687:Ötzi wore a cloak made of woven grass and a coat, a belt, a pair of leggings, a loincloth, and shoes, all made of leather of different skins. He also wore a bearskin cap with a leather chin strap. The shoes were waterproof and wide, seemingly designed for walking across the snow; they were constructed using bearskin for the soles, deer hide for the top panels, and a netting made of tree bark. Soft grass went around the foot and in the shoe and functioned like modern socks. The coat, belt, leggings and loincloth were constructed of vertical strips of leather sewn together with
759:
676:
109:
391:. Near Tisenjoch, the glacier (which has since retreated) complicated establishing the watershed and the border was drawn too far north. Although Ötzi's find site drains to the Austrian side, land surveys in October 1991 ultimately proved that the body had been located 92.56 m (101.22 yd) inside Italian territory, which was in consonance with Italy's original 1919 ownership claim. The province of South Tyrol claimed property rights but agreed to let Innsbruck University finish its scientific examinations. Since 1998, he has been on display at the
1115:
286:
824:
69:
699:
1224:
436:
293:
1279:
reduced her claim to €150,000. The provincial government's response was that the expenses it had incurred to establish a museum and the costs of preserving the Iceman should be considered in determining the finder's fee. It insisted it would pay no more than €50,000. In
September 2006, the authorities appealed the case to Italy's highest court, the
1215:
biological anthropologist Albert Zink argues that the iceman's bones display no dislocations that would have resulted from a downhill slide and that the intact blood clots in his arrow wound would show damage if the body had been moved up the mountain. In either case, the burial theory does not contradict the likelihood of a violent cause of death.
1022:
present-day
Europeans, but not as dark as the Mesolithic Western Hunter-Gatherers, was likely affected by baldness, and may have suffered from obesity-related metabolic disorders. The article also leaves room for environmental factors as indicative of their darker skin complexion, so more studies will be necessary in the future.
598:, the outer skin layer, was missing, a natural process from his mummification in ice. Ötzi's teeth showed considerable internal deterioration from cavities. These oral pathologies may have been brought about by his grain-heavy, high-carbohydrate diet. DNA analysis in February 2012 revealed that Ötzi was
4204:
3862:
The weighted genetic score of dark pigmentation in the Iceman is estimated to be 0.591, higher than the score of present-day southern
European populations taking Sardinians as an example (Table S11), which the Iceman shares closest genetic affinity to (Figure S1) and which represent the highest level
3589:
Keller, Andreas; Graefen, Angela; Ball, Markus; Matzas, Mark; Boisguerin, Valesca; Maixner, Frank; Leidinger, Petra; Backes, Christina; Khairat, Rabab; Forster, Michael; Stade, Björn; Franke, Andre; Mayer, Jens; Spangler, Jessica; McLaughlin, Stephen; Shah, Minita; Lee, Clarence; Harkins, Timothy T.;
2970:
The original caption in Wierer et al. read "The Iceman lithic assemblage. a) Dagger, b) Endscraper, c) Borer, d) Arrowhead 14, e) Arrowhead 12, f) Small flake." The text of Wierer et al.'s paper makes it clear that this a typo and the labels for the borer and small flake have been swapped. e.g.: "The
1274:
In 2005, the rival claims were heard by a
Bolzano court. The legal case angered Mrs. Simon, who alleged that neither woman was present on the mountain that day. In 2005, Mrs. Simon's lawyer said: "Mrs. Simon is very upset by all this and by the fact that these two new claimants have decided to appear
1183:
DNA analyses taken in 2003 are claimed to have revealed traces of blood from at least four other people on his gear: one from his knife, two from a single arrowhead in his quiver, and a fourth from his coat. Interpretations of these findings are that Ötzi killed two people with the same arrow and was
358:
of an axe among the retrieved objects. Tissue samples from the corpse and other accompanying materials were later analyzed at several scientific institutions and their results unequivocally concluded that the remains belonged to someone who had lived between 3359 and 3105 BC, or some 5,000 years ago.
725:
The leather loincloth and hide coat were made from sheepskin. Genetic analysis showed that the sheep species was nearer to modern domestic
European sheep than to wild sheep; the items were made from the skins of at least four animals. Part of the coat was made from a domesticated goat belonging to a
1247:
which asked a court in
Bolzano to recognize their role in Ötzi's discovery and declare them his "official discoverers". The court decided in the Simons' favour in November 2003, and at the end of December that year the Simons announced that they were seeking US$ 300,000 as their fee. The provincial
1214:
of the
University of Innsbruck agrees that the natural process described probably caused the body to move from the ridge that includes the stone formation, he pointed out that the paper provided no compelling evidence to demonstrate that the scattered stones constituted a burial platform. Moreover,
1209:
and his colleagues. According to their study of the items found near Ötzi and their locations, the iceman may have been placed above what has been interpreted as a stone burial mound, but his body subsequently moved with each thaw cycle that created a flowing watery mixture driven by gravity before
622:
mark behind the right knee and on the right ankle, and parallel lines around the left wrist. The greatest concentration of markings is found on his legs, which together exhibit 12 groups of lines. A microscopic examination of samples collected from these tattoos revealed that they were created from
4083:
Maixner, Frank; Turaev, Dmitrij; Cazenave-Gassiot, Amaury; Janko, Marek; Krause-Kyora, Ben; Hoopmann, Michael R.; Kusebauch, Ulrike; Sartain, Mark; Guerriero, Gea; o'Sullivan, Niall; Teasdale, Matthew; Cipollini, Giovanna; Paladin, Alice; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Samadelli, Marco; Tecchiati, Umberto;
1071:
strain found in his gastrointestinal tract was, surprisingly, the hpAsia2 strain, a strain today found primarily in South Asian and
Central Asian populations, with extremely rare occurrences in modern European populations. The strain found in Ötzi's gut is most similar to three modern individuals
1278:
In 2004, Helmut Simon died. Two years later, in June 2006, an appeals court affirmed that the Simons had indeed discovered the Iceman and were therefore entitled to a finder's fee. It also ruled that the provincial government had to pay the Simons' legal costs. After this ruling, Mrs. Erika Simon
602:, supporting the theory that lactose intolerance was still common at that time, despite the increasing spread of agriculture and dairying. Ötzi's lungs were examined endoscopically and were found to be blackened by soot, probably due to his frequent proximity to open fires for warmth and cooking.
529:
were also discovered. The pollen was very well preserved, with the cells inside remaining intact, indicating that it had been fresh (estimated about two hours old) at the time of Ötzi's death, which places the event in the spring or early summer. Einkorn wheat is harvested in the late summer, and
443:
By the most recent estimates, at the time of his death, Ötzi was 160 cm (5 ft 3 in) tall, weighed about 50 kg (110 lb), and was about 45 years of age. When his body was found, it weighed 13.750 kg (30 lb 5.0 oz). Because the body was covered in ice shortly
1084:
were performed on the stomach to obtain dietary information in the time leading up to his death, and the contents themselves were also analyzed. Previously, Ötzi was believed to be vegetarian, but during this study, it was revealed that his diet was omnivorous. The presence of certain compounds
741:
Irish and
Italian researchers were able to undertake an analysis of the mitochondrial DNA from six different items of the body's clothing and published their findings in the journal Scientific Reports. These showed that the shoelaces were made from the European genetic population of cattle. The
1021:
was explained by positing that the genetic mixing between neolithic farmers originating from
Anatolia and WHG was still an ongoing process. Also, examining the genetic sites involved in phenotypical traits, the authors concluded that the Iceman, among other things, had likely darker skin than
261:
Because of the presence of an arrowhead embedded in his left shoulder and various other wounds, researchers believe that Ötzi was killed by another person. The nature of his life and the circumstances of his death are the subject of much investigation and speculation. His remains and personal
330:
and the keeper of the nearby Similaunhütte first attempted to remove the body, which was frozen in ice below the torso, using a pneumatic drill and ice axes, but bad weather forced them to give up. Within a short time, eight groups visited the site, among whom were mountaineers
730:(a common female ancestor) that inhabits central Europe today. The coat was made from several animals from two different species and was stitched together using hides. The leggings were made from domesticated goat leather. A similar set of 5,000-year-old leggings discovered in
1105:
analysis reveal that he consumed fresh or dried wild meat. A previous study detected charcoal particles in his lower intestine, which indicate that fire was present during some part of the food preparation process, but it was likely used in drying out the meat or smoking it.
571:
technology, a facial reconstruction has been created for the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, Italy. It shows Ötzi looking old for his 45 years, with deep-set brown eyes, a beard, a furrowed face, and sunken cheeks. He is depicted as looking tired and ungroomed.
1286:
On 29 September 2008, it was announced that the provincial government and Mrs. Simon had reached a settlement of the dispute, under which she would receive €150,000 in recognition of Ötzi's discovery by her and her late husband and the tourist income that it attracts.
1184:
able to retrieve it on both occasions, and the blood on his coat was from a wounded comrade he may have carried over his back. Ötzi's posture in death (frozen body, face down, left arm bent across the chest) could support a hypothesis that, before death occurred and
4196:
614:, consisting of 19 groups of black lines ranging from 1–3 mm (0.039–0.118 in) in width and 7–40 mm (0.28–1.57 in) in length. These include groups of parallel lines running along the longitudinal axis of his body and to both sides of the
1089:, implying the intake of herbs, and several nutritious minerals indicating red meat or dairy consumption. Through analysis of DNA and protein traces, the researchers were able to identify the contents of Ötzi's last meal, composed of fat and meat from
4084:
Putzer, Andreas; Palazoglu, Mine; Meissen, John; Lösch, Sandra; Rausch, Philipp; Baines, John F.; Kim, Bum Jin; An, Hyun-Joo; Gostner, Paul; Egarter-Vigl, Eduard; Malfertheiner, Peter; Keller, Andreas; Stark, Robert W.; et al. (23 July 2018).
713:
who made shoes for other people". The reproductions were found to constitute such excellent footwear that it was reported that a Czech company offered to purchase the rights to sell them. However, a more recent hypothesis by British archaeologist
623:
pigment manufactured out of fireplace ash or soot. This pigment was then rubbed into small linear incisions or punctures. It has been suggested that Ötzi was repeatedly tattooed in the same locations, since the majority of them are quite dark.
1046:. These are the oldest complete human blood cells ever identified. In most bodies this old, the blood cells are either shrunken or mere remnants, but Ötzi's have the same dimensions as living red blood cells and resemble a modern-day sample.
1204:
Most research has assumed that Ötzi died at roughly the spot where he was found. In 2010, it was proposed that Ötzi died at a much lower altitude and was buried higher in the mountains, as posited by archaeologist Alessandro Vanzetti of the
3590:
Sartori, Alexander; Moreno-Estrada, Andres; Henn, Brenna; Sikora, Martin; Semino, Ornella; Chiaroni, Jacques; Rootsi, Siiri; Myres, Natalie M.; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Underhill, Peter A.; Bustamante, Carlos D.; et al. (2012).
929:. Analysis of his mitochondrial DNA showed that Ötzi belongs to the K1 subclade, but cannot be categorized into any of the three modern branches of that subclade (K1a, K1b, or K1c). The new subclade has provisionally been named
590:. During CT scans, it was observed that three or four of his right ribs had been cracked when he had been lying face down after death, or where the ice had crushed his body. One of his fingernails (of the two found) shows three
1080:Ötzi's stomach was completely full and its contents were mostly undigested. In 2018, researchers performed a thorough analysis of his stomach and intestines to gain insights on Chalcolithic meal composition and dietary habits.
1163:
from the wound, which would probably have been fatal even if modern medical techniques had been available. Further research found that the arrow's shaft had been removed before death, and close examination of the body found
1122:
The cause of death remained uncertain until 10 years after the discovery of the body. It was initially believed that Ötzi died from exposure during a winter storm. Later it was speculated that he may have been a victim of a
1158:
In 2001, X-rays and a CT scan revealed that Ötzi had an arrowhead lodged in his left shoulder when he died and a matching small tear on his coat. The discovery of the arrowhead prompted researchers to theorize Ötzi died of
1957:
1008:
ancestry, the disagreement with previous results being attributed to modern human contamination. While the absence in Ötzi's genome of genetic components from Western Steppe Herders (WSH) is not surprising because these
110:
2833:
2971:
48.5 mm long artefact known as a borer has its maximum thickness at its maximum width (7.8 x 13.5 mm) (Fig 1F)" and "The smallest item contained in the belt poach is a small flake of 19 x 12.5 x 1.6 mm size (Fig 1C)".
2721:
564:, it was postulated that Ötzi's lifestyle included long walks over hilly terrain. This degree of mobility is not characteristic of other Copper Age Europeans. This may indicate that Ötzi was a high-altitude shepherd.
1029:
men belong to the same paternal lineage (Y-DNA haplogroup G-L91) as Ötzi, and may share a common ancestor with Ötzi, and/or descend from close relatives of Ötzi. Scientists from the Institute of Legal Medicine at
898:. The blade part of the head extends out of the lashing and shows clear signs of having been used to chop and cut. At the time, such an axe would have been a valuable possession, important both as a tool and as a
885:
and did not undergo mechanical hardening. Despite the fact that copper ore sources in the Alpines are known to have been exploited at the time, a 2017 study indicated that the copper in the axe came from southern
3007:
Petraglia, Michael D.; Wierer, Ursula; Arrighi, Simona; Bertola, Stefano; Kaufmann, Günther; Baumgarten, Benno; Pedrotti, Annaluisa; Pernter, Patrizia; Pelegrin, Jacques (2018). Petraglia, Michael D. (ed.).
4709:"Oetzi The Iceman's discoverers finally compensated: A bitter dispute over the payment of a finder's fee for two hikers who discovered the world-famous Oetzi The Iceman mummy has finally been settled"
2549:
2339:
Pabst, M.A.; I Letofsky-Papst; E Bock; M Moser; L Dorfer; E Egarter-Vigl; F Hoffer (2009), "The Tattoos of the Tyrolean Iceman: A Light Microscopical, Ultrastructural and Element Analytical Study",
4718:
4572:
637:
in the lumbar spine and wear-and-tear degeneration in the knee and especially in the ankle joints. It has been speculated that these tattoos may have been part of pain relief treatments similar to
3463:
Ermini, Luca; Olivieri, Cristina; Rizzi, Ermanno; Corti, Giorgio; Bonnal, Raoul; Soares, Pedro; Luciani, Stefania; Marota, Isolina; De Bellis, Gianluca; Richards, Martin B.; Rollo, Franco (2008).
1118:
Reconstructions of Ötzi's last days, based on his last itinerary and meals, the state of his wounds, the causes of his death and the damaged and insufficient equipment, following multiple studies
479:, suggesting he had had a meal less than two hours before his death. Wheat grains were also found. It is believed that Ötzi most likely had a few slices of a dried, fatty meat, which came from a
1259:
climber, who alleged that she discovered the corpse first after falling into a crevice, and, shortly after returning to a mountain hut, asked Helmut Simon to take photographs of Ötzi. She cited
2954:
Wierer, U., Arrighi, S., Bertola, S., Kaufmann, G., Baumgarten, B., Pedrotti, A., Pernter, P. and Pelegrin, J. (2018) "The Iceman's lithic toolkit: Raw material, technology, typology and use".
3567:
3396:
Di Cristofaro, Julie; Mazières, Stéphane; Tous, Audrey; Di Gaetano, Cornelia; Lin, Alice A.; Nebbia, Paul; Piazza, Alberto; King, Roy J.; Underhill, Peter; Chiaroni, Jacques (1 August 2018).
1275:
14 years after Ötzi was found." In 2008, however, Jarc stated for a Slovene newspaper that she had written twice to the Bolzano court in regard to her claim but received no reply whatsoever.
709:
The shoes have since been reproduced by a Czech academic, who said that "because the shoes are actually quite complex, I'm convinced that even 5,300 years ago, people had the equivalent of a
3812:
Wang, Ke; Prüfer, Kay; Krause-Kyora, Ben; Childebayeva, Ainash; Schuenemann, Verena J.; Coia, Valentina; Maixner, Frank; Zink, Albert; Schiffels, Stephan; Krause, Johannes (16 August 2023).
2856:
4683:
359:
More specific estimates find that there was a 66% chance he died between 3239 and 3105 BC, a 33% chance he died between 3359 and 3294 BC, and a 1% chance he died between 3277 and 3268 BC.
2006:
Ruff, Christopher; Holt, BM; Sládek, V; Berner, M; Murphy, WA Jr; Zur Nedden, D; Seidler, H; Recheis, W (July 2006), "Body size, body proportions, and mobility in the Tyrolean "Iceman"",
3705:
3932:
937:. A multiplex assay study was able to confirm that the Iceman's mtDNA belongs to a previously unknown European mtDNA clade with a very limited distribution among modern data sets. By
921:
defined by the SNPs M201, P287, P15, L223 and L91 (G-L91, ISOGG G2a2b, former "G2a4"). He was not typed for any of the subclades downstreaming from G-L91; however, an analysis of his
2317:
1172:
indicative of a blow to the head. One of the cuts, to the base of his thumb, reached down to the bone but had no time to heal before his death. Currently, it is believed that Ötzi
3690:
1554:
Brida, Juan Gabriel; Meleddu, Marta; and Pulina, Manuela (1 November 2012). "Understanding Urban Tourism Attractiveness: The Case of the Archaeological Ötzi Museum in Bolzano".
660:
At one point, it was thought that Ötzi was the oldest tattooed human mummy yet discovered. In 2018, however, tattoos were discovered on nearly contemporaneous Egyptian mummies.
495:
wheat bran, quite possibly eaten in the form of bread. In the proximity of the body, and thus possibly originating from the Iceman's provisions, chaff and grains of einkorn and
2380:
Piombino-Mascali, Dario & Krutak, Lars (2020), Sheridan, Susan Guise & Gregoricka, Lesley A. (eds.), "Therapeutic Tattoos and Ancient Mummies: The Case of the Iceman",
1823:
2823:
2711:
74:
3514:"Genotyping human ancient mtDNA control and coding region polymorphisms with a multiplexed Single-Base-Extension assay: The singular maternal history of the Tyrolean Iceman"
4509:
722:. According to this theory, the item currently interpreted as part of a backpack is actually the wood frame and netting of one snowshoe and animal hide to cover the face.
1227:
The Ötzi memorial near Tisenjoch. Ötzi was found ca. 70 m NE of here, a place indicated with a red mark (not in this photo). The mountain in the background is the
594:, indicating he was sick three times in the six months before he died. The last incident, two months before he died, lasted about two weeks. It was also found that his
881:
with a right-angled crook at the shoulder, leading to the blade. The 9.5-centimetre-long (3.7 in) axe head is made of almost pure copper. It was produced through
4883:
Murphy, William A. Jr.; zur Nedden, Dieter; Gostner, Paul; Knapp, Rudolf; Recheis, Wolfgang; Seidler, Horst (24 January 2003), "The Iceman: Discovery and imaging",
1251:
In addition, two people came forward, each with a claim of being part of the same mountaineering party that had come across Ötzi and of discovering the body first:
663:
Many of Ötzi's tattoos originally went unnoticed, since they are difficult to see with the naked eye. In 2015, researchers photographed the body using noninvasive
471:
scan revealed that the stomach had shifted upward to where his lower lung area would normally be. Analysis of the contents revealed the partly digested remains of
322:
mountain and the Tisenjoch pass. When the tourists, Helmut and Erika Simon, first saw the body, they both believed that they had happened upon a recently deceased
545:
were found in Ötzi's hair. This, along with Ötzi's copper axe blade, which is 99.7% pure copper, has led scientists to speculate that Ötzi was involved in copper
3664:
3863:
of pigmentation among modern-day European groups,29 although it is lower than the score of ancient LBK farmers and the Luxembourg_Loschbour.DG hunter-gatherer.
411:, and dated. Tissues and intestinal contents have been examined microscopically, as have the items found with the body. In August 2004, frozen bodies of three
2072:
1908:
4708:
4382:
2545:
649:
1000 BC). For example, 9 of the 19 groups of his tattoos are located next to, or directly on, acupunctural areas used today, and most of the others are on
4227:
1034:
had analysed the DNA of over 3,700 Tyrolean male blood donors and found 19 (c. 0.5%) who shared the same paternal haplogroup with the 5,300-year-old man.
6504:
5092:
4407:
4569:
3512:
Endicott, Phillip; Sanchez, Juan J; Pichler, Irene; Brotherton, Paul; Brooks, Jerome; Egarter-Vigl, Eduard; Cooper, Alan; Pramstaller, Peter (2009).
3563:
2184:
2041:
5143:
4693:
2888:
O'Sullivan, Niall J.; Teasdale, Matthew D.; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Maixner, Frank; Pinhasi, Ron; Bradley, Daniel G.; Zink, Albert (18 August 2016).
2258:
2866:
2162:
483:
in South Tyrol, Italy. Analysis of Ötzi's intestinal contents showed two meals (the last one consumed about eight hours before his death), one of
6901:
6642:
6238:
1909:"The plant macro-remains from the Iceman site (Tisenjoch, Italian-Austrian border, eastern Alps): new results on the glacier mummy's environment"
4429:
3728:
1266:
Sandra Nemeth, from Switzerland, who contended that she had found the corpse before Helmut and Erika Simon and spat on it to make sure that her
691:. His belt had a pouch sewn to it that contained a cache of useful items: a scraper, a drill, a flint flake, a bone awl and a dried fungus (see
427:. One body was sent to a museum in the hope that research on how the environment had affected its preservation would help unravel Ötzi's past.
3713:
2444:
Dorfer, L; M Moser; F Bahr; K Spindler; E Egarter-Vigl; S Giullén; G Dohr; T Kenner (September 1999), "A medical report from the stone age?",
2651:
which makes raindrops roll off, with the comment "it was interesting that the 5,000-year-old Alpine traveler ... had a grass raincoat":
910:Ötzi's full genome was first sequenced in 2012; a new, high-coverage genome with much less modern human contamination was published in 2023.
4481:
3940:
2769:
1857:
1270:
would be found there later. She asked for a DNA test on the remains, but experts believed that there was little chance of finding any trace.
7028:
6857:
6366:
2283:
Samadelli, M; M Melis; M Miccoli; E Egarter-Vigl; AR Zink (2015), "Complete Mapping of the Tattoos of the 5300-year-old Tyrolean Iceman",
4460:
2313:
1730:
3686:
2619:
653:
and other acupunctural regions of the body and over arthritic joints. Ötzi's abdominal tattoos may have assuaged the intestinal pain of
6689:
6140:
4261:
Rollo F, et al. (2002), "Ötzi's last meals: DNA analysis of the intestinal content of the Neolithic glacier mummy from the Alps",
3564:"Ancient DNA reveals genetic relationship between today's Sardinians and Neolithic Europeans – HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology"
2982:
1831:
667:
techniques to capture images on different light wavelengths that are imperceptible by humans, revealing the remainder of his tattoos.
310:Ötzi was found on 19 September 1991 by two German tourists, at an elevation of 3,210 m (10,530 ft) on the east ridge of the
517:
was used to examine his diet from several months before. Pollen in the first meal showed that it had been consumed in a mid-altitude
4842:
629:
examination of Ötzi's bones showed "age-conditioned or strain-induced degeneration" corresponding to many tattooed areas, including
7003:
1992:
342:
The body was extracted on 22 September and salvaged the following day. It was transported to the office of the medical examiner in
79:
2890:"A whole mitochondria analysis of the Tyrolean Iceman's leather provides insights into the animal sources of Copper Age clothing"
2736:
1605:
1014:
439:Ötzi the Iceman, while still frozen in the glacier, photographed by Helmut Simon upon the discovery of the body in September 1991
5081:Ötzi Links ... Der Mann aus dem Eis vom Hauslabjoch – a list of links to websites about Ötzi in English, German and Italian
4541:
368:
5042:
5021:
5002:
4983:
4960:
4938:
3883:
3121:
3088:
2669:
2429:
2397:
1967:
1892:
1706:
1437:
1389:
1362:
5136:
4607:
3213:
Artioli, Gilberto; Angelini, Ivana; Kaufmann, Günther; Canovaro, Caterina; Dal Sasso, Gregorio; Villa, Igor Maria (2017).
4350:
1798:
4625:
4326:
4869:
4663:
4454:
3906:
2131:
2797:
7033:
6267:
5173:
4519:
3640:
1460:
392:
263:
7068:
6474:
6361:
4952:
491:
and herb bread; both were eaten with roots and fruits. The grain also eaten with both meals was a highly processed
1939:
7043:
7023:
6886:
6277:
5315:
5129:
4928:
2113:
4372:
4237:
1456:
3183:
2684:
1537:
1407:
925:
file revealed that he belongs to the L166 and FGC5672 subclades below L91. G-L91 is now mostly found in South
237:
of a man who lived between 3350 and 3105 BC. Ötzi's remains were discovered on 19 September 1991, in the
7048:
6499:
6029:
5289:
5104:
1000:
ancestry – in fact, the highest among European populations of the same time—with a lesser contribution from
5357:
4397:
7053:
6494:
6034:
5507:
3733:
1317:
1031:
942:
5183:
2647:
by Shirley Corriher, the point is made (in relation to cooking) that plant leaves have a waterproof, waxy
1621:"Iceman is defrosted for gene tests: New techniques may link Copper Age shepherd to present-day relatives"
1379:
1352:
5460:
4773:
4233:
3080:
2192:
2049:
1827:
1206:
650:
7038:
6762:
6563:
4769:
2661:
2158:
1280:
958:
301:
4421:
3136:
Capasso, Luigi (December 1998), "5300 years ago, the Ice Man used natural laxatives and antibiotics",
1639:
464:, north of Bolzano, but later went to live in valleys about 50 kilometres (31 mi) farther north.
6568:
6383:
5113:
RadioLab interviews Albert Zink, Head of EURAC Research and the scientist in charge of Ötzi research.
5076:"Death of the Iceman" – a synopsis of a BBC Horizon TV documentary first broadcast on 7 February 2002
4790:"New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing"
3760:
Ames, S. K.; Hysom, D. A.; Gardner, S. N.; Lloyd, G. S.; Gokhale, M. B.; Allen, J. E. (4 July 2013).
3738:
3592:"New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing"
3284:"New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing"
2490:
1236:
468:
2746:
1620:
1072:
from Northern India; the strain itself is, of course, older than the modern Northern Indian strain.
285:
7018:
7008:
6757:
5849:
5394:
5066:
New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing
1307:
251:
246:
103:
5921:
5916:
511:(small plum-like fruits of the blackthorn tree) and various seeds of berries growing in the wild.
31:
6874:
6784:
5956:
5723:
5542:
5475:
5207:
4746:, Division of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences,
4475:
3113:
1853:
1098:
1018:
1001:
962:
351:
87:
7063:
5086:
5065:
804:(stabilizing fins), while the other 12 were unfinished and untipped. The arrows were found in a
452:
were missing, but this was later shown to be unfounded. Analysis of pollen, dust grains and the
7013:
6962:
6836:
6442:
6333:
6321:
6017:
5758:
5597:
5234:
5168:
5152:
3398:"Prehistoric migrations through the Mediterranean basin shaped Corsican Y-chromosome diversity"
3215:"Long-distance connections in the Copper Age: New evidence from the Alpine Iceman's copper axe"
2384:, Bioarchaeology and Social Theory, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 119–136,
1697:
Egarter-Vigl, Eduard (2006), "The Preservation of the Iceman Mummy", in Marco Samadelli (ed.),
1058:
1005:
997:
954:
355:
4995:
The Man in the Ice: The Preserved Body of a Neolithic Man Reveals the Secrets of the Stone Age
4444:
3814:"High-coverage genome of the Tyrolean Iceman reveals unusually high Anatolian farmer ancestry"
3333:"High-coverage genome of the Tyrolean Iceman reveals unusually high Anatolian farmer ancestry"
1722:
816:
tool which might have been used for sharpening arrow points. There was also an unfinished yew
645:, though Ötzi lived at least 2,000 years before their previously known earliest use in China (
6701:
6637:
6511:
6204:
6130:
5904:
5899:
5837:
5776:
5713:
5661:
5654:
5200:
5116:
4747:
17:
6086:
4789:
346:, together with other objects found nearby. On 24 September, the find was examined there by
6967:
6918:
6913:
6896:
6891:
6869:
6659:
6373:
6226:
6118:
6022:
5815:
5500:
5299:
5242:
4804:
4270:
4039:
3603:
3409:
3295:
3226:
3021:
2903:
2584:
2348:
2089:
1763:
1499:
1010:
979:
922:
918:
758:
416:
5470:
5075:
2824:"It becometh the iceman: clothing study reveals stylish secrets of leather-loving ancient"
1672:
8:
6957:
6622:
6427:
6260:
5793:
5666:
5547:
5522:
4870:"We know Oetzi had fleas, his last supper was steak ... and he died 5,300 years ago"
4852:
4713:
4688:
4549:
3687:"Tratti genetici comuni tra la mummia Oetzi e gli attuali abitanti di Sardegna e Corsica"
2861:
2716:
2571:
Deter-Wolf, Aaron; Robitaille, Benoît; Krutak, Lars; Galliot, Sébastien (February 2016).
2080:
1486:
Bonani, Georges; Ivy, Susan D.; Hajdas, Irena; Niklaus, Thomas R.; Suter, Martin (1994).
1329:
1193:
1063:
970:
961:
from Anatolia to Europe in large numbers during the 7th millennium BC, replacing earlier
675:
664:
599:
582:
4808:
4274:
4043:
3848:
3813:
3607:
3413:
3359:
3332:
3299:
3230:
3025:
2907:
2588:
2352:
2093:
1984:
1767:
1503:
1057:
In 2016, researchers reported on a study from the extraction of twelve samples from the
862:
kit. The kit featured pieces of over a dozen different plants, in addition to flint and
6908:
6811:
6713:
6526:
5708:
5438:
5404:
4763:
4178:
4118:
4085:
4060:
4025:
3996:
3963:
3786:
3761:
3656:
3540:
3513:
3494:
3440:
3397:
3249:
3163:
3052:
3009:
2932:
2894:
2889:
2770:"How Otzi the Iceman outfitted himself: Fur from brown bears and leather from roe deer"
2600:
2526:
2469:
2403:
1931:
1787:
1579:
1488:"Ams 14 C Age Determinations of Tissue, Bone and Grass Samples from the Ötztal Ice Man"
1296:
1102:
895:
4293:
3150:
2572:
2489:
Zink, Albert; Samadelli, Marco; Gostner, Paul; Piombino-Mascali, Dario (1 June 2019).
2457:
2101:
1752:
Müller W, et al. (31 October 2003), "Origin and Migration of the Alpine Iceman",
1597:
1188:
set in, the Iceman was turned onto his belly in the effort to remove the arrow shaft.
444:
after his death, it had only partially deteriorated. Initial reports claimed that his
6950:
6940:
6930:
6879:
6536:
6454:
5748:
5733:
5718:
5698:
5589:
5568:
5379:
5222:
5038:
5017:
4998:
4979:
4972:
Iceman: Uncovering the Life and Times of a Prehistoric Man Found in an Alpine Glacier
4956:
4934:
4908:
4900:
4822:
4515:
4450:
4298:
4182:
4170:
4162:
4123:
4105:
4065:
4030:
4001:
3983:
3853:
3835:
3791:
3621:
3545:
3486:
3445:
3427:
3364:
3313:
3254:
3214:
3155:
3117:
3107:
3084:
3077:
Iceman: Uncovering the Life and Times of a Prehistoric Man found in an Alpine Glacier
3057:
3039:
2937:
2919:
2774:
2665:
2604:
2518:
2510:
2461:
2425:
2407:
2393:
2105:
2023:
1963:
1888:
1779:
1754:
1702:
1583:
1571:
1517:
1433:
1426:
Iceman: Uncovering the Life and Times of a Prehistoric Man Found in an Alpine Glacier
1385:
1358:
332:
254:. He is Europe's oldest known natural human mummy, offering an unprecedented view of
4598:<Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> (29 September 2008),
3777:
3660:
3498:
3167:
2530:
2473:
1983:<Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> (16 September 2002),
1935:
1791:
1239:
of 25% of the value of Ötzi. In 1994 the authorities offered a "symbolic" reward of
767:
a) Dagger, b) Endscraper, c) Small flake, d) Arrowhead 14, e) Arrowhead 12, f) Borer
7058:
6945:
6852:
6595:
6378:
6178:
6098:
6054:
5854:
5676:
5527:
5487:
5071:
Iceman Photoscan, published by EURAC Research, Institute for Mummies and the Iceman
4892:
4812:
4288:
4278:
4154:
4113:
4097:
4055:
4047:
3991:
3975:
3875:
3843:
3825:
3781:
3773:
3648:
3611:
3535:
3525:
3476:
3435:
3417:
3354:
3344:
3303:
3244:
3234:
3145:
3047:
3029:
2963:
2927:
2911:
2653:
2592:
2502:
2453:
2385:
2356:
2292:
2097:
2015:
1923:
1879:
Holden, T.G. (2002), "The Food Remains from the Colon of the Tyrolean Ice Man", in
1771:
1563:
1507:
1260:
703:
615:
420:
412:
336:
169:
80:
6998:
6437:
854:
properties, and was probably used for medicinal purposes. The other was a type of
6826:
6796:
6558:
6486:
6464:
6422:
6317:
6287:
6152:
6147:
5798:
5681:
5252:
5097:
4847:
4576:
4545:
4142:
3422:
3239:
3034:
2967:
2596:
2296:
2019:
1541:
1411:
1127:
1086:
966:
878:
630:
591:
435:
380:
354:. He dated the find to be "at least four thousand years old" on the basis of the
4599:
4538:
3762:"Scalable metagenomic taxonomy classification using a reference genome database"
2389:
1114:
6935:
6862:
6684:
6649:
6580:
6469:
6341:
6049:
5634:
5624:
5445:
5426:
5110:
3830:
3349:
2506:
2045:
1173:
974:
508:
323:
4896:
4344:
4316:
4101:
3652:
3481:
3464:
2360:
2232:
1927:
1806:
1512:
1487:
460:
indicates that he spent his childhood near the present South Tyrol village of
315:
238:
151:
6992:
6821:
6806:
6752:
6730:
6627:
6615:
6531:
6400:
6282:
6243:
6231:
6219:
5931:
5842:
5771:
5512:
5455:
5433:
5342:
5274:
5269:
5247:
4904:
4741:
4322:
4166:
4109:
3987:
3839:
3431:
3103:
3043:
2923:
2514:
1575:
1567:
1521:
1311:
1094:
1026:
938:
899:
855:
847:
800:
shafts. Two of the arrows, which were broken, were tipped with flint and had
773:
514:
347:
234:
195:
5362:
5080:
4655:
4051:
3530:
2712:"Now you can walk in footsteps of 5,000-year-old Iceman – wearing his boots"
2137:
1775:
1243:
10 million (€5,200), which the Simons declined. In 2003, the Simons filed a
6740:
6696:
6677:
6632:
6432:
6356:
6113:
6108:
6064:
5691:
5573:
5537:
5517:
5369:
5347:
5259:
4975:
4912:
4826:
4581:
4402:
4377:
4302:
4283:
4174:
4127:
4069:
4005:
3979:
3857:
3795:
3625:
3549:
3490:
3449:
3368:
3317:
3258:
3061:
2941:
2828:
2522:
2465:
2109:
2027:
1880:
1783:
1644:
1625:
1240:
1228:
1185:
1131:
1042:
In May 2012, scientists announced the discovery that Ötzi still had intact
984:
914:
859:
851:
561:
476:
457:
311:
255:
199:
6789:
4398:"How Oetzi the Iceman was stabbed in the back and lost his fight for life"
3159:
874:
6779:
6769:
6725:
6720:
6672:
6610:
6573:
6546:
6447:
6417:
6292:
6214:
6135:
6123:
5884:
5869:
5859:
5830:
5788:
5703:
5671:
5619:
5552:
5389:
5264:
5121:
5087:
Otzi, the 5,300 Year Old Iceman from the Alps: Pictures & Information
4631:
3010:"The Iceman's lithic toolkit: Raw material, technology, typology and use"
1211:
1169:
1143:
735:
731:
715:
642:
638:
634:
568:
472:
445:
384:
376:
372:
327:
271:
3382:
2887:
1134:. This explanation was inspired by theories previously advanced for the
823:
6923:
6816:
6774:
6590:
6553:
6516:
6412:
5999:
5911:
5738:
5639:
5612:
5532:
5330:
5284:
5195:
5163:
4817:
3616:
3591:
3308:
3283:
2282:
1649:
1147:
1043:
950:
836:
809:
747:
727:
461:
129:
4158:
2915:
2211:
Museo archeologico dell'Alto Adige (South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology)
2206:
996:
The 2023 study on Ötzi's genome found a very high proportion (90%) of
46:
6831:
6600:
6585:
6183:
6168:
6093:
6076:
5994:
5879:
5820:
5810:
5805:
5728:
5607:
5495:
5421:
5188:
5178:
4874:
4537:
A. Vanzetti, M. Vidale, M. Gallinaro, D.W. Frayer, and L. Bondioli. "
4489:
2741:
965:
as dominant population. DNA analysis also showed him at high risk of
946:
891:
801:
710:
626:
619:
595:
480:
343:
2546:"It's official: Ötzi the Iceman has the oldest tattoos in the world"
2488:
1464:
987:. A later analysis suggested the sequence may have been a different
890:. It was let into the forked end of the crook and fixed there using
698:
6605:
6541:
6388:
6346:
6081:
5989:
5864:
5686:
5649:
5629:
4843:"Oetzi the Neolithic Iceman was killed by an arrow, say scientists"
4495:
3962:
Janko, Marek; Stark, Robert W.; and Zink, Albert (7 October 2012).
3395:
3191:
2688:
2259:"A DNA Analysis Upends What We Thought Ötzi the Iceman Looked Like"
1534:
1404:
1263:, who was also present in the mountain hut, as the witness to this.
1256:
1180:
and damaged nerves and blood vessels before lodging near the lung.
1160:
1135:
1081:
989:
843:
840:
793:
785:
743:
719:
654:
587:
546:
534:
in the autumn; these must have been stored from the previous year.
488:
424:
319:
165:
4338:
4336:
4082:
3811:
3282:
Keller, Andreas; Graefen, Angela; et al. (28 February 2012).
2338:
6667:
6459:
6405:
6351:
6173:
5979:
5889:
5743:
5644:
5602:
5465:
5384:
5337:
5325:
4086:"The Iceman's Last Meal Consisted of Fat, Wild Meat, and Cereals"
2857:"Here's What the Iceman Was Wearing When He Died 5,300 Years Ago"
2648:
2570:
2491:"Possible evidence for care and treatment in the Tyrolean Iceman"
1323:
1244:
1223:
1177:
926:
887:
882:
832:
817:
797:
542:
518:
492:
484:
453:
449:
396:
267:
133:
5070:
3511:
1004:
ancestry, but (in contrast to the 2012 research) no evidence of
6735:
6272:
6250:
6103:
6039:
5984:
5374:
5352:
5320:
5294:
4949:
The Iceman and His Natural Environment: Palaeobotanical Results
4333:
3465:"Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of the Tyrolean Iceman"
3212:
1959:
The Iceman and his Natural Environment: Palaeobotanical Results
1165:
1124:
877:
is 60 cm (24 in) long and made from carefully worked
863:
813:
805:
789:
683:). Museum: Reconstruction of the neolithic clothes worn by Ötzi
611:
538:
526:
522:
496:
68:
45:
For a definition of the term "oatsy", see the Wiktionary entry
2071:
Dickson, James H.; Oeggl, Klaus; Handly, Linda L. (May 2003),
521:
forest, and other pollens indicated the presence of wheat and
6801:
6521:
6255:
6209:
6071:
5926:
5874:
5450:
5416:
3964:"Preservation of 5300 year old red blood cells in the Iceman"
3006:
2443:
1751:
781:
777:
688:
557:
553:
504:
408:
388:
39:
4882:
4026:"The 5300-year-old Helicobacter pylori genome of the Iceman"
3706:"Ötzi the Iceman: What we know 30 years after his discovery"
2382:
Purposeful Pain: The Bioarchaeology of Intentional Suffering
6747:
6708:
6188:
6044:
5974:
5894:
5766:
5279:
5093:"Five millennia on, Iceman of Bolzano gives up DNA secrets"
4422:"USATODAY.com – 'Iceman' was murdered, science sleuths say"
1235:
Italian law entitled the Simons to a finders' fee from the
1090:
772:
Other items found with the Iceman were a copper axe with a
531:
525:, which may have been domesticated crops. Pollen grains of
500:
1699:
The Chalcolithic Mummy, Volume 3, In Search of Immortality
6059:
5825:
5783:
5107:
High definition image of a reconstruction of Ötzi's face.
5060:
5014:
La Mummia del Similaun: Ötzi, l'uomo venuto dal ghiaccio
4197:"Who Killed the Iceman? Clues Emerge in a Very Cold Case"
3178:
3176:
1906:
1267:
1139:
945:, especially to geographically isolated populations like
870:
218:
3462:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2231:
Garlinghouse, Tom; Leggett, Jessica (14 December 2021).
154:, near Tisenjoch on the border between Austria and Italy
4677:
4675:
4673:
4260:
3588:
3281:
1199:
4554:. Volume: 84 Number: 325 Page: 681–692. September 2010
3173:
2379:
1640:"Mummy Melodrama: Top 9 Secrets About Otzi the Iceman"
1485:
1085:
suggests what kinds of food he generally ate, such as
858:, included with part of what appeared to be a complex
5012:
De Marinis, Raffaele C.; Brillante, Giuseppe (1998),
3759:
2366:
1885:
Bones and the Man: Studies in Honour of Don Brothwell
846:
with leather strings through them. One of these, the
718:
is that Ötzi's shoes were actually the upper part of
4670:
3933:"World's Oldest Blood Found in Famed "Iceman" Mummy"
3876:"Link to Oetzi the Iceman found in living Austrians"
3184:"The Axe – Ötzi – South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology"
2005:
1451:
1449:
983:, possibly making him the earliest known human with
407:
The corpse has been extensively examined, measured,
5011:
4947:Bortenschlager, Sigmar; Oeggl, Klaus, eds. (2000),
4946:
4318:
Arrow points to foul play in ancient iceman's death
4023:
3000:
2687:. South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology. Archived from
2652:
2620:"Infrared Reveals Egyptian Mummies' Hidden Tattoos"
2230:
2123:
1955:
1612:
4585:, 25 September 2010. (Retrieved 19 September 2010)
4533:
4531:
2070:
1824:"Iceman's Stomach Sampled – Filled With Goat Meat"
1553:
5032:
3641:"Iceman's DNA reveals health risks and relations"
2658:Cookwise: The Hows and Whys of Successful Cooking
1446:
1414:at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology web site
746:, the fur hat was made from a genetic lineage of
605:
6990:
4446:In the Beginning: An Introduction to Archaeology
2798:"New details emerge about Neolithic age in Alps"
2314:"Scan finds new tattoos on 5300-year-old Iceman"
2207:"Ötzi the Iceman, Museum of Archaeology Bolzano"
1854:"Iceman Oetzi's last meal was 'Stone Age bacon'"
1371:
1025:In October 2013, it was reported that 19 modern
5033:Fleckinger, Angelika; Steiner, Hubert (2000) ,
4627:Ötzi: Iceman of the Alps: Finder's fee lawsuits
4593:
4591:
4528:
4477:Blow to head, not arrow, killed Otzi the iceman
4263:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4019:
4017:
4015:
2734:
2307:
2305:
1428:. University of Chicago Press. p. 37
1153:
4997:, translated by Ewald Osers, London: Phoenix,
4684:"Cold case comes to court – After 5,300 years"
4619:
4617:
4143:"The Current Situation of the Tyrolean Iceman"
3961:
1907:A.G. Heiss & K. Oeggl (19 February 2008),
1301:– a 2017 fictional film about the life of Ötzi
5137:
4658:[Magdalena Won't Get Paid for Ötzi].
4256:
4254:
4229:Was ancient alpine "Iceman" killed in battle?
3277:
3275:
1956:Bortenschlager, Sigmar; Oeggl, Klaus (2012).
1377:
38:"Oatsy" redirects here. For the company, see
4588:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4442:
4346:Ötzi: Iceman of the Alps: Scientific studies
4024:Maixner F, Krause-Kyora B (8 January 2016).
4012:
3807:
3805:
2484:
2482:
2302:
1696:
1168:and cuts to the hands, wrists and chest and
1015:did not arrive in Europe until about 2900 BC
552:By examination of the proportions of Ötzi's
4614:
4140:
3129:
1344:
831:In addition, among Ötzi's possessions were
702:A replica of Ötzi the iceman's shoe at the
27:Natural mummy of a man who lived c. 3300 BC
5151:
5144:
5130:
4743:Plants and the Iceman: Ötzi's last journey
4570:Prehistoric 'Iceman' gets ceremonial twist
4251:
3272:
2577:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
2543:
2311:
2233:"Ötzi the Iceman: The famous frozen mummy"
1670:
1320:– roughly contemporaneous Egyptian mummies
1017:, the unusually low contribution from the
305:Discovery site marked on a map of the Alps
4867:
4816:
4557:
4292:
4282:
4117:
4059:
3995:
3907:"Identifying Ötzi the Iceman's Relatives"
3904:
3847:
3829:
3802:
3785:
3720:
3704:Pinkowski, Jennifer (15 September 2021).
3703:
3689:(in Italian). Tiscali. 28 February 2012.
3615:
3539:
3529:
3480:
3439:
3421:
3358:
3348:
3307:
3248:
3238:
3149:
3051:
3033:
2931:
2737:"Iceman was wearing 'earliest snowshoes'"
2479:
1962:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1511:
73:Reconstruction of Ötzi mummy as shown in
4992:
4933:, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, p. 64,
4487:
4443:Fagan, Brian M.; Durrani, Nadia (2015).
4141:Zink, Albert R.; Maixner, Frank (2019).
3638:
2419:
2185:"Iceman Lived a While After Arrow Wound"
2042:"The Iceman Mummy: Finally Face to Face"
1378:Chwaszcza, Joachim; Bell, Brian (1993).
1350:
1222:
1113:
822:
820:that was 1.82 m (72 in) long.
757:
697:
692:
674:
434:
5105:"The Iceman Mummy: Finally Face to Face
4840:
4739:
4706:
4650:
4648:
4511:The Cambridge World History of Violence
4507:
4480:, Australian Broadcasting Corporation,
4473:
4395:
4389:
3968:Journal of the Royal Society, Interface
3135:
2983:"The Final Hours of the Iceman's Tools"
2795:
2767:
2709:
2495:International Journal of Paleopathology
2039:
1887:, Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 35–40,
1618:
1210:being re-frozen. While archaeobotanist
1190:The Cambridge World History of Violence
738:, were made from goat leather as well.
507:were discovered, as well as kernels of
369:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of 1919
14:
6991:
6393:
4969:
4787:
4761:
4610:from the original on 30 September 2008
4373:"Iceman bled to death, scientists say"
4207:from the original on 26 September 2017
3667:from the original on 11 September 2016
3102:
3096:
3074:
2564:
2544:Deter-Wolf, Aaron (11 November 2015).
2256:
2165:from the original on 25 September 2011
2159:"Iceman Had Bad Teeth: Discovery News"
2040:Lorenzi, Rossella (25 February 2011).
1878:
1815:
1723:"Otzi, The Iceman – Facts and Details"
1423:
1332:– well-preserved Central Asian mummies
1061:of Ötzi to analyze the origins of the
873:was of particular interest. His axe's
753:
402:
6315:
5954:
5220:
5125:
4740:Dickson, James Holms (28 June 2005),
4656:"Magdaleni ne bodo plačali za Ötzija"
4491:Ancient murder mystery takes new turn
4463:from the original on 5 February 2017.
4410:from the original on 9 December 2007.
4353:from the original on 2 September 2015
3905:Bettinger, Blaine (16 October 2013).
2980:
2854:
2821:
2617:
2552:from the original on 15 November 2015
2320:from the original on 17 November 2015
2312:Deter-Wolf, Aaron (22 January 2015).
2033:
1049:
318:on the Austrian–Italian border, near
245:
102:
6316:
4926:
4788:Keller, Andreas (28 February 2012),
4681:
4645:
4623:
4484:from the original on 11 October 2007
4474:Lorenzi, Rossella (31 August 2007),
4342:
4314:
4225:
3930:
3886:from the original on 12 October 2013
3726:
3330:
2735:Hammond, Norman (21 February 2005).
2161:. News.discovery.com. 15 June 2011.
2133:Ötzi: Iceman of the Alps: His health
2129:
1860:from the original on 7 November 2017
1821:
1237:South Tyrolean provincial government
1200:Alternative theory of death location
670:
7029:Archaeological discoveries in Italy
4721:from the original on 2 October 2008
4707:Squires, Nick (29 September 2008),
4488:Winfield, Nicole (30 August 2007),
4370:
4329:from the original on 23 August 2014
3570:from the original on 8 October 2016
2981:Fleur, Nicholas St (21 June 2018).
2836:from the original on 30 August 2016
2768:Netburn, Deborah (18 August 2016).
1619:Carroll, Rory (26 September 2000),
905:
657:, which he is thought to have had.
24:
4868:Macintyre, Ben (1 November 2003),
4728:
4600:"'Iceman' row ends after 17 years"
4432:from the original on 27 June 2012.
4385:from the original on 13 March 2016
3727:Hall, Stephen S. (November 2011).
3693:from the original on 2 March 2012.
1995:from the original on 30 March 2015
953:. He was part of the migration of
941:, Ötzi is most closely related to
419:(1918) were found on the mountain
25:
7080:
6268:Megalithic architectural elements
5054:
4916:. Online pre-publication version.
4841:Kennedy, Frances (26 July 2001),
4666:from the original on 18 May 2015.
4624:Deem, James M. (September 2008),
4343:Deem, James M. (3 January 2008),
2855:Romey, Kristin (18 August 2016).
2724:from the original on 29 June 2011
2341:Journal of Archaeological Science
2130:Deem, James M. (3 January 2008),
2102:10.1038/scientificamerican0503-70
1608:from the original on 30 June 2006
1598:"WWI bodies are found on glacier"
1461:South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology
1192:(2020) cited Ötzi as evidence of
1109:
913:According to the 2012 study, the
750:which lives in the region today.
393:South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology
362:
264:South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology
262:belongings are on exhibit at the
219:South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology
210:160 cm (5 ft 3 in)
5955:
4762:Fowler, Brenda (November 2002),
4662:(in Slovenian). 9 October 2008.
4597:
4315:Pain, Stephanie (26 July 2001),
2822:Davis, Nicola (30 August 2016).
2796:Bechtel, Dale (21 August 2008).
2618:Daley, Jason (5 December 2019).
1982:
1720:
1457:"The Incredible Age of the Find"
1326:– well-preserved Iranian mummies
1255:Magdalena Mohar Jarc, a retired
1218:
1002:European hunter-gatherer-related
291:
284:
67:
7004:1991 archaeological discoveries
6887:Evolutionary origin of religion
4700:
4501:
4467:
4436:
4414:
4396:Carroll, Rory (21 March 2002).
4364:
4308:
4226:Ives, Sarah (30 October 2003),
4219:
4189:
4134:
4076:
3955:
3924:
3898:
3868:
3753:
3697:
3679:
3632:
3582:
3556:
3505:
3456:
3389:
3375:
3324:
3206:
3068:
2974:
2948:
2881:
2848:
2815:
2789:
2761:
2728:
2710:Krosnar, Katka (17 July 2005),
2703:
2677:
2637:
2611:
2537:
2437:
2413:
2332:
2276:
2257:Hrodey, Matt (23 August 2023).
2250:
2224:
2199:
2177:
2151:
2064:
1999:
1976:
1949:
1900:
1872:
1846:
1745:
1733:from the original on 1 May 2017
1714:
1690:
1671:transcript (17 February 2016).
1664:
1632:
812:, an unidentified tool, and an
5089:(last updated 27 October 2004)
5083:(last updated 28 January 2006)
4682:Pisa, Nick (22 October 2005),
4514:. Cambridge University Press.
4508:LeBlanc, Steven (March 2020).
3331:Wang, Ke; et al. (2023).
1590:
1547:
1528:
1479:
1417:
1398:
1304:Similar archaeological finds:
1248:government decided to appeal.
1176:after the arrow shattered the
827:A replica of Ötzi's copper axe
808:with what is presumed to be a
606:Skeletal details and tattooing
399:, the capital of South Tyrol.
13:
1:
6500:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
6030:British megalith architecture
4630:, Mummy Tombs, archived from
3778:10.1093/bioinformatics/btt389
3151:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)79939-6
2458:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)12242-0
2424:, Phoenix, pp. 178–184,
2191:. 10 May 2017. Archived from
2136:, Mummy Tombs, archived from
1338:
1314:– high-altitude Incan mummies
646:
145:
122:
6495:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
6035:Nordic megalith architecture
3423:10.1371/journal.pone.0200641
3240:10.1371/journal.pone.0179263
3035:10.1371/journal.pone.0198292
2968:10.1371/journal.pone.0198292
2597:10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.11.007
2573:"The World's Oldest Tattoos"
2297:10.1016/j.culher.2014.12.005
2285:Journal of Cultural Heritage
2020:10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.02.001
1701:, Folio Verlag, p. 54,
1405:Description of the Discovery
1354:Carried Away: All About Bags
1318:Gebelein predynastic mummies
1154:Arrowhead and blood analyses
1032:Innsbruck Medical University
839:baskets, and two species of
681:Schnals valley / South Tyrol
292:
277:
241:(hence the nickname "Ötzi",
128:near the present village of
75:Prehistory Museum of Quinson
7:
5061:Official website about Ötzi
5035:L'uomo venuto dal ghiaccio
5016:, Venice, Italy: Marsilio,
4733:
3081:University of Chicago Press
2390:10.1007/978-3-030-32181-9_6
1290:
1207:Sapienza University of Rome
973:, with the presence of the
415:soldiers killed during the
326:. The next day, a mountain
10:
7085:
6643:British Isles and Brittany
6564:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
3931:Owen, James (2 May 2012).
3831:10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100377
3350:10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100377
2662:William Morrow and Company
2507:10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.07.006
2008:Journal of Human Evolution
1883:; O'Connor, Terry (eds.),
1822:Than, Ker (23 June 2011).
1799:"Who was Ötzi the Iceman?"
1556:Journal of Travel Research
1075:
742:quiver was made from wild
586:(whipworm), an intestinal
36:
29:
6845:
6658:
6485:
6332:
6328:
6311:
6197:
6161:
6010:
5967:
5963:
5950:
5757:
5588:
5561:
5486:
5412:
5403:
5308:
5233:
5229:
5221:
5216:
5159:
5037:, Bolzano, Italy: Folio,
4993:Spindler, Konrad (2001),
4897:10.1148/radiol.2263020338
4371:Jha, Alok (7 June 2007),
4102:10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.067
3653:10.1038/nature.2012.10130
3482:10.1016/j.cub.2008.09.028
2420:Spindler, Konrad (1995),
2361:10.1016/j.jas.2009.06.016
2073:"The Iceman Reconsidered"
1928:10.1007/s00334-007-0140-8
1513:10.1017/S0033822200040534
1381:Italian Alps, South Tyrol
963:European hunter-gatherers
917:DNA of Ötzi belongs to a
575:
214:
206:
202:(Copper Age) European man
190:
159:
141:
118:
95:
66:
59:
4920:
4234:National Geographic News
1568:10.1177/0047287512437858
1410:13 December 2011 at the
1351:Chenoune, Farid (2005).
1308:Children of Llullaillaco
1093:and red deer as well as
1037:
1019:Western Hunter Gatherers
998:Anatolian farmer-related
258:(Copper Age) Europeans.
7069:People from South Tyrol
6875:Evolutionary musicology
6278:Oldest extant buildings
6205:Archaeological features
5724:Prepared-core technique
4970:Fowler, Brenda (2000),
4052:10.1126/science.aad2545
3911:The Genetic Genealogist
3639:Callaway, Ewen (2012).
3531:10.1186/1471-2156-10-29
3114:Oxford University Press
3075:Fowler, Brenda (2001),
1776:10.1126/science.1089837
1424:Fowler, Brenda (2001).
1099:atomic force microscopy
610:Ötzi had a total of 61
430:
352:University of Innsbruck
350:Konrad Spindler of the
148:3230 BC (aged about 45)
88:Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
7044:Deaths by arrow wounds
7024:32nd-century BC people
6837:Unchambered long cairn
6685:Mound Builders culture
6018:Neolithic architecture
5153:Prehistoric technology
4765:The Iceman's last meal
4539:The iceman as a burial
4284:10.1073/pnas.192184599
3980:10.1098/rsif.2012.0174
1463:. 2013. Archived from
1232:
1130:, perhaps for being a
1119:
1059:gastrointestinal tract
955:early European farmers
828:
769:
764:Ötzi lithic assemblage
706:
684:
440:
173:
6512:List of Stone Age art
5714:Microblade technology
5662:Langdale axe industry
5260:Ard / plough
4797:Nature Communications
4748:University of Glasgow
3716:on 15 September 2021.
3596:Nature Communications
3288:Nature Communications
1985:"Iceman's final meal"
1916:Veget Hist Archaeobot
1226:
1117:
1011:"Proto-Indo-European"
866:for creating sparks.
826:
761:
701:
678:
438:
371:, the border between
132:(Velturno), north of
100:German pronunciation:
32:Ötzi (disambiguation)
7049:Deaths from bleeding
7034:Austria–Italy border
6919:Prehistoric medicine
6914:Prehistoric counting
6897:Prehistoric religion
6892:Paleolithic religion
6870:Behavioral modernity
6227:Causewayed enclosure
6119:Abri de la Madeleine
5243:Neolithic Revolution
4927:Deem, James (2008),
4096:(14): 2348–2355.e9.
3566:. 19 November 2015.
3083:, pp. 105–106,
2685:"The Belt and Pouch"
2624:Smithsonian Magazine
1809:on 17 December 2007.
1384:. Houghton Mifflin.
980:Borrelia burgdorferi
923:Binary Alignment Map
693:#Tools and equipment
580:Ötzi apparently had
537:High levels of both
417:Battle of San Matteo
302:class=notpageimage|
252:Austria–Italy border
180:Man from Hauslabjoch
30:For other uses, see
7054:History of the Alps
6958:Prehistoric warfare
5704:Magdalenian culture
5667:Levallois technique
5598:Earliest toolmaking
4930:Bodies from the Ice
4809:2012NatCo...3..698K
4803:, nature.com: 698,
4714:The Daily Telegraph
4689:The Daily Telegraph
4275:2002PNAS...9912594R
4269:(20): 12594–12599,
4044:2016Sci...351..162M
3937:National Geographic
3882:. 10 October 2013.
3734:National Geographic
3710:National Geographic
3608:2012NatCo...3..698K
3414:2018PLoSO..1300641D
3300:2012NatCo...3..698K
3231:2017PLoSO..1279263A
3194:on 16 November 2010
3026:2018PLoSO..1398292W
2908:2016NatSR...631279O
2862:National Geographic
2749:on 29 November 2014
2717:The Daily Telegraph
2654:Shirley O. Corriher
2589:2016JArSR...5...19D
2452:(9183): 1023–1025,
2353:2009JArSc..36.2335P
2140:on 13 November 2006
2094:2003SciAm.288e..70D
2081:Scientific American
1828:National Geographic
1768:2003Sci...302..862M
1727:factsanddetails.com
1535:The Border Question
1504:1994Radcb..36..247B
1357:. Harry N. Abrams.
1330:Tarim Basin mummies
1194:prehistoric warfare
1064:Helicobacter pylori
971:lactose intolerance
850:, is known to have
754:Tools and equipment
583:Trichuris trichiura
487:meat, the other of
475:meat, confirmed by
456:composition of his
403:Scientific analyses
379:was defined as the
174:Mummia del Similaun
6909:Origin of language
6902:Spiritual drug use
6812:Rectangular dolmen
6714:Dartmoor kistvaens
6527:Carved stone balls
6239:Circular enclosure
6198:Other architecture
6141:Alp pile dwellings
5729:Solutrean industry
5640:Gravettian culture
5290:Secondary products
5111:"An Ice Cold Case"
4951:, Wien; New York:
4818:10.1038/ncomms1701
4696:on 6 December 2008
4634:on 2 November 2008
4575:2010-08-30 at the
4544:2010-09-06 at the
4240:on 15 October 2007
4201:The New York Times
3741:on 19 October 2011
3617:10.1038/ncomms1701
3309:10.1038/ncomms1701
2987:The New York Times
2895:Scientific Reports
2422:The man in the ice
2195:on 19 August 2012.
2119:on 12 October 2008
1604:, 23 August 2004,
1540:2011-10-08 at the
1281:Court of Cassation
1233:
1120:
1103:Raman spectroscopy
943:Southern Europeans
894:and tight leather
829:
792:of 14 arrows with
770:
707:
685:
600:lactose intolerant
441:
178:Man from Tisenjoch
7039:Copper Age Europe
6986:
6985:
6982:
6981:
6978:
6977:
6931:Prehistoric music
6880:music archaeology
6537:Cup and ring mark
6362:Clothing/textiles
6307:
6306:
6303:
6302:
5946:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5749:Yubetsu technique
5734:Striking platform
5699:Lithic technology
5584:
5583:
5569:Game drive system
5488:Projectile points
5380:Mortar and pestle
5044:978-88-86857-03-1
5023:978-88-317-7073-6
5004:978-0-7538-1260-0
4985:978-0-679-43167-1
4962:978-3-211-82660-7
4940:978-0-618-80045-2
4203:. 26 March 2017.
4159:10.1159/000501878
4038:(6269): 162–165.
3974:(75): 2581–2590.
3772:(18): 2253–2260.
3475:(21): 1687–1693.
3383:"G-FGC5672 YTree"
3123:978-0-19-820171-7
3109:Europe: A History
3090:978-0-226-25823-2
3079:, Chicago, Ill.:
2916:10.1038/srep31279
2869:on 19 August 2016
2775:Los Angeles Times
2671:978-0-688-10229-6
2431:978-0-7538-1260-0
2399:978-3-030-32181-9
2347:(10): 2335–2341,
2263:Discover Magazine
1969:978-3-7091-6758-8
1894:978-1-84217-060-1
1762:(5646): 862–866,
1708:978-3-85256-337-4
1652:. 9 November 2012
1439:978-0-226-25823-2
1391:978-0-395-65772-0
1364:978-0-86565-158-6
1097:. The results of
671:Clothes and shoes
333:Hans Kammerlander
224:
223:
16:(Redirected from
7076:
6946:Divje Babe flute
6853:Archaeoastronomy
6596:Petrosomatoglyph
6330:
6329:
6313:
6312:
6162:Water management
5965:
5964:
5952:
5951:
5855:Denticulate tool
5677:Lithic reduction
5410:
5409:
5231:
5230:
5218:
5217:
5146:
5139:
5132:
5123:
5122:
5050:
5047:
5029:
5026:
5007:
4988:
4965:
4943:
4915:
4878:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4851:, archived from
4836:
4835:
4833:
4820:
4794:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4723:
4722:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4692:, archived from
4679:
4668:
4667:
4660:Slovenske novice
4652:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4621:
4612:
4611:
4595:
4586:
4566:
4555:
4535:
4526:
4525:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4485:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4340:
4331:
4330:
4323:NewScientistTech
4312:
4306:
4305:
4296:
4286:
4258:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4236:, archived from
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4121:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4063:
4021:
4010:
4009:
3999:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3939:. Archived from
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3851:
3833:
3809:
3800:
3799:
3789:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3737:. Archived from
3729:"Iceman Autopsy"
3724:
3718:
3717:
3712:. Archived from
3701:
3695:
3694:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3619:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3543:
3533:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3484:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3443:
3425:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3362:
3352:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3311:
3279:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3252:
3242:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3190:. Archived from
3180:
3171:
3170:
3153:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3055:
3037:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2978:
2972:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2935:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2865:. Archived from
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2745:. Archived from
2732:
2726:
2725:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2691:on 11 March 2009
2681:
2675:
2674:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2377:
2364:
2363:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2112:, archived from
2077:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2048:. Archived from
2037:
2031:
2030:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1938:, archived from
1913:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1830:. Archived from
1819:
1813:
1810:
1805:. Archived from
1794:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1551:
1545:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1515:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1421:
1415:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1348:
1261:Reinhold Messner
1067:in his gut. The
906:Genetic analysis
902:for the bearer.
704:Bata Shoe Museum
648:
448:and most of his
421:Punta San Matteo
413:Austro-Hungarian
337:Reinhold Messner
295:
294:
288:
249:
244:
160:Other names
147:
124:
114:
113:
112:
106:
101:
85:
82:
71:
57:
56:
50:
43:
21:
7084:
7083:
7079:
7078:
7077:
7075:
7074:
7073:
7019:1991 in science
7009:1991 in Austria
6989:
6988:
6987:
6974:
6841:
6827:Stone box grave
6797:Megalithic tomb
6702:Cotswold-Severn
6654:
6559:Guardian stones
6487:Prehistoric art
6481:
6324:
6299:
6288:Timber trackway
6193:
6157:
6153:Wattle and daub
6006:
5985:Standing stones
5959:
5938:
5753:
5580:
5557:
5482:
5399:
5309:Food processing
5304:
5253:New World crops
5225:
5212:
5155:
5150:
5101:, 2 August 2010
5098:The Independent
5057:
5048:
5045:
5027:
5024:
5005:
4986:
4963:
4941:
4923:
4858:
4856:
4848:The Independent
4831:
4829:
4792:
4778:
4776:
4752:
4750:
4736:
4731:
4729:Further reading
4726:
4705:
4701:
4680:
4671:
4654:
4653:
4646:
4637:
4635:
4622:
4615:
4596:
4589:
4577:Wayback Machine
4567:
4558:
4546:Wayback Machine
4536:
4529:
4522:
4506:
4502:
4472:
4468:
4457:
4441:
4437:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4394:
4390:
4369:
4365:
4356:
4354:
4341:
4334:
4313:
4309:
4259:
4252:
4243:
4241:
4224:
4220:
4210:
4208:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4139:
4135:
4090:Current Biology
4081:
4077:
4022:
4013:
3960:
3956:
3946:
3944:
3943:on 4 March 2016
3929:
3925:
3915:
3913:
3903:
3899:
3889:
3887:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3810:
3803:
3758:
3754:
3744:
3742:
3725:
3721:
3702:
3698:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3670:
3668:
3637:
3633:
3587:
3583:
3573:
3571:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3510:
3506:
3469:Current Biology
3461:
3457:
3408:(8): e0200641.
3394:
3390:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3329:
3325:
3280:
3273:
3263:
3261:
3225:(7): e0179263.
3211:
3207:
3197:
3195:
3182:
3181:
3174:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3073:
3069:
3020:(6): e0198292.
3005:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2979:
2975:
2962:(6): e0198292.
2953:
2949:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2870:
2853:
2849:
2839:
2837:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2804:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2778:
2766:
2762:
2752:
2750:
2733:
2729:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2692:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2664:, p. 312,
2642:
2638:
2628:
2626:
2616:
2612:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2553:
2542:
2538:
2487:
2480:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2418:
2414:
2400:
2378:
2367:
2337:
2333:
2323:
2321:
2310:
2303:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2239:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2213:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2143:
2141:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2052:on 19 June 2011
2038:
2034:
2004:
2000:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1911:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1834:on 26 June 2011
1820:
1816:
1797:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1721:Hays, Jeffrey.
1719:
1715:
1709:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1673:"Iceman Reborn"
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1617:
1613:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1552:
1548:
1542:Wayback Machine
1533:
1529:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1467:on 24 June 2015
1455:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1422:
1418:
1412:Wayback Machine
1403:
1399:
1392:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1293:
1221:
1202:
1170:cerebral trauma
1156:
1138:recovered from
1112:
1087:gamma-terpinene
1078:
1055:
1040:
967:atherosclerosis
908:
768:
766:
756:
673:
631:osteochondrosis
618:, as well as a
608:
578:
499:, and seeds of
433:
405:
365:
308:
307:
306:
304:
298:
297:
296:
280:
242:
186:Tyrolean Iceman
185:
183:
181:
179:
177:
164:
163:Ötzi the Iceman
155:
149:
137:
126:
108:
107:
104:[ˈœtsi]
99:
91:
77:
62:
51:
44:
37:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7082:
7072:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6984:
6983:
6980:
6979:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6972:
6971:
6970:
6960:
6955:
6954:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6936:Alligator drum
6928:
6927:
6926:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6905:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6884:
6883:
6882:
6872:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6863:lunar calendar
6860:
6849:
6847:
6846:Other cultural
6843:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6793:
6792:
6787:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6766:
6765:
6760:
6750:
6745:
6744:
6743:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6717:
6716:
6706:
6705:
6704:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6675:
6664:
6662:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6652:
6650:Venus figurine
6647:
6646:
6645:
6640:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6619:
6618:
6613:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6581:Megalithic art
6578:
6577:
6576:
6571:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6550:
6549:
6539:
6534:
6532:Cave paintings
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6497:
6491:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6478:
6477:
6472:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6415:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6391:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6370:
6369:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6338:
6336:
6334:Material goods
6326:
6325:
6309:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6264:
6263:
6253:
6248:
6247:
6246:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6212:
6207:
6201:
6199:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6165:
6163:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6144:
6143:
6133:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6090:
6089:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6068:
6067:
6057:
6052:
6050:Cliff dwelling
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6026:
6025:
6014:
6012:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6004:
6003:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5982:
5977:
5971:
5969:
5961:
5960:
5948:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5934:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5846:
5845:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5828:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5769:
5763:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5635:Fire hardening
5632:
5627:
5625:Clovis culture
5622:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5594:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5576:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5550:
5548:Manis Mastodon
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5504:
5503:
5492:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5448:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5427:throwing stick
5419:
5413:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5323:
5318:
5312:
5310:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5250:
5239:
5237:
5227:
5226:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5149:
5148:
5141:
5134:
5126:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5108:
5102:
5090:
5084:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5056:
5055:External links
5053:
5052:
5051:
5043:
5030:
5022:
5009:
5003:
4990:
4984:
4967:
4961:
4944:
4939:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4891:(3): 614–629,
4880:
4865:
4855:on 18 May 2007
4838:
4785:
4759:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4699:
4669:
4644:
4613:
4587:
4556:
4527:
4520:
4500:
4466:
4456:978-1317346432
4455:
4435:
4413:
4388:
4363:
4332:
4307:
4250:
4218:
4188:
4153:(6): 699–706.
4133:
4075:
4011:
3954:
3923:
3897:
3867:
3801:
3766:Bioinformatics
3752:
3719:
3696:
3678:
3631:
3581:
3555:
3504:
3455:
3388:
3374:
3323:
3271:
3205:
3172:
3144:(9143): 1864,
3128:
3122:
3104:Davies, Norman
3095:
3089:
3067:
2999:
2973:
2947:
2880:
2847:
2814:
2788:
2760:
2727:
2702:
2676:
2670:
2636:
2610:
2563:
2536:
2478:
2436:
2430:
2412:
2398:
2365:
2331:
2301:
2291:(5): 753–758,
2275:
2249:
2223:
2198:
2176:
2150:
2122:
2063:
2046:Discovery News
2032:
1998:
1975:
1968:
1948:
1945:on 5 July 2017
1899:
1893:
1871:
1845:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1744:
1713:
1707:
1689:
1663:
1631:
1611:
1589:
1562:(6): 730–741.
1546:
1527:
1498:(2): 247–250.
1478:
1445:
1438:
1416:
1397:
1390:
1370:
1363:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1302:
1292:
1289:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1220:
1217:
1201:
1198:
1155:
1152:
1111:
1110:Cause of death
1108:
1077:
1074:
1054:
1048:
1039:
1036:
1006:Steppe-related
907:
904:
869:Ötzi's copper
762:
755:
752:
726:mitochondrial
672:
669:
607:
604:
577:
574:
541:particles and
432:
429:
404:
401:
383:of the rivers
364:
363:Border dispute
361:
300:
299:
290:
289:
283:
282:
281:
279:
276:
247:[œtsi]
229:, also called
222:
221:
216:
212:
211:
208:
204:
203:
192:
191:Known for
188:
187:
161:
157:
156:
150:
143:
139:
138:
127:
120:
116:
115:
97:
93:
92:
72:
64:
63:
60:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7081:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7014:1991 in Italy
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6996:
6994:
6969:
6966:
6965:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6932:
6929:
6925:
6922:
6921:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6889:
6888:
6885:
6881:
6878:
6877:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6855:
6854:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6844:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6822:Simple dolmen
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6807:Passage grave
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6755:
6754:
6753:Gallery grave
6751:
6749:
6746:
6742:
6739:
6738:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6715:
6712:
6711:
6710:
6707:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6698:
6695:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6686:
6683:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6670:
6669:
6668:Burial mounds
6666:
6665:
6663:
6661:
6657:
6651:
6648:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6635:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6628:Statue menhir
6626:
6624:
6621:
6617:
6616:Stone carving
6614:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6548:
6545:
6544:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6488:
6484:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6455:Sewing needle
6453:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6420:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6402:
6399:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6314:
6310:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6283:Timber circle
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6240:
6237:
6233:
6232:Tor enclosure
6230:
6229:
6228:
6225:
6221:
6220:fulacht fiadh
6218:
6217:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6196:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6160:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6009:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5953:
5949:
5933:
5930:
5929:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5836:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5756:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5587:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5560:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5456:spear-thrower
5454:
5453:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5434:Bow and arrow
5432:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5343:Grinding slab
5341:
5339:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5275:Domestication
5273:
5271:
5270:Digging stick
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5248:Founder crops
5246:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5219:
5215:
5209:
5206:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5190:
5189:New Stone Age
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5158:
5154:
5147:
5142:
5140:
5135:
5133:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5118:
5117:"Ötzi's Shoes
5115:
5112:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5095:Michael Day,
5094:
5091:
5088:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5046:
5040:
5036:
5031:
5025:
5019:
5015:
5010:
5006:
5000:
4996:
4991:
4987:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4968:
4964:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4945:
4942:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4925:
4924:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4881:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4854:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4828:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4791:
4786:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4766:
4760:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4720:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4703:
4695:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4649:
4633:
4629:
4628:
4620:
4618:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4594:
4592:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4534:
4532:
4523:
4521:9781316341247
4517:
4513:
4512:
4504:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4483:
4479:
4478:
4470:
4462:
4458:
4452:
4449:. Routledge.
4448:
4447:
4439:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4409:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4392:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4367:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4339:
4337:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4311:
4304:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4257:
4255:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4222:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4137:
4129:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4079:
4071:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3958:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3927:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3824:(9): 100377.
3823:
3819:
3818:Cell Genomics
3815:
3808:
3806:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3756:
3740:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3723:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3700:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3635:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3585:
3569:
3565:
3559:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3459:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3384:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3343:(9): 100377.
3342:
3338:
3337:Cell Genomics
3334:
3327:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3276:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3092:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3003:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2884:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2851:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2818:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2764:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2706:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2483:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2126:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2074:
2067:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2014:(1): 91–101,
2013:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1952:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1881:Dobney, Keith
1875:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1748:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1441:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1374:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1312:Mummy Juanita
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1276:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1225:
1219:Legal dispute
1216:
1213:
1208:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1174:bled to death
1171:
1167:
1162:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1116:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:einkorn wheat
1092:
1088:
1083:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
994:
992:
991:
986:
982:
981:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
939:autosomal DNA
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
919:subclade of G
916:
911:
903:
901:
900:status symbol
897:
893:
889:
884:
880:
876:
872:
867:
865:
861:
857:
856:tinder fungus
853:
849:
845:
842:
838:
834:
825:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
788:handle and a
787:
783:
779:
775:
765:
760:
751:
749:
745:
739:
737:
733:
729:
723:
721:
717:
712:
705:
700:
696:
694:
690:
682:
677:
668:
666:
665:multispectral
661:
658:
656:
652:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
621:
617:
613:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
584:
573:
570:
567:Using modern
565:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
535:
533:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:Hair analysis
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
437:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
360:
357:
353:
349:
348:archaeologist
345:
340:
338:
334:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
303:
287:
275:
273:
269:
265:
259:
257:
253:
248:
240:
236:
235:natural mummy
232:
228:
220:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:natural mummy
193:
189:
175:
171:
167:
162:
158:
153:
144:
140:
135:
131:
121:
117:
111:
105:
98:
96:Pronunciation
94:
89:
83:
76:
70:
65:
58:
55:
53:
48:
41:
33:
19:
6763:wedge-shaped
6748:Funeral pyre
6741:Great dolmen
6697:Chamber tomb
6678:Round barrow
6633:Stone circle
6505:Blombos Cave
6433:Grooved ware
6357:Chalcolithic
6261:Thornborough
6179:Flush toilet
6114:Blombos Cave
6109:Rock shelter
6065:Quiggly hole
5957:Architecture
5932:illustration
5574:Buffalo jump
5395:Storage pits
5358:Aşıklı Höyük
5348:Ground stone
5184:Subdivisions
5096:
5049:(in Italian)
5034:
5028:(in Italian)
5013:
4994:
4976:Random House
4974:, New York:
4971:
4948:
4929:
4888:
4884:
4873:
4857:, retrieved
4853:the original
4846:
4830:, retrieved
4800:
4796:
4777:, retrieved
4764:
4751:, retrieved
4742:
4712:
4702:
4694:the original
4687:
4659:
4636:, retrieved
4632:the original
4626:
4603:
4582:Science News
4580:
4550:
4510:
4503:
4490:
4476:
4469:
4445:
4438:
4425:
4416:
4403:The Guardian
4401:
4391:
4378:The Guardian
4376:
4366:
4355:, retrieved
4345:
4317:
4310:
4266:
4262:
4242:, retrieved
4238:the original
4228:
4221:
4209:. Retrieved
4200:
4191:
4150:
4146:
4136:
4093:
4089:
4078:
4035:
4029:
3971:
3967:
3957:
3945:. Retrieved
3941:the original
3936:
3926:
3914:. Retrieved
3910:
3900:
3888:. Retrieved
3879:
3870:
3861:
3821:
3817:
3769:
3765:
3755:
3743:. Retrieved
3739:the original
3732:
3722:
3714:the original
3709:
3699:
3681:
3669:. Retrieved
3644:
3634:
3599:
3595:
3584:
3572:. Retrieved
3558:
3521:
3518:BMC Genetics
3517:
3507:
3472:
3468:
3458:
3405:
3401:
3391:
3377:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3291:
3287:
3262:. Retrieved
3222:
3218:
3208:
3198:12 September
3196:. Retrieved
3192:the original
3187:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3108:
3098:
3076:
3070:
3017:
3013:
3002:
2990:. Retrieved
2986:
2976:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2899:
2893:
2883:
2871:. Retrieved
2867:the original
2860:
2850:
2838:. Retrieved
2829:The Guardian
2827:
2817:
2805:. Retrieved
2802:swissinfo.ch
2801:
2791:
2779:. Retrieved
2773:
2763:
2751:. Retrieved
2747:the original
2740:
2730:
2715:
2705:
2693:. Retrieved
2689:the original
2679:
2660:, New York:
2657:
2644:
2643:In the book
2639:
2627:. Retrieved
2623:
2613:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2554:. Retrieved
2539:
2498:
2494:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2421:
2415:
2381:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2322:. Retrieved
2288:
2284:
2278:
2266:. Retrieved
2262:
2252:
2240:. Retrieved
2237:Live Science
2236:
2226:
2214:. Retrieved
2210:
2201:
2193:the original
2188:
2179:
2169:15 September
2167:. Retrieved
2153:
2142:, retrieved
2138:the original
2132:
2125:
2114:the original
2088:(5): 70–79,
2085:
2079:
2066:
2054:. Retrieved
2050:the original
2035:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1988:
1978:
1958:
1951:
1940:the original
1919:
1915:
1902:
1884:
1874:
1862:. Retrieved
1848:
1836:. Retrieved
1832:the original
1817:
1807:the original
1802:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1735:. Retrieved
1726:
1716:
1698:
1692:
1682:13 September
1680:. Retrieved
1676:
1666:
1654:. Retrieved
1645:Live Science
1643:
1634:
1626:The Guardian
1624:
1614:
1601:
1592:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1530:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1469:. Retrieved
1465:the original
1429:
1425:
1419:
1400:
1380:
1373:
1353:
1346:
1297:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1250:
1234:
1229:Fineilspitze
1203:
1189:
1186:rigor mortis
1182:
1157:
1142:such as the
1121:
1079:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1041:
1024:
1013:populations
995:
988:
985:Lyme disease
978:
975:DNA sequence
934:
930:
915:Y chromosome
912:
909:
868:
860:firelighting
852:anthelmintic
848:birch fungus
830:
771:
763:
740:
724:
708:
686:
680:
679:Archeoparc (
662:
659:
627:Radiological
625:
616:lumbar spine
609:
592:Beau's lines
581:
579:
566:
551:
536:
527:hop-hornbeam
513:
477:DNA analysis
466:
458:tooth enamel
442:
406:
366:
341:
312:Fineilspitze
309:
260:
256:Chalcolithic
230:
226:
225:
200:Chalcolithic
184:Frozen Fritz
54:
52:
7064:Ötztal Alps
6785:unchambered
6780:Long barrow
6770:Grave goods
6726:Court cairn
6721:Clava cairn
6673:Bowl barrow
6611:Rock cupule
6554:Golden hats
6547:Hill figure
6448:Unstan ware
6428:Cord-marked
6293:Sweet Track
6215:Burnt mound
6136:Stilt house
6124:Sibudu Cave
5917:Tally stick
5885:Quern-stone
5870:Hammerstone
5860:Fire plough
5831:Pesse canoe
5789:Bannerstone
5759:Other tools
5672:Lithic core
5620:Aurignacian
5508:Bare Island
5390:Quern-stone
4147:Gerontology
3264:29 December
2753:24 November
2556:16 November
2501:: 110–117.
2324:16 November
1803:Mummy Tombs
1492:Radiocarbon
1212:Klaus Oeggl
1144:Tollund Man
1044:blood cells
736:Switzerland
732:Schnidejoch
716:Jacqui Wood
643:acupuncture
639:acupressure
635:spondylosis
633:and slight
569:3D scanning
467:In 2009, a
377:South Tyrol
324:mountaineer
316:Ötztal Alps
272:South Tyrol
239:Ötztal Alps
152:Ötztal Alps
78: [
6993:Categories
6924:trepanning
6817:Ring cairn
6775:Jar burial
6758:transepted
6690:U.S. sites
6591:Petroglyph
6517:Bird stone
6475:wine press
6148:Stone roof
6131:Roundhouse
6023:long house
6000:Stonehenge
5968:Ceremonial
5912:Stone tool
5739:Tool stone
5709:Metallurgy
5613:Mousterian
5590:Toolmaking
5528:Cumberland
5501:Transverse
5471:Schöningen
5363:Qesem cave
5331:Earth oven
5285:Irrigation
5196:Technology
5164:Prehistory
4244:25 October
3890:12 October
3745:17 October
3112:, Oxford:
2807:31 October
2781:31 October
2446:The Lancet
1864:2 November
1737:2 November
1650:Future plc
1339:References
1241:lire
1161:blood loss
1148:Lindow Man
951:Sardinians
837:birch bark
810:bow string
776:handle, a
748:brown bear
728:haplogroup
462:Feldthurns
231:The Iceman
182:Frozen Man
130:Feldthurns
6968:symbolism
6832:Tor cairn
6790:Grønsalen
6731:Cremation
6623:Sculpture
6601:Pictogram
6586:Petroform
6406:amber use
6374:Cosmetics
6184:Reservoir
6169:Check dam
6099:Pueblitos
6094:Pit-house
6077:Longhouse
6011:Dwellings
5880:Microlith
5811:Bow drill
5806:Bone tool
5799:prismatic
5608:Acheulean
5523:Cresswell
5496:Arrowhead
5422:Boomerang
5338:Granaries
5300:Terracing
5179:Stone Age
4905:0033-8419
4885:Radiology
4875:The Times
4638:1 October
4551:Antiquity
4426:USA Today
4357:6 January
4183:202555446
4167:0304-324X
4110:0960-9822
3988:1742-5662
3840:2666-979X
3671:30 August
3574:30 August
3432:1932-6203
3188:iceman.it
3044:1932-6203
2924:2045-2322
2902:: 31279.
2873:18 August
2840:30 August
2742:The Times
2605:162580662
2583:: 19–24.
2515:1879-9817
2408:213402907
2268:31 August
2242:31 August
2216:31 August
2144:6 January
1922:: 23–35,
1584:154672981
1576:0047-2875
1522:0033-8222
1257:Slovenian
1140:peat bogs
1132:chieftain
1128:sacrifice
1069:H. pylori
1051:H. pylori
993:species.
947:Corsicans
892:birch-tar
844:mushrooms
802:fletching
720:snowshoes
651:meridians
620:cruciform
596:epidermis
481:wild goat
381:watershed
344:Innsbruck
278:Discovery
274:, Italy.
250:) at the
233:, is the
6606:Rock art
6569:painting
6542:Geoglyph
6367:timeline
6347:Beadwork
6087:Mehrgarh
6082:Mudbrick
5990:megalith
5865:Fire-saw
5687:debitage
5682:analysis
5650:Hand axe
5630:Cupstone
5208:Glossary
5169:Timeline
4953:Springer
4913:12601185
4859:17 March
4832:25 April
4827:22426219
4779:17 March
4772:Online,
4753:17 March
4734:Articles
4719:archived
4664:Archived
4608:archived
4604:BBC News
4573:Archived
4542:Archived
4496:NBC News
4482:archived
4461:Archived
4430:Archived
4408:Archived
4383:archived
4351:archived
4327:archived
4303:12244211
4211:28 March
4205:Archived
4175:31505504
4128:30017480
4070:26744403
4006:22552923
3884:Archived
3880:BBC News
3858:37719142
3849:10504632
3796:23828782
3691:Archived
3665:Archived
3661:85055245
3626:22426219
3568:Archived
3550:19545382
3499:13983702
3491:18976917
3450:30067762
3402:PLOS ONE
3369:37719142
3360:10504632
3318:22426219
3259:28678801
3219:PLOS ONE
3168:40027370
3106:(1996),
3062:29924811
3014:PLOS ONE
2956:PLOS ONE
2942:27537861
2834:Archived
2722:archived
2695:23 April
2656:(1997),
2645:Cookwise
2550:Archived
2531:51969447
2523:30098946
2474:29084491
2466:10501382
2318:Archived
2163:Archived
2110:12701332
2028:16549104
1993:archived
1989:BBC News
1936:14519658
1858:Archived
1792:21923588
1784:14593178
1731:Archived
1606:archived
1602:BBC News
1538:Archived
1471:3 August
1408:Archived
1291:See also
1146:and the
1082:Biopsies
1053:analysis
1027:Tyrolean
990:Borrelia
959:migrated
841:polypore
794:viburnum
784:with an
780:-bladed
744:roe deer
695:below).
655:whipworm
588:parasite
547:smelting
489:red deer
454:isotopic
425:Trentino
356:typology
328:gendarme
320:Similaun
166:Similaun
90:, France
81:Wikidata
7059:Mummies
6963:Symbols
6574:pigment
6460:Weaving
6423:Cardium
6418:Pottery
6413:Mirrors
6401:Jewelry
6342:Baskets
6322:culture
6174:Cistern
5980:Pyramid
5922:Weapons
5900:Scraper
5890:Racloir
5850:Cleaver
5838:Chopper
5744:Uniface
5655:Grooves
5645:Hafting
5603:Oldowan
5562:Systems
5513:Cascade
5476:woomera
5466:harpoon
5439:history
5405:Hunting
5385:Pottery
5326:Cooking
5235:Farming
5201:history
5174:Outline
4805:Bibcode
4271:Bibcode
4119:6065529
4061:4775254
4040:Bibcode
4031:Science
3997:3427508
3947:4 March
3916:20 July
3787:3753567
3604:Bibcode
3602:: 698.
3541:2717998
3441:6070208
3410:Bibcode
3296:Bibcode
3294:: 698.
3250:5497943
3227:Bibcode
3160:9851424
3053:6010222
3022:Bibcode
2933:4989873
2904:Bibcode
2649:cuticle
2629:20 June
2585:Bibcode
2349:Bibcode
2090:Bibcode
2056:24 June
1838:24 June
1764:Bibcode
1755:Science
1500:Bibcode
1324:Saltmen
1245:lawsuit
1178:scapula
1166:bruises
1076:Stomach
927:Corsica
896:lashing
888:Tuscany
883:casting
833:berries
818:longbow
798:dogwood
711:cobbler
612:tattoos
543:arsenic
523:legumes
519:conifer
493:einkorn
485:chamois
450:scrotum
409:X-rayed
397:Bolzano
367:At the
314:in the
268:Bolzano
243:German:
215:Website
194:Oldest
170:Italian
136:, Italy
134:Bolzano
125:3275 BC
6941:flutes
6736:Dolmen
6660:Burial
6470:winery
6443:Linear
6273:Midden
6251:Cursus
6244:Goseck
6104:Pueblo
6055:Dugout
6040:Burdei
5719:Mining
5543:Lamoka
5538:Folsom
5518:Clovis
5375:Metate
5353:Hearth
5321:Basket
5295:Sickle
5041:
5020:
5001:
4982:
4959:
4937:
4911:
4903:
4825:
4518:
4453:
4301:
4294:130505
4291:
4181:
4173:
4165:
4126:
4116:
4108:
4068:
4058:
4004:
3994:
3986:
3856:
3846:
3838:
3794:
3784:
3659:
3645:Nature
3624:
3548:
3538:
3524:: 29.
3497:
3489:
3448:
3438:
3430:
3367:
3357:
3316:
3257:
3247:
3166:
3158:
3138:Lancet
3120:
3087:
3060:
3050:
3042:
2992:4 July
2940:
2930:
2922:
2668:
2603:
2529:
2521:
2513:
2472:
2464:
2428:
2406:
2396:
2108:
2026:
1966:
1934:
1891:
1790:
1782:
1705:
1656:30 May
1582:
1574:
1520:
1436:
1388:
1361:
1298:Iceman
1136:bodies
1125:ritual
864:pyrite
835:, two
814:antler
806:quiver
790:quiver
576:Health
562:pelvis
539:copper
497:barley
207:Height
6858:sites
6802:Mummy
6522:Cairn
6438:Jōmon
6389:shoes
6384:Hides
6256:Henge
6210:Broch
6072:Jacal
5927:Wheel
5875:Knife
5821:Canoe
5816:Burin
5794:Blade
5692:flake
5553:Plano
5461:baton
5451:Spear
5417:Arrow
5370:Manos
5223:Tools
4921:Books
4793:(PDF)
4179:S2CID
3657:S2CID
3495:S2CID
3164:S2CID
2601:S2CID
2527:S2CID
2470:S2CID
2404:S2CID
2189:DNews
2117:(PDF)
2076:(PDF)
1943:(PDF)
1932:S2CID
1912:(PDF)
1788:S2CID
1580:S2CID
1038:Blood
782:knife
778:chert
689:sinew
558:femur
554:tibia
532:sloes
509:sloes
505:poppy
446:penis
389:Etsch
373:North
198:of a
168:Man (
84:]
47:oatsy
40:Oatly
18:Oetzi
6999:Ötzi
6951:gudi
6709:Cist
6638:list
6465:Wine
6394:Ötzi
6379:Glue
6352:Beds
6320:and
6318:Arts
6189:Well
6045:Cave
5975:Kiva
5905:side
5895:Rope
5843:tool
5777:bone
5767:Adze
5533:Eden
5446:Nets
5316:Fire
5280:Goad
5265:Celt
5039:ISBN
5018:ISBN
4999:ISBN
4980:ISBN
4957:ISBN
4935:ISBN
4909:PMID
4901:ISSN
4861:2007
4834:2012
4823:PMID
4781:2007
4770:NOVA
4755:2007
4640:2008
4516:ISBN
4451:ISBN
4359:2008
4299:PMID
4246:2007
4213:2017
4171:PMID
4163:ISSN
4124:PMID
4106:ISSN
4066:PMID
4002:PMID
3984:ISSN
3949:2016
3918:2023
3892:2013
3854:PMID
3836:ISSN
3792:PMID
3747:2011
3673:2016
3622:PMID
3576:2016
3546:PMID
3487:PMID
3446:PMID
3428:ISSN
3365:PMID
3314:PMID
3266:2023
3255:PMID
3200:2010
3156:PMID
3118:ISBN
3085:ISBN
3058:PMID
3040:ISSN
2994:2018
2938:PMID
2920:ISSN
2875:2016
2842:2016
2809:2022
2783:2022
2755:2013
2697:2016
2666:ISBN
2631:2020
2558:2015
2519:PMID
2511:ISSN
2462:PMID
2426:ISBN
2394:ISBN
2326:2015
2270:2023
2244:2023
2218:2023
2171:2011
2146:2008
2106:PMID
2058:2011
2024:PMID
1964:ISBN
1889:ISBN
1866:2017
1840:2011
1780:PMID
1739:2017
1703:ISBN
1684:2018
1658:2023
1572:ISSN
1518:ISSN
1473:2015
1434:ISBN
1386:ISBN
1359:ISBN
1310:and
1101:and
1091:ibex
969:and
957:who
949:and
935:Ötzi
933:for
875:haft
796:and
560:and
503:and
501:flax
473:ibex
431:Body
387:and
375:and
335:and
227:Ötzi
142:Died
119:Born
61:Ötzi
6060:Hut
5995:row
5826:Oar
5784:Axe
5772:Awl
4893:doi
4889:226
4813:doi
4774:PBS
4579:",
4548:."
4289:PMC
4279:doi
4155:doi
4114:PMC
4098:doi
4056:PMC
4048:doi
4036:351
3992:PMC
3976:doi
3844:PMC
3826:doi
3782:PMC
3774:doi
3649:doi
3612:doi
3536:PMC
3526:doi
3477:doi
3436:PMC
3418:doi
3355:PMC
3345:doi
3304:doi
3245:PMC
3235:doi
3146:doi
3142:352
3048:PMC
3030:doi
2964:doi
2928:PMC
2912:doi
2593:doi
2503:doi
2454:doi
2450:354
2386:doi
2357:doi
2293:doi
2098:doi
2086:288
2016:doi
1924:doi
1772:doi
1760:302
1677:PBS
1564:doi
1508:doi
1268:DNA
977:of
931:K1ö
879:yew
871:axe
786:ash
774:yew
641:or
469:CAT
423:in
395:in
385:Inn
266:in
6995::
4978:,
4955:,
4907:,
4899:,
4887:,
4872:,
4845:,
4821:,
4811:,
4799:,
4795:,
4768:,
4717:,
4711:,
4686:,
4672:^
4647:^
4616:^
4606:,
4602:,
4590:^
4559:^
4530:^
4494:,
4486:;
4459:.
4428:.
4424:.
4406:.
4400:.
4381:,
4375:,
4349:,
4335:^
4325:,
4321:,
4297:,
4287:,
4277:,
4267:99
4265:,
4253:^
4232:,
4199:.
4177:.
4169:.
4161:.
4151:65
4149:.
4145:.
4122:.
4112:.
4104:.
4094:28
4092:.
4088:.
4064:.
4054:.
4046:.
4034:.
4028:.
4014:^
4000:.
3990:.
3982:.
3970:.
3966:.
3935:.
3909:.
3878:.
3860:.
3852:.
3842:.
3834:.
3820:.
3816:.
3804:^
3790:.
3780:.
3770:29
3768:.
3764:.
3731:.
3708:.
3663:.
3655:.
3647:.
3643:.
3620:.
3610:.
3598:.
3594:.
3544:.
3534:.
3522:10
3520:.
3516:.
3493:.
3485:.
3473:18
3471:.
3467:.
3444:.
3434:.
3426:.
3416:.
3406:13
3404:.
3400:.
3363:.
3353:.
3339:.
3335:.
3312:.
3302:.
3290:.
3286:.
3274:^
3253:.
3243:.
3233:.
3223:12
3221:.
3217:.
3186:.
3175:^
3162:,
3154:,
3140:,
3116:,
3056:.
3046:.
3038:.
3028:.
3018:13
3016:.
3012:.
2985:.
2960:13
2958:,
2936:.
2926:.
2918:.
2910:.
2898:.
2892:.
2859:.
2832:.
2826:.
2800:.
2772:.
2739:.
2720:,
2714:,
2622:.
2599:.
2591:.
2579:.
2575:.
2548:.
2525:.
2517:.
2509:.
2499:25
2497:.
2493:.
2481:^
2468:,
2460:,
2448:,
2402:,
2392:,
2368:^
2355:,
2345:36
2343:,
2316:.
2304:^
2289:16
2287:,
2261:.
2235:.
2209:.
2187:.
2104:,
2096:,
2084:,
2078:,
2044:.
2022:,
2012:51
2010:,
1991:,
1987:,
1930:,
1920:18
1918:,
1914:,
1856:.
1826:.
1801:.
1786:,
1778:,
1770:,
1758:,
1729:.
1725:.
1675:.
1648:.
1642:.
1623:,
1600:,
1578:.
1570:.
1560:51
1558:.
1516:.
1506:.
1496:36
1494:.
1490:.
1459:.
1448:^
1432:.
1430:ff
1283:.
1196:.
1150:.
734:,
647:c.
556:,
549:.
339:.
270:,
172::
146:c.
123:c.
86:,
5145:e
5138:t
5131:v
5008:.
4989:.
4966:.
4895::
4879:.
4864:.
4837:.
4815::
4807::
4801:3
4784:.
4758:.
4568:"
4524:.
4281::
4273::
4215:.
4185:.
4157::
4130:.
4100::
4072:.
4050::
4042::
4008:.
3978::
3972:9
3951:.
3920:.
3894:.
3828::
3822:3
3798:.
3776::
3749:.
3675:.
3651::
3628:.
3614::
3606::
3600:3
3578:.
3552:.
3528::
3501:.
3479::
3452:.
3420::
3412::
3385:.
3371:.
3347::
3341:3
3320:.
3306::
3298::
3292:3
3268:.
3237::
3229::
3202:.
3148::
3064:.
3032::
3024::
2996:.
2966::
2944:.
2914::
2906::
2900:6
2877:.
2844:.
2811:.
2785:.
2757:.
2699:.
2633:.
2607:.
2595::
2587::
2581:5
2560:.
2533:.
2505::
2456::
2388::
2359::
2351::
2328:.
2295::
2272:.
2246:.
2220:.
2173:.
2100::
2092::
2060:.
2018::
1972:.
1926::
1868:.
1842:.
1774::
1766::
1741:.
1686:.
1660:.
1586:.
1566::
1544:,
1524:.
1510::
1502::
1475:.
1442:.
1394:.
1367:.
1231:.
176:)
49:.
42:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.