:
3742:
3593:
3566:
3502:
3475:
3448:
3421:
3394:
3350:
3323:
3296:
3269:
3242:
3215:
3188:
3136:
3109:
3065:
3038:
3011:
2968:
2909:
2882:
2855:
2828:
2727:
2683:
2656:
2608:
2577:
2481:
2437:
2397:
2364:
2337:
2310:
2283:
2256:
2229:
2186:
2159:
2132:
2105:
2079:
2052:
2025:
1995:
1920:
1893:
1866:
1839:
1812:
1785:
1758:
1731:
1575:
1245:
1195:. He used the money to create the "War Participation Army", ostensibly to battle the
1063:
966:
1971:"Outer Mongolia, Tired of Autonomy, Asks China to Pay Her Princes and Take Her Back"
5772:
5541:
5511:
5469:
5232:
5145:
5017:
4919:
4076:
2155:
Collaborative Nationalism: The Politics of Friendship on China's Mongolian Frontier
1599:
1216:
1076:
643:
588:
533:
193:
4772:
5862:
5855:
5845:
5555:
5340:
5308:
5260:
5246:
4542:
4285:
4116:
1637:
1192:
1188:
1084:
1055:
738:
543:
1531:
in 1922 after pro-Soviet Mongolian Communists seized control of Outer Mongolia.
1398:
5574:
5550:
5501:
5451:
5370:
5365:
5350:
5205:
5197:
5165:
4782:
1671:
1528:
1430:
1391:
1196:
1092:
1043:
1022:
970:
954:
950:
919:
910:) began in October 1919 and lasted until 18 March 1921, when Chinese troops in
493:
361:
328:
301:
183:
141:
137:
1411:-led band of Chahar Inner Mongols to fight against the Outer Mongols, but the
5897:
5882:
5716:
5668:
5536:
5531:
5474:
5345:
5325:
4312:
4096:
4061:
3953:
3618:
1453:
defeated Ungern in August. One of Soviet regiments against Ungern was led by
1419:
1326:
1204:
1071:
1054:. However, in the following years Russian influence in Asia waned due to the
1006:
718:
698:
688:
598:
578:
5411:
2709:. Brewer & Warren, Incorporated; Payson & Clarke Limited. p. 2.
1383:. That left only a few Chinese troops in Mongolia without their leadership.
1375:
calling for the removal of the Anhui clique. In July, they forced President
1325:
Ceremony of the destruction of Mongolia's autonomy in 1920, in front of the
5872:
5838:
5673:
5655:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5037:
4786:
4317:
4101:
4086:
3652:
2128:
Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Modern World
1835:
Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Modern World
1657:
1535:
1516:
1493:
1442:
1360:
1336:
1291:
1200:
974:
708:
653:
3933:
3184:
A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990
2306:
Herdsman to Statesman: The Autobiography of Jamsrangiin Sambuu of Mongolia
5663:
5270:
5083:
4865:
4778:
4688:
4253:
4209:
2124:
1643:
1543:
1539:
1534:
For China, the occupation indirectly led to the permanent breakup of the
1489:
1376:
1303:
1283:
1276:
1260:
1184:
1010:
911:
392:
232:
165:
3238:
The Baron's Cloak: A History of the Russian Empire in War and Revolution
2433:
The Baron's Cloak: A History of the Russian Empire in War and Revolution
2182:
A History of Land Use in Mongolia: The Thirteenth Century to the Present
2048:
The Baron's Cloak: A History of the Russian Empire in War and Revolution
1754:
The Baron's Cloak: A History of the Russian Empire in War and Revolution
1005:: " the continued territorial integrity of the lands of the five races,
5877:
5779:
5678:
5442:
5375:
4111:
2824:
Shanghai on the Métro: Spies, Intrigue, and the French Between the Wars
2336:. Ethnographics Press, University of Southern California. p. 200.
1591:
1567:
1501:
1299:
1180:
1173:
1051:
1018:
3935:
The socialist way of life in Siberia : transformation in Buryatia
3738:
Tragic Spirits: Shamanism, Memory, and Gender in Contemporary Mongolia
1916:
A Nation-state by Construction: Dynamics of Modern Chinese Nationalism
1554:
at the time claimed Mongolia as part of its territory until 1946. The
1179:
The invasion of Mongolia was the brainchild of Chinese Prime Minister
5335:
5330:
3541:. Department of Government, Public Service, and International Studies
2604:
2457:
Great Britain. Foreign Office; Sir Ernest Llewellyn Woodward (1966).
1524:
1520:
1364:
1295:
1070:
led the Buryats and Inner Mongols in spearheading a plan to create a
986:
623:
4000:
3864:
Red Shambhala: Magic, Prophecy, and Geopolitics in the Heart of Asia
3792:
Red Shambhala: Magic, Prophecy, and Geopolitics in the Heart of Asia
1108:
4627:
4273:
4031:
1446:
1408:
1372:
942:
931:
369:
1958:
The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 58, No. 3 (Jul., 1980)
1590:
were established between Mongolia and Taiwan via trade offices in
5850:
5521:
5464:
5459:
4557:
4547:
4537:
4071:
4066:
3170:. Foreign Languages Publishing House. September 1950. p. 58.
1412:
1387:
1368:
1014:
957:(Tuva), it was unable to consolidate its rule over both regions.
923:
568:
3292:
Sacred Geography: Shamanism Among the Buddhist Peoples of Russia
3211:
Sacred Geography: Shamanism Among the Buddhist Peoples of Russia
2803:
2125:
Joseph Esherick; Hasan Kayalı; Eric Van Young (1 January 2006).
1538:
and the fall of strongman Duan Qirui. That marked the period of
4774:
4675:
4552:
2356:
2302:
1623:
1595:
1571:
1492:, Mongolia had regained its independence in February 1921. The
1345:
2967:. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University. p. 133.
2021:
Recent Outer Mongolian International Relations: A Time Capsule
1272:
5784:
1401:
1238:
2779:
2627:
2569:
2545:
2528:
1169:
5506:
1002:
3369:
2723:
The Bloody White Baron: El Sicario (large print 16 points)
1523:") to take Outer Mongolia under its administration by the
3649:"Mongolian office to ride into Taipei by end of the year"
1832:
Esherick, Joseph; Kayali, Hasan; Van Young, Eric (2006).
1310:
said, "I can defend Mongolia from China and Red Russia."
16:
1919–1921 Chinese Republican occupation of Outer Mongolia
3288:
3207:
1050:
agreed that Outer Mongolia was autonomous under Chinese
2950:. China Trade Bureau, Incorporated. 1922. pp. 11–.
2792:
old chinese silver dragons on their caps and shoulders.
2524:
2522:
2071:
1831:
1562:
the independence of Mongolia in January 1946 after the
3101:
2934:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1922. pp. xx–.
2480:(illustrated ed.). Clarendon Press. p. 139.
1386:
Many of the Chinese troops during the occupation were
2357:
Xiaobing Li; Patrick Fuliang Shan (16 October 2015).
2158:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 73–.
1977:. The Associated Press. October 31, 1919. p. 17.
3891:
White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian
3734:
3589:
White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian
3346:
White Eagle, Red Star: The Polish-Soviet War 1919-20
3265:
White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian
3030:
2878:
White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian
2851:
White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian
2820:
2600:
White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian
2519:
2360:
Ethnic China: Identity, Assimilation, and Resistance
2329:
1838:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 245.
1633:
1091:
An ally of the Chinese government, the Qinghai-born
995:
Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor
2960:
2323:
1512:was established in 1924 and would last until 1992.
1062:. Since 1918, Outer Mongolia was threatened by the
3914:
3817:
3234:
2931:Papers Relating to Pacific and Far Eastern Affairs
2753:. Jasper Becker. pp. 119–. GGKEY:WYN69Z428Q4.
2648:
2535:. Brill Archive. pp. 171–. GGKEY:4D2GY636WK5.
2450:
2429:
2385:
2178:
2118:
2044:
1946:. Jasper Becker. pp. 355–. GGKEY:WYN69Z428Q4.
1750:
3815:
3084:
2827:. University of California Press. pp. 279–.
2773:
2296:
1441:The reconquest of Outer Mongolia was assigned to
1033:Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China
5895:
3860:
3788:
3228:
3057:
3037:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 168–.
3003:
2901:
2573:Bestie, Uomini, Dei: Il mistero del Re del Mondo
2423:
1781:Stalin and the Struggle for Supremacy in Eurasia
1777:
1215:were unable to prevent the German concession in
3854:
3824:. University of Michigan Press. pp. xiv–.
3728:
3128:
2769:. Human Relations Area Files. 1956. p. 98.
2702:
2563:
2539:
2248:
2221:
2151:
2017:
2013:
2011:
1727:Stalin: Volume I: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928
1598:but without formal diplomatic recognition. The
1223:) being transferred to Japan, which caused the
32:
2675:
2460:Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919-1939
1723:
1088:Japanese-backed Buryatia pan-Mongol movement.
941:Although the Beiyang government abolished the
5904:States and territories disestablished in 1921
5441:
5427:
4758:
4016:
3782:
3741:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 60–.
3390:The Shamans Coat: A Native History of Siberia
3342:
3282:
3187:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 274–.
3180:
3024:
2746:
2409:Russian Revolution from influencing Mongolia.
2383:
2242:
1939:
1744:
1026:
867:
87:
26:
3887:
3809:
3761:
3585:
3558:
3494:
3467:
3440:
3413:
3315:
3261:
3078:
3051:
2908:. Stanford University Press. pp. 161–.
2874:
2847:
2740:
2719:
2713:
2596:
2275:
2269:
2172:
2078:. Columbia University Press. pp. 167–.
2008:
1987:
1892:. City University of HK Press. p. 273.
1865:. City University of HK Press. p. 190.
1784:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 83–.
1449:expedition led by Soviet Red commanders and
953:and then expanded its occupation to include
3908:
3755:
3393:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 85–.
3289:Eva Jane Neumann Fridman (1 January 2004).
3241:. Cornell University Press. pp. 161–.
3208:Eva Jane Neumann Fridman (1 January 2004).
3201:
3174:
3088:Dawn in Siberia: The Mongols of Lake Baikal
2997:
2895:
2797:
2766:Mongolian People's Republic: Outer Mongolia
2570:Ferdinand Antoni Ossendowski (2014-05-19).
2463:. H.M. Stationery Office. pp. 129–130.
2436:. Cornell University Press. pp. 281–.
2131:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 267–.
2065:
2051:. Cornell University Press. pp. 181–.
1757:. Cornell University Press. pp. 224–.
1730:. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 282–.
1552:Republic of China that ruled mainland China
1187:. He took out several large loans from the
1137:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5434:
5420:
5202:Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong
4765:
4751:
4023:
4009:
3966:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3336:
3122:
3108:. Pearson Education India. pp. 556–.
3034:Money of the Russian Revolution: 1917–1920
2814:
2696:
2590:
2350:
2309:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 67–.
2303:Zhamsrangiĭn Sambuu; Mary Rossabi (2010).
2211:. Asia and Africa Today. 1984. p. 34.
2104:. BRILL. 11 September 2007. pp. 26–.
2072:Narangoa Li; Robert Cribb (17 June 2014).
1981:
1317:Xu Shuzheng and Mongolian Noyons in Khüree
874:
860:
118:
3643:
3641:
3386:
3363:
3105:Science, Technology, Imperialism, and War
3095:
3031:Mikhail V. Khodjakov (19 November 2014).
2954:
2804:East and West Association (U.S.) (1922).
2669:
2642:
2145:
1933:
1919:. Stanford University Press. p. 68.
1771:
1717:
1157:Learn how and when to remove this message
3987:The Warlord Politics in China, 1916–1928
3735:Manduhai Buyandelger (1 November 2013).
3380:
3309:
2576:. Edizioni Mediterranee. pp. 100–.
2215:
1418:
1331:
1320:
1312:
1271:
1168:
985:absolute theocratic monarchy led by the
364:forces under Ungern and subsequently by
3989:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
3931:
3319:Radical Sociology of Durkheim and Mauss
3061:The Russian Civil War (2): White Armies
2529:Owen Lattimore; Sh Nachukdorji (1955).
2330:Otto Maenchen-Helfen (1 January 1992).
2179:Elizabeth Endicott (13 November 2012).
1906:
1488:drove out the Chinese troops occupying
930:. These, in turn, were defeated by the
95:China Heroically Stands in the Universe
5896:
5188:Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong
3820:Marx Went Away--but Karl Stayed Behind
3682:"Taiwan 'embassy' changes anger China"
3638:
2532:Nationalism and Revolution in Mongolia
1804:
1566:which voted for independence, but the
1564:1945 Mongolian independence referendum
1455:Konstantin Konstantinovich Rokossovsky
900:revocation of Outer Mongolian autonomy
5415:
4746:
4030:
4004:
3861:Andrei Znamenski (19 December 2012).
3789:Andrei Znamenski (19 December 2012).
3529:
3527:
3373:Journal de la Société Finno-Ougrienne
2780:Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski (1922).
2750:Mongolia: Travels in the Untamed Land
2726:. ReadHowYouWant.com. pp. 208–.
2652:Nationalism and Hybridity in Mongolia
2649:Uradyn Erden Bulag (1 January 1998).
2628:Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski (1922).
2546:Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski (1922).
2477:Nationalism and Hybridity in Mongolia
2473:
1950:
1943:Mongolia: Travels in the Untamed Land
1879:
1852:
1825:
1282:The pro-Japanese Anhui clique leader
1237:was fought to a bloody standstill in
2249:Larry Weirather (11 November 2015).
1912:
1858:
1183:, who engineered China's entry into
1135:adding citations to reliable sources
1102:
1025:into one great Republic of China" (
5828:The Cambridge History of Inner Asia
5597:Protectorate of the Western Regions
3370:Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura (1999).
3064:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 23–.
2905:Soviet Policies in China, 1917-1924
2902:Allen S. Whiting (1 January 1954).
2185:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–.
2018:Jon D. Holstine (16 January 2015).
1885:
1778:Alfred J. Rieber (25 August 2015).
1583:Government of the Republic of China
808:Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate
13:
4886:Constitutional Protection Movement
3524:
3181:James Forsyth (8 September 1994).
3091:. F. Muller, Limited. p. 124.
3004:Bruce A. Elleman (10 April 2015).
2655:. Clarendon Press. pp. 139–.
2222:Anthony B. Chan (1 October 2010).
1798:
1724:Stephen Kotkin (6 November 2014).
1602:makes Mongolia recognize only the
1263:, sought reunification with China.
244:• Chinese troops defeated at
14:
5960:
3768:. Scarecrow Press. pp. 46–.
3765:Historical Dictionary of Mongolia
3235:Willard Sunderland (9 May 2014).
3135:. Read Books Ltd. pp. 169–.
3129:David J. Dallin (16 April 2013).
2430:Willard Sunderland (9 May 2014).
2363:. Lexington Books. pp. 25–.
2045:Willard Sunderland (9 May 2014).
1751:Willard Sunderland (9 May 2014).
989:. However, the newly established
5564:
5174:Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum
5034:Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising
4785:
4773:
4177:
3888:Jamie Bisher (16 January 2006).
3586:Jamie Bisher (16 January 2006).
3316:Mike J. Gane (31 January 2002).
3295:. Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 116.
3262:Jamie Bisher (16 January 2006).
3214:. Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 116.
2875:Jamie Bisher (16 January 2006).
2848:Jamie Bisher (16 January 2006).
2597:Jamie Bisher (16 January 2006).
2152:Uradyn E. Bulag (16 July 2010).
1664:
1650:
1636:
1107:
391:
333:
319:
294:
280:
99:
68:
54:
5949:Mongolia–Soviet Union relations
5105:Nationalist-Communist Civil War
3925:
3881:
3838:
3699:
3674:
3606:
3579:
3552:
3515:
3488:
3461:
3434:
3407:
3343:Norman Davies (30 April 2011).
3255:
3158:
3149:
3102:Jyoti Bhusan Das Gupta (2007).
2981:
2938:
2922:
2868:
2841:
2757:
2621:
2510:
2501:
2467:
2414:
2388:The land and people of Mongolia
2377:
2199:
2092:
2038:
1963:
1695:Soviet intervention in Mongolia
1221:Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory
973:declared independence from the
144:regions (shown in light green).
3867:. Quest Books. pp. 227–.
3795:. Quest Books. pp. 117–.
3565:. Basic Books. pp. 211–.
3539:University of Central Arkansas
3501:. Basic Books. pp. 109–.
3474:. Basic Books. pp. 108–.
3447:. Basic Books. pp. 269–.
3349:. Random House. pp. 89–.
2993:. The Times. 1939. p. 33.
2747:Jasper Becker (15 June 2008).
2282:. Basic Books. pp. 123–.
1994:. Basic Books. pp. 122–.
1940:Jasper Becker (15 June 2008).
1027:
1001:on behalf of the six-year-old
907:
88:
27:
1:
5403:Republic of China (1912–1949)
4852:Empire of China (Yuan Shikai)
3762:Alan Sanders (9 April 2003).
3420:. Basic Books. pp. 86–.
2821:Michael Barry Miller (1994).
2720:James Palmer (13 June 2011).
1705:
1457:. Tensions leading up to the
1235:Constitutional Protection War
960:
231:• Chinese troops occupy
5924:China–Soviet Union relations
4936:Occupation of Outer Mongolia
3918:The Jews in the Soviet Union
3894:. Routledge. pp. 303–.
3655:. 2002-10-11. Archived from
3592:. Routledge. pp. 339–.
3535:"China/Mongolia (1911-1946)"
3322:. Routledge. pp. 222–.
3268:. Routledge. pp. 220–.
2961:Robert Arthur Rupen (1979).
2881:. Routledge. pp. 332–.
2854:. Routledge. pp. 275–.
2682:. Harrassowitz. p. 40.
2474:Bulag, Uradyn Erden (1998).
2255:. McFarland. pp. 101–.
2024:. Lulu.com. pp. 1899–.
1710:
1690:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
1542:, as the former officers of
1480:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
1473:
979:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
965:In December 1911 during the
888:occupation of Outer Mongolia
136:) and its occupation of the
7:
5251:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
4986:Washington Naval Conference
4215:Historical cities and towns
4152:Mongolian People's Republic
3915:Solomon M. Schwarz (1951).
3010:. Routledge. pp. 68–.
2228:. UBC Press. pp. 69–.
1629:
1510:Mongolian People's Republic
1267:
1213:1919 Paris Peace Conference
153:Military occupation by the
10:
5965:
5697:against Northwest khanates
5313:National Pacification Army
5178:Northeast Flag Replacement
5084:Zhongshan Warship Incident
4781:and warlordism during the
3978:
3816:Caroline Humphrey (1998).
3707:"有關外蒙古是否為中華民國領土問題說明新聞參考資料"
3559:James Palmer (June 2011).
3495:James Palmer (June 2011).
3468:James Palmer (June 2011).
3441:James Palmer (June 2011).
3414:James Palmer (June 2011).
3132:The Rise Of Russia In Asia
3085:G. D. R. Phillips (1942).
2392:. Harper and Row. p.
2276:James Palmer (June 2011).
1988:James Palmer (June 2011).
1604:People's Republic of China
1477:
1435:Roman von Ungern-Sternberg
1424:Roman von Ungern-Sternberg
1363:, the powerful warlord of
1350:Five Races Under One Union
1253:Prime Minister of Mongolia
916:Roman von Ungern-Sternberg
5819:
5758:
5725:
5687:
5654:
5612:
5582:
5573:
5562:
5450:
5400:
5276:
5266:
5256:
5242:
5228:
5216:
5193:
5183:
5161:
5151:
5141:
5131:
5121:
5111:
5089:
5079:
5065:
5051:
5029:Second Zhili–Fengtian War
5023:
5013:
5001:
4991:
4981:
4976:1st National CPC Congress
4971:
4966:Spirit Soldier rebellions
4961:
4951:
4941:
4931:
4911:
4901:
4891:
4881:
4871:
4861:
4847:
4837:
4827:
4817:
4794:
4709:
4613:
4528:
4519:
4464:
4455:
4341:
4332:
4195:
4186:
4175:
4042:
3932:Chakars, Melissa (2014).
3387:Anna Reid (26 May 2009).
3058:Mikhail Khvostov (1997).
2786:. E. P. Dutton. pp.
2634:. E. P. Dutton. pp.
2552:. E. P. Dutton. pp.
1098:
1080:
1028:仍合滿、漢、蒙、回、藏五族完全領土，為一大中華民國
349:
259:
255:
242:
229:
225:
217:
209:
204:Direct control from China
199:
189:
175:
160:
149:
117:
82:
50:
45:
33:
21:
5929:China–Mongolia relations
5909:20th century in Mongolia
5490:Western Turkic Khaganate
5485:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
5156:Muslim conflict in Gansu
5126:Shanghai Commune of 1927
5116:Nanking incident of 1927
4996:First Zhili–Fengtian War
4392:Administrative divisions
4082:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
3715:Mainland Affairs Council
2703:Clements Ripley (1930).
1811:. Hackett. p. 419.
1685:State of Buryat-Mongolia
1680:Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
1608:Mainland Affairs Council
1519:'s domain (the Chinese "
1500:With the support of the
1486:Asiatic Cavalry Division
1459:First Zhili–Fengtian War
1354:Mongolian People's Party
1308:Manlaibaatar Damdinsüren
1257:Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren
1048:Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
611:Second Turkic Khaganates
366:Mongolian People's Party
5495:Second Turkic Khaganate
5074:Canton–Hong Kong strike
4856:National Protection War
3713:(in Chinese (Taiwan)).
2676:Nicholas Poppe (1978).
1913:Zhao, Suisheng (2004).
1805:Tanner, Harold (2009).
1521:Three Eastern Provinces
1506:constitutional monarchy
1388:Tsahar (Chahar) Mongols
1038:In the 1915 tripartite
359:
352:
5480:First Turkic Khaganate
5060:May Thirtieth Movement
4916:Paris Peace Conference
4646:Goyol Fashion Festival
4436:Chief of General Staff
3985:Hsi-sheng Chi (1976).
2384:John S. Major (1990).
1859:Zhai, Zhiyong (2017).
1556:Nationalist government
1426:
1340:
1329:
1318:
1279:
1176:
999:Empress Dowager Longyu
484:Munkhkhairkhan culture
5622:against Western Turks
4956:Guangdong–Guangxi War
4906:Siberian intervention
4407:Third neighbor policy
4107:Northern Yuan dynasty
3376:. Seura. p. 265.
2807:Asia and the Americas
2208:Asia and Africa Today
1560:officially recognized
1548:Siberian Intervention
1422:
1335:
1324:
1316:
1275:
1211:Duan's envoys to the
1172:
926:, Russians etc.) and
914:were routed by Baron
831:Democratic Revolution
176:Common languages
5834:Greater Central Asia
5211:Sino-Soviet conflict
4866:Death of Yuan Shikai
4666:Traditional medicine
4385:Constitutional Court
4227:Environmental issues
4057:Prehistoric Mongolia
2783:Beasts, Men and Gods
2631:Beasts, Men and Gods
2549:Beasts, Men and Gods
1886:Gao, Quanxi (2016).
1614:claimed territory."
1515:It was proposed for
1131:improve this section
981:. Mongolia became a
5919:Military occupation
5170:Huanggutun incident
5100:Nanjing–Wuhan Split
5095:Northern Expedition
4925:May Fourth Movement
4351:State Great Khural
4142:Soviet intervention
3659:on 10 February 2009
1407:The Chinese sent a
1348:before him and the
1228:May Fourth Movement
1225:Chinese nationalist
1189:Japanese government
804:People's Revolution
774:National Revolution
729:Oirat Confederation
514:Deer stones culture
385:History of Mongolia
353:Subsequently under
5222:Central Plains War
5056:Yunnan–Guangxi War
5007:First United Front
4876:Manchu Restoration
4842:Twenty-One Demands
4822:Bai Lang Rebellion
4590:List of Mongolians
4497:Telecommunications
4137:Chinese occupation
2558:chahars hunghutze.
1975:The New York Times
1624:Russian Federation
1620:Uryankhay Republic
1588:Informal relations
1427:
1341:
1330:
1319:
1280:
1177:
1060:October Revolution
892:Beiyang government
794:Chinese occupation
524:Slab-grave culture
504:Ulaanzuukh culture
474:Chemurchek culture
464:Afanasievo culture
5891:
5890:
5867:Chinese Turkestan
5815:
5814:
5636:Mongolian Plateau
5409:
5408:
5395:
5394:
5286:
5285:
5237:Qinghai–Tibet War
5136:Shanghai massacre
5070:Anti-Fengtian War
5043:
5042:
4832:Second Revolution
4740:
4739:
4705:
4704:
4515:
4514:
4451:
4450:
4443:Political parties
4402:Foreign relations
4328:
4327:
3945:978-963-386-014-4
3901:978-1-135-76595-8
3874:978-0-8356-3028-3
3831:978-0-472-06676-6
3802:978-0-8356-3028-3
3775:978-0-8108-4434-6
3748:978-0-226-08655-2
3599:978-1-135-76596-5
3572:978-0-465-02207-6
3508:978-0-465-02207-6
3481:978-0-465-02207-6
3454:978-0-465-02207-6
3427:978-0-465-02207-6
3400:978-0-8027-1917-1
3356:978-1-4464-6686-5
3329:978-1-134-92236-9
3302:978-963-05-8114-1
3275:978-1-135-76595-8
3248:978-0-8014-7106-3
3221:978-963-05-8114-1
3194:978-0-521-47771-0
3167:Soviet Literature
3142:978-1-4733-8257-2
3115:978-81-317-0851-4
3071:978-1-85532-656-9
3044:978-1-4438-7147-1
3017:978-1-317-53778-6
2974:978-0-8179-7122-9
2915:978-0-8047-0612-4
2888:978-1-135-76596-5
2861:978-1-135-76595-8
2834:978-0-520-08519-0
2733:978-1-4596-1453-6
2689:978-3-447-01942-2
2662:978-0-19-823357-2
2614:978-1-135-76596-5
2607:. pp. 336–.
2583:978-88-272-2550-9
2443:978-0-8014-7106-3
2403:978-0-397-32386-9
2370:978-1-4985-0729-5
2343:978-1-878986-04-7
2316:978-1-4422-0750-9
2289:978-0-465-02207-6
2262:978-0-7864-9913-7
2235:978-0-7748-1992-3
2192:978-1-137-26967-6
2165:978-1-4422-0433-1
2138:978-0-7425-4031-6
2111:978-90-474-2171-9
2085:978-0-231-16070-4
2058:978-0-8014-7106-3
2031:978-1-312-67014-3
2001:978-0-465-02207-6
1791:978-1-316-35219-9
1764:978-0-8014-7106-3
1737:978-0-698-17010-0
1700:Tibet (1912–1951)
1576:Chinese Civil War
1451:Damdin Sükhbaatar
1251:The longstanding
1246:Russian Civil War
1167:
1166:
1159:
1064:Russian Civil War
1040:Kyakhta Agreement
991:Republic of China
967:Xinhai Revolution
896:Republic of China
884:
883:
849:
848:
821:People's Republic
757:
756:
662:
661:
634:Tang protectorate
552:
551:
379:
378:
345:
344:
341:
340:
307:
306:
169:
168:(now Ulaanbaatar)
155:Republic of China
126:Republic of China
110:
5956:
5944:1921 in Mongolia
5939:1920 in Mongolia
5934:1919 in Mongolia
5580:
5579:
5568:
5436:
5429:
5422:
5413:
5412:
5387:
5384:Communist Party
5379:
5233:Sino-Tibetan War
5146:July 15 Incident
5049:
5048:
5018:Lincheng Outrage
4920:Shandong Problem
4896:Golok rebellions
4815:
4814:
4797:
4796:
4789:
4777:
4767:
4760:
4753:
4744:
4743:
4725:
4718:
4692:
4691:(New Year's Day)
4679:
4631:
4558:Southern Mongols
4526:
4525:
4492:
4462:
4461:
4372:
4354:
4339:
4338:
4193:
4192:
4181:
4077:Rouran Khaganate
4025:
4018:
4011:
4002:
4001:
3972:
3971:
3965:
3957:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3823:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3712:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3645:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3623:. Archived from
3610:
3604:
3603:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3531:
3522:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2810:. pp. 616–.
2801:
2795:
2794:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2526:
2517:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2391:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2015:
2006:
2005:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1967:
1961:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1808:China: A History
1802:
1796:
1795:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1721:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1612:constitutionally
1600:One-China policy
1429:In October, the
1191:, including the
1162:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1111:
1103:
1082:
1068:Grigory Semyonov
1058:and, later, the
1030:
1029:
1003:Xuantong Emperor
936:Mongolian allies
928:Mongolian forces
909:
876:
869:
862:
770:
769:
683:9th–12th century
675:
674:
644:Uyghur Khaganate
589:Rouran Khaganate
565:
564:
534:Chandman culture
460:
459:
395:
381:
380:
337:
336:
323:
322:
311:
310:
298:
297:
284:
283:
277:
276:
261:
260:
194:Tibetan Buddhism
171:
167:
122:
112:
111:
91:
90:
72:
58:
40:
39:
38:
30:
29:
19:
18:
5964:
5963:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5954:
5953:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5887:
5863:Western Regions
5856:Chinese Tartary
5846:Eurasian nomads
5811:
5768:against Dzungar
5754:
5735:against Mongols
5721:
5683:
5650:
5608:
5592:against Xiongnu
5575:Chinese empires
5569:
5560:
5452:Nomadic empires
5446:
5440:
5410:
5405:
5396:
5391:
5385:
5377:
5287:
5247:Kumul Rebellion
5209:
5200:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5102:
5098:
5072:
5058:
5044:
5036:
5032:
4946:Zhili–Anhui War
4922:
4918:
4854:
4790:
4771:
4741:
4736:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4701:
4690:
4677:
4629:
4609:
4605:Writing systems
4595:Sex trafficking
4585:Public holidays
4511:
4490:
4447:
4426:Law enforcement
4370:
4352:
4324:
4182:
4173:
4169:Modern Mongolia
4164:1990 Revolution
4147:1921 Revolution
4127:1911 Revolution
4117:Dzungar Khanate
4092:Medieval tribes
4038:
4029:
3999:
3981:
3976:
3975:
3959:
3958:
3946:
3930:
3926:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3886:
3882:
3875:
3859:
3855:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3814:
3810:
3803:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3733:
3729:
3719:
3717:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3691:
3689:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3662:
3660:
3647:
3646:
3639:
3630:
3628:
3614:"蒙古不是中華民國固有之疆域"
3612:
3611:
3607:
3600:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3557:
3553:
3544:
3542:
3533:
3532:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3509:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3385:
3381:
3368:
3364:
3357:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3260:
3256:
3249:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3179:
3175:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3100:
3096:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3002:
2998:
2990:Current History
2987:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2959:
2955:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2819:
2815:
2802:
2798:
2778:
2774:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2718:
2714:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2647:
2643:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2568:
2564:
2544:
2540:
2527:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2472:
2468:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2404:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2333:Journey to Tuva
2328:
2324:
2317:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2220:
2216:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1986:
1982:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1955:
1951:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1632:
1606:. In 2012, the
1540:high warlordism
1482:
1476:
1381:Zhili–Anhui War
1270:
1193:Nishihara Loans
1163:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1128:
1112:
1101:
1056:First World War
963:
880:
851:
850:
841:Modern Mongolia
814:
767:
759:
758:
739:Dzungar Khanate
679:Mongol khanates
672:
671:Medieval period
664:
663:
617:
562:
554:
553:
544:Pazyryk culture
457:
375:
334:
320:
295:
281:
248:
235:
182:
166:Niislel Khüree
164:
145:
128:(excluding the
113:
100:
92:
78:
77:
76:
73:
65:
64:
59:
41:
36:
34:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5962:
5952:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5860:
5859:
5858:
5848:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5831:
5823:
5821:
5820:Related topics
5817:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5788:
5787:
5777:
5776:
5775:
5764:
5762:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5740:against Turpan
5737:
5731:
5729:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5693:
5691:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5660:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5618:
5616:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5605:
5604:
5602:Chief Official
5594:
5588:
5586:
5577:
5571:
5570:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5534:
5529:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5456:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5445:history series
5439:
5438:
5431:
5424:
5416:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5381:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5322:
5321:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5281:War in Ningxia
5278:
5274:
5273:
5268:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5254:
5253:
5244:
5240:
5239:
5230:
5226:
5225:
5218:
5214:
5213:
5206:Beijing Revolt
5198:Chiang-Gui War
5195:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5181:
5180:
5166:Jinan incident
5163:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5109:
5108:
5091:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5077:
5076:
5067:
5063:
5062:
5053:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5040:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5011:
5010:
5003:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4859:
4858:
4849:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4825:
4824:
4819:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4804:
4801:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4783:Nanjing decade
4770:
4769:
4762:
4755:
4747:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4727:
4726:
4719:
4711:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4686:
4681:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4625:
4619:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4535:
4529:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4507:Transportation
4504:
4499:
4494:
4486:
4484:Stock Exchange
4481:
4476:
4471:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4428:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4374:
4366:
4364:Prime Minister
4361:
4356:
4348:
4342:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4305:
4303:National parks
4300:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4048:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4028:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4005:
3998:
3997:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3944:
3924:
3907:
3900:
3880:
3873:
3853:
3837:
3830:
3808:
3801:
3781:
3774:
3754:
3747:
3727:
3698:
3673:
3637:
3605:
3598:
3578:
3571:
3551:
3523:
3514:
3507:
3487:
3480:
3460:
3453:
3433:
3426:
3406:
3399:
3379:
3362:
3355:
3335:
3328:
3308:
3301:
3281:
3274:
3254:
3247:
3227:
3220:
3200:
3193:
3173:
3157:
3148:
3141:
3121:
3114:
3094:
3077:
3070:
3050:
3043:
3023:
3016:
2996:
2980:
2973:
2953:
2937:
2921:
2914:
2894:
2887:
2867:
2860:
2840:
2833:
2813:
2796:
2772:
2756:
2739:
2732:
2712:
2695:
2688:
2668:
2661:
2641:
2620:
2613:
2589:
2582:
2562:
2538:
2518:
2509:
2500:
2487:978-0198233572
2486:
2466:
2449:
2442:
2422:
2413:
2402:
2376:
2369:
2349:
2342:
2322:
2315:
2295:
2288:
2268:
2261:
2241:
2234:
2214:
2198:
2191:
2171:
2164:
2144:
2137:
2117:
2110:
2091:
2084:
2064:
2057:
2037:
2030:
2007:
2000:
1980:
1962:
1949:
1932:
1925:
1905:
1898:
1878:
1871:
1851:
1844:
1824:
1818:978-0872209152
1817:
1797:
1790:
1770:
1763:
1743:
1736:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1672:History portal
1661:
1647:
1631:
1628:
1570:government in
1478:Main article:
1475:
1472:
1445:. A joint MPP-
1413:Tushegoun Lama
1392:Inner Mongolia
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1249:
1242:
1231:
1197:Central Powers
1165:
1164:
1115:
1113:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1085:Khalkha Mongol
1044:Russian Empire
997:signed by the
971:Outer Mongolia
962:
959:
955:Uryankhay Krai
951:Outer Mongolia
938:by June 1921.
882:
881:
879:
878:
871:
864:
856:
853:
852:
847:
846:
843:
837:
836:
833:
827:
826:
823:
817:
816:
811:
800:
799:
796:
790:
789:
786:
784:Bogd Khaganate
780:
779:
776:
768:
765:
764:
761:
760:
755:
754:
751:
745:
744:
741:
735:
734:
731:
725:
724:
721:
715:
714:
711:
705:
704:
701:
695:
694:
691:
685:
684:
681:
673:
670:
669:
666:
665:
660:
659:
656:
650:
649:
646:
640:
639:
636:
630:
629:
626:
620:
619:
614:
595:
594:
591:
585:
584:
581:
575:
574:
571:
563:
561:Ancient period
560:
559:
556:
555:
550:
549:
546:
540:
539:
536:
530:
529:
526:
520:
519:
516:
510:
509:
506:
500:
499:
496:
494:Sagsai culture
490:
489:
486:
480:
479:
476:
470:
469:
466:
458:
452:
451:
448:
447:
446:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
397:
396:
388:
387:
377:
376:
374:
373:
358:
350:
347:
346:
343:
342:
339:
338:
331:
329:Uryankhay Krai
325:
324:
317:
308:
305:
304:
302:Uryankhay Krai
299:
291:
290:
285:
273:
272:
267:
257:
256:
253:
252:
249:
243:
240:
239:
236:
230:
227:
226:
223:
222:
219:
215:
214:
211:
207:
206:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
177:
173:
172:
162:
158:
157:
151:
147:
146:
142:Uryankhay Krai
138:Outer Mongolia
123:
115:
114:
98:
80:
79:
74:
67:
66:
60:
53:
52:
51:
48:
47:
43:
42:
25:
23:Outer Mongolia
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5961:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5884:
5883:Greater China
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5868:
5864:
5861:
5857:
5854:
5853:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5829:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5818:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5778:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5757:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5724:
5718:
5717:Northern Yuan
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5669:Northern Liao
5667:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5631:against Tibet
5629:
5627:
5626:Eastern Turks
5623:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5572:
5567:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5537:Mongol Empire
5535:
5533:
5532:Khamag Mongol
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5444:
5437:
5432:
5430:
5425:
5423:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5404:
5399:
5388:
5382:
5380:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5282:
5279:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5252:
5248:
5245:
5241:
5238:
5234:
5231:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5212:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5196:
5192:
5189:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5164:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5150:
5147:
5144:
5140:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5064:
5061:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4874:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4768:
4763:
4761:
4756:
4754:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4720:
4717:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4651:Horse culture
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4380:Supreme Court
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4180:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4097:Mongol Empire
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4062:Proto-Mongols
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4026:
4021:
4019:
4014:
4012:
4007:
4006:
4003:
3996:
3995:0-8047-0894-0
3992:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3969:
3963:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3928:
3921:. p. 71.
3920:
3919:
3911:
3903:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3884:
3876:
3870:
3866:
3865:
3857:
3849:
3848:
3841:
3833:
3827:
3822:
3821:
3812:
3804:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3785:
3777:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3758:
3750:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3731:
3716:
3708:
3702:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3670:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3642:
3627:on 2021-02-03
3626:
3622:
3620:
3619:Liberty Times
3615:
3609:
3601:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3582:
3574:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3555:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3528:
3518:
3510:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3491:
3483:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3464:
3456:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3437:
3429:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3410:
3402:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3383:
3375:
3374:
3366:
3358:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3339:
3331:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3312:
3304:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3285:
3277:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3258:
3250:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3204:
3196:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3177:
3169:
3168:
3161:
3152:
3144:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3098:
3090:
3089:
3081:
3073:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3054:
3046:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3027:
3019:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3000:
2992:
2991:
2984:
2976:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2957:
2949:
2948:
2941:
2933:
2932:
2925:
2917:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2817:
2809:
2808:
2800:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2776:
2768:
2767:
2760:
2752:
2751:
2743:
2735:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2716:
2708:
2707:
2699:
2691:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2624:
2616:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2593:
2585:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2566:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2542:
2534:
2533:
2525:
2523:
2513:
2504:
2489:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2470:
2462:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2426:
2417:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2380:
2372:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2353:
2345:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2299:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2209:
2202:
2194:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2148:
2140:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2121:
2113:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2014:
2012:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1959:
1953:
1945:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1926:9780804750011
1922:
1918:
1917:
1909:
1901:
1899:9789629372910
1895:
1891:
1890:
1882:
1874:
1872:9789629373214
1868:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1845:9780742578159
1841:
1837:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1801:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1747:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1662:
1659:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1634:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1581:In 2002, the
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1431:White Russian
1425:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1327:Yellow Palace
1323:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1278:
1274:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:Feng Guozhang
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1158:
1150:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1116:This section
1114:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1096:
1094:
1089:
1086:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
920:White Russian
917:
913:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
877:
872:
870:
865:
863:
858:
857:
855:
854:
844:
842:
839:
838:
834:
832:
829:
828:
824:
822:
819:
818:
812:
809:
805:
802:
801:
797:
795:
792:
791:
787:
785:
782:
781:
777:
775:
772:
771:
766:Modern period
763:
762:
752:
750:
747:
746:
742:
740:
737:
736:
732:
730:
727:
726:
722:
720:
719:Northern Yuan
717:
716:
712:
710:
707:
706:
702:
700:
699:Mongol Empire
697:
696:
692:
690:
689:Khamag Mongol
687:
686:
682:
680:
677:
676:
668:
667:
657:
655:
652:
651:
647:
645:
642:
641:
637:
635:
632:
631:
627:
625:
622:
621:
615:
612:
608:
604:
600:
597:
596:
592:
590:
587:
586:
582:
580:
579:Xianbei state
577:
576:
572:
570:
567:
566:
558:
557:
547:
545:
542:
541:
537:
535:
532:
531:
527:
525:
522:
521:
517:
515:
512:
511:
507:
505:
502:
501:
497:
495:
492:
491:
487:
485:
482:
481:
477:
475:
472:
471:
467:
465:
462:
461:
455:
450:
449:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
400:
399:
398:
394:
390:
389:
386:
383:
382:
371:
367:
363:
362:White Russian
356:
351:
348:
332:
330:
327:
326:
318:
316:
313:
312:
309:
303:
300:
293:
292:
289:
286:
279:
278:
275:
274:
271:
268:
266:
263:
262:
258:
254:
250:
247:
241:
237:
234:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
205:
202:
198:
195:
192:
188:
185:
181:
178:
174:
170:
163:
159:
156:
152:
148:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
121:
116:
96:
85:
81:
71:
63:
57:
49:
44:
20:
5873:China proper
5839:Central Asia
5826:
5674:Eastern Liao
5664:Western Liao
5220:
5103:
5093:
5038:Beijing Coup
5027:
5005:
4935:
4923:
4689:Tsagaan Sar
4623:Architecture
4580:Prostitution
4533:Demographics
4414:Human rights
4353:(parliament)
4346:Constitution
4157:World War II
4136:
4132:Bogd Khanate
4102:Yuan dynasty
4087:Liao dynasty
3986:
3938:. Budapest.
3934:
3927:
3917:
3910:
3890:
3883:
3863:
3856:
3846:
3840:
3819:
3811:
3791:
3784:
3764:
3757:
3737:
3730:
3718:. Retrieved
3701:
3690:. Retrieved
3688:. 2002-02-26
3685:
3676:
3667:
3661:. Retrieved
3657:the original
3653:Taipei Times
3629:. Retrieved
3625:the original
3617:
3608:
3588:
3581:
3561:
3554:
3543:. Retrieved
3538:
3517:
3497:
3490:
3470:
3463:
3443:
3436:
3416:
3409:
3389:
3382:
3372:
3365:
3345:
3338:
3318:
3311:
3291:
3284:
3264:
3257:
3237:
3230:
3210:
3203:
3183:
3176:
3166:
3160:
3151:
3131:
3124:
3104:
3097:
3087:
3080:
3060:
3053:
3033:
3026:
3006:
2999:
2989:
2983:
2963:
2956:
2947:China Review
2946:
2940:
2930:
2924:
2904:
2897:
2877:
2870:
2850:
2843:
2823:
2816:
2806:
2799:
2791:
2782:
2775:
2765:
2759:
2749:
2742:
2722:
2715:
2705:
2698:
2678:
2671:
2651:
2644:
2630:
2623:
2599:
2592:
2572:
2565:
2557:
2548:
2541:
2531:
2512:
2503:
2491:. Retrieved
2476:
2469:
2459:
2452:
2432:
2425:
2416:
2407:
2387:
2379:
2359:
2352:
2332:
2325:
2305:
2298:
2278:
2271:
2251:
2244:
2224:
2217:
2207:
2201:
2181:
2174:
2154:
2147:
2127:
2120:
2100:
2094:
2074:
2067:
2047:
2040:
2020:
1990:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1957:
1952:
1942:
1935:
1915:
1908:
1888:
1881:
1861:
1854:
1834:
1827:
1807:
1800:
1780:
1773:
1753:
1746:
1726:
1719:
1658:China portal
1616:
1580:
1536:Beiyang Army
1533:
1517:Zhang Zuolin
1514:
1499:
1494:Chinese Army
1483:
1468:
1464:
1443:Zhang Zuolin
1440:
1428:
1406:
1399:Tüsheet Khan
1396:
1385:
1361:Zhang Zuolin
1358:
1342:
1337:Green Palace
1292:Anhui clique
1289:
1281:
1203:. President
1201:Anhui clique
1178:
1153:
1147:October 2023
1144:
1129:Please help
1117:
1090:
1037:
982:
975:Qing dynasty
964:
947:Bogd Khanate
940:
899:
887:
885:
845:1990–present
793:
749:Qing dynasty
709:Yuan dynasty
654:Liao dynasty
573:209 BC–93 AD
508:1450–1150 BC
498:1500–1000 BC
488:1800–1600 BC
478:2750–1900 BC
468:3300–2500 BC
368:and Russian
355:Baron Ungern
270:Succeeded by
269:
264:
238:October 1919
132:independent
129:
83:
75:Coat of arms
5914:Warlord Era
5646:Tarim Basin
5376:Kuomintang
5361:New Guangxi
5356:Old Guangxi
5271:Two-Liu war
5261:Han–Liu War
4779:Warlord Era
4469:Agriculture
4369:Government
4254:Gobi Desert
4210:Ulaanbaatar
2706:Devil Drums
1644:Asia portal
1544:Yuan Shikai
1377:Xu Shichang
1304:Sun Yat-sen
1284:Xu Shuzheng
1277:Xu Shuzheng
1261:Han Chinese
1185:World War I
528:1100–300 BC
518:1400–700 BC
454:Prehistoric
265:Preceded by
124:Map of the
5898:Categories
5878:Sinosphere
5780:Lifan Yuan
5679:Later Liao
5443:Inner Asia
5319:Zhili Army
4678:(festival)
4656:Literature
4491:(currency)
4376:Judiciary
4112:Four Oirat
3692:2009-05-28
3663:2009-05-28
3631:2021-02-06
3545:2024-02-14
2493:1 February
1960:, p. 406ff
1706:References
1592:Ulan Bator
1568:Kuomintang
1502:Bolsheviks
1484:After the
1287:of Japan.
1181:Duan Qirui
1174:Duan Qirui
1072:pan-Mongol
1052:suzerainty
961:Background
898:after the
548:600–300 BC
538:700–300 BC
251:March 1921
200:Government
5792:Manchuria
5745:Manchuria
5702:Manchuria
5366:Guangdong
5331:Guominjun
5243:1931–1935
5229:1930–1932
5184:1928–1929
5152:1927–1930
5090:1926–1928
5066:1925–1926
5002:1923–1927
4982:1921–1922
4962:1920–1926
4952:1920–1921
4932:1919–1921
4902:1918–1920
4892:1917–1929
4882:1917–1922
4848:1915–1916
4818:1911–1914
4803:1925–1934
4800:1915–1924
4628:Biyelgee
4565:Education
4479:Companies
4397:Elections
4371:(cabinet)
4359:President
4281:Mountains
4259:Grassland
4188:Geography
4122:Qing rule
3962:cite book
3954:878406217
2605:Routledge
1889:政治憲法與未來憲制
1711:Citations
1558:of China
1525:Bogd Khan
1474:Aftermath
1365:Manchuria
1296:Bolshevik
1118:does not
987:Bogd Khan
825:1924–1992
815:1921–1924
798:1919–1921
788:1911–1919
753:1691–1911
743:1634–1757
733:1399–1634
723:1368–1635
713:1271–1368
703:1206–1368
693:1130–1206
624:Xueyantuo
433:Geography
246:Maimachin
210:Bogd Khan
190:Religion
180:Mongolian
89:《中華雄立宇宙間》
46:1919–1921
5807:Xinjiang
5797:Mongolia
5773:genocide
5707:Mongolia
5542:Chagatai
5475:Göktürks
5341:Xinjiang
5309:Fengtian
4807:Factions
4732:Category
4684:Religion
4575:Language
4431:Military
4334:Politics
4269:Khövsgöl
4052:Timeline
4036:articles
4032:Mongolia
3847:Chö-yang
3686:BBC News
1630:See also
1447:Red Army
1409:honghuzi
1373:Wu Peifu
1339:in 1920s
1268:Invasion
1217:Shandong
983:de facto
943:autonomy
934:and its
932:Red Army
658:907–1125
599:Göktürks
443:Religion
438:Language
428:Politics
418:Nobility
403:Timeline
370:Red Army
315:Mongolia
288:Mongolia
130:de facto
35:ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ
5851:Tartary
5641:Beiting
5556:Dzungar
5551:Timurid
5502:Tibetan
5465:Xianbei
5460:Xiongnu
5371:Guizhou
5351:Sichuan
5294:Beiyang
5204:(incl.
4716:Outline
4676:Naadam
4641:Cuisine
4630:(dance)
4615:Culture
4548:Buryats
4543:Khalkha
4538:Mongols
4521:Society
4502:Tourism
4489:Tögrög
4474:Banking
4457:Economy
4313:Selenga
4296:Khentii
4291:Khangai
4242:Mammals
4222:Climate
4200:Borders
4072:Xianbei
4067:Xiongnu
4044:History
3979:Sources
1369:Cao Kun
1139:removed
1124:sources
1093:Monguor
1077:Chinese
1031:). The
1023:Tibetan
977:in the
945:of the
924:Buryats
904:Chinese
894:of the
890:by the
648:744–840
638:647–682
628:628–646
618:682–744
616:555–630
607:Eastern
593:330–555
569:Xiongnu
423:Culture
372:forces.
218:History
161:Capital
84:Anthem:
5522:Mongol
5517:Kyrgyz
5512:Uyghur
5470:Rouran
5346:Yunnan
5326:Shanxi
4636:Cinema
4570:Health
4553:Oirats
4318:Orkhon
4308:Rivers
4205:Cities
4034:
3993:
3952:
3942:
3898:
3871:
3828:
3799:
3772:
3745:
3720:22 May
3596:
3569:
3505:
3478:
3451:
3424:
3397:
3353:
3326:
3299:
3272:
3245:
3218:
3191:
3139:
3112:
3068:
3041:
3014:
2971:
2912:
2885:
2858:
2831:
2730:
2686:
2659:
2611:
2580:
2484:
2440:
2400:
2367:
2340:
2313:
2286:
2259:
2232:
2189:
2162:
2135:
2108:
2082:
2055:
2028:
1998:
1923:
1896:
1869:
1862:憲法何以中國
1842:
1815:
1788:
1761:
1734:
1596:Taipei
1572:Taiwan
1508:, the
1433:Baron
1346:kowtow
1099:Causes
1079::
1042:, the
1021:, and
1015:Mongol
1007:Manchu
906::
609:, and
583:93–234
456:period
413:Rulers
408:States
221:
213:
150:Status
86:
37:ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ
5802:Tibet
5785:Amban
5750:Tibet
5712:Tibet
5527:Tatar
5386:(CCP)
5378:(KMT)
5304:Zhili
5299:Anhui
4723:Index
4697:Sport
4671:Music
4661:Media
4600:Women
4286:Altai
4264:Lakes
4249:Flora
4237:Birds
4232:Fauna
3711:(PDF)
1529:Bodoo
1402:Aimag
1390:from
1239:Hunan
908:外蒙古撤治
603:First
184:Tuvan
134:Tibet
5760:Qing
5727:Ming
5689:Yuan
5656:Liao
5614:Tang
5507:Zubu
5277:1934
5267:1932
5257:1932
5217:1930
5194:1929
5162:1928
5142:1927
5132:1927
5122:1927
5112:1927
5080:1926
5052:1925
5024:1924
5014:1923
4992:1922
4972:1921
4942:1920
4912:1919
4872:1917
4862:1916
4838:1915
4828:1913
4419:LGBT
3991:ISBN
3968:link
3950:OCLC
3940:ISBN
3896:ISBN
3869:ISBN
3826:ISBN
3797:ISBN
3770:ISBN
3743:ISBN
3722:2012
3621:自由時報
3594:ISBN
3567:ISBN
3503:ISBN
3476:ISBN
3449:ISBN
3422:ISBN
3395:ISBN
3351:ISBN
3324:ISBN
3297:ISBN
3270:ISBN
3243:ISBN
3216:ISBN
3189:ISBN
3137:ISBN
3110:ISBN
3066:ISBN
3039:ISBN
3012:ISBN
2969:ISBN
2910:ISBN
2883:ISBN
2856:ISBN
2829:ISBN
2728:ISBN
2684:ISBN
2657:ISBN
2609:ISBN
2578:ISBN
2495:2014
2482:ISBN
2438:ISBN
2398:ISBN
2365:ISBN
2338:ISBN
2311:ISBN
2284:ISBN
2257:ISBN
2230:ISBN
2187:ISBN
2160:ISBN
2133:ISBN
2106:ISBN
2080:ISBN
2053:ISBN
2026:ISBN
1996:ISBN
1921:ISBN
1894:ISBN
1867:ISBN
1840:ISBN
1813:ISBN
1786:ISBN
1759:ISBN
1732:ISBN
1594:and
1527:and
1490:Urga
1397:The
1371:and
1300:Urga
1244:The
1233:The
1122:any
1120:cite
912:Urga
886:The
835:1990
813:1921
778:1911
233:Urga
140:and
62:Flag
5584:Han
4274:Uvs
2790:–.
2788:236
2636:114
2556:–.
2554:124
2394:119
1133:by
1019:Hui
1011:Han
949:in
918:'s
360:By
28:外蒙古
5900::
5624:/
5336:Ma
5315:)
5249:/
5235:/
3964:}}
3960:{{
3948:.
3684:.
3666:.
3651:.
3640:^
3616:.
3537:.
3526:^
2638:–.
2603:.
2521:^
2406:.
2396:.
2010:^
1973:.
1578:.
1356:.
1255:,
1081:陈毅
1017:,
1013:,
1009:,
969:,
605:,
5869:)
5865:(
5435:e
5428:t
5421:v
5311:(
5208:)
4766:e
4759:t
4752:v
4024:e
4017:t
4010:v
3970:)
3956:.
3904:.
3877:.
3834:.
3805:.
3778:.
3751:.
3724:.
3695:.
3634:.
3602:.
3575:.
3548:.
3511:.
3484:.
3457:.
3430:.
3403:.
3359:.
3332:.
3305:.
3278:.
3251:.
3224:.
3197:.
3145:.
3118:.
3074:.
3047:.
3020:.
2977:.
2918:.
2891:.
2864:.
2837:.
2736:.
2692:.
2665:.
2617:.
2586:.
2497:.
2446:.
2373:.
2346:.
2319:.
2292:.
2265:.
2238:.
2195:.
2168:.
2141:.
2114:.
2088:.
2061:.
2034:.
2004:.
1929:.
1902:.
1875:.
1848:.
1821:.
1794:.
1767:.
1740:.
1219:(
1160:)
1154:(
1149:)
1145:(
1141:.
1127:.
922:(
902:(
875:e
868:t
861:v
810:)
806:(
613:)
601:(
357:.
97:"
93:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)
