539:
Bringing manufacturing back to the United States isn't so simple, and there are a lot of considerations and analyses that companies must do to determine the costs and feasibility of reshoring. Some companies pursue reshoring with their own internal staff. But reshoring projects are complicated and involve engineering, marketing, production, finance, and procurement. In addition, there are real estate concerns, government incentives and training requirements that require outreach to the community. To help with these projects, companies often turn to consultants that specialize in reshoring.
252:
oversight. These countries also have strong cultural ties to the major economic centers in Europe as they are part of EU. For example, as of 2020 Portugal is considered to be the most trending outsourcing destination as big companies like
Mercedes, Google, Jaguar, Sky News, Natixis and BNP Paribas opening development centers in Lisbon and Porto, where labor costs are lower, talent comes from excellent Universities, there's availability of skills and the time zone is GMT (the same as London).
386:, argues that the concealment of income, the avoidance of taxation and eluding legislation relating to work, finance, pleasure, waste, energy and security may be becoming a serious concern for democratic governments and ordinary citizens who may be adversely affected by unregulated, offshore activities. Further, the rising costs of transportation could lead to production nearer the point of consumption becoming more economically viable, particularly as new technologies such as
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relatively less valuable. More recently, companies have explored nearshoring as a risk mitigation strategy for operational and supply chain weaknesses uncovered during the COVID-19 global pandemic crisis, when offshore BPOs experienced sudden closures and disruptive quarantine restrictions which hampered their ability to conduct day-to-day business operations.
290:
The complexities of offshoring stem from language and cultural differences, travel distances, workday/time zone mismatches, and greater effort for needed for establishing trust and long-term relationships. Many nearshore providers attempted to circumvent communication and project management barriers
810:
In the developed world, moving manufacturing jobs out of the country dates to at least the 1960s while moving knowledge service jobs offshore dates to the 1970s and has continued since then. It was characterized primarily by the transferring of factories from the developed to the developing world.
790:
Computers and the
Internet made work in the services industry electronically portable. Most theories that argue offshoring eventually benefits domestic workers assume that those workers will be able to obtain new jobs, even if by accepting lower salaries or by retraining themselves in a new field.
679:
The number of jobs lost to offshoring is less than 1 percent of the total US labor market. According to a study by the
Heritage foundation, outsourcing represents a very small proportion of jobs lost in the US. The total number of jobs lost to offshoring, both manufacturing and technical represent
850:
Before the 1990s, Ireland was one of the poorest countries in the EU. Because of
Ireland's relatively low corporate tax rates, US companies began offshoring of software, electronic, and pharmaceutical intellectual property to Ireland for export. This helped create a high-tech "boom" which led to
538:
Some cases of reshoring have not been successful. Otis
Elevators' reshoring effort did not go well. Otis says it failed to consider the consequences of the new location and tried to do too much at once, including a supply-chain software implementation. This is not an uncommon reshoring scenario.
251:
In Europe, nearshore outsourcing relationships are between clients in larger
European economies and various providers in smaller European nations. The attraction is lower-cost skilled labor forces, and a less stringent regulatory environment, but crucially they allow for more day to day physical
85:
Jobs are added in the destination country providing the goods or services and are subtracted from the higher-cost labor country. The increased safety net costs of the unemployed may be absorbed by the government (taxpayers) in the high-cost country or by the company doing the offshoring. Europe
286:
Software development nearshoring is mainly due to flexibility when it comes to upscale or downscale teams or availability of low cost skilled developers. The nearshoring of call centers, shared services centers, and business process outsourcing (BPO) rose as offshore outsourcing was seen to be
1159:
See "Appendix II: Definitions of
Offshoring" in General Accounting Office: "International Trade: Current Government Data Provide Limited Insight into Offshoring of Services", September 2004. Imported intermediate goods are included in offshoring in "Swenson, D: "International Outsourcing", in
604:
Offshoring is often enabled by the transfer of valuable information to the offshore site. Such information and training enables the remote workers to produce results of comparable value previously produced by internal employees. When such transfer includes protected materials, as confidential
510:
program was the first federal program to promote and facilitate U.S. investment in partnership with the states. This program and website helps companies connect with resources available on a
Federal, State and local level. In January 2012, President Obama issued a call to action to "invest in
268:
Cultural alignment with the business is often more readily achieved through near-sourcing due to there being similarities between the cultures in which the business is located and in which services are sub-contracted, including for example proficiency with the language used in that culture.
277:
Constraints imposed by time zones can complicate communication; near-sourcing or nearshoring offers a solution. English language skills are the cornerstone of
Nearshore and IT services. Collaboration by universities, industry, and government has slowly produced improvements. Proximity also
703:
The increased safety net costs of the unemployed may be absorbed by the government (taxpayers) in the high-cost country or by the company doing the offshoring. Europe experienced less offshoring than the U.S. due to policies that applied more costs to corporations and cultural barriers.
596:
There is a relationship between offshoring and patent-system strength. Companies under a strong patent system are not afraid to move work offshore because their work will remain their property. Conversely, companies in countries with weak patent systems have an increased fear of
291:
by developing new ways to align organizations. As a result, concepts such as remote insourcing were created to give clients more control in managing their own projects. Nearshoring still has not overcome all barriers, but proximity allows more flexibility to align organizations.
656:
Jobs formerly held by U.S. workers have been lost, even as underdeveloped countries such as Brazil and Turkey flourish. Free-trade advocates suggest economies as a whole will obtain a net benefit from labor offshoring, but it is unclear if the displaced receive a net benefit.
814:
During the 20th century, the decreasing costs of transportation and communication combined with great disparities on pay rates made increased offshoring from wealthier countries to less wealthy countries financially feasible for many companies. Further, the growth of the
332:
based on cities with populations over a million workers dedicated to producing a single kind of product. However, many companies are reluctant to move high value-added production of leading-edge products to China because of lax enforcement of intellectual property laws.
691:
reported in
January 2013 that "High levels of unemployment in Western countries after the 2007-2008 financial crisis have made the public in many countries so hostile towards offshoring that many companies are now reluctant to engage in it." Economist
236:
Nearshoring can involve business strategy to locate operations close to where product is sold. This is contrasted with using low-wage manufacturing operations in developing nations and shipping product back to the country that offshored the work.
401:
on the future of work considers the potential for automation to drive companies to reshore production, reducing the role of labor in the process, and offers suggestions as to how governments can respond. A similar movement can be seen related to
660:
Some wages overseas are rising. A study by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics found that Chinese wages were almost tripled in the seven years following 2002. Research suggests that these wage increases could redirect some offshoring elsewhere.
240:
With nearshore outsourcing, the work is done by an outside company rather than internally, but in contrast to typical offshore outsourcing, the work is done in fairly close proximity to the company headquarters and its target market.
730:
U.S. opinion polls indicate that between 76-95% of Americans surveyed agreed that "outsourcing of production and manufacturing work to foreign countries is a reason the U.S. economy is struggling and more people aren't being hired."
587:
Product design, research and the development (R&D) process is relatively difficult to offshore because R&D, to improve products and create new reference designs, requires a higher skill set not associated with cheap labor.
625:
On the other hand, job losses and wage erosion in developed countries have sparked opposition. Free trade with low-wage countries is win-lose for many employees who find their jobs offshored or with stagnating wages.
1970:
680:
only 4 percent of the total jobs lost in the US. Major reasons for cutting jobs are from contract completion and downsizing. Some economists and commentators claim that the offshoring phenomenon is way overblown.
1319:"PLANTS SEEN NEAR SOURCE OF SUPPLY; Shift of the Chemical Industry to Sites With Basic Minerals Is Predicted TRANSPORTATION A FACTOR Potential Factory Migration Is Cited in Report to American Chemical Society"
696:
wrote in 2007 that while free trade among high-wage countries is viewed as win-win, free trade with low-wage countries is win-lose for many employees who find their jobs offshored or with stagnating wages.
184:
Recruitment Process Outsourcing (RPO) is a workforce solution in which a business transfers all or part of its recruitment to an external provider. Businesses can deliver a standalone service or the entire
621:
Offshoring to foreign subsidiaries has been a controversial issue spurring heated debates among economists. Jobs go to the destination country and lower cost of goods and services to the origin country.
874:) has not yet been successful. In 2005, offshoring of skilled work, also referred to as knowledge work, dramatically increased from the US, which fed the growing worries about threats of job loss.
1318:
633:
testified before the Senate committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs that China, for instance, pegs its currency to the dollar at a sub-par value in violation of Article IV of the
916:– practice of using offshored resources and personnel to do small disaggregated tasks within a business environment, without any broader intention to offshore an entire business function.
613:
has been transferred or exported. The documentation and valuation of such exports is quite difficult, but should be considered since it comprises items that may be regulated or taxable.
1091:
Stephan Manning; Silvia Massini; Arie Lewin (October 20, 2008). "SSRN-A Dynamic Perspective on Next-Generation Offshoring: The Global Sourcing of Science and Engineering Talent".
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179:
Customer Support Outsourcing (CSO) involves delegating customer service functions to offshore call centres or service providers to handle inquiries, complaints, and assistance.
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1340:
1815:
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Imported services from subsidiaries or other closely related suppliers are included, whereas intermediate goods, such as partially completed cars or computers, may not be.
2248:
2119:
303:, of established products involves relocation of physical manufacturing processes overseas, usually to a lower-cost destination or one with fewer regulatory restrictions.
207:
article "Near Source of Supplies the Best Policy", the main focus was then on "cost of production." Although transportation cost was addressed, they did not choose among:
133:
Subcontracting in the same country would be outsourcing, but not offshoring. A company moving an internal business unit from one country to another would be offshoring or
1218:
1239:
328:
pegged to the US dollar, (currently fixed to a basket of economies) cheap loans, cheap land, and factories for new companies, few environmental regulations, and huge
200:
Being nearby results in potentially beneficial commonalities such as temporal (time zone), cultural, social, linguistic, economic, political, or historical linkages.
82:. More recently, offshoring incentives also include access to qualified personnel abroad, in particular in technical professions, and decreasing the time to market.
1137:
1419:
44:
Offshoring neither implies nor precludes involving a different company to be responsible for a business process. Therefore, offshoring should not be confused with
2873:
Stephan Manning, Silvia Massini & Arie Y. Lewin, A Dynamic Perspective on Next-Generation Offshoring: The Global Sourcing of Science and Engineering Talent,
700:
Two estimates of the impact of offshoring on U.S. jobs were between 150,000 and 300,000 per year from 2004 to 2015. This represents 10-15% of U.S. job creation.
1774:
718:
on the future of work highlights how offshoring can shape the demand for skills in receiving countries and explores how increasing automation can lead to
37:
from one country to another—typically an operational process, such as manufacturing, or supporting processes, such as accounting. Usually this refers to a
2808:
526:
There have been several very successful stories of companies. In most cases hundreds if not thousands of jobs were created or reinstated. In the case of
811:
This offshoring and closing of factories has caused a structural change in the developed world from an industrial to a post-industrial service society.
2139:
1326:
2901:
2708:
1300:
2726:
2569:
M. Miszczynski (2016-02-18). "Global Production in a Romanian Village: Middle-Income Economy, Industrial Dislocation and the Reserve Army of Labor".
137:, but not outsourcing. A company subcontracting a business unit to a different company in another country would be both outsourcing and offshoring,
410:, where the incentive to move repetitive shared services work to lower cost countries is partially taken away by the progression of technology.
2867:
629:
Currency manipulation by governments and their central banks cause differences in labor cost. On May 1, 2002, Economist and former Ambassador
1451:
41:
business, although state governments may also employ offshoring. More recently, technical and administrative services have been offshored.
943:
2935:
831:
Regardless of size, companies benefit from accessibility to labor resources across the world. This gave rise to business models such as
2548:
1162:
1652:
86:
experienced less offshoring than the United States due to policies that applied more costs to corporations and cultural barriers.
2988:
2194:
1846:
Christian F. Durach; Stefan Kurpjuweit; Stephan M. Wagner (2017-09-25). "The impact of additive manufacturing on supply chains".
470:
became one prominent destination for such offshoring, though many parts of the world are now emerging as offshore destinations.
3008:
341:
Growth of offshoring has been linked to the availability of reliable and affordable communication infrastructure following the
1952:
1569:
2830:
2679:
1248:
645:
The opposing sides regarding offshoring, outsourcing, and offshore outsourcing are those seeking government intervention and
2847:
904:, and customer service) are outsourced. More specific terms can be found in the field of software development - for example
379:, is the act of reversing an offshoring change; moving a business process that was offshored, back to the original country.
3351:
2783:
1544:
1492:
1024:
425:- "working with other nations and trusted supply sources" - as a business practice and policy initiative aiming to promote
2101:
3356:
860:
783:
how a corporation can spend its working capital, it will not be able to offshore its operations. For the same reason the
579:
all announced they would move operations back to Britain in order to boost the economy and regain customer satisfaction.
310:
1429:
174:(KPO) is a type of outsourcing that involves or requires more advanced technical skills and a higher level of expertise.
3697:
3597:
2922:
2768:
1798:
1753:
1734:
1093:
1009:
148:
2335:
2017:
478:
Since the 1980s American companies have been "offshoring" and outsourcing manufacturing to low cost countries such as
3450:
3341:
3202:
2747:
2607:
2034:
999:
1971:"India may no longer be outsourcing hub as UK companies such as Aviva, BT & Santander move work to home country"
1882:
2694:
1908:
835:
that allow companies to tap into resources found abroad, without losing control over security of product quality.
3860:
3855:
3443:
2169:
871:
664:
Increased training and education has been advocated to offset trade-related displacements, but it is no longer a
2080:
1478:
1365:
1633:
1520:
989:
2061:
3378:
447:
171:
2147:
1816:"President Obama Issues Call to Action to Invest in America at White House "Insourcing American Jobs" Forum"
1700:
1599:
1506:
676:
In 2015, IT employment in the United States has recently reached pre-2001 levels and has been rising since.
3865:
3850:
3079:
2522:
893:
838:
New categories of work such as call centres, computer programming, reading medical data such as X-rays and
798:
leads to unethical practices, connected to exploitation of workers, eroding work conditions and decreasing
637:
Articles of Agreement which state that no nation shall manipulate its currency to gain a market advantage.
156:
1394:
67:
In-house offshoring is when the offshored work is done by means of an internal (captive) delivery model.
3497:
3069:
3044:
2981:
1029:
927:
634:
598:
2388:"Estimating the Impact of Trade and Offshoring on American Workers using the Current Population Surveys"
3522:
3371:
2051:
Kupchan, C. (2012, January 1). The Democratic malaise: Globalization and the threat to the West, 62-67.
839:
403:
52:, and can be individually or jointly, partially or completely reversed, as described by terms such as
3870:
3217:
3180:
1014:
905:
707:
In the area of service research has found that offshoring has mixed effects on wages and employment.
459:
197:
is a form of offshoring in which the other country is relatively close such as one sharing a border.
78:
Lower cost and increased profitability are often the motivation for offshoring. Economists call this
24:
19:
This article is about the business process involving a single company. For offshore outsourcing, see
3438:
3116:
3059:
3018:
2518:
715:
606:
443:
398:
255:
US clients nearshore to countries such as Canada, Mexico and nations in Central and South America.
164:
48:
which does imply one company relying on another. In practice, the concepts can be intertwined, i.e
1462:
151:(ITO) is where outsourcing is related to technology or the internet, such as computer programming.
3845:
3742:
3294:
3138:
3086:
1138:"Captive Audience: How to Partner with Service Providers to Improve In-House Offshore Operations"
426:
407:
2605:"Offshoring: U.S. Semiconductor and Software Industries Increasingly Produce in China and India"
2491:
Robert C. Feenstra; Gordon H. Hanson (1996). "Globalization, Outsourcing, and Wage Inequality".
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3324:
3314:
3197:
3133:
3064:
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959:
864:
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320:
This trend later shifted to China, which offered cheap prices through very low wage rates, few
306:
300:
245:
134:
2359:"Much Ado About Nothing: American Jobs and the Rise of Service Outsourcing to China and India"
1122:
1074:
450:
emerged as a prominent destination for production offshoring. Another focus area has been the
3622:
3460:
3192:
3121:
2124:
1265:
Carmel, Erran; Abbott, Pamela (October 2007). "Why 'nearshore' means that distance matters".
969:
749:
665:
610:
2695:
Gartner Outlines the Top 10 Forces to Impact Outsourcing and IT Services Industry. Sep. 2010
1994:
1219:"Staying put. European jobs are not coming back because few of them went in the first place"
3747:
3652:
3465:
3433:
3423:
3408:
3309:
3304:
3247:
937:
556:
530:, in 2012 it saved American Mug and Stein Company in East Liverpool, Ohio from bankruptcy.
455:
383:
353:
233:, the nearshore workers are not employees of the company for which the work is performed.
49:
842:, medical transcription, income tax preparation, and title searching are being offshored.
8:
3840:
3284:
3274:
3269:
3252:
3143:
3126:
3039:
761:
745:
560:
3527:
1656:
3592:
3418:
3366:
3329:
3074:
2878:
2586:
2500:
2473:
2415:
2386:
Ebenstein, Avraham; Harrison, Ann; McMillan, Margaret; Phillips, Shannon (2013-05-15).
2316:
2308:
1999:
1975:
1282:
1110:
1044:
932:
832:
329:
321:
313:(NAFTA) made it easier for manufacturers to shift production facilities from the US to
159:(BPO) involves contracting out operational functions to a third-party service provider.
2889:
2202:
1301:"HOW TO HANDLE MATERIAL.; Founding Industries Near Source of Supplies the Best Policy"
3780:
3647:
3532:
3413:
3319:
3185:
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2625:
2590:
2465:
2407:
2320:
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1863:
1845:
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1629:
1197:
1118:
1070:
1034:
949:
757:
463:
451:
342:
2419:
1286:
791:
Foreign workers benefit from new jobs and higher wages when the work moves to them.
3687:
3667:
3582:
3507:
3336:
3207:
3106:
2645:
2637:
2578:
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2300:
1855:
1577:
1349:
1274:
1189:
1114:
1102:
1019:
765:
753:
34:
98:
There is a significant wage difference between the original and offshore countries
3819:
3770:
3702:
3677:
3642:
3557:
3428:
3346:
3264:
3173:
3101:
3054:
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2021:
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979:
776:
630:
568:
79:
2855:
2672:
A Gift of Fire: Social, Legal, and Ethical Issues for Computing and The Internet
1859:
1069:
Zuckerman, Michael A. (November 2008). "The Offshoring of American Government".
823:
reduced "transportation" costs for many kinds of information work to near zero.
3672:
3537:
3512:
3383:
3229:
3168:
3023:
2387:
1820:
1004:
954:
820:
784:
772:
548:
462:. After technical progress in telecommunications improved the possibilities of
325:
2864:
Accelerating the Globalization of America: The Role for Information Technology
2641:
1106:
668:
of high-wage nations because education costs are lower in low-wage countries.
563:
completed a move of call centres back to Britain. The call centre industry in
3834:
3785:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3707:
3617:
3587:
3547:
3455:
3222:
3096:
2997:
2955:
2734:
2727:
Outsourcing Comparison Study South-East Asia: China, India, Vietnam 2011-2012
2582:
2469:
2411:
1867:
1677:
1223:
1201:
1193:
1039:
964:
646:
422:
1278:
3765:
3692:
3662:
3607:
3517:
3289:
2014:
1934:
1424:
1142:
994:
913:
799:
693:
572:
552:
2604:
2284:
Amiti, Mary; Wei, Shang-Jin; Haskel, Jonathan; Auriol, Emmanuelle (2005).
908:
as a class of systems being developed for / by globally distributed teams.
248:(IT) processes such as application development, maintenance and testing.
3775:
3657:
3612:
3602:
3552:
3542:
3492:
3299:
2453:
2403:
1848:
International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management
896:(BPO) – outsourcing arrangements when entire business functions (such as
520:
387:
194:
103:
45:
20:
2882:
2434:
2285:
819:, particularly fiber-optic intercontinental long haul capacity, and the
3717:
3712:
3577:
3502:
3279:
3259:
2890:"Some businesses learning value of bringing factories back to the U.S."
2504:
2461:
2312:
1754:"World Bank World Development Report 2019: The Changing Nature of Work"
1090:
901:
780:
711:
650:
601:
from foreign vendors or workers, and, therefore, have less offshoring.
394:
61:
2724:
Consulate General of the Kingdom of The Netherlands Guangzhou (2011).
2650:
2062:"Free Trade and Outsourcing Are Not the Same | YaleGlobal Online"
3388:
3212:
3111:
2848:"Wheels of Industry Turn Faster as UK Brings Manufacturing Back Home"
1049:
984:
888:
Bestshoring or rightshoring – picking the best country for offshoring
719:
527:
507:
2371:
2358:
2227:
1177:
816:
491:
487:
418:
346:
112:
2936:"'Reshoring' Trend Has Little Impact On U.S. Economy, Study Finds"
2490:
278:
facilitates in-person interaction regularly and/or when required.
2796:"Survey says reshoring 'symbolic' and will not lead to jobs boom"
2385:
1370:
897:
495:
38:
2966:
3814:
2435:"The Surprisingly Swift Decline of US Manufacturing Employment"
314:
2822:
The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century
2549:"Americans' Top Job–Creation Idea: Stop Sending Work Overseas"
2517:
1247:. Nonprofit Coordinating Committee of New York. Archived from
523:
technologies brought manufacturers closer to their customers.
511:
America" at the White House "Insourcing American Jobs" Forum.
2902:"As Overseas Costs Rise, More U.S. Companies Are 'Reshoring'"
2334:
Groshen, Erica; Hobijn, Bart; McConnell, Margaret M. (2005).
1813:
1178:"Labour arbitrage: the lifecycle of a global production node"
1148:
a.k.a. internal shared-services centers in low-cost locations
576:
564:
483:
479:
467:
1953:"RSA completes move to UK-only call centres/1409402.article"
1883:"What's So Special About This Starbuck's [sic] Mug?"
779:
funds the initial costs of offshoring. If the state heavily
2170:"Business Technology News and Commentary - InformationWeek"
1832:
863:(NAFTA) went into effect, and it increased the velocity of
739:
421:'s report commend adopting a combination of re-shoring and
2866:, Institute for International Economics, Washington D.C.,
1748:
1746:
1698:
764:. Offshoring relies heavily on the mobility of labor and
2956:"Industrial Property Boost as Manufacturers Return Home"
2336:"U.S. jobs gained and lost through trade: a net measure"
1366:"After Google, Portugal's tech scene gets boost from VW"
2102:"Outsourcing & Offshoring Industry Market Research"
1743:
1640:(chapter) COMMUNICATION AND OUTSOURCING ... Roche, 1998
406:, called RPA or RPAAI for self-guided RPA 2.0 based on
2790:, Vol. 85, No. 2 (March/April 2006), pp. 113–128.
2709:
An Atlas of Offshore Outsourcing by David E. Gumpert (
2333:
2195:"Myths and Realities: The False Crisis of Outsourcing"
1237:
683:
2035:"Protectionism leads to its own outsourcing problems"
551:, companies have used the reintroduction of domestic
2283:
2081:"The Politics and Economics of Offshore Outsourcing"
1493:"Effective communication for successful outsourcing"
1135:
591:
567:has been hit by reshoring, as businesses including
352:Much of the job movement was to outside companies,
2032:
1461:
851:Ireland becoming one of the richest EU countries.
2923:"Outsourcing not what you think, say researchers"
2877:, Vol. 22, No. 3 (October 2008), pp. 35–54.
2769:"Report shows U.S. manufacturers continue to lag"
2665:
2663:
2661:
2433:Pierce, Justin R.; Schott, Peter K. (July 2016).
1814:Office of the Press Secretary (11 January 2012).
1600:"Offshore manufacturing - definition and meaning"
1086:
1084:
336:
94:Some criteria for a job to be offshore-able are:
3832:
2806:
2228:"Samuelson: Debunking the Great Offshoring Myth"
1786:
883:Inshoring – picking services in the same country
2862:Catherine L. Mann & Jacob Funk Kirkegaard,
2286:"Fear of Service Outsourcing: Is It Justified?"
2222:
2220:
1988:
1986:
1311:
1213:
1211:
214:transporting finished goods to place(s) of sale
2899:
2868:Peterson Institute for International Economics
2658:
2568:
1625:Managing Projects in Telecommunication Service
1570:"Nearshoring: A Smart Alternative to Offshore"
1476:
1420:"Communication: The Holy Grail of Outsourcing"
1081:
2982:
2845:
2793:
2748:"Factories 'Reshore' Some Work From Overseas"
1417:
1411:
870:The plan to create free trade areas (such as
2745:
2623:
2546:
2432:
2217:
2078:
1992:
1983:
1699:Zacks Investment Research (April 29, 2015).
1470:
1293:
1264:
1208:
768:; land has little or no mobility potential.
211:transporting supplies to place of production
2933:
2828:
2784:Offshoring: The Next Industrial Revolution?
2357:Liu, Runjuan; Trefler, Daniel (June 2008).
1932:
1906:
1807:
1790:The Global Supply Chain and Risk Management
1775:Reshoring and “friendshoring” supply chains
1567:
1444:
1175:
944:Decline and Fall of the American Programmer
2989:
2975:
2920:
2626:"History of offshoring knowledge services"
2540:
2356:
2140:"IT Employment Reaches Record High In U.S"
2015:Testimony on Chinese Currency Manipulation
1615:
1129:
605:documents and trade secrets, protected by
57:
2887:
2766:
2674:(Third ed.). Harlow: Prentice Hall.
2649:
2370:
1909:"How To Avoid a Failed Reshoring Project"
1880:
1612:Fishman, T: "China, Inc." Scribner, 2006.
1479:"Communication Problems When Outsourcing"
1392:
1238:Amy Karson; Marcia Brown (October 2012).
1068:
826:
1163:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
787:must be free for offshoring to succeed.
740:Effects of factor of production mobility
294:
2624:Metters, Richard; Verma, Rohit (2008).
2340:Current Issues in Economics and Finance
1653:"Workforce Management Online, Dec 2007"
1576:. Auerbach Publications. Archived from
258:
144:Types of offshore outsourcing include:
128:
3833:
2831:"Bosses Back to UK in Reshoring Moves"
2521:And Douglas Belkin (October 2, 2010).
2392:The Review of Economics and Statistics
1935:"Are you ready to evaluate Reshoring?"
1621:
501:
16:Transnational relocation of operations
2970:
2669:
1874:
1701:"Reshoring Bringing Back Jobs to USA"
1182:Journal of Organizational Ethnography
640:
582:
382:John Urry, professor of sociology at
299:Production offshoring, also known as
111:The work can be transmitted over the
3352:New international division of labour
2033:Marc-William Palen (June 18, 2013).
1926:
1900:
1724:
1452:"Indian IT moves to 'near-sourcing'"
1418:Gabriel Fuchs (September 14, 2007).
1025:Offshore custom software development
671:
2900:Jackie Northam (January 27, 2014).
1561:
1521:"COVID-19's Impact on Call Centers"
1477:Elizabeth Mott (27 February 2014).
1341:"EY Attractiveness Survey Portugal"
1258:
861:North American Free Trade Agreement
684:Impact on jobs in western countries
533:
311:North American Free Trade Agreement
281:
13:
2875:Academy of Management Perspectives
2809:"Canada's 'reshoring' opportunity"
2718:
1993:Paul Krugman (December 12, 2007).
1460:. November 1, 2006. Archived from
1176:Miszczynski, Milosz (2016-06-22).
1094:Academy of Management Perspectives
1010:List of international trade topics
514:
229:. When combined with outsourcing,
149:Information technology outsourcing
14:
3882:
2996:
2934:Jim Zarroli (December 16, 2014).
2807:Kevin Carmichael (June 4, 2013).
2702:
1393:Nearshore, velv (July 24, 2020).
1000:Information technology consulting
725:
592:Transfer of intellectual property
542:
3813:
3803:
3802:
3013:
2921:Jon Talton (February 22, 2014).
2735:"More Support to Push Reshoring"
2630:Journal of Operations Management
2305:10.1111/j.1468-0327.2005.00140.x
1545:"2020 global outsourcing survey"
1507:"Nearshore Software Development"
1241:A Nonprofit Guide to Outsourcing
473:
272:
3014:
2846:Mark Hennessy (March 5, 2014).
2746:Annie Baxter (March 13, 2012).
2688:
2617:
2597:
2562:
2511:
2484:
2426:
2379:
2350:
2327:
2277:
2259:
2241:
2187:
2162:
2132:
2112:
2094:
2072:
2054:
2045:
2026:
2013:Ernest H. Preeg (May 1, 2002).
2007:
1963:
1945:
1839:
1780:
1763:
1718:
1692:
1670:
1645:
1622:Sherif, Mostafa Hashem (2006).
1606:
1592:
1537:
1513:
1499:
1485:
1386:
1358:
1333:
1325:. 6 August 1939. Archived from
872:Free Trade Area of the Americas
437:
53:
2794:Andrew Bounds (May 10, 2013).
2767:Adam Belz (January 13, 2013).
2547:Gallup, Inc. (31 March 2011).
1939:Blue Silk Consulting Reshoring
1231:
1169:
1153:
1062:
990:Globally integrated enterprise
337:IT-enabled services offshoring
244:Nearshoring is often used for
217:cost and availability of labor
189:
1:
2829:Jon Griffin (March 3, 2014).
1725:Urry, John (April 14, 2014).
1680:. Mike Karlesky. May 17, 2005
1056:
722:of production in some cases.
359:
349:expansion of the late 1990s.
172:Knowledge Process Outsourcing
165:Offshore Software development
123:
73:
2888:Ed Marcum (August 7, 2010).
2493:The American Economic Review
2363:NBER Working Paper No. 14061
2249:"Here, there and everywhere"
1136:Cliff Justice; Stan Lepeak.
894:Business process outsourcing
432:
157:Business process outsourcing
7:
3070:Environmental globalization
3045:Anti-globalization movement
2603:General Accounting Office:
1860:10.1108/ijpdlm-11-2016-0332
1030:Offshoring Research Network
928:Anti-globalization movement
920:
649:versus the side advocating
635:International Monetary Fund
599:intellectual property theft
442:After its accession to the
89:
10:
3887:
3218:Offshore financial centres
2739:Coventry Evening Telegraph
2230:. Newsweek.com. 2007-08-21
1777:, accessed 23 January 2023
877:
845:
840:magnetic resonance imaging
805:
794:Labor scholars argue that
460:global information systems
448:People's Republic of China
404:Robotic Process Automation
263:
18:
3798:
3756:
3631:
3566:
3483:
3474:
3401:
3238:
3159:
3152:
3032:
3004:
2642:10.1016/j.jom.2007.02.012
2523:"Americans Sour on Trade"
1793:. Business Expert Press.
1787:Stuart Rosenberg (2018).
1705:Zacks Investment Research
1628:. John Wiley & Sons.
1395:"Nearshoring in Portugal"
1267:Communications of the ACM
1107:10.5465/amp.2008.34587994
1015:Low-cost country sourcing
906:Global Information System
734:
616:
607:non-disclosure agreements
25:Offshore (disambiguation)
3060:Democratic globalization
2583:10.1177/0896920515623076
2442:American Economic Review
2120:"Education and learning"
1995:"The Trouble with Trade"
1194:10.1108/JOE-04-2016-0009
854:
716:World Development Report
444:World Trade Organization
399:World Development Report
3342:Investor-state disputes
3295:Illicit financial flows
3139:Political globalization
3087:Global financial system
2942:. National Public Radio
2908:. National Public Radio
2893:Knoxville News Sentinel
2754:. National Public Radio
2199:The Heritage Foundation
1279:10.1145/1290958.1290959
506:President Obama's 2011
427:supply chain resilience
408:artificial intelligence
33:is the relocation of a
3861:International business
3856:Economic globalization
3683:Christopher Chase-Dunn
3451:Primitive accumulation
3134:Military globalization
3065:Economic globalization
3050:Cultural globalization
2106:Plunkett Research, Ltd
1549:Deloitte United States
975:Global labor arbitrage
960:Free trade controversy
865:physical restructuring
827:Impact of the Internet
796:global labor arbitrage
388:additive manufacturing
307:Physical restructuring
301:physical restructuring
246:information technology
203:According to the 1913
135:physical restructuring
119:The work is repeatable
106:is possible in the job
23:. For other uses, see
2906:All Things Considered
2752:All Things Considered
2125:The Los Angeles Times
2079:N. G. Mankiw (2006).
1466:on December 10, 2022.
970:Global delivery model
750:factors of production
666:comparative advantage
611:intellectual property
295:Production offshoring
231:nearshore outsourcing
3748:Immanuel Wallerstein
3409:Capital accumulation
3275:Endangered languages
2819:Thomas L. Friedman,
2670:Baase, Sara (2008).
2454:10.1257/aer.20131578
2404:10.1162/rest_a_00400
1481:. Hearst Newspapers.
938:Call center security
557:unique selling point
456:software development
384:Lancaster University
354:offshore outsourcing
259:Reasons to nearshore
139:offshore outsourcing
129:Offshore outsourcing
50:offshore outsourcing
3866:International trade
3851:Business management
3820:Business portal
3379:Transnational crime
3285:Forced displacement
3270:Economic inequality
3144:Trade globalization
3040:Alter-globalization
2962:. December 4, 2014.
2741:. October 28, 2013.
2255:. January 19, 2013.
2066:yaleglobal.yale.edu
1432:on October 11, 2019
1307:. 30 November 1913.
746:classical economics
561:RSA Insurance Group
502:Government response
446:(WTO) in 2001, the
3593:Andre Gunder Frank
3367:Race to the bottom
3357:North–South divide
3075:Global citizenship
2610:2010-12-02 at the
2577:(7–8): 1079–1092.
2571:Critical Sociology
2273:. 17 January 2013.
2020:2006-04-27 at the
2000:The New York Times
1976:The Economic Times
1323:The New York Times
1305:The New York Times
1045:Runaway production
933:Borderless selling
833:Remote In-Sourcing
641:Source of conflict
583:R&D offshoring
454:as part of global
330:economies of scale
3828:
3827:
3794:
3793:
3653:K. Anthony Appiah
3648:Daniele Archibugi
3397:
3396:
3186:COVID-19 pandemic
3092:Global governance
2858:on March 8, 2016.
2841:on March 9, 2016.
2681:978-0-13-600848-4
2614:, September 2006.
1959:. August 5, 2014.
1933:Rosemary Coates.
1907:Rosemary Coates.
1833:National Archives
1568:Sam Cinquegrani.
1350:Ernst & Young
1035:Programmers Guild
950:Domestic sourcing
672:U.S. labor market
464:trade in services
452:software industry
343:telecommunication
309:arrived when the
3878:
3871:Offshore finance
3818:
3817:
3806:
3805:
3759:
3668:Jean Baudrillard
3636:
3583:Giovanni Arrighi
3571:
3528:Branko Milanović
3508:Jagdish Bhagwati
3486:
3481:
3480:
3372:pollution havens
3337:Invasive species
3241:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3107:Global workforce
3017:
3016:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2930:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2896:
2859:
2854:. Archived from
2842:
2837:. Archived from
2816:
2803:
2776:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2742:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2667:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2621:
2615:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2448:(7): 1632–1662.
2439:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2290:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2224:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2201:. Archived from
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2150:on 14 April 2011
2146:. Archived from
2136:
2130:
2129:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2085:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2030:
2024:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1979:. July 14, 2011.
1967:
1961:
1960:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1784:
1778:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1750:
1741:
1740:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1655:. Archived from
1649:
1643:
1642:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1580:on March 3, 2011
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1525:Wharton Magazine
1517:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1428:. Archived from
1415:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1374:. April 17, 2018
1362:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1329:on 2 April 2018.
1315:
1309:
1308:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1246:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1215:
1206:
1205:
1173:
1167:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1088:
1079:
1078:
1066:
1020:Offshore company
534:Avoiding failure
367:, also known as
282:Other advantages
35:business process
3886:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3812:
3790:
3771:Thomas Friedman
3757:
3752:
3703:Anthony Giddens
3678:Manuel Castells
3643:Arjun Appadurai
3634:
3632:
3627:
3569:
3567:
3562:
3558:Joseph Stiglitz
3498:Richard Baldwin
3484:
3476:
3470:
3429:Fiscal localism
3393:
3347:McDonaldization
3265:Development aid
3239:
3234:
3203:Multilingualism
3198:Labor arbitrage
3174:Climate justice
3160:
3148:
3102:Global politics
3055:Deglobalization
3028:
3000:
2995:
2960:Birmingham Post
2954:
2945:
2943:
2940:Morning Edition
2911:
2909:
2852:The Irish Times
2835:Birmingham Mail
2788:Foreign Affairs
2780:Alan S. Blinder
2757:
2755:
2733:
2721:
2719:Further reading
2705:
2700:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2668:
2659:
2622:
2618:
2612:Wayback Machine
2602:
2598:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2545:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2516:
2512:
2489:
2485:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2384:
2380:
2355:
2351:
2332:
2328:
2299:(42): 307–347.
2293:Economic Policy
2288:
2282:
2278:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2233:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2205:on 3 March 2010
2193:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2176:
2174:InformationWeek
2168:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2144:InformationWeek
2138:
2137:
2133:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2083:
2077:
2073:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2031:
2027:
2022:Wayback Machine
2012:
2008:
1991:
1984:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1957:Insurance Times
1951:
1950:
1946:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1915:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1881:John Grgurich.
1879:
1875:
1854:(10): 954–971.
1844:
1840:
1826:
1824:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1785:
1781:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1662:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1566:
1562:
1553:
1551:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1529:
1527:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1475:
1471:
1457:Financial Times
1450:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1416:
1412:
1403:
1401:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1227:. January 2013.
1217:
1216:
1209:
1174:
1170:
1158:
1154:
1134:
1130:
1089:
1082:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
980:Global sourcing
923:
880:
857:
848:
829:
808:
777:working capital
742:
737:
728:
686:
674:
643:
631:Ernest H. Preeg
619:
594:
585:
569:British Telecom
559:. In 2014, the
545:
536:
517:
515:Success stories
504:
476:
458:and developing
440:
435:
362:
339:
322:workers' rights
297:
284:
275:
266:
261:
192:
131:
126:
92:
80:labor arbitrage
76:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3884:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3846:Business terms
3843:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3810:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3673:Zygmunt Bauman
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3574:
3572:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3538:Thomas Piketty
3535:
3533:Kevin O'Rourke
3530:
3525:
3523:Michael Hudson
3520:
3515:
3513:Robert Brenner
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3489:
3487:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3384:Westernization
3381:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3244:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3223:Tax inversions
3220:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3193:Digital divide
3190:
3189:
3188:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3169:Climate change
3165:
3163:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3011:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2994:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2952:
2931:
2918:
2897:
2885:
2871:
2860:
2843:
2826:
2817:
2813:Globe and Mail
2804:
2800:Globe and Mail
2791:
2777:
2775:. Minneapolis.
2764:
2743:
2731:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2715:
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2703:External links
2701:
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2499:(2): 240–245.
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2068:. 19 May 2021.
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2063:
2057:
2048:
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2029:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1989:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1888:
1887:Daily Finance
1884:
1877:
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1766:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1738:
1732:
1729:. polity UK.
1728:
1721:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1679:
1673:
1659:on 2013-12-17
1658:
1654:
1648:
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1627:
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1595:
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1550:
1546:
1540:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1509:. 2020-07-21.
1508:
1502:
1494:
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1464:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1447:
1431:
1427:
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1421:
1414:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1354:. 2019-06-01.
1353:
1351:
1342:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1273:(10): 40–46.
1272:
1268:
1261:
1250:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1226:
1225:
1224:The Economist
1220:
1214:
1212:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1164:
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1120:
1116:
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1108:
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1096:
1095:
1087:
1085:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1040:Restructuring
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
965:Friendshoring
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
945:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
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852:
843:
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836:
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803:
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797:
792:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
744:According to
732:
723:
721:
717:
713:
708:
705:
701:
698:
695:
690:
689:The Economist
681:
677:
669:
667:
662:
658:
654:
652:
648:
647:Protectionism
638:
636:
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627:
623:
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600:
589:
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570:
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531:
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493:
489:
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481:
474:United States
471:
469:
465:
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457:
453:
449:
445:
430:
428:
424:
423:friendshoring
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
400:
396:
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389:
385:
380:
378:
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318:
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292:
288:
279:
273:Communication
270:
256:
253:
249:
247:
242:
238:
234:
232:
228:
225:derives from
224:
216:
213:
210:
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201:
198:
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183:
182:
178:
177:
173:
170:
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150:
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118:
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101:
97:
96:
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87:
83:
81:
71:
68:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
42:
40:
36:
32:
26:
22:
3781:John R. Saul
3766:Noam Chomsky
3758:Non–academic
3698:Susan George
3693:Nancy Fraser
3663:Walden Bello
3608:David Harvey
3598:Stephen Gill
3518:Jayati Ghosh
3424:Earth system
3361:
3290:Human rights
3230:Water crisis
3127:early modern
2959:
2944:. Retrieved
2939:
2926:
2910:. Retrieved
2905:
2892:
2874:
2870:(June 2006).
2863:
2856:the original
2851:
2839:the original
2834:
2820:
2812:
2799:
2787:
2773:Star Tribune
2772:
2756:. Retrieved
2751:
2738:
2725:
2711:BusinessWeek
2710:
2690:
2671:
2633:
2629:
2619:
2599:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2552:. Retrieved
2542:
2530:. Retrieved
2526:
2513:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2445:
2441:
2428:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2362:
2352:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2296:
2292:
2279:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2232:. Retrieved
2207:. Retrieved
2203:the original
2198:
2189:
2177:. Retrieved
2173:
2164:
2152:. Retrieved
2148:the original
2143:
2134:
2123:
2114:
2105:
2096:
2087:
2074:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2038:
2028:
2009:
1998:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1938:
1928:
1916:. Retrieved
1912:
1902:
1890:. Retrieved
1886:
1876:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1831:– via
1825:. Retrieved
1819:
1809:
1789:
1782:
1770:
1765:
1726:
1720:
1708:. Retrieved
1704:
1694:
1682:. Retrieved
1672:
1661:. Retrieved
1657:the original
1647:
1639:
1624:
1617:
1608:
1594:
1582:. Retrieved
1578:the original
1573:
1563:
1552:. Retrieved
1548:
1539:
1528:. Retrieved
1524:
1515:
1501:
1487:
1472:
1463:the original
1455:
1446:
1434:. Retrieved
1430:the original
1425:CIO magazine
1423:
1413:
1402:. Retrieved
1398:
1388:
1376:. Retrieved
1369:
1360:
1347:
1335:
1327:the original
1322:
1313:
1304:
1295:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1249:the original
1240:
1233:
1222:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1161:
1155:
1147:
1143:CIO magazine
1141:
1131:
1101:(3): 35–54.
1098:
1092:
1064:
995:Guest worker
942:
914:Bodyshopping
869:
859:In 1994 the
858:
849:
837:
830:
813:
809:
800:job security
793:
789:
785:macroeconomy
770:
748:, the three
743:
729:
709:
706:
702:
699:
694:Paul Krugman
688:
687:
678:
675:
663:
659:
655:
644:
628:
624:
620:
603:
595:
586:
573:Santander UK
553:call centres
546:
537:
525:
519:Advances in
518:
505:
477:
441:
438:Destinations
414:
412:
392:
381:
376:
372:
368:
364:
363:
351:
340:
319:
305:
298:
289:
285:
276:
267:
254:
250:
243:
239:
235:
230:
226:
222:
220:
204:
202:
199:
193:
190:Nearshoring
143:
138:
132:
93:
84:
77:
69:
66:
43:
30:
29:
3776:Naomi Klein
3658:Ulrich Beck
3633:Politics /
3623:Robert Wade
3613:Ronen Palan
3603:Peter Gowan
3553:Amartya Sen
3543:Dani Rodrik
3493:David Autor
3419:Development
3300:Imperialism
3248:Brain drain
2519:Sara Murray
2462:10419/89626
2088:Harvard.edu
1769:Rojas, M.,
1678:"Inshoring"
1436:October 11,
521:3D printing
373:backshoring
223:nearshoring
195:Nearshoring
185:operations.
104:Remote work
46:outsourcing
21:Outsourcing
3841:Offshoring
3835:Categories
3718:Paul Hirst
3713:David Held
3578:Samir Amin
3568:Political
3503:Ravi Batra
3444:history of
3439:ecological
3414:Dependency
3362:Offshoring
3325:scientific
3315:linguistic
3280:Fair trade
3260:Care drain
3213:Tax havens
3208:Population
3117:History of
2815:. Toronto.
2802:. Toronto.
2651:1813/72001
2636:(2): 141.
2267:"Shape up"
2234:2010-05-22
1827:11 January
1727:Offshoring
1663:2010-04-12
1635:0470047674
1584:January 9,
1554:2022-05-20
1530:2022-05-19
1404:2020-08-05
1057:References
902:accounting
712:World Bank
651:Free Trade
417:in a 2022
395:World Bank
360:Re-shoring
227:offshoring
124:Variations
74:Motivation
62:insourcing
31:Offshoring
3743:John Urry
3635:sociology
3485:Economics
3389:World war
3112:Globality
3080:education
2591:146971797
2470:0002-8282
2412:0034-6535
2321:154874880
1868:0960-0035
1378:August 5,
1202:2046-6749
1050:Tax haven
985:Globality
781:regulates
720:reshoring
528:Starbucks
508:SelectUSA
433:Practices
377:inshoring
369:onshoring
365:Reshoring
221:The term
58:inshoring
54:reshoring
3808:Category
3477:scholars
3402:Theories
3310:cultural
3305:academic
3009:Journals
2883:27747462
2608:Archived
2554:29 April
2532:29 April
2420:43576715
2209:29 April
2179:29 April
2154:29 April
2039:ABC News
2018:Archived
1773:(2022),
1710:29 April
1574:IT Today
1348:EY.com (
1287:14890487
921:See also
817:Internet
714:'s 2019
492:Pakistan
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