286:"Despite age, using it feels so familiar and natural that it’s sometimes difficult to appreciate just how extraordinary, how different it was when it first appeared." The user can interact with the computer by pointing and clicking with a mouse and typing on a keyboard. ... sing a word processor with the core features and functions of Microsoft Word, Google Docs, or LibreOffice’s Writer, along with an email client that could be mistaken for a simplified version of Apple Mail, Microsoft Outlook, or Mozilla Thunderbird.... Its networking capabilities can link me to other computers and to high-quality laser printers." "he Alto came to shape our lives with computers a half century later."
320:
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316:), in an attempt to capitalize on the Alto's technology. The Star was originally sold as part of an integrated Xerox "personal office system" that also connected to other workstations and network services via Ethernet. Possibly because of its high price, and the high buy-in cost of a complete office system, the Star was not a commercial success.
339:) proposed a portable slate-like personal computer which could have been used in an office but which was really an extremely personal exploration tool, meant more to draw art, compose music or invent new algorithms than to write a business letter. The tablet idea was slower to catch on, and the popular
407:
The
Bluespace prototype is filled with enhancements meant to manage and control the flow of disturbances coming to a user but not to completely stop them or discourage them in any definitive way. All of the elements are small enough to fit into a typical cubicle or even a smaller one than the norm.
358:
public in 1994. Like the Memex system, The
Starfire prototype has been sometimes touted as predicting the birth of the World Wide Web. While it is true that we see the heroine "navigating" what the narrator describes as a "vast information space" this takes up but a few seconds at the beginning of
234:
Bush's predictions are notable for the fact that many have now become reality: the wearable camera ("Cyclops"), xerography ("dry photography"), speech-to-text ("vocoder"), and computers ("thinking machines"). Only microfilm has become obsolete, and the desk-size "Memex" is now a device as small as a
362:
The
Starfire is much more than a Web navigating machine. The Starfire video shows in the rest of the 15 minutes a large panoply of hardware and software concepts such as a gestural interface, total integration with public telephony and other innovations. Like the Memex system the Starfire has a
403:
The D#-Broadbench curves around a single user, making physically close collaborative work difficult. The gentle curve helps to enhance concentration, while its massive size makes it unsuitable for the typical cubicle and perfect for a small closed office, like the one each and every software
214:
based hyperlinks which could be considered as a precursor to the World Wide Web. "Wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready-made with a mesh of associative trails running through them." Those citations tend to overlook the massive organization it would have taken to mail all those
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and completed in 1939, featured "many advanced structural, lighting, heating and equipment ideas. A follow-up article touted the productivity improvement due to air-conditioning. On "the hottest day of July" the reporter found "work there proceeding in air-conditioned comfort with no apparent
309:, head of PARC's Computer Science Laboratory demonstrated the machine that he believed "would be transformational, eliminating much of what he called the 'drudgery of office work' and freeing office workers “to attend to higher-level functions."
449:. While some of the works had practical aspects, they were all chosen for their artistic impact. A complete catalogue of the exhibition was produced and a special website, with its own distinctive artistic interface, was put on line.
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in 1973. "The Alto was a wild departure from the computers that preceded it. It was built to tuck under a desk, with its monitor, keyboard, and mouse on top. It was totally interactive, responding directly to its single user."
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or software developer culture prevalent at
Microsoft. The Bluespace prototype seems like the perfect environment for an ambitious young IBM salesperson, thus betraying the salesperson-centric culture prevalent within IBM.
129:
is a collection of ideas for redesigning the office. As technology and society have evolved, the definition of the office of the future has changed. Current concepts, dating from the 1940s, are now known as the
150:
in
Chicago created a model office of the future to show prospective tenants. This featured high-intensity lighting, "color...to give the impression of great roominess", an "efficient" layout. The
227:(also capable of speech synthesis from normal paper text) and other accessories. Also overlooked is the difficulty of making large volumes of printed material readable by machine through
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While the screens and other devices surround the user, they are flexible enough to permit physical teamwork between two or three more other users coming into the cubicle.
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Many concepts for future computer systems were presented in the 1960s and 1970s, but none really touched office work as much as the Memex or had such a lasting impact.
142:
In a 1920 advertisement, Art Metal company boasted of its contribution to the office of the future—steel office equipment. In a 1928 advertisement for typewriters,
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Among the 151 objects or ensembles presented there were 6 works commissioned specifically for the exhibition, from experienced industrial design companies like
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described "the business office of the future", using its "Quiet
Typewriter", as quiet, open, scientifically arranged, and efficient. In 1935, the
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415:, located in a closed office. They would also require rework and re-think to be adapted to the types of desks which are found in home offices or
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258:(PARC) to conduct basic research and develop the technologies for the office of the future. Among other advances, PARC developed the first
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219:, in order to make the system work. The citations also tend to overlook that Memex was an entire system, composed not only of a massive
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Both prototypes require considerable work to be adapted to what most managers or professionals consider a "real" desk, that is a
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large, massive desk as its central feature, and proposes compatible devices in complement to the desk, such as a laptop with a
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737:"The Machine That Transformed Computing: The Xerox Alto Combined Windows, WYSIWYG, Menus, and Networking to Make the Modern PC"
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in creating what were intended to be effective and aesthetic solutions to present and future office environment issues.
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452:"Office of the Future" is also the name of an ongoing research project (based at the Department of Computer Science,
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The first practical modern office of the future concept was probably the series of machines which were presented in
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let-down of any kind," as opposed to other offices visited the same day, which experienced a 40-50% let-down.
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which housed the microfilm hyperlinking equipment, and the microfilm library but also of a speech activated
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was the principal driver behind the project, with the collaboration of many other Sun alumni including
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Teams at IBM Research and
Microsoft Research are currently working on perfecting these prototypes.
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is most often cited because of its longer text which details the proposal of a system of shared
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The two most recent integrated visions of the digital office of the future have come from
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874:"New Economy; I.B.M. and Steelcase lay out their vision of the office of the future"
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Sun
Microsystems presented a complete office of the future concept when it made its
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Office of the Future
Project - University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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391:. In a way they are in interesting opposition. The D# screen and its
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software look like an informatician's dream workspace, betraying the
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microfilm reels between scientists, and eventually between any
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BlueSpace: Creating a
Personalized and Context-Aware Workspace
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In 1981, Xerox introduced the Xerox 8010 Information System (
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768:"The 1970s Conference That Predicted the Future of Work"
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Alto with CPU (under desk), display, keyboard, and mouse
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was only introduced nearly forty years later, in 2010.
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In 1977, Xerox introduced the Alto to the world at the
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Paperless Whitepaper, Chicago, IL United States, 2007.
583:"Frank Lloyd Wright Designs the Office of the Future"
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
937:Sellen, Abigail J.; Harper, Richard H. R. (2001).
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961:A criticism of the notion of a paperless office.
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927:Museum of Modern Art Workspheres Exhibit Website
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817:Chou, Paul; et al. (December 11, 2001).
988:The Office of Good Intentions: Human(s) Work
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454:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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106:Learn how and when to remove this message
985:Idenburg, Florian; Suen, Leeann (2022).
872:Deutsch, Claudia H. (January 14, 2002).
701:The International Handbook on Innovation
613:"Follow-up Report on the Johnson Office"
560:"Ultra-modern model office boosts sales"
375:, and the help of external consultants.
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536:Remington Rand (June 1928).
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173:magazine in September 1945.
120:Office of the Future (Dubai)
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570:(52): 4. December 26, 1936.
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118:For the Dubai exhibit, see
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793:"The Dynabook of Alan Kay"
466:Intelligence amplification
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704:. Elsevier. p. 133.
256:Palo Alto Research Center
963:The Social Life of Paper
581:Garth, John (May 1939).
356:Starfire video prototype
350:Starfire video prototype
246:In 1970, under Chairman
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152:Johnson Wax Headquarters
991:. Taschen America Llc.
278:in 1972, and the first
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299:Xerox World Conference
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797:History of Computers
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623:(8): 32. August 1939
507:"Yesterday's Vision"
440:industrial designers
436:Museum of Modern Art
192:The Atlantic Monthly
127:office of the future
40:improve this article
511:The Literary Digest
331:idea (presented by
266:in 1970, the first
878:The New York Times
486:Home of the future
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323:Dynabook prototype
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156:Frank Lloyd Wright
148:Marquette Building
998:978-3-8365-7436-5
674:"As We May think"
647:"As We May Think"
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587:American Business
542:Office Appliances
260:personal computer
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38:Please help
33:verification
30:
1028:Office work
206:article in
179:Sperry Rand
96:August 2019
1017:Categories
747:(3): 40–45
492:References
393:Broadbench
314:Xerox Star
307:Bob Taylor
303:Boca Raton
225:typewriter
66:newspapers
883:August 2,
857:August 2,
832:August 2,
385:Microsoft
212:microfilm
1004:July 21,
979:Springcm
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521:July 21,
460:See also
333:Alan Kay
329:Dynabook
276:Dynabook
272:Alan Kay
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538:"Quiet"
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138:History
80:scholar
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471:Memex
341:Apple
252:Xerox
242:Xerox
204:Memex
87:JSTOR
73:books
1006:2023
993:ISBN
947:ISBN
910:2019
903:MoMA
885:2019
859:2019
834:2019
804:2019
779:2023
753:2023
719:2023
706:ISBN
685:2019
659:2019
651:Life
629:2023
599:2023
523:2023
447:IDEO
387:and
344:iPad
337:PARC
327:the
264:Alto
221:desk
202:The
175:Life
170:Life
125:The
59:news
389:IBM
301:in
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42:by
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