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193:. As with individual wells, the production curves for oil fields vary depending on geology and how they are developed and produced. Some fields have symmetric bell-shaped production profiles, but it is more common that the period of inclining production is briefer and steeper than the subsequent decline. More than half the production usually occurs after a field has reached a peak or plateau. Production profiles of many fields show distinct peaks, but for giant oil fields, it is more common for production to reach and maintain a plateau before declining. Once a field declines, it usually follows an exponential decline. As this decline levels off, production can continue at relatively low rates. A number of oil fields in the U.S. have been producing for over 100 years.
379:
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279:, provided one excludes Alaska, began by following the theoretical Hubbert curve for a few decades but is now deviating strongly from it. U.S. oil production reached a peak in 1970 and by the mid-2000s it had fallen to 1940s levels. In 1950, the United States produced over half the world's oil, but by 2005 that proportion had dropped to about 8%. In 2005, U.S. crude oil imports peaked at a rate twice as high as domestic production; since then, U.S. oil production has increased, and imports have fallen 41%.
1425:
105:, and other plant and animal matter became buried in sediments on the ocean floor. When conditions were right – a lack of oxygen for decomposition, and sufficient depth and temperature of burial – these organic remains were converted into petroleum compounds, while the sediment accompanying them was converted into sandstone, siltstone, and other porous sedimentary rock. When capped by impermeable rocks such as shale, salt, or igneous intrusions, they formed the
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697:, companies in the sector accumulate investments of US$ 5 billion, and although there is no energy production plant, the sector is confident, especially in recent years, of delivering abundant and cheaper energy by 2040, with some more optimists believing that it will be available by the end of the decade, the holy grail of energy can play a decisive role in the future of oil in the world and its aftermath decline as a source of energy for human activity.
144:. The shape of the decline curve depends on the oil reservoir and the reservoir drive mechanism. Wells in water-drive and gas-cap drive reservoirs often produce at a near constant rate until the encroaching water or expanding gas cap reaches the well, causing a sudden decline in oil production. Wells in gas solution drive and oil expansion drive reservoirs have exponential or hyperbolic declines: rapid declines at first, then leveling off.
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in oil production could result in a worldwide oil shortage, or it could not even be noticed as demand decreases in conjunction with increased prices. While past shortages stemmed from a temporary insufficiency of supply, crossing
Hubbert's Peak would mean that the production of oil would continue to
59:
predicted in 2006 that world consumption of oil will increase to 98.3 million barrels per day (15,630,000 m/d) (mbd) in 2015 and 118 million barrels per day in 2030. With 2009 world oil consumption at 84.4 mbd, reaching the projected 2015 level of consumption would represent an average annual
123:
For the short and medium-term, oil production decline occurs in a predictable manner based on geological circumstances, governmental policies, and engineering practices. The shape of the decline curve varies depending upon whether one considers a well, a field, or a set of fields. In the longer
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allows humans to participate in takedown, which is the consumption of energy at a greater rate than it is being replaced. The industrial economy is currently heavily dependent on oil as a fuel and chemical feedstock. For example, over 90% of transportation in the United States relies on oil.
247:
Most oil is found in a small number of very large oil fields. According to
Hubbert peak theory, production starts off slowly, rises faster and faster, then slows down and flattens until it reaches a peak, after which production declines. In the late stage, production often enters a period of
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which has predominated in industrial societies; however, some organic farmers using modern organic-farming methods have reported yields as high as those available from conventional farming, but without the use of fossil-fuel-intensive artificial fertilizers or pesticides.
282:
The production peak in 1970 was predicted by one of the two projections put forward in 1956 by
Hubbert. By 1972 all import quotas and controls on U.S. domestic production had been removed. Despite this, and despite the quadrupling of prices during the
287:, the production decline was not reversed in the lower 48 states until 2009. Crude oil production has since risen sharply from 2009 through 2014, so that the rate of US oil production in October 2014 was 81% higher than the average rate in 2008.
522:. The increase in food production has allowed world population to grow dramatically over the last 50 years. Pesticides rely upon oil as a critical ingredient, and fertilizers require natural gas. Farm machinery also requires oil.
384:
Although US proved oil reserves grew by 3.8 billion barrels in 2011, even after deducting 2.07 billion barrels of production, only 8 percent of the 5.84 billion barrels of the newly booked oil was due to new field discoveries (US
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in three ways. First, increased equipment fuel costs drive higher prices. Second, transportation costs increase retail prices. Third, higher oil prices are causing farmers to switch from producing food crops to producing
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Most or all of the uses of fossil fuels in agriculture can be replaced with alternatives. For example, by far the biggest fossil fuel input to agriculture is the use of natural gas as a hydrogen source for the
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energy is a source of inexhaustible energy. There is more solar energy that reaches the surface of the Earth each hour than the amount of energy consumed by the world in a year. The challenges of using the
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decline, and that demand for these products must be reduced to meet supply. The effects of such a shortage would depend on the rate of decline and the development and adoption of effective alternatives.
671:– is that the energy needs to either be (1) stored in physical form of fuel for when it can be used in the future, or (2) transported directly as electricity, through transmission lines. Neither is
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exponential decline in which the decline becomes less and less steep. Oil production may never actually reach zero, but eventually becomes very low. Factors which can modify this curve include:
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Sharp price increases when the production peak is reached, as production fails to meet demand. If price increases cause a sharp drop in demand, a dip in the top of the curve may occur.
314:(TAPS) was not completed until 1977. After 1988, Alaska production peaked and total U.S. production began to decline again. By 2005, Prudhoe Bay had produced over 75% of its oil.
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A more modest scenario, assuming a slower rate of depletion or a smoother transition to alternative energy sources, could still cause substantial economic hardship such as a
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fertilizer-creation process. Natural gas is used simply because it is the cheapest currently available source of hydrogen; were that to change, other sources, such as
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The 1970 production peak in the U.S. caused many people to begin to question when the world production peak would occur. The peak of world production is known as
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368:
Individual oil well decline curve generated by decline curve analysis software, utilized in petroleum economics to indicate the depletion of oil & gas in a
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An individual oil well usually produces at its maximum rate at the start of its life; the production rate eventually declines to a point at which it no longer
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Another possible effect would derive from modern transportation and housing infrastructure. A large proportion of the developed world's population live in
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When oil surpluses created a glut on the market and low prices began causing demand and production curves to rise, regulatory agencies such as the
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652:. Methane has a boiling point of −161 °C, rather than hydrogen's -252.87 °C, making methane a much easier fuel to condense.
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could replace oil on a global and gradual scale; since the announcement of the first net energy gain in a nuclear fusion reaction by
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Production fell after 1970, but started to recover and reached a lower secondary peak in 1988. This occurred because the supergiant
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569:," seeks to develop the suburbs into higher density neighborhoods and use high density, mixed-use forms for new building projects.
1356:- A visual review of production and consumption trends for individual nations; data from the British Petroleum Statistical Review.
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has also been linked to oil price spikes. However, economists disagree on the strength and causes of this association. See
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Comparison of
Organic and Conventional Corn, Soybean, Alfalfa, Oats, and Rye Crops at the Neely-Kinyon LTAR Site-2001
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879:. Science Applications International Corporation/U.S.Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory.
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may be used to cause a sharp spike in production, and may increase the recoverable reserves of a given well.
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was the first company to close a contract for the supply of energy from nuclear fusion with the company
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far too slowly to be replaced at the rate at which it is being extracted. Over many millions of years,
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makes predictions of production rates based on prior discovery rates and anticipated production rates.
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675:, as there is no control over when the sun will shine or when the wind will blow. There are, however,
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The shape of production curve of an oil well can also be affected by a number of nongeologic factors:
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228:. This allows more oil to be coaxed out of the rock, increasing the ultimate production of the field.
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Pennenergy.com history for McClintock No. 1 oil well which began first producing oil in August 1861.
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Inadequate demand for oil, which reduces steepness of the curve and pushes its peak into the future.
161:. This decreases the rate of decline, but will not change the well's total production significantly.
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549:-intensive and require a population shift from urban to rural areas, reversing the trend towards
538:, could be used to provide the hydrogen for creating fertilizer without relying on fossil fuels.
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Peak Oil and
Natural Gas Depletion: The world most serious question (Published June 12, 2003)
1340:
Can The United States Drill Its Way to Energy
Security? (from the December 2008 issue of the
1315:
Oil
Education Television: Series of video interviews with leading international oil experts:
1026:, UK Energy Research Centre, Tech Report 4, of "Review of Evidence for Global Oil depletion".
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can reduce the steepness of the decline as more oil is produced than initially anticipated.
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The actual U.S. production curve deviates from
Hubbert's 1956 curve in significant ways:
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42:
34:
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372:. The Y axis is a log scale. Oil production (green line), and gas production (red line).
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would then replace the current oil-based economy. Another possible replacement fuel is
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1041:, Licentiate Thesis, Department for Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, p.70.
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1983:
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Evolutionary psychology and peak oil: A Malthusian inspired "heads up" for humanity
1292:
Lawarence
Livermore National Laboratory announced the first Nuclear Fusion Ignition
880:
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721:
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plants using thermal storage that can store energy efficiently for up to 24 hours.
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1224:
How Food and Fuel
Compete for Land by Lester Brown – The Globalist - Global Energy
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has dramatically increased its productivity, due largely to the use of chemical
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Historical US crude oil production showing initial similarity to a Hubbert curve
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874:"Peaking Of World Oil Production: Impacts, Mitigation, & Risk Management"
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518:, fertilizers, and increased mechanisation. This process has been called the
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or gas injection, can repressurize the field and increase the total recovery.
53:
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An alternative considered likely by some is that oil will be replaced with
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Production may be restricted by market conditions or government regulation.
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predict that the production curves of non-renewing resources approximate a
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suggests if fewer farmers are producing food the price of food will rise.
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1998:
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838:"Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels 'Drilling and Production Practice'"
783:
Twilight in the Desert: The Coming Saudi Oil Shock and the World Economy
689:
on December 13, 2022, a race to develop the nascent technology started,
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905:"International Energy Outlook 2011 - Energy Information Administration"
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Microsoft signs power purchase deal with nuclear fusion company Helion
124:
term, technological developments have defied some of the predictions.
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30:
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929:"Total Consumption of Petroleum Products (Thousand Barrels Per Day)"
872:
Hirsch, Robert L.; Bezdek, Roger; Wendling, Robert (February 2005).
455:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
196:
Oil field production curves can be modified by a number of factors:
136:
Theoretical oil production curve for a well with exponential decline
80:
Ratio of world proved oil reserves to production, 1980-2011 (UN EIA)
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The curve peaked at a higher rate and sharper point than predicted.
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Florence Field, near Canon City, Colorado, was discovered in 1876.
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The Party's Over: Oil, War, and the Fate of Industrial Societies
93:'s natural oil supply is effectively fixed because petroleum is
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1107:"Use of energy explained : Energy use for transportation"
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in mind. A movement to deal with this problem early, called "
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90:
1038:
Depletion and Decline Curve Analysis in Crude Oil Production
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3000:
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during the first half of the 21st century. The replacement
49:
is passed, production rates enter an irreversible decline.
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1256:
A Plan to Power 100 Percent of the Planet with Renewables
1044:
660:
655:
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260:
Development of new drilling technology or marketing of
3811:
International Conference on Population and Development
750:
Hubbert's Peak : The Impending World Oil Shortage
72:
World proved reserves of crude oil, 1980-2012 (US EIA)
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951:
949:
663:'s energy – energy which can be obtained either from
561:, a type of low-density settlement designed with the
310:
field in Alaska was only discovered in 1968, and the
243:
Hubbert-theory graph of multiple oil field production
189:
Individual oil wells are typically within multi-well
3369:
International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
871:
216:
project, such as drilling of wells for injection of
1792:Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
1738:The Power of Community: How Cuba Survived Peak Oil
1055:
946:
234:
60:increase between 2009 and 2015 of 2.7% per year.
3968:
1475:Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification
921:
752:, Princeton University Press (August 11, 2003),
955:
835:
829:
541:Oil shortages may force a move to lower input "
416:
184:
127:
3432:
1904:
1375:
980:Petroleum reservoir rock and fluid properties
865:
153:Well may be restricted by choice by lack of
112:
29:is the decline in oil production of a well,
3836:United Nations world population conferences
1745:What a Way to Go: Life at the End of Empire
270:
45:. Thus, according to this theory, when the
3749:Population and housing censuses by country
3439:
3425:
1911:
1897:
1382:
1368:
1193:"Organic Farms Use Less Energy And Water"
471:Learn how and when to remove this message
3472:Estimates of historical world population
798:Sustainable Energy - without the hot air
394:
332:Texas oil field production decline curve
238:
131:
75:
67:
63:
2831:China National Offshore Oil Corporation
1243:"The Economist – The End Of Cheap Food"
1001:Nontechnical Guide to Petroleum Geology
390:
178:project, discussed in the next section.
3969:
2705:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
2464:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
1918:
1328:https://www.youtube.com/oileducationtv
1092:US Energy Information Administration,
1079:US Energy Information Administration,
823:US Energy Information Administration,
687:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
205:A secondary recovery project, such as
3420:
1892:
1772:International Renewable Energy Agency
1363:
596:
174:The field may undergo a secondary or
3905:
2836:China National Petroleum Corporation
420:
3841:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
1450:Global energy crisis (2021–present)
344:Alaska oil production decline curve
13:
2896:National Iranian South Oil Company
2612:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
1495:Renewable energy commercialization
742:
300:stepped in to restrain production.
14:
3998:
3977:History of the petroleum industry
3733:Population and Development Review
3364:Intercontinental Exchange Futures
3253:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
2906:Oil & Gas Development Company
1415:Predicting the timing of peak oil
1310:
1213:Food versus fuel debate escalates
1016:Decline Rates and Depletion Rates
317:Production increases in the 2010s
57:Energy Information Administration
3954:
3942:
3917:
3916:
3904:
3781:Population concern organizations
3487:Projections of population growth
3401:
3400:
1675:A Crude Awakening: The Oil Crash
1423:
1004:(Tulsa: PennWell, 2012) 435-437.
425:
399:World oil field production curve
377:
361:
349:
337:
325:
3882:Human impact on the environment
3816:Population Action International
2911:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
1296:
1285:
1260:
1249:
1235:
1217:
1206:
1185:
1168:
1157:
1136:
1119:
1099:
1086:
1073:
1029:
607:Rising oil prices cause rising
3831:United Nations Population Fund
3446:
3379:Society of Petroleum Engineers
3150:Port Harcourt Refining Company
2816:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
1146:. Biotech-info.net. 2000-07-03
1144:"Realities of organic farming"
1007:
992:
972:
897:
817:
623:
585:due to higher energy prices.
497:
235:Multi-field production decline
1:
2325:Production sharing agreements
1777:Oil Depletion Analysis Centre
956:Tim Appenzeller (June 2004).
836:M. King Hubbert (June 1956).
811:
545:" methods, which may be more
3359:Canadian petroleum companies
3354:American Petroleum Institute
2891:National Iranian Oil Company
2876:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
1389:
847:. p. 36. Archived from
800:, UIT Cambridge (May 2009),
572:
417:Implications of a world peak
312:Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
185:Oil field production decline
7:
3856:World Population Foundation
3846:World Population Conference
3759:World population milestones
3374:International Energy Agency
2359:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
1767:International Energy Agency
1081:US net imports of crude oil
1013:Richard Miller and others,
700:
451:the claims made and adding
142:produces profitable amounts
128:Oil well production decline
109:which are exploited today.
10:
4003:
3728:Population and Environment
2961:PTT Public Company Limited
2562:East Midlands Oil Province
2547:List of natural gas fields
2147:Integrated asset modelling
1342:Journal of Energy Security
982:. CRC Press, 2006. p. 1.
600:
482:
402:
116:
83:
33:, or geographic area. The
18:Depletion (disambiguation)
15:
3900:
3864:
3789:
3741:
3720:
3638:Human population planning
3603:
3549:
3500:
3462:Demographics of the world
3454:
3396:
3346:
3333:Weatherford International
3212:
3062:
3014:
2866:Iraq National Oil Company
2802:
2759:
2744:
2735:
2620:
2537:
2419:
2305:
2199:
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2070:
2029:
2022:
1944:
1926:
1815:
1754:
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1421:
1397:
1354:Energy Export Databrowser
1229:January 12, 2010, at the
1179:January 27, 2006, at the
786:, Wiley (June 10, 2005),
298:Texas Railroad Commission
212:the field may undergo an
113:Production decline models
23:Decline in oil production
3643:Compulsory sterilization
677:concentrated solar power
485:Implications of peak oil
271:United States production
3585:Malthusian growth model
3384:World Petroleum Council
3258:China Oilfield Services
2315:Petroleum fiscal regime
2014:Western Canadian Select
2009:West Texas Intermediate
1094:US crude oil production
1035:Mikael Hook, May 2009,
648:, which is composed of
3961:Business and economics
3712:Zero population growth
3707:Sustainable population
3631:Malthusian catastrophe
3590:Overshoot (population)
3467:Demographic transition
2861:Indian Oil Corporation
2347:Submersible pump (ESP)
2292:Underbalanced drilling
2113:of gasoline and diesel
1657:Twilight in the Desert
1317:http://oileducation.tv
1130:June 24, 2006, at the
978:Abhijit Y. Dandekar.
958:"The End of Cheap Oil"
707:Decline curve analysis
400:
275:Oil production in the
244:
137:
81:
73:
3821:Population Connection
3685:Mere addition paradox
3524:Physiological density
3238:Cameron International
2680:Petrodollar recycling
2663:fossil fuel phase-out
2226:Differential sticking
2179:Reflection seismology
2152:Petroleum engineering
1994:OPEC Reference Basket
1797:Post Carbon Institute
1561:James Howard Kunstler
1526:Albert Allen Bartlett
1405:Fossil fuel phase-out
968:on December 21, 2007.
825:Accelerated depletion
748:Kenneth S. Deffeyes.
403:Further information:
398:
242:
214:enhanced oil recovery
135:
79:
71:
64:Resource availability
3851:World Population Day
3806:Church of Euthanasia
3695:Non-identity problem
3670:Political demography
3626:Human overpopulation
3135:Occidental Petroleum
2449:1990 oil price shock
2275:Shale oil extraction
2248:Drilling engineering
2231:Directional drilling
2157:Reservoir simulation
1731:PetroApocalypse Now?
1703:Escape from Suburbia
1608:The Limits to Growth
1336:by Dr. Michael Mills
1268:"Solar Energy Facts"
767:, New Society Press
391:World oil production
165:Hydraulic fracturing
107:petroleum reservoirs
16:For other uses, see
3700:Reproductive rights
3531:Population dynamics
3482:Population momentum
3283:Naftiran Intertrade
3228:Amec Foster Wheeler
3155:Reliance Industries
3044:Naftiran Intertrade
2856:Hindustan Petroleum
2454:2000s energy crisis
1696:The End of Suburbia
1576:Dale Allen Pfeiffer
1536:Kenneth S. Deffeyes
1445:2000s energy crisis
1440:1970s energy crisis
1410:Hubbert peak theory
1245:. December 6, 2007.
962:National Geographic
543:organic agriculture
370:Petroleum reservoir
119:Hubbert peak theory
35:Hubbert peak theory
3826:Population Matters
3541:Population pyramid
3519:Population density
3514:Population decline
3130:Marathon Petroleum
2552:List of oil fields
2162:Reservoir modeling
1920:Petroleum industry
1762:Energy Watch Group
1629:The Long Emergency
1546:John Michael Greer
1322:2016-01-11 at the
1066:2019-08-09 at the
1022:2013-11-11 at the
778:Matthew R. Simmons
763:Richard Heinberg.
597:Rising food prices
436:possibly contains
401:
262:unconventional oil
245:
138:
82:
74:
47:peak of production
3930:
3929:
3801:7 Billion Actions
3675:Population ethics
3568:Carrying capacity
3477:Population growth
3414:
3413:
3392:
3391:
3278:Nabors Industries
3208:
3207:
2406:Well intervention
2381:Petroleum product
2280:Ljungström method
2184:Seismic inversion
2169:Petroleum geology
2123:
2122:
1886:
1885:
1667:Documentary films
1581:Richard Rainwater
1531:Colin J. Campbell
1460:Export Land Model
1433:Results/responses
618:Supply and demand
510:Since the 1940s,
481:
480:
473:
438:original research
176:tertiary recovery
3994:
3959:
3958:
3947:
3946:
3938:
3920:
3919:
3908:
3907:
3877:Green Revolution
3658:Two-child policy
3653:One-child policy
3576:
3536:Population model
3492:World population
3441:
3434:
3427:
3418:
3417:
3404:
3403:
3105:Hess Corporation
2826:Bharat Petroleum
2757:
2756:
2742:
2741:
2429:1967 Oil Embargo
2265:Lost circulation
2103:Posted oil price
2027:
2026:
1984:Isthmus-34 Light
1913:
1906:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1643:The Party's Over
1551:Richard Heinberg
1427:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1270:. Archived from
1264:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1233:
1221:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1195:. Terradaily.com
1189:
1183:
1172:
1166:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1140:
1134:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1103:
1097:
1090:
1084:
1077:
1071:
1059:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1033:
1027:
1011:
1005:
998:Norman J. Hyne,
996:
990:
976:
970:
969:
964:. Archived from
953:
944:
943:
941:
940:
931:. Archived from
925:
919:
918:
916:
915:
909:
901:
895:
894:
892:
891:
878:
869:
863:
862:
860:
859:
853:
842:
833:
827:
821:
722:Oil megaprojects
642:hydrogen economy
636:would likely be
630:renewable energy
520:Green Revolution
476:
469:
465:
462:
456:
453:inline citations
429:
428:
421:
381:
365:
353:
341:
329:
95:naturally formed
4002:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3953:
3941:
3933:
3931:
3926:
3896:
3860:
3794:
3792:
3785:
3737:
3716:
3665:Overconsumption
3648:Family planning
3605:
3599:
3572:
3556:
3553:
3545:
3507:
3504:
3496:
3450:
3445:
3415:
3410:
3388:
3342:
3338:John Wood Group
3328:Valaris Limited
3221:
3218:
3215:
3204:
3070:APA Corporation
3058:
3010:
2809:
2806:
2798:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2737:
2731:
2632:Classification
2616:
2539:
2533:
2469:Nationalization
2439:1979 oil crisis
2434:1973 oil crisis
2415:
2401:Water injection
2369:Steam injection
2364:Gas reinjection
2332:Artificial lift
2301:
2243:Drill stem test
2195:
2119:
2066:
2018:
1940:
1922:
1917:
1887:
1882:
1811:
1807:Transition town
1750:
1662:
1595:
1591:Matthew Simmons
1586:Michael Ruppert
1556:M. King Hubbert
1541:David Goodstein
1514:
1500:Rimini protocol
1428:
1419:
1393:
1388:
1324:Wayback Machine
1313:
1308:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1286:
1277:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1231:Wayback Machine
1222:
1218:
1211:
1207:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1181:Wayback Machine
1173:
1169:
1162:
1158:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1132:Wayback Machine
1124:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1091:
1087:
1078:
1074:
1068:Wayback Machine
1060:
1056:
1049:
1045:
1034:
1030:
1024:Wayback Machine
1012:
1008:
997:
993:
977:
973:
954:
947:
938:
936:
927:
926:
922:
913:
911:
907:
903:
902:
898:
889:
887:
876:
870:
866:
857:
855:
851:
840:
834:
830:
822:
818:
814:
745:
743:Further reading
703:
626:
605:
599:
575:
500:
487:
477:
466:
460:
457:
442:
430:
426:
419:
407:
393:
386:
382:
373:
366:
357:
354:
345:
342:
333:
330:
285:1973 oil crisis
273:
237:
187:
130:
121:
115:
88:
66:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
4000:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3964:
3963:
3951:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3914:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3892:Sustainability
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3868:
3866:
3865:Related topics
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3797:
3795:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3756:
3754:Largest cities
3751:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3623:
3615:
3609:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3574:I = P × A × T
3570:
3565:
3559:
3557:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3444:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3421:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3222:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3175:Surgutneftegas
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3095:Eneos Holdings
3092:
3087:
3085:ConocoPhillips
3082:
3077:
3075:Cenovus Energy
3072:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3016:Energy trading
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2754:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2702:
2700:Swing producer
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2572:Gulf of Mexico
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2459:2010s oil glut
2456:
2451:
2446:
2444:1980s oil glut
2441:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2311:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2253:Drilling fluid
2250:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2191:Seismic source
2188:
2187:
2186:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1989:Japan Cocktail
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1936:Primary energy
1933:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1724:The Oil Factor
1720:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1622:The End of Oil
1618:
1611:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1571:Jeremy Leggett
1568:
1566:Jean Laherrère
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1510:Swing producer
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1346:
1337:
1312:
1311:External links
1309:
1307:
1306:
1295:
1284:
1259:
1248:
1234:
1216:
1205:
1184:
1167:
1156:
1135:
1118:
1098:
1085:
1072:
1054:
1043:
1028:
1006:
991:
971:
945:
920:
896:
885:10.2172/939271
864:
828:
815:
813:
810:
809:
808:
796:David MacKay.
794:
775:
761:
744:
741:
740:
739:
734:
732:Coal depletion
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
702:
699:
695:Helion Energy
683:Nuclear fusion
625:
622:
601:Main article:
598:
595:
574:
571:
499:
496:
483:Main article:
479:
478:
433:
431:
424:
418:
415:
392:
389:
388:
387:
383:
376:
374:
367:
360:
358:
355:
348:
346:
343:
336:
334:
331:
324:
321:
320:
319:
318:
315:
304:
301:
272:
269:
268:
267:
266:
265:
258:
255:
236:
233:
232:
231:
230:
229:
222:carbon dioxide
210:
203:
186:
183:
182:
181:
180:
179:
172:
167:(fracking) or
162:
157:or government
129:
126:
117:Main article:
114:
111:
84:Main article:
65:
62:
39:Hubbert curves
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3999:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3923:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3872:Bennett's law
3870:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3793:organizations
3788:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3602:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3580:Kaya identity
3578:
3575:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3499:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3437:
3435:
3430:
3428:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3407:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3211:
3201:
3200:Valero Energy
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3165:Suncor Energy
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2801:
2795:
2794:TotalEnergies
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2743:
2740:
2738:organisations
2736:Companies and
2734:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:Petrocurrency
2673:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2648:Oil shale gas
2646:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2628:Abbreviations
2626:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2587:Permian Basin
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2524:United States
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2484:Seven Sisters
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2137:Core sampling
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:Indian Basket
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:Organizations
1753:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1505:Simple living
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1470:Hirsch report
1468:
1466:
1465:Food vs. fuel
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1455:Energy crisis
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1288:
1274:on 2020-10-26
1273:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1252:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1209:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1160:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1108:
1102:
1095:
1089:
1082:
1076:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1003:
1002:
995:
989:
988:0-8493-3043-2
985:
981:
975:
967:
963:
959:
952:
950:
935:on 2010-11-18
934:
930:
924:
910:. Eia.doe.gov
906:
900:
886:
882:
875:
868:
854:on 2008-05-27
850:
846:
839:
832:
826:
820:
816:
807:
806:9780954452933
803:
799:
795:
793:
792:0-471-73876-X
789:
785:
784:
779:
776:
774:
773:0-86571-482-7
770:
766:
762:
759:
758:0-691-11625-3
755:
751:
747:
746:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
727:Gas depletion
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
621:
619:
615:
610:
604:
594:
592:
591:Energy crisis
588:
584:
580:
570:
568:
564:
560:
555:
552:
548:
544:
539:
537:
533:
529:
523:
521:
517:
513:
508:
505:
495:
492:
486:
475:
472:
464:
454:
450:
446:
440:
439:
434:This section
432:
423:
422:
414:
412:
406:
397:
380:
375:
371:
364:
359:
352:
347:
340:
335:
328:
323:
322:
316:
313:
309:
305:
302:
299:
295:
294:
293:
292:
291:
288:
286:
280:
278:
277:United States
263:
259:
256:
253:
252:
251:
250:
249:
241:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
208:
204:
201:
200:
199:
198:
197:
194:
192:
177:
173:
170:
166:
163:
160:
156:
155:market demand
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
145:
143:
134:
125:
120:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
87:
78:
70:
61:
58:
55:
54:United States
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
27:Oil depletion
19:
3909:
3721:Publications
3680:Antinatalism
3618:
3595:World3 model
3455:Major topics
3303:Schlumberger
3233:Baker Hughes
3125:Marathon Oil
3115:Imperial Oil
3110:Husky Energy
3100:Galp Energia
3090:Devon Energy
2976:Saudi Aramco
2956:Petrovietnam
2901:NNPC Limited
2805:National oil
2685:Petrofiction
2653:Orphan wells
2621:Other topics
2592:Persian Gulf
2519:Saudi Arabia
2489:Standard Oil
2297:Well logging
2174:Petrophysics
1782:The Oil Drum
1743:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1709:
1701:
1694:
1688:
1681:
1673:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1490:Price of oil
1485:Pickens Plan
1480:Permaculture
1341:
1314:
1298:
1287:
1276:. Retrieved
1272:the original
1262:
1251:
1237:
1219:
1208:
1197:. Retrieved
1187:
1170:
1159:
1148:. Retrieved
1138:
1121:
1110:. Retrieved
1101:
1088:
1075:
1057:
1046:
1037:
1031:
1015:
1009:
1000:
994:
979:
974:
966:the original
961:
937:. Retrieved
933:the original
923:
912:. Retrieved
899:
888:. Retrieved
867:
856:. Retrieved
849:the original
831:
819:
797:
781:
764:
749:
681:
673:dispatchable
654:
627:
606:
603:food vs fuel
576:
567:New Urbanism
556:
551:urbanisation
540:
536:solar energy
532:electrolysis
524:
509:
504:fossil fuels
501:
488:
467:
461:January 2020
458:
435:
408:
289:
281:
274:
246:
195:
188:
146:
139:
122:
89:
86:Oil reserves
51:
26:
25:
3604:Society and
3563:Biocapacity
3273:Halliburton
3145:Phillips 66
2966:QatarEnergy
2936:Petrobangla
2871:KazMunayGas
2761:Supermajors
2710:heavy crude
2597:Prudhoe Bay
2577:Niger Delta
2557:Caspian Sea
2320:Concessions
2270:Measurement
2236:Geosteering
2219:Squeeze job
2129:Exploration
2078:Consumption
2037:Consumption
2030:Natural gas
1959:Bonny Light
1816:Other peaks
1398:Core issues
669:solar power
624:Replacement
609:food prices
534:powered by
528:Haber-Bosch
512:agriculture
502:The use of
498:Catastrophe
308:Prudhoe Bay
3971:Categories
3791:Events and
3606:population
3552:Population
3503:Population
3448:Population
3323:Transocean
3190:Tullow Oil
3180:TechnipFMC
2946:PetroChina
2784:ExxonMobil
2690:Shale band
2567:East Texas
2540:and fields
2354:Downstream
2307:Production
2214:Completion
2142:Geophysics
2083:Production
2042:Production
1979:Indonesian
1954:Argus Sour
1946:Benchmarks
1858:Phosphorus
1650:Power Down
1636:Out of Gas
1615:Beyond Oil
1278:2012-06-18
1199:2013-05-20
1150:2013-05-20
1112:2021-02-03
939:2010-06-29
914:2013-05-20
890:2022-05-08
858:2008-04-18
812:References
737:Peak water
712:Energy law
665:wind power
583:depression
563:automobile
516:pesticides
445:improve it
191:oil fields
159:regulation
43:bell curve
3887:Migration
3764:6 billion
3318:TC Energy
3219:companies
3049:Trafigura
2996:Sonatrach
2941:Petrobras
2931:Pertamina
2841:Ecopetrol
2807:companies
2751:companies
2749:petroleum
2725:tight oil
2720:oil shale
2715:oil sands
2695:Shale gas
2636:sweet oil
2607:Venezuela
2582:North Sea
2538:Provinces
2529:Venezuela
2376:Midstream
2071:Petroleum
1931:Petroleum
691:Microsoft
587:Inflation
579:recession
573:Recession
449:verifying
169:acidizing
31:oil field
3987:Scarcity
3982:Peak oil
3922:Category
3690:Natalism
3613:Eugenics
3406:Category
3313:Subsea 7
3293:Petrofac
3288:NOV Inc.
3268:GE Power
3263:Enbridge
3217:services
3039:Mercuria
3029:Glencore
2991:Sonangol
2951:Petronas
2886:Naftogaz
2658:Peak oil
2641:sour oil
2396:Upstream
2391:Refining
2386:Pipeline
2342:Pumpjack
2337:Gas lift
2258:invasion
2201:Drilling
2088:Reserves
2047:Reserves
1853:Minerals
1682:Collapse
1391:Peak oil
1320:Archived
1227:Archived
1177:Archived
1128:Archived
1064:Archived
1020:Archived
717:Peak oil
701:See also
667:or from
638:hydrogen
616:crops.
411:Peak oil
405:Peak oil
218:solvents
103:bacteria
99:plankton
3935:Portals
3911:Commons
3554:ecology
3505:biology
2981:Sinopec
2971:Rosneft
2851:Gazprom
2846:Equinor
2774:Chevron
2421:History
2287:Tracers
2209:Blowout
2098:Exports
2093:Imports
2057:Exports
2052:Imports
1717:GasHole
650:methane
614:biofuel
559:suburbs
443:Please
3949:Energy
3621:genics
3347:Others
3298:Saipem
3195:Tüpraş
3185:TNK-BP
3170:Sunoco
3160:Repsol
3120:Lukoil
3063:Others
3034:Gunvor
2668:timing
2602:Russia
2514:Norway
2499:France
2494:Canada
1833:Copper
1519:People
986:
804:
790:
771:
756:
646:biogas
3742:Lists
3214:Major
3080:Cepsa
3054:Vitol
3024:Enron
2986:SOCAR
2926:Pemex
2921:PDVSA
2916:Orlen
2881:Lotos
2821:ANCAP
2789:Shell
2746:Major
2504:India
2108:Price
2062:Price
2004:Urals
1999:Tapis
1969:Dubai
1964:Brent
1873:Wheat
1868:Water
1802:REN21
1689:Crude
1600:Books
908:(PDF)
877:(PDF)
852:(PDF)
841:(PDF)
656:Solar
547:labor
226:steam
224:, or
207:water
91:Earth
3308:Snam
3248:CH2M
3001:TPAO
2509:Iraq
2479:OPEC
2474:GECF
2023:Data
1878:Wood
1863:Soil
1848:Gold
1838:Food
1828:Coal
1787:OPEC
1710:Fuel
984:ISBN
802:ISBN
788:ISBN
769:ISBN
754:ISBN
640:. A
634:fuel
491:peak
385:EIA)
52:The
3619:Dys
3243:CGG
3140:OMV
3006:YPF
2779:Eni
1843:Gas
1823:Car
881:doi
845:API
661:sun
581:or
447:by
3973::
2769:BP
2411:XT
1326:,
960:.
948:^
843:.
780:.
593:.
489:A
413:.
220:,
101:,
3937::
3774:8
3769:7
3440:e
3433:t
3426:v
1912:e
1905:t
1898:v
1383:e
1376:t
1369:v
1344:)
1281:.
1202:.
1153:.
1115:.
1096:.
1083:.
942:.
917:.
893:.
883::
861:.
760:.
474:)
468:(
463:)
459:(
441:.
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
