303:
818:
849:
5971:…Een groot deel van het noorden van Frankrijk was in die tijd tweetalig Germaans-Romaans, en gedurende een paar eeuwen handhaafde het Germaans zich er. Maar in de zevende eeuw begon er opnieuw een romaniseringsbeweging en door de versmelting van beide volken werd de naam Franken voortaan ook gebezigd voor de Romanen ten noordern van de Loire. Frankisch of François werd de naam de (Romaanse) taal. De nieuwe naam voor de Germaanse volkstaal hield hiermee verband: Diets of Duits, dat wil zeggen "volks", "volkstaal".
599:
5404:
871:
5390:
5376:
538:" dialects. While this nomenclature became generally accepted in traditional Germanic philology, it has also been described as "inherently inaccurate" as these ancient ethnic boundaries (as understood in the 19th century) bore little or limited resemblance to the actual or historical linguistic situation of the Germanic languages. Among other problems, this traditional classification of the continental
52:
779:
711:(Elbe Germanic). While each had its own distinct characteristics, there certainly must have still been a high degree of mutual intelligibility between these dialects. In fact, it is unclear whether the West Germanic continuum of this time period, or indeed Franconian itself, should still be considered a single language or if it should be considered a collection of similar dialects.
1283:. The Franks brought their language with them from their original territory and, as in France, it must have had an effect on the local dialects and languages. However, it is relatively difficult for linguists today to determine what features of these dialects are due to Frankish influence, because the latter was in large part obscured, or even overwhelmed, by later developments.
966:
Salian Frank leadership around 500 AD. Politically, the
Ripuarian Franks existed as a separate group only until about 500 AD, after which they were subsumed into the Salian Franks. The Franks were united, but the various Frankish groups must have continued to live in the same areas that they had lived in before unification, and to speak the same dialects as before.
1211:), which resulted in the emergence of dialects that are now considered German dialects. Today, the Central Franconian dialects are spoken in the core territory of the Ripuarian Franks. Although there may not be definite proof to say that the dialects of the Ripuarian Franks (about which very little is known) developed into the
1008:
texts scarce and fragmentary, it is difficult to determine when such a transition occurred, but it is thought to have happened by the end of the 9th century and perhaps earlier. By 900 AD the language spoken was recognizably an early form of Dutch, but that might also have been the case earlier.
5646:
All experts agree on the meaning of the second word: "I (he) grant(s)", and many consider the first word to be the name of the owner of the sword that the scabbard belonged to. Opinions vary on how this name should be read, just as the latter two words have been interpreted very differently. Keeping
984:
A widening cultural divide grew between the Franks remaining in the north and the rulers far to the south. Franks continued to reside in their original territories and to speak their original dialects and languages. It is not known what they called their language, but it is possible that they always
1090:
The Franks also expanded their rule southeast into parts of
Germany. Their language had some influence on local dialects, especially for terms relating to warfare. However, since the language of both the administration and the Church was Latin, this unification did not lead to the development of a
965:
During the expansion into France and
Germany, many Frankish people remained in the original core Frankish territories in the north (i.e. southern Netherlands, Flanders, a small part of northern France, and the adjoining area in Germany centered on Cologne). The Franks united as a single group under
1046:
as the
Western Roman Empire collapsed in the fifth century. Although the Franks would eventually conquer almost all of Gaul, speakers of Old Franconian expanded only into northern Gaul in numbers sufficient to have a linguistic effect. For several centuries, northern Gaul was a bilingual territory
1103:) that took place in the southern parts of the West Germanic dialect continuum in several phases, probably beginning between the 3rd and 5th centuries AD, and was almost complete before the earliest written records in the High German language were made in the 9th century. The resulting language,
775:. It is speculated that these tribes originally spoke a range of related Istvaeonic dialects in the West Germanic branch of Proto-Germanic. Sometime in the 4th or 5th centuries, it becomes appropriate to speak of Old Franconian rather than an Istvaeonic dialect of Proto-Germanic.
6524:
as "sincere", "daring" is attested very late, after the Middle Ages. The word does not occur as such in Old Dutch or OHG. "Frank" was used in a decree of king
Childeric III in the sense of free man as opposed to the native Gauls who were not free. The meaning 'free' is therefore
714:
In any case, it appears that the
Frankish tribes, or the later Franks, fit primarily into the Istvaeonic dialect group, with certain Ingvaeonic influences towards the northwest (still seen in modern Dutch), and more Irminonic (High German) influences towards the southeast.
833:. The language (or set of dialects) spoken by the Salian Franks during this period is sometimes referred to as early "Old Low Franconian", and consisted of two groups: "Old West Low Franconian" and "Old East Low Franconian". The language (or set of dialects) spoken by the
1004:. The language spoken by the Salian Franks must have developed significantly during the seven centuries from 200 to 900 AD. At some point, the language spoken by the Franks must have become identifiably Dutch. Because Franconian texts are almost non-existent and
790:
which is either a direct attestation of the Old
Franconian language or the earliest attestation of Old Low Franconian (Old Dutch) language. Another early sentence from the early 6th century AD (that is also described as the earliest sentence in
1051:
and
Franconian). The language used in writing, in government and by the Church was Latin. Eventually, the Franks who had settled more to the south of this area in northern Gaul started adopting the common Latin of the local population. This
1091:
supra-regional variety of
Franconian nor a standardized German language. At the same time that the Franks were expanding southeast into what is now southern Germany, there were linguistic changes taking place in the region. The
1017:
around 1150. A Dutch-French language boundary came into existence (but this was originally south of where it is today). Even though living in the original territory of the Franks, these Franks seem to have broken with the
1263:
The
Frankish Empire later extended throughout neighboring France and Germany. The language of the Franks had some influence on the local languages (especially in France), but did not develop into the standard language or
5625:
5832:(2006:154) notes "the languages of the Germanic group in the Old period are much closer than has previously been noted. Indeed it would not be inappropriate to regard them as dialects of one language." In:
856:
At around the 5th century, the Franks probably spoke a range of related dialects and languages rather than a single uniform dialect or language. The language of both government and the Church was Latin.
6093:
1125:
The set of dialects of the Franks who continued to live in their original territory in Germany eventually developed in three different ways and eventually formed three modern branches of
840:
However, as already stated above, it may be more accurate to think of these dialects not as early Old Franconian but as Istvaeonic dialects in the West Germanic branch of Proto-Germanic.
969:
There must have been a close relationship between the various Franconian dialects. There was also a close relationship between Old Low Franconian (i.e. Old Dutch) and its neighboring
1299:
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000 stem words from Old Franconian. Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
5859:
6118:
1060:); north of the French-Dutch language boundary, the language was no longer referred to as "Frankish" (if it ever was referred to as such) but rather came to be referred to as "
1022:"Frank" around the 9th century. By this time the Frankish identity had changed from an ethnic identity to a national identity, becoming localized and confined to the modern
1438:
such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the Franconian *
565:
context, the language of the early Franks is variously called "Old Frankish" or "Old Franconian" and refers to the language of the Franks prior to the advent of the
510:(lit. "old tribes", i.e. the six Germanic tribes then thought to have formed the "German nation" in the traditional German nationalism of the elites) resulting in a
6198:, this word is sometimes erroneously attributed to a Celtic cognate, despite the fact that the outcome would have been similar. However, while a cognate is seen in
5633:
5975:…Aan het einde van de negende eeuw kan er zeker van Nederlands gesproken worden; hoe long daarvoor dat ook het geval was, kan niet met zekerheid worden uitgemaakt.
1384:. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
989:" (i.e. "the people's language") or something similar. The word Diets is cognate with the Old English word þēodisc which, likewise, meant both nation and speech.
5704:
7438:
6221:
below should show that the expected form is not realistic. Furthermore, the form is likely to have originally been dialectal, hence dialectal forms like
6864:
6625:
6537:, s.v. "frapper" (Paris: La Connaissance, 1996), 498. This is worth noting since most dictionaries continue to list this word's etymology as "obscure".
6133:
569:, which took place between 600 and 700 AD. After this consonant shift the Frankish dialect diverges, with the dialects which would become modern
6762:
585:) being the term used to differentiate between the affected and non-affected variants following the aforementioned Second Germanic consonant shift.
8856:
6651:
6280:, taken as signifying the offspring of a polygynous marriage to a woman of lower status, a pagan tradition not sanctioned by the church; cf. OFris
463:, which may represent a primary record of 5th-century Frankish, though it is debated whether the inscription is written in Frankish, or Old Dutch.
424:
Between the 5th and 9th centuries, Frankish spoken in Northeastern France, present-day Belgium, and the Netherlands is subsequently referred to as
6504:
6174:
6089:
5432:
786:
Very little is known about what the language was like during this period. One older runic sentence (dating from around 425–450 AD) is on the
39:
This article is about Franconian dialects spoken from the 5th to 9th century. For their descendant language also known as Old Low Franconian, see
5615:
Harbert, Wayne Eugene (2007). The Germanic Languages. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge / New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–17.
8861:
5437:
7813:
6891:
5452:
1180:
into the Dutch state in the late 16th century, Limburgish has experienced heavy influence from Dutch, to the point where the two are today
32:
This article is about the extinct Germanic language spoken by the Franks from the 5th to 9th century. For the modern Romance language, see
6424:, s.v. "dance" (NY: Harper, 1898), 108. A number of other fanciful origins are sometimes erroneously attributed to this word, such as VL *
7611:
699:
innovations not found in North and East Germanic. The West Germanic varieties of the time are generally split into three dialect groups:
542:
can suggest stronger ties between dialects than is linguistically warranted. The Franconian group is a well known example of this, with
6115:
1000:
as being the same language. However, sometimes reference is made to a transition from the language spoken by the Salian Franks to
5427:
1292:
500:. As a result, many contemporary linguists tried to incorporate their findings in an already existing historical framework of "
1176:
and Dutch influence which gradually made it more mutually intelligible with neighboring varieties. Since the incorporation of
1076:
as late as the 850s, and that it completely disappeared as a spoken language from these regions only during the 10th century.
6071:
5948:
7428:
6677:
6577:
6801:
6732:
6604:
6399:
8846:
8340:
6551:
6714:(c. 8th c.). This confusion is likely due to hesitation on how to represent what must have been the palatalized sound .
5708:
5698:
6013:
5843:
5814:
5786:
5752:
5593:
5559:
6150:
8871:
6884:
5910:
5802:
1096:
676:
Germanic. Their exact relation is difficult to determine, and they remained mutually intelligible throughout the
433:
5939:
Milis, L.J.R., "A Long Beginning: The Low Countries Through the Tenth Century" in J.C.H. Blom & E. Lamberts
5744:
1068:
has proposed that a Germanic language continued to be spoken as a second tongue by public officials in western
727:
is that the Frankish identity emerged during the first half of the 3rd century out of various earlier, smaller
348: Border of the later High German consonant shift, which spread from Elbe Germanic areas in the 7th century
8707:
5583:
6621:
5506:
Language, law and loanwords in early medieval Gaul: language contact and studies in Gallo-Romance phonology.
1416:
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a term indicates a
271:
8737:
7907:
7869:
7854:
5898:
The linguists distinguish Old Low Franconian from the other Franconian dialects, e. g., Rhenish Franconian.
5495:
vol. 1, Peter Lang, Oxford / Bern / Berlin / Bruxelles / Frankfurt am Main / New York / Wien, 2006, p. 93f.
17:
7181:
6754:
1753:
8866:
8717:
8577:
7927:
7886:
7876:
6877:
5829:
5739:, edited by Erika Langbroek, Arend Quak, Annelies Roeleveld, Paula Vermeyden, published by Rodopi, 2002,
5510:
Het Nederlands in Noord-Frankrijk. Sociolinguïstische, dialectologische en contactlinguïstische aspecten.
1212:
1208:
1192:
1092:
566:
459:, and inherited words in Old Dutch, as recorded in the 9th to 12th centuries. A notable exception is the
6647:
683:
The language spoken by the Franks was part of the West Germanic language group, which had features from
8836:
7093:
6501:
6171:
825:
During this early period, the Franks were divided politically and geographically into two groups: the
821:
The location of the Franks around 475. "Les Francs rhénans" is the French term for "Ripuarian Franks".
8434:
5836:
Comparative Syntax of Old English and Old Icelandic: Linguistic, Literary and Historical Implications
5489:
Comparative Syntax of Old English and Old Icelandic: Linguistic, Literary and Historical Implications
1417:
6116:
https://www.bfmtv.com/culture/pourquoi-l-ile-de-france-s-appelle-t-elle-l-ile-de-france-1311110.html
8851:
8712:
8666:
8661:
8585:
8195:
8179:
8058:
7917:
7808:
7803:
6702:, s.v. "mason" (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), 559. This word is often erroneously attributed to *
5442:
696:
673:
632:
608:
204:
5888:
The Continental Saxons from the Migration Period to the Tenth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective
5684:
1215:, there are—apart from mere probability—some pieces of evidence, most importantly the development
8841:
8651:
8595:
8590:
8510:
8183:
8133:
7433:
7251:
7007:
6935:
6923:
6288:"whore, prostitute". However, the mainstream view sees this word as a formation built off of OFr
5896:
There has never been such a thing as one Frankish language. The Franks spoke different languages.
5133:
1165:
1138:
997:
919:
669:
665:
652:
602:
A proposed distribution of five primary Proto-Germanic dialect groups in Europe around 1–300 AD:
539:
455:
The Old Frankish language is poorly attested and mostly reconstructed from Frankish loanwords in
357:
199:
189:
8773:
8493:
7891:
413:
words and place names, including the eventual country's name of "France", have a Frankish (i.e.
8656:
8138:
8104:
7722:
7538:
7398:
7238:
7133:
3776:
1181:
375:
66:
8814:
8778:
8046:
8039:
7991:
7761:
7732:
7701:
7664:
7589:
7346:
7259:
7120:
7082:
6061:
6004:
5778:
5730:
1778:
1331:), meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region,
1207:). These languages and dialects were later affected by serious language changes (such as the
1177:
787:
460:
8279:
7154:
5549:
8783:
8763:
8732:
8605:
8465:
8211:
8029:
7621:
7448:
7410:
7405:
7279:
7226:
6984:
6057:
5999:
5628:[Runic inscription with the oldest Dutch(?)]. Museum piece information (in Dutch).
5417:
4866:
1196:
1191:
in Germany possibly developed into, or were subsumed under, the German dialects called the
1126:
1120:
1065:
700:
8439:
8:
8722:
7958:
7912:
7846:
7599:
7246:
7159:
6957:
5891:
3519:
2338:
1774:
1479:
1357:
1275:). The Frankish legacy survives in these areas, for example, in the names of the city of
837:
are referred to just as Old Franconian dialects (or, by some, as Old Frankish dialects).
417:) origin. France itself is still known in some languages by terms literally meaning the "
8269:
8114:
7361:
1393:
1340:
65:
Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
8768:
8692:
8620:
8610:
8565:
8327:
8254:
8151:
7996:
7971:
7966:
7859:
7687:
7572:
7393:
7171:
7166:
7145:
7106:
6910:
6900:
5409:
4769:"house made with sawn beams", Many place names: "Melsele", "Broeksele" (Brussels) etc.
4384:
2205:
1588:
1377:
1373:
1204:
1200:
1019:
622:
582:
511:
477:
472:
437:
414:
194:
155:
7922:
1271:
The Franks conquered adjoining territories of Germany (including the territory of the
293:
287:
8742:
8541:
8457:
8450:
8405:
8349:
8109:
8099:
8082:
8077:
7981:
7864:
7743:
7543:
7504:
7322:
7214:
7196:
7048:
6067:
6009:
5944:
5839:
5810:
5782:
5771:
5748:
5740:
5589:
5585:
The ʿAbbasid and Carolingian Empires: Comparative Studies in Civilizational Formation
5555:
5422:
5189:
4741:
3053:
2212:
1429:
1353:
1345:
1158:
1154:
547:
302:
1259:
was probably the dialect that later developed into the Ripuarian Franconian dialect.
428:, whereas the Frankish varieties spoken in the Rhineland were heavily influenced by
8697:
8488:
8422:
8378:
8373:
8333:
8322:
8314:
8119:
8087:
8034:
8023:
7936:
7645:
7584:
7374:
7356:
7191:
6952:
6944:
6233:
6036:
5647:
in mind the function of the piece, some academics read the last word as "sword(s)".
4556:
3898:
3768:
2443:
2327:
2178:
1617:
1610:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1434:
1410:
1381:
1365:
1361:
1349:
1188:
834:
830:
728:
724:
677:
441:
147:
8534:
1332:
1227:
before spirants, which is found throughout Central Franconian but nowhere else in
1030:
691:(c. 1st century BC). The West Germanic group is characterized by a number of
402:
8727:
8687:
8520:
8427:
8410:
8395:
8390:
8383:
8092:
8001:
7986:
7941:
7793:
7756:
7748:
7727:
7714:
7694:
7680:
7443:
7420:
7351:
7341:
7333:
7113:
6608:
6508:
6178:
6122:
6090:"Romance languages | Description, Origin, Characteristics, Map, & Facts"
5447:
5395:
5225:
4525:
2449:
2051:
1686:
1406:
1398:
1369:
1316:
1308:
1300:
1104:
941:
817:
688:
656:
445:
410:
181:
163:
151:
33:
6673:
6573:
848:
558:
sub-grouping and with which it was thought to have had a common, tribal origin.
8808:
8702:
8682:
8634:
8526:
8400:
8070:
7837:
7776:
7555:
7512:
7469:
7386:
7381:
7270:
7220:
7071:
7022:
6977:
6970:
6797:
6724:
6602:
6395:
5766:
5629:
5381:
5291:
5070:
4734:
3114:
2427:
1647:
1639:
1323:'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation,
1142:
1108:
952:
892:
881:
684:
570:
555:
551:
497:
481:
418:
311:
227:
122:
4394:"north, north wind, northern regions, (pl.) seven stars near the north pole",
8830:
8758:
8600:
8356:
8307:
8124:
8063:
7976:
7881:
7819:
7766:
7650:
7577:
6547:
5268:
2439:
1338:
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early
1265:
957:
826:
732:
642:
598:
543:
449:
429:
386:
264:
234:
159:
6377:"wood, timber" has many descendants in Romance languages, such as Sp and It
6114:
BFM (2017) Pourquoi l’Île-de-France s’appelle-t-elle l’Îe de France ?,
4677:
8627:
8051:
8015:
7948:
7771:
7594:
7567:
7550:
7494:
7453:
7035:
7014:
5671:
5535:
5403:
5215:
5207:
Franconian speech habits are also responsible for the replacement of Latin
4791:
2312:
1632:
1368:, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence of
1150:
1100:
1056:
language acquired the name of the people who came to speak it (Frankish or
1053:
1048:
1014:
501:
406:
8274:
977:
languages and dialects to the north and northeast, as well as the related
255:
8444:
8417:
8235:
8143:
7825:
7786:
7369:
7064:
7028:
6963:
6312:
is itself sometimes misidentified as deriving from a reflex of Germanic *
6146:
4870:
4631:
4611:
2578:
1256:
1228:
1173:
978:
974:
929:
914:
903:
612:
574:
562:
493:
485:
171:
8289:
6040:
5084:
4995:
4832:
3828:
874:
The approximate extent of Germanic languages in the early 10th century:
718:
8284:
8264:
7629:
7299:
7000:
6265:
4984:
4623:
2171:
1661:
1402:
1169:
756:
752:
704:
456:
390:
307:
167:
27:
West Germanic language spoken by the Franks from the 5th to 9th century
5166:
5115:
5111:
4828:
8470:
8218:
7781:
7562:
7517:
7489:
7315:
6869:
6535:
Le Maxidico : dictionnaire encyclopédique de la langue française
6477:
6226:
3152:"freeborn; unsubjugated, answering to no one", nasalized variant of *
2571:
2073:
2066:
2041:
1556:"freeborn; unsubjugated, answering to no one", nasalized variant of *
1280:
1276:
1272:
1146:
1134:
1085:
1069:
1024:
1010:
1005:
1001:
993:
970:
937:
933:
796:
792:
768:
708:
692:
578:
527:
425:
280:
248:
143:
40:
8294:
6262:
Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language
6172:
http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/cali003nieu01_01/cali003nieu01_01_0025.php
5294:
also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
4700:
1447:
1184:
to a significant degree. Limburgish itself has a number of dialects.
870:
664:
The Germanic languages are traditionally divided into three groups:
581:
and Old Frankish is largely negligible, with Old Dutch (also called
8259:
7607:
6452:, s.v. "screen", 1721. This term is often erroneously attached to *
5389:
1073:
760:
744:
736:
489:
6292:"bastard, lit. son conceived on a packsaddle", very much like OFr
778:
8300:
7896:
7798:
6357:
6264:, s.v. "bastard" (NY: Gramercy Books, 1996), 175: " perhaps from
6199:
5350:
5095:
3917:
1328:
800:
740:
515:
398:
342: Somme–Aisne Line, north of which Germanic toponyms dominate
112:
51:
7603:
6385:
as well, but the source of this Medieval Latin word is unclear.
5355:
5319:
5305:
5299:
5258:
5170:
5158:
4968:
4953:
4780:
4651:
4578:
1511:
1388:
1324:
1133:
The dialects spoken by the Salian Franks in the Low Countries (
981:(Anglo-Saxon) dialects spoken in southern and eastern Britain.
772:
748:
535:
523:
519:
394:
379:
132:
814:
These are the earliest sentences yet found of Old Franconian.
573:
not undergoing the consonantal shift, while all others did so
484:
have their origins in the first half of the 19th century when
7521:
5178:
4928:
4689:
4415:
1420:
of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the phoneme
1296:
1286:
1061:
986:
680:, rendering some individual varieties difficult to classify.
531:
5736:
Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik: Band 56 — 2002
1413:, more than in Common French, and not always the same ones.
1187:
It is speculated that the dialects originally spoken by the
843:
5969:, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2003, pp. 12, 21–27. On page 25: "
5699:
Rheinischer Fächer – Karte des Landschaftsverband Rheinland
5538:, which reached this position only in the High Middle Ages.
5137:
1043:
764:
488:
and Romantic thought heavily influenced the lexicon of the
6710:(c. 7th c.), while ignoring the Reichenau Glosses citing
5935:
5933:
4589:
1111:, which for the most part did not experience the shift.
6134:
See a list of Walloon names derived from Old Franconian
5731:"The Bergakker Inscription and the Beginnings of Dutch"
6790:
6066:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 318.
5930:
5965:
de Vries, Jan W., Roland Willemyns and Peter Burger,
1028:
in Germany and principally to the French province of
719:
Salian and Ripuarian Franks (3rd century–5th century)
329: North Sea (2.) and Elbe Germanic (3.) Varieties
6240:, some of which clearly point to variants like Gmc *
5371:
3127:"free, exempt; straightforward, without hassle" (LL
6785:
Dictionnaire étymologique et historique du français
6622:"Hauberk | Search Online Etymology Dictionary"
6027:Keller, R.E. (1964). "The Language of the Franks".
5885:
5525:
Jahrgang 71. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 1953, S. 166–186.
3855:(diminutive suffix) with sense of "beetle, weevil"
1380:) on Occitan, the Romance languages of Iberia, and
496:of the time, including pivotal figures such as the
6783:Jean Dubois, Henri Mitterrand, and Albert Dauzat,
6648:"Garden | Search Online Etymology Dictionary"
6284:marriage ". Further, MDu had a related expression
5770:
5765:Hawkins, John A. (1987). "Germanic languages". In
5523:Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde.
1172:. Old Limburgish continued to develop under heavy
1145:, which itself has a number of distinct dialects.
361:
99:
6706:"maker", based on Isidore of Seville's rendering
6063:Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity
5680:Zur Geschichte der Gleichung „germanisch-deutsch“
5102:"dogwood", dialectally "privet", (dial. Eastern)
4356:(790–793 A.D.) "north" + "frankish district" (Du
405:were outnumbered by the local populace who spoke
158:) by the 9th century, which dissolved with other
8828:
6865:A linguistic analysis of the Bergakker scabbard.
6205:"alder god", a comparison with the treatment of
5243:), and for the preservation of Latin nominative
5890:. Studies in historical archaeoethnology, v.6.
5886:Green, Dennis H.; Frank Siegmund, eds. (2003).
310:in late antiquity, without smaller exclaves in
6047:
5626:"Runeninscriptie met het oudste Nederlands(?)"
5478:12, Language Science Press, Berlin, 2023, p. 3
2721:"swingle-dag, tool for beating fibrous stems"
6885:
5534:Note: The line is not the same as the later
5433:List of Portuguese words of Franconian origin
5734:
5696:
5678:
5668:
5662:Die „Deutschen Stämme“ als Forschungsproblem
5658:
5453:List of English Latinates of Germanic origin
5238:
1521:
1453:
505:
6422:The Concise Dictionary of English Etymology
6381:"wooded." This is clearly the origin of Fr
6056:
5278:
5272:
5244:
5208:
1502:before another consonant developed it into
1452:'quarrel'), which entered modern French as
928: Continental West Germanic languages (
142:Gradually evolved into Old Low Franconian (
6892:
6878:
5961:
5959:
5957:
5438:List of Spanish words of Franconian origin
1287:Influence on Old French and Middle English
852:The Frankish conquests between 481 and 814
6548:""etymologiebank.nl" ,s.v. "war" "chaos""
6460:"screen"), but neither the vowel nor the
5547:
844:Frankish Empire (5th century–8th century)
6502:Nieuw woordenboek der Nederlandsche taal
6008:, p. 29, Biblo & Tannen Publishers,
5801:
5795:
5472:Germanic syntax: A constraint-based view
1295:came from Frankish, often replacing the
869:
847:
816:
777:
597:
301:
146:) and the Old High Franconian dialects (
8857:Languages attested from the 5th century
6787:, s.v. "osier" (Paris: Larousse, 2007).
6468:order match. Instead, *skermo gave OFr
6364:"barn"); yet, this connection is false.
5954:
5878:
5764:
5758:
5428:List of French words of Germanic origin
2522:"to drag along, trail"; further to MDu
1114:
723:The scholarly consensus concerning the
577:. As a result, the distinction between
554:, which is traditionally placed in the
14:
8829:
6899:
6700:Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology
6599:Gran Diccionari de la llengua catalana
6520:unsure etymology, debatable. The word
6050:A short history of the German language
6026:
5508:Leiden, 2018, S. 24 und H. Ryckeboer:
8563:
8177:
6921:
6873:
6680:from the original on 15 November 2011
6048:Chambers, W.W.; Wilkie, J.R. (1970).
5833:
5807:Old English and Its Closest Relatives
8862:Languages extinct in the 9th century
6574:""etymologiebank.nl" ,s.v. "wirwar""
6428:or the clumsy phonetic match OLFrk *
6029:Bulletin of the John Rylands Library
5777:. Oxford University Press. pp.
5723:
5249:"man" as an impersonal pronoun: cf.
4876:"to quarrel, claim by law, accuse";
4516:"instrument for striking the hand",
3874:"rooster", (dial. Rhine Franconian)
3603:"to defect, become unfaithful", OHG
1315:'war') or social organization (e.g.
45:
7454:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
6765:from the original on 29 August 2017
5581:
5548:Willemyns, Roland (11 April 2013).
2530:"to stir; move away, back up", OHG
1428:when entering Old French and other
1079:
546:being much more closely related to
24:
8813:Languages between parentheses are
8178:
6153:from the original on 26 April 2013
5943:, pp. 6–18, Berghahn Books, 1999.
5683:. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2004,
5257:"man (accusative)" and Old French
4402:"stormy wind, north wind, north",
1498:). Franconian words starting with
1387:Old Franconian has also left many
1168:dialects are represented today in
1099:) was a phonological development (
436:and would form part of the modern
306:Approximation of the Old Frankish
25:
8883:
6858:
6654:from the original on 1 March 2012
6628:from the original on 4 March 2016
6511:By I.M. Calisch and N.S. Calisch.
6190:Because the expected outcome of *
6096:from the original on 9 March 2013
5894:: The Boydell Press. p. 19.
5493:Studies in Historical Linguistics
5286:
4512:"sole of the foot"; further to G
4392:septemtrio(nes) / septentrio(nes)
4258:"wet grassland", (dial. Holland)
1741:Late, Vulgar, and Medieval Latin
1538:Dutch or other Germanic cognates
1335:, was also given by the Franks.
1064:", i.e. the "people's language".
799:. This phrase was used to free a
323: Old Frankish Varieties (1.)
6804:from the original on 22 May 2013
6735:from the original on 22 May 2013
6580:from the original on 22 May 2013
6554:from the original on 22 May 2013
6402:from the original on 22 May 2013
6005:A History of the French Language
5705:"LVR Alltagskultur im Rheinland"
5670:Heinrich Beck, Dieter Geuenich,
5402:
5388:
5374:
4839:"to lay claim to, appropriate")
4835:; bring suit, vest a court" (ML
4315:"horse-servant, royal servant" (
3785:non-native to the Mediterranean
2735:"wand, rod", Du (dial. Holland)
1703:non-native to the Mediterranean
1442:('war' < Old Northern French
1107:, can be neatly contrasted with
50:
6842:
6829:
6816:
6777:
6747:
6717:
6692:
6666:
6640:
6614:
6592:
6566:
6540:
6528:
6514:
6495:
6443:
6414:
6388:
6367:
6255:
6184:
6165:
6139:
6127:
6108:
6082:
6018:
5993:
5988:Geschiedenis van het Nederlands
5980:
5903:
5852:
5823:
5690:
5652:
5504:Map made after: P. A. Kerkhof:
5237:) in Old French (Modern French
2397:likewise "screech owl" (cf. Sp
1293:French words of Germanic origin
1097:second Germanic consonant shift
1042:The Franks expanded south into
810:(I say, I free you, half-free.)
466:
434:Second Germanic consonant shift
409:dialects. However, many modern
8817:of the language on their left.
6308:"conceived in the brushwood".
6052:. London: Methuen. p. 33.
5618:
5609:
5582:Tor, D. G. (20 October 2017).
5575:
5551:Dutch: Biography of a Language
5541:
5528:
5515:
5498:
5481:
5476:Textbooks in Language Sciences
5464:
4710:"discolored, dirty", Du (old)
3878:"sloe bug, shield bug", Lilien
2909:"to peer, to peek, to scout",
2381:not distinguished in Latin: L
1348:, that appeared later such as
13:
1:
8708:Germanic substrate hypothesis
8564:
5809:. Stanford University Press.
5202:
1869:*becca/bicca "pickaxe/spade"
1831:"to sew up, to connect", OHG
382:from the 5th to 9th century.
8738:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
7429:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
6296:"conceived on a blanket", G
5941:History of the Low Countries
5861:THE LANGUAGE OF THE FRANKS l
3167:"unforced, sincere, frank",
2664:"to rip into five" (Cat/Occ
2660:"to move apart, distance"),
1717:"freeman", "bare of duties"
1567:"unforced, sincere, frank",
1243:; and (dated) Luxembourgish
865:
94:Old Franconian, Old Frankish
7:
8718:High German consonant shift
6396:"etymologiebank.nl "bruin""
5773:The World's Major Languages
5458:
5367:
5233:"at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish
4406:"northerly regions, north"
3648:"to protect, defend", Du be
3510:"hook", Du (dial. Holland)
3436:"frost (event); freezing")
3310:not distinguished in Latin
2919:"fencing" < Old Italian
1824:"to bind with bast string"
1213:Central Franconian dialects
1209:High German consonant shift
1193:Central Franconian dialects
1093:High German consonant shift
788:sword scabbard of Bergakker
707:(Weser–Rhine Germanic) and
567:High German consonant shift
10:
8888:
8847:Extinct Germanic languages
7256:Westlauwers–Terschellings
6909:According to contemporary
6798:"etymologiebank.nl "poot""
6332:"stall in a cow shed", ON
5106:, archaic (dial. Swabian)
4566:"treelimb"), see also Deu
3156:"rash, untamed, impudent"
2138:"to paint; embroider" (Fr
2127:"to embroider, decorate",
1560:"rash, untamed, impudent"
1446:, compare Old High German
1391:in the different northern
1118:
1083:
593:
588:
470:
38:
31:
8800:
8751:
8675:
8644:
8576:
8572:
8559:
8508:
8481:
8435:Southern Schleswig Danish
8366:
8247:
8203:
8194:
8190:
8173:
8014:
7957:
7845:
7836:
7741:
7713:
7672:
7663:
7638:
7620:
7531:
7503:
7477:
7468:
7419:
7332:
7307:
7298:
7237:
7132:
7081:
7056:
7047:
6943:
6934:
6930:
6917:
6907:
6344:"cattle shed", and OFris
5659:
5192:; pipe" (It/SwRom/FrProv
4906:"stand hard, stand firm"
4805:weide "pussy willow", OE
4094:"to live in debauchery")
3492:"bunch (of grapes)" (OFr
2982:"to go up, to mount" and
1802:"to baste, tie together")
1575:(idiom) "free as air" Du
1482:. Other examples include
1255:. The language spoken by
795:as well) is found in the
278:
262:
246:
241:
224:
178:
138:
128:
118:
108:
98:
93:
88:
63:about Frankish phonology.
8713:West Germanic gemination
8667:Ancient Belgian language
8662:Germanic parent language
8606:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
7728:Austrian Standard German
6922:
6035:(1): 101–122, esp. 122.
5967:Het verhaal van een taal
5443:Low Franconian languages
5046:"faithfulness, loyalty"
4414:"osier (basket willow);
4252:marasch, meresch, maersc
3721:guider "to guide"; guide
3607:"to bend, buckle, warp"
3221:"gather up, collect", G
2652:"to rip into fours" (It
1739:Germanic cultural import
1432:; however, the northern
1231:. Compare Luxembourgish
8872:West Germanic languages
6488:"to protect", comp. Du
6432:"to stir up" (cf. Fris
6304:"mantle child", and ON
6272:, presumed variant of *
6223:allie, allouche, alosse
6002:, A. H. Schutz (1938),
5512:Gent, 1997, S. 183–184.
5356:
5320:
5306:
5300:
5259:
4846:"to take legal action"
4046:"enclosed garden", Ofr
3889:"chafer" (cf. Fr dial.
3586:"to turn aside, avoid"
3171:"carefree, brazen", Du
2949:"(protective) screen",
2676:"to steal, reave" (OFr
2599:"mound, knoll, target"
2595:"aim, goal, target" or
2196:"to pound, crush", OFr
2150:"to grind, crush" (OFr
2038:"fortified settlement"
1728:"gravely", "bare", OHG
1571:"carefree, brazen", Du
1512:
1448:
1166:Old East Low Franconian
1139:Old West Low Franconian
1037:
1013:made the transition to
998:Old West Low Franconian
860:
807:"Maltho thi afrio lito"
362:
335: Romance Varieties
101:
8774:Preterite-present verb
8657:Proto-Germanic grammar
8611:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
7723:German Standard German
7399:East Frisian Low Saxon
6450:Webster's Encyclopedic
6420:Rev. Walter W. Skeat,
6237:
5912:Chapter 18: The Franks
5834:Davis, Graeme (2006).
5735:
5697:
5679:
5669:
5554:. OUP USA. p. 5.
5279:
5273:
5245:
5239:
5209:
5092:trugilboum, harttrugil
4853:"to nag, to quarrel",
4603:"pouch, change purse"
4532:"to blot, pat, stain"
3891:brgue, beùrgne, brégue
3767:"sour cherry", (dial.
3526:"torture clamp, vice"
3203:"to hit, strike" (OFr
1592:
1522:
1454:
1344:compared to the other
1320:
1312:
1304:
1137:, also referred to as
992:Philologists think of
962:
853:
822:
783:
731:groups, including the
703:(North Sea Germanic),
661:
540:West Germanic dialects
506:
430:Elbe Germanic dialects
393:(roughly, present-day
376:West Germanic language
350:
61:is missing information
8779:Grammatischer Wechsel
7762:Namibian Black German
7733:Swiss Standard German
7702:Early New High German
7260:Mainland West Frisian
7121:Harlingerland Frisian
6839:, s.v. "patois", 335.
6058:McKitterick, Rosamond
5039:"loyalty, agreement"
4398:"north wind, north",
3637:"to protect, defend"
3617:"to heal, cure" (OFr
3578:"ash-coloured, grey"
3496:"hook, grape stalk")
3131:"freeborn, freedman")
3044:"arrow feather", MDu
2526:"to shrink back", Du
2270:"to shock, to shake"
1307:'garden'), war (e.g.
1247:("goose"), Old Dutch
1182:mutually intelligible
1149:developed from early
1141:) developed into the
1084:Further information:
944:, Old High Frankish).
873:
851:
820:
782:Bergakker inscription
781:
601:
461:Bergakker inscription
305:
8784:Indo-European ablaut
8764:Germanic strong verb
8733:Germanic spirant law
7870:Southeast Limburgish
7366:Gelders-Overijssels
6995:Irish Middle English
6985:Early Modern English
6852:, s.v. "seize", 807.
6356:"cow stall", dial. (
6348:(and its loans: MLG
5838:. Bern: Peter Lang.
5674:, Dietrich Hakelberg
5418:Franconian languages
5065:"privet" (dialectal
5005:"to tumble", OS/OHG
4524:"to dabble", (dial.
3750:"heart cherry" (OFr
3652:"to keep, preserve"
3403:"frost (substance)"
2821:"crayfish" (cf. Occ
2814:"crayfish, lobster"
2607:"to rip, tear" (OFr
2577:"log, stump, butt",
2093:"to embroider" (OFr
1843:"liaison" (Du gemene
1835:"to mend, patch", G
1724:"to give birth", Du
1532:Current French word
1197:Ripuarian Franconian
1127:Franconian languages
1121:Franconian languages
1115:Franconian languages
633:Weser–Rhine Germanic
205:Weser–Rhine Germanic
8752:Synchronic features
8723:Germanic a-mutation
8676:Diachronic features
8026:in the broad sense
7959:East Central German
7913:Lorraine Franconian
7887:Transylvanian Saxon
7847:West Central German
7622:East Low Franconian
7532:West Low Franconian
6725:"etymologiebank.nl
6041:10.7227/BJRL.47.1.6
5892:Woodbridge, Suffolk
5711:on 15 February 2009
5660:Hans-Werner Goetz:
5332:(via Anglo-French *
3866:"lily beetle", blad
2629:"to shave, shear",
2534:"to pull, stretch"
2184:"to grind", but Fr
2119:"boar bristle", Du
1989:"bush, underbrush"
1775:reproductive season
1660:"whitebeam berry" (
1520:> Modern French
1506:- (e.g. Franconian
1494:('to guard', from *
1486:('gauntlet', from *
397:), its speakers in
8867:Medieval languages
8769:Germanic weak verb
8578:Language subgroups
7928:Pennsylvania Dutch
7877:Moselle Franconian
7855:Central Franconian
7688:Middle High German
7439:Central Pomeranian
7394:Northern Low Saxon
7107:Wangerooge Frisian
6901:Germanic languages
6826:, s.v. "pad", 640.
6698:C.T. Onions, ed.,
6607:2008-06-03 at the
6507:2014-10-06 at the
6472:"to fence", from *
6436:"to quiver", Icel
6300:"bench child", LG
6177:2014-10-06 at the
6147:"CNRTL, "escrime""
6121:2019-04-27 at the
5803:Robinson, Orrin W.
5410:Middle Ages portal
5304:, Old French verb
5083:"hard wood; small
4672:"kingdom", "rich"
4289:"military police"
4230:"group of people"
4173:"to beat, cut", G
4143:"bricklayer" (OFr
3214:"to jerk, snatch"
2591:"move, begin", OF
2367:"chough, jackdaw"
1418:reconstructed form
1378:Germanic languages
1205:Rhenish Franconian
1201:Moselle Franconian
963:
854:
823:
784:
662:
623:North Sea Germanic
583:Old Low Franconian
575:to varying degrees
478:Germanic philology
473:Name of the Franks
438:Central Franconian
351:
156:Central Franconian
8837:Frankish language
8824:
8823:
8809:extinct languages
8796:
8795:
8792:
8791:
8743:Great Vowel Shift
8555:
8554:
8551:
8550:
8504:
8503:
8350:Greenlandic Norse
8169:
8168:
8165:
8164:
8161:
8160:
8100:Southern Bavarian
8083:Northern Bavarian
8059:Highest Alemannic
8010:
8009:
7744:standard variants
7659:
7658:
7505:Standard variants
7464:
7463:
7323:Middle Low German
7294:
7293:
7290:
7289:
7094:Saterland Frisian
6601:, s.v. "guinda",
6316:"barn"; cf. Goth
6298:Bankert, Bänkling
6073:978-1-139-47285-2
5986:van der Wal, M.,
5949:978-1-84545-272-8
5423:History of French
5271:" (compare Dutch
5200:
5199:
4861:"to accuse", OHG
4857:"court case", OS
4520:fuss "web foot",
4303:"horse-servant" (
3870:"leaf beetle", G
3425:"drool, slobber"
3410:"drool, slobber"
2497:"water parsnip")
2095:brosder, broisder
2085:"fortified city"
2000:"forest", "bush"
1958:blā, blau, blaeuw
1929:"white, shining"
1839:"to tinker"; MDu
1516:> Old Italian
1430:Romance languages
1346:Romance languages
1155:Hollandic dialect
548:Bavarian dialects
366:), also known as
300:
299:
237:(not widely used)
166:, and influenced
84:
83:
16:(Redirected from
8879:
8601:Elbe (Irminonic)
8574:
8573:
8561:
8560:
8489:Mainland Gutnish
8379:Swedish dialects
8341:Middle Icelandic
8315:Middle Norwegian
8204:Historical forms
8201:
8200:
8192:
8191:
8175:
8174:
8134:South Franconian
8120:Hutterite German
8088:Central Bavarian
7908:Rhine Franconian
7843:
7842:
7673:Historical forms
7670:
7669:
7585:Surinamese Dutch
7478:Historical forms
7475:
7474:
7308:Historical forms
7305:
7304:
7057:Historical forms
7054:
7053:
6941:
6940:
6932:
6931:
6919:
6918:
6894:
6887:
6880:
6871:
6870:
6853:
6846:
6840:
6833:
6827:
6820:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6809:
6794:
6788:
6781:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6770:
6751:
6745:
6744:
6742:
6740:
6721:
6715:
6696:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6685:
6674:"Zoekresultaten"
6670:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6659:
6644:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6633:
6618:
6612:
6596:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6585:
6570:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6559:
6544:
6538:
6532:
6526:
6518:
6512:
6499:
6493:
6447:
6441:
6418:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6407:
6392:
6386:
6371:
6365:
6336:"cow stall", OE
6259:
6253:
6188:
6182:
6169:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6143:
6137:
6131:
6125:
6112:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6101:
6086:
6080:
6077:
6053:
6044:
6022:
6016:
5997:
5991:
5984:
5978:
5963:
5952:
5937:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5917:
5907:
5901:
5900:
5884:M. Springer in:
5882:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5866:
5856:
5850:
5849:
5827:
5821:
5820:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5776:
5762:
5756:
5738:
5727:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5707:. Archived from
5702:
5694:
5688:
5682:
5676:
5666:
5665:
5656:
5650:
5649:
5643:
5641:
5632:. Archived from
5622:
5616:
5613:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5602:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5545:
5539:
5532:
5526:
5521:H. K. J. Cowan:
5519:
5513:
5502:
5496:
5485:
5479:
5468:
5412:
5407:
5406:
5398:
5393:
5392:
5384:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5364:) among others.
5359:
5354:(via Old French
5323:
5318:(via Old French
5309:
5303:
5298:(via Old French
5282:
5276:
5262:
5248:
5242:
5223:"at", then with
5212:
4895:"standard" (OFr
4441:Halster, Hilster
4311:"servant"); MDu
4296:"horse-servant"
3862:"rooster", lelie
3769:Rhine Franconian
3599:"to beckon", OS
3359:"to defend", OS
2969:estrieu, estrief
2887:is from Italian
2883:, Modern French
2797:"crayfish" (OFr
2618:"to cut, shear"
2505:"to dance" (OFr
2352:"barn owl" (OFr
1847:"commonwealth")
1798:"to build" (OFr
1529:
1528:
1525:
1515:
1457:
1451:
1279:and the area of
1223:and the loss of
1189:Ripuarian Franks
1080:German Franconia
1054:Colloquial Latin
949:
927:
911:
900:
889:
878:
835:Ripuarian Franks
831:Ripuarian Franks
725:Migration Period
678:Migration Period
650:
640:
630:
620:
606:
514:which spoke of "
509:
442:Rhine Franconian
365:
347:
341:
334:
328:
322:
296:
290:
274:
258:
251:
230:
184:
148:Rhine Franconian
104:
86:
85:
79:
76:
70:
54:
46:
21:
8887:
8886:
8882:
8881:
8880:
8878:
8877:
8876:
8852:Frankish people
8827:
8826:
8825:
8820:
8788:
8747:
8728:Germanic umlaut
8693:Holtzmann's law
8671:
8640:
8568:
8547:
8500:
8477:
8411:South Jutlandic
8396:Danish dialects
8362:
8243:
8186:
8157:
8139:East Franconian
8093:Viennese German
8006:
7987:Silesian German
7953:
7942:Central Hessian
7832:
7757:Namibian German
7746:
7737:
7715:Standard German
7709:
7695:New High German
7681:Old High German
7655:
7634:
7616:
7527:
7499:
7460:
7444:East Pomeranian
7434:Brandenburgisch
7421:East Low German
7415:
7342:Dutch Low Saxon
7334:West Low German
7328:
7286:
7252:Schiermonnikoog
7233:
7128:
7114:Wursten Frisian
7077:
7043:
6926:
6913:
6903:
6898:
6861:
6856:
6847:
6843:
6834:
6830:
6821:
6817:
6807:
6805:
6796:
6795:
6791:
6782:
6778:
6768:
6766:
6753:
6752:
6748:
6738:
6736:
6723:
6722:
6718:
6697:
6693:
6683:
6681:
6672:
6671:
6667:
6657:
6655:
6646:
6645:
6641:
6631:
6629:
6620:
6619:
6615:
6609:Wayback Machine
6597:
6593:
6583:
6581:
6572:
6571:
6567:
6557:
6555:
6546:
6545:
6541:
6533:
6529:
6519:
6515:
6509:Wayback Machine
6500:
6496:
6448:
6444:
6440:"to convulse").
6419:
6415:
6405:
6403:
6394:
6393:
6389:
6372:
6368:
6340:"feed crib", E
6260:
6256:
6244:which gave MHG
6189:
6185:
6179:Wayback Machine
6170:
6166:
6156:
6154:
6145:
6144:
6140:
6132:
6128:
6123:Wayback Machine
6113:
6109:
6099:
6097:
6088:
6087:
6083:
6074:
6023:
6019:
5998:
5994:
5985:
5981:
5964:
5955:
5938:
5931:
5921:
5919:
5915:
5909:
5908:
5904:
5897:
5883:
5879:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5853:
5846:
5828:
5824:
5817:
5800:
5796:
5789:
5763:
5759:
5728:
5724:
5714:
5712:
5703:
5695:
5691:
5657:
5653:
5639:
5637:
5624:
5623:
5619:
5614:
5610:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5580:
5576:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5546:
5542:
5533:
5529:
5520:
5516:
5503:
5499:
5486:
5482:
5470:Stefan Müller,
5469:
5465:
5461:
5448:Old High German
5408:
5401:
5396:Language portal
5394:
5387:
5380:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5328:"stand firm"),
5289:
5205:
5110:"small trough,
4979:"to fall" (OFr
4474:"osier", dial.
4285:
4240:"marsh, swamp"
4175:Metz, Steinmetz
4165:"masoner"; OHG
4090:"to lick" (OFr
4044:hortus gardinus
4024:grefuèlh, agreu
3938:"cover" (cf Du
3798:
3793:"to hate" (OFr
3781:Wassen, Wachsen
3777:East Franconian
3626:"healing" (OFr
3622:
3518:"hook", (dial.
3466:"to glide"; Du
3444:"to slip" (OFr
3332:"good, well" +
3191:
3163:"insolent", Du
3141:
3132:
3112:"cold", German
2967:"stirrup" (OFr
2882:
2876:
2750:"swingle-dag")
2709:"to steal" (It
2524:densen, deinsen
2393:"screech owl",
2188:"to sort"), LL
2112:"to embroider"
2108:"bristle" and *
1982:"wood, forest"
1813:
1808:
1803:
1740:
1696:"whitebeam", G
1535:Old Franconian
1510:and Old French
1289:
1123:
1117:
1105:Old High German
1088:
1082:
1066:Urban T. Holmes
1040:
961:
947:
945:
942:Old High German
925:
923:
909:
907:
898:
896:
887:
885:
876:
868:
863:
846:
721:
689:Jastorf culture
660:
648:
646:
638:
636:
628:
626:
618:
616:
604:
596:
591:
544:East Franconian
475:
469:
349:
345:
343:
339:
337:
336:
332:
330:
326:
324:
320:
318:
314:
292:
291:
286:
270:
267:
254:
247:
231:
226:
220:
185:
182:Language family
180:
164:Old High German
162:varieties into
152:East Franconian
80:
74:
71:
64:
55:
44:
37:
34:French language
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8885:
8875:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8844:
8842:Dutch language
8839:
8822:
8821:
8819:
8818:
8811:
8801:
8798:
8797:
8794:
8793:
8790:
8789:
8787:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8755:
8753:
8749:
8748:
8746:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8679:
8677:
8673:
8672:
8670:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8652:Proto-Germanic
8648:
8646:
8642:
8641:
8639:
8638:
8631:
8624:
8616:
8615:
8614:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8593:
8588:
8582:
8580:
8570:
8569:
8557:
8556:
8553:
8552:
8549:
8548:
8546:
8545:
8538:
8531:
8527:Crimean Gothic
8516:
8514:
8506:
8505:
8502:
8501:
8499:
8498:
8497:
8496:
8491:
8482:
8479:
8478:
8476:
8475:
8474:
8473:
8463:
8462:
8461:
8454:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8431:
8430:
8425:
8415:
8414:
8413:
8403:
8401:Insular Danish
8398:
8388:
8387:
8386:
8384:Rinkebysvenska
8381:
8370:
8368:
8364:
8363:
8361:
8360:
8353:
8346:
8345:
8344:
8337:
8325:
8320:
8319:
8318:
8311:
8304:
8298:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8251:
8249:
8245:
8244:
8242:
8241:
8240:
8239:
8232:
8230:Old East Norse
8227:
8225:Old West Norse
8215:
8207:
8205:
8198:
8188:
8187:
8171:
8170:
8167:
8166:
8163:
8162:
8159:
8158:
8156:
8155:
8148:
8147:
8146:
8136:
8131:
8130:
8129:
8128:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8105:South Tyrolean
8097:
8096:
8095:
8085:
8075:
8074:
8073:
8068:
8067:
8066:
8056:
8055:
8054:
8047:High Alemannic
8044:
8043:
8042:
8037:
8020:
8018:
8012:
8011:
8008:
8007:
8005:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7963:
7961:
7955:
7954:
7952:
7951:
7946:
7945:
7944:
7934:
7933:
7932:
7931:
7930:
7925:
7915:
7905:
7904:
7903:
7902:
7901:
7900:
7899:
7889:
7884:
7874:
7873:
7872:
7867:
7851:
7849:
7840:
7838:Central German
7834:
7833:
7831:
7830:
7829:
7828:
7823:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7796:
7791:
7790:
7789:
7779:
7777:Barossa German
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7753:
7751:
7739:
7738:
7736:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7719:
7717:
7711:
7710:
7708:
7707:
7706:
7705:
7691:
7684:
7676:
7674:
7667:
7661:
7660:
7657:
7656:
7654:
7653:
7648:
7642:
7640:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7632:
7626:
7624:
7618:
7617:
7615:
7614:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7581:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7559:
7558:
7556:French Flemish
7548:
7547:
7546:
7535:
7533:
7529:
7528:
7526:
7525:
7515:
7509:
7507:
7501:
7500:
7498:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7481:
7479:
7472:
7470:Low Franconian
7466:
7465:
7462:
7461:
7459:
7458:
7457:
7456:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7425:
7423:
7417:
7416:
7414:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7402:
7401:
7391:
7390:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7378:
7377:
7372:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7338:
7336:
7330:
7329:
7327:
7326:
7319:
7311:
7309:
7302:
7296:
7295:
7292:
7291:
7288:
7287:
7285:
7284:
7283:
7282:
7277:
7276:
7275:
7274:
7273:
7271:Westereendersk
7265:
7254:
7249:
7243:
7241:
7235:
7234:
7232:
7231:
7230:
7229:
7224:
7217:
7212:
7211:
7210:
7205:
7202:
7194:
7189:
7188:
7187:
7176:
7175:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7163:
7162:
7157:
7149:
7138:
7136:
7130:
7129:
7127:
7126:
7125:
7124:
7117:
7110:
7098:
7097:
7096:
7087:
7085:
7079:
7078:
7076:
7075:
7072:Middle Frisian
7068:
7060:
7058:
7051:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7041:
7040:
7039:
7032:
7020:
7019:
7018:
7011:
7004:
6992:
6991:
6990:
6989:
6988:
6978:Modern English
6974:
6971:Middle English
6967:
6960:
6949:
6947:
6938:
6928:
6927:
6915:
6914:
6908:
6905:
6904:
6897:
6896:
6889:
6882:
6874:
6868:
6867:
6860:
6859:External links
6857:
6855:
6854:
6841:
6828:
6815:
6789:
6776:
6746:
6716:
6691:
6665:
6639:
6613:
6591:
6565:
6539:
6527:
6513:
6494:
6442:
6413:
6387:
6366:
6276:marriage + OF
6254:
6183:
6181:(entry: Vrank)
6164:
6138:
6126:
6107:
6081:
6079:
6078:
6072:
6054:
6045:
6017:
5992:
5979:
5953:
5929:
5902:
5877:
5851:
5844:
5822:
5815:
5794:
5787:
5767:Bernard Comrie
5757:
5729:Bernard Mees,
5722:
5689:
5651:
5630:Valkhof Museum
5617:
5608:
5594:
5574:
5560:
5540:
5527:
5514:
5497:
5487:Graeme Davis,
5480:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5399:
5385:
5382:Germany portal
5369:
5366:
5314:"a running"),
5292:Middle English
5288:
5287:Middle English
5285:
5213:("with") with
5204:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5182:
5151:
5145:
5126:
5125:
5119:
5088:
5077:
5059:
5058:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5025:
5010:
4999:
4988:
4973:
4972:
4957:
4942:
4936:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4907:
4900:
4889:
4888:
4877:
4847:
4840:
4821:
4820:
4815:"willow" (OFr
4809:
4795:
4784:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4763:
4756:
4749:
4748:
4715:
4704:
4693:
4682:
4681:
4673:
4662:
4655:
4644:
4643:
4604:
4593:
4582:
4571:
4570:
4533:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4483:
4456:mimbre, vimbre
4444:
4433:
4427:
4408:
4407:
4388:
4369:
4350:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4297:
4290:
4278:
4277:
4262:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4220:
4213:
4198:
4197:
4178:
4169:"stonemason",
4155:
4148:
4145:masson, machun
4137:
4136:
4113:
4102:
4095:
4084:
4083:
4077:
4072:"orchard"; OS
4062:
4055:
4036:
4035:
4008:
3998:
3992:
3985:
3984:
3978:
3967:
3963:, variant of *
3957:
3950:
3949:
3943:
3928:
3921:
3910:
3909:
3883:
3882:"lily beetle"
3856:
3845:
3838:
3837:
3824:
3813:
3807:
3802:"hatred" (OFr
3787:
3786:
3783:
3761:
3755:
3744:
3743:
3737:
3730:
3724:
3717:
3716:
3710:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3680:
3653:
3638:
3631:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3593:
3587:
3580:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3550:
3527:
3504:
3497:
3486:
3485:
3479:
3456:
3449:
3438:
3437:
3426:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3387:
3381:
3374:
3373:
3363:
3353:
3347:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3326:
3325:"to run well"
3319:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3298:
3292:
3281:
3280:
3269:
3259:
3253:
3244:"hornet" (OFr
3238:
3237:
3226:
3215:
3208:
3197:
3196:
3184:
3157:
3146:
3136:"France" (OFr
3121:
3120:
3118:
3102:
3095:
3080:
3079:
3060:
3059:"long arrow")
3038:
3032:
3025:
3024:
3005:
2987:
2972:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2953:"protection",
2939:
2932:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2895:
2888:
2869:
2868:
2862:
2852:
2846:
2835:
2834:
2815:
2808:
2802:
2791:
2790:
2784:
2769:
2763:
2758:"screen" (OFr
2752:
2751:
2740:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2714:
2703:
2692:
2685:
2670:
2669:
2634:
2619:
2612:
2601:
2600:
2585:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2554:
2535:
2516:
2510:
2499:
2498:
2483:
2473:kersse, korsse
2469:
2463:
2456:
2455:
2437:
2417:
2414:
2407:
2406:
2379:
2368:
2361:
2346:
2345:
2301:
2287:
2281:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2264:
2258:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2237:
2231:
2224:
2223:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2144:
2143:
2132:
2123:"bristle"; OS
2113:
2098:
2087:
2086:
2079:
2039:
2028:
2021:
2020:
2007:"forest" (OFr
2001:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1975:
1970:"light blue",
1964:
1954:
1948:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1919:
1913:
1910:blanc, blanche
1906:
1905:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1879:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1860:
1859:
1848:
1825:
1818:
1792:
1791:
1785:
1767:
1760:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1732:"freeman", OE
1718:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1675:
1668:
1654:
1653:
1645:
1630:
1624:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1561:
1550:
1543:
1542:
1541:Latin/Romance
1539:
1536:
1533:
1424:changed it to
1288:
1285:
1261:
1260:
1235:("ox"), Dutch
1185:
1162:
1157:spoken in the
1143:Dutch language
1119:Main article:
1116:
1113:
1109:Low Franconian
1081:
1078:
1039:
1036:
953:Crimean Gothic
946:
924:
908:
897:
893:Old East Norse
886:
882:Old West Norse
875:
867:
864:
862:
859:
845:
842:
812:
811:
808:
720:
717:
685:Proto-Germanic
647:
637:
627:
617:
609:North Germanic
603:
595:
592:
590:
587:
571:Low Franconian
556:Low Franconian
550:than it is to
498:Brothers Grimm
482:German studies
471:Main article:
468:
465:
419:Frankish Realm
378:spoken by the
368:Old Franconian
344:
338:
331:
325:
319:
312:Gallia Belgica
298:
297:
284:
276:
275:
268:
263:
260:
259:
252:
244:
243:
242:Language codes
239:
238:
232:
228:Writing system
225:
222:
221:
219:
218:
217:
216:
215:
214:
213:
212:
188:
186:
179:
176:
175:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
123:Western Europe
120:
116:
115:
110:
109:Native to
106:
105:
96:
95:
91:
90:
82:
81:
58:
56:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8884:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8850:
8848:
8845:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8834:
8832:
8816:
8812:
8810:
8806:
8803:
8802:
8799:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8759:Germanic verb
8757:
8756:
8754:
8750:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8698:Sievers's law
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8680:
8678:
8674:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8649:
8647:
8645:Reconstructed
8643:
8637:
8636:
8632:
8630:
8629:
8625:
8623:
8622:
8618:
8617:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8598:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8583:
8581:
8579:
8575:
8571:
8567:
8562:
8558:
8544:
8543:
8539:
8537:
8536:
8532:
8529:
8528:
8523:
8522:
8518:
8517:
8515:
8513:
8512:
8507:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8486:
8484:
8483:
8480:
8472:
8469:
8468:
8467:
8464:
8460:
8459:
8458:Middle Danish
8455:
8453:
8452:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8420:
8419:
8416:
8412:
8409:
8408:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8393:
8392:
8389:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8376:
8375:
8372:
8371:
8369:
8365:
8359:
8358:
8354:
8352:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8342:
8338:
8336:
8335:
8334:Old Icelandic
8331:
8330:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8317:
8316:
8312:
8310:
8309:
8308:Old Norwegian
8305:
8302:
8299:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8257:
8256:
8253:
8252:
8250:
8246:
8238:
8237:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8222:
8221:
8220:
8216:
8214:
8213:
8209:
8208:
8206:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8193:
8189:
8185:
8181:
8176:
8172:
8154:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8142:
8141:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8126:
8125:Gottscheerish
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8102:
8101:
8098:
8094:
8091:
8090:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8080:
8079:
8076:
8072:
8069:
8065:
8064:Walser German
8062:
8061:
8060:
8057:
8053:
8050:
8049:
8048:
8045:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8032:
8031:
8030:Low Alemannic
8028:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8021:
8019:
8017:
8013:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7992:High Prussian
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7977:Erzgebirgisch
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7964:
7962:
7960:
7956:
7950:
7947:
7943:
7940:
7939:
7938:
7935:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7920:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7910:
7909:
7906:
7898:
7895:
7894:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7882:Luxembourgish
7880:
7879:
7878:
7875:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7862:
7861:
7858:
7857:
7856:
7853:
7852:
7850:
7848:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7835:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7821:
7820:Klezmer-loshn
7817:
7815:
7814:Scots Yiddish
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7801:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7788:
7785:
7784:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7754:
7752:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7720:
7718:
7716:
7712:
7704:
7703:
7699:
7698:
7697:
7696:
7692:
7690:
7689:
7685:
7683:
7682:
7678:
7677:
7675:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7662:
7652:
7651:Meuse-Rhenish
7649:
7647:
7644:
7643:
7641:
7637:
7631:
7628:
7627:
7625:
7623:
7619:
7613:
7609:
7605:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7582:
7579:
7578:Kleverlandish
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7557:
7554:
7553:
7552:
7549:
7545:
7542:
7541:
7540:
7539:Central Dutch
7537:
7536:
7534:
7530:
7523:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7506:
7502:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7467:
7455:
7452:
7451:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7426:
7424:
7422:
7418:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7400:
7397:
7396:
7395:
7392:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7367:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7347:Stellingwarfs
7345:
7344:
7343:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7335:
7331:
7325:
7324:
7320:
7318:
7317:
7313:
7312:
7310:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7297:
7281:
7278:
7272:
7269:
7268:
7267:Wood Frisian
7266:
7263:
7262:
7261:
7258:
7257:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7244:
7242:
7240:
7236:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7222:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7209:
7206:
7203:
7200:
7199:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7185:
7184:
7183:
7180:
7179:
7177:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7148:
7147:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7139:
7137:
7135:
7134:North Frisian
7131:
7123:
7122:
7118:
7116:
7115:
7111:
7109:
7108:
7104:
7103:
7102:
7099:
7095:
7092:
7091:
7089:
7088:
7086:
7084:
7080:
7074:
7073:
7069:
7067:
7066:
7062:
7061:
7059:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7046:
7038:
7037:
7033:
7031:
7030:
7026:
7025:
7024:
7021:
7017:
7016:
7012:
7010:
7009:
7005:
7003:
7002:
6998:
6997:
6996:
6993:
6987:
6986:
6982:
6981:
6980:
6979:
6975:
6973:
6972:
6968:
6966:
6965:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6954:
6951:
6950:
6948:
6946:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6936:Anglo-Frisian
6933:
6929:
6925:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6906:
6902:
6895:
6890:
6888:
6883:
6881:
6876:
6875:
6872:
6866:
6863:
6862:
6851:
6845:
6838:
6832:
6825:
6819:
6803:
6799:
6793:
6786:
6780:
6764:
6760:
6758:
6750:
6734:
6730:
6728:
6720:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6695:
6679:
6675:
6669:
6653:
6649:
6643:
6627:
6623:
6617:
6610:
6606:
6603:
6600:
6595:
6579:
6575:
6569:
6553:
6549:
6543:
6536:
6531:
6523:
6517:
6510:
6506:
6503:
6498:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6446:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6417:
6401:
6397:
6391:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6370:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6258:
6252:"whitebeam").
6251:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6187:
6180:
6176:
6173:
6168:
6152:
6148:
6142:
6135:
6130:
6124:
6120:
6117:
6111:
6095:
6091:
6085:
6075:
6069:
6065:
6064:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6025:
6024:
6021:
6015:
6014:0-8196-0191-8
6011:
6007:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5989:
5983:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5962:
5960:
5958:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5936:
5934:
5914:
5913:
5906:
5899:
5893:
5889:
5881:
5863:
5862:
5855:
5847:
5845:3-03910-270-2
5841:
5837:
5831:
5826:
5818:
5816:0-8047-2221-8
5812:
5808:
5804:
5798:
5790:
5788:0-19-520521-9
5784:
5780:
5775:
5774:
5768:
5761:
5754:
5753:9789042015791
5750:
5746:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5726:
5710:
5706:
5701:
5700:
5693:
5686:
5681:
5675:
5673:
5663:
5655:
5648:
5636:on 1 May 2019
5635:
5631:
5627:
5621:
5612:
5597:
5595:9789004353046
5591:
5587:
5586:
5578:
5563:
5561:9780199858712
5557:
5553:
5552:
5544:
5537:
5531:
5524:
5518:
5511:
5507:
5501:
5494:
5490:
5484:
5477:
5473:
5467:
5463:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5405:
5400:
5397:
5391:
5386:
5383:
5372:
5365:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5313:
5308:
5302:
5297:
5293:
5284:
5281:
5275:
5270:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5252:
5247:
5241:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5218:
5217:
5211:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5098:; privet", G
5097:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5041:
5038:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5009:"to tumble",
5008:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4946:temse, teemse
4943:
4941:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4919:
4916:
4913:(to stand) +
4912:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4762:"hall, room"
4761:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4739:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4634:, purse", It
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4618:"bulge"), LL
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4580:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4508:"strike"; LG
4507:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4443:"bay willow"
4442:
4438:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4383:(province of
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4339:"teasingly")
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4042:"garden" (VL
4041:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3927:"neck-cover"
3926:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3844:"cockchafer"
3843:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3709:"to confuse"
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3537:"bunch", Cat
3536:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3179:"miser", OHG
3178:
3175:"France", Du
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3086:"fresh" (OFr
3085:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2938:"to protect"
2937:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:"to spy", HG
2904:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:"chassis"; G
2774:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2584:"tree stump"
2583:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2568:"stump, log"
2567:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2462:"watercress"
2461:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2389:"eared owl",
2388:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2311:"to elect"),
2310:
2306:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1782:boaste, boask
1780:
1776:
1773:"lust, heat,
1772:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1692:"alder"); Du
1691:
1688:
1685:"alder" (vs.
1684:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1667:"whitebeam")
1666:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1583:"miser", OHG
1582:
1579:"France", Du
1578:
1574:
1573:frank en vrij
1570:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1435:langues d'oil
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1394:langues d'oïl
1390:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1341:langues d'oïl
1336:
1334:
1333:Île-de-France
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1266:lingua franca
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1122:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1031:Île-de-France
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
988:
982:
980:
976:
972:
967:
959:
958:East Germanic
955:
954:
943:
939:
935:
931:
921:
920:West Germanic
917:
916:
906:
905:
895:
894:
884:
883:
872:
858:
850:
841:
838:
836:
832:
828:
827:Salian Franks
819:
815:
809:
806:
805:
804:
802:
798:
794:
789:
780:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
716:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
697:morphological
694:
690:
686:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
658:
654:
653:East Germanic
644:
643:Elbe Germanic
634:
624:
614:
610:
600:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
464:
462:
458:
453:
451:
450:Luxembourgish
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
407:Proto-Romance
404:
403:Île-de-France
400:
396:
392:
388:
387:Salian Franks
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
359:
358:reconstructed
355:
317:
313:
309:
304:
295:
289:
285:
283:
282:
277:
273:
269:
266:
265:Linguist List
261:
257:
253:
250:
245:
240:
236:
235:Elder Futhark
233:
229:
223:
211:
208:
207:
206:
203:
202:
201:
200:West Germanic
198:
197:
196:
193:
192:
191:
190:Indo-European
187:
183:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
160:West Germanic
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
134:
131:
127:
124:
121:
117:
114:
111:
107:
103:
97:
92:
87:
78:
75:February 2018
68:
62:
59:This article
57:
53:
48:
47:
42:
35:
30:
19:
8804:
8688:Verner's law
8633:
8628:Gotho-Nordic
8626:
8619:
8540:
8533:
8525:
8519:
8509:
8494:Fårö Gutnish
8456:
8449:
8355:
8348:
8339:
8332:
8313:
8306:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8217:
8210:
8150:
8052:Swiss German
8016:Upper German
7949:Amana German
7923:Volga German
7892:Hunsrückisch
7818:
7772:Unserdeutsch
7767:Berlinerisch
7700:
7693:
7686:
7679:
7639:Cover groups
7595:Mohawk Dutch
7590:Jersey Dutch
7568:East Flemish
7551:West Flemish
7495:Middle Dutch
7484:
7449:Low Prussian
7321:
7314:
7280:Terschelling
7264:Clay Frisian
7239:West Frisian
7227:Wiedingharde
7219:
7207:
7167:Heligolandic
7144:
7119:
7112:
7105:
7100:
7083:East Frisian
7070:
7063:
7036:Middle Scots
7034:
7027:
7013:
7006:
6999:
6994:
6983:
6976:
6969:
6962:
6849:
6844:
6836:
6831:
6823:
6818:
6806:. Retrieved
6792:
6784:
6779:
6767:. Retrieved
6756:
6749:
6737:. Retrieved
6726:
6719:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6694:
6682:. Retrieved
6668:
6656:. Retrieved
6642:
6630:. Retrieved
6616:
6598:
6594:
6582:. Retrieved
6568:
6556:. Retrieved
6542:
6534:
6530:
6521:
6516:
6497:
6492:"to fence").
6489:
6485:
6481:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6416:
6404:. Retrieved
6390:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6369:
6361:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6328:, (Jutland)
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6290:fils de bast
6289:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6261:
6257:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6229:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6195:
6191:
6186:
6167:
6157:13 September
6155:. Retrieved
6141:
6129:
6110:
6098:. Retrieved
6084:
6062:
6049:
6032:
6028:
6020:
6003:
6000:U. T. Holmes
5995:
5990:, 1992 , p.
5987:
5982:
5974:
5973:. Page 27: "
5970:
5966:
5940:
5920:. Retrieved
5911:
5905:
5895:
5887:
5880:
5868:. Retrieved
5860:
5854:
5835:
5830:Graeme Davis
5825:
5806:
5797:
5772:
5760:
5725:
5713:. Retrieved
5709:the original
5692:
5672:Heiko Steuer
5661:
5654:
5645:
5638:. Retrieved
5634:the original
5620:
5611:
5599:. Retrieved
5584:
5577:
5565:. Retrieved
5550:
5543:
5536:Benrath Line
5530:
5522:
5517:
5509:
5505:
5500:
5492:
5488:
5483:
5475:
5471:
5466:
5361:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5315:
5311:
5295:
5290:
5264:
5260:hum, hom, om
5254:
5250:
5234:
5230:
5224:
5220:
5214:
5206:
5193:
5185:
5174:
5162:
5161:; pipe", Du
5154:
5148:
5141:
5129:
5122:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5091:
5080:
5073:
5066:
5062:
5054:
5050:
5043:
5036:
5029:
5021:
5017:
5016:(archaic Fr
5013:
5006:
5002:
4991:
4980:
4976:
4964:
4960:
4949:
4945:
4939:
4932:
4924:
4914:
4910:
4903:
4899:"standard")
4896:
4892:
4887:"to seize")
4884:
4880:
4873:
4865:"to strive,
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4824:
4817:sauz, sausse
4816:
4812:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4792:pussy willow
4787:
4776:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4711:
4708:salu, saluwe
4707:
4696:
4685:
4676:
4669:
4665:
4658:
4647:
4639:
4635:
4627:
4619:
4615:
4607:
4600:
4596:
4585:
4574:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4539:"paw" (Sard
4536:
4529:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:"foot sole"
4494:
4487:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4458:"osier", Pg
4455:
4454:"withy", Sp
4451:
4450:"withy" (It
4447:
4440:
4436:
4430:
4423:
4419:
4411:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4380:
4379:"north", Du
4376:
4372:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4346:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4323:"serf"); Du
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4293:
4287:maréchaussée
4286:
4281:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4227:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4205:
4204:"many" (OFr
4201:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4161:"to mason",
4158:
4151:
4144:
4140:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4109:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4018:), later VL
4015:
4011:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3973:"heron", Du
3970:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3913:
3905:
3901:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3851:"rooster" +
3848:
3841:
3833:
3827:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3780:
3772:
3764:
3758:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3623:
3621:"to defend")
3618:
3614:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3583:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3494:crape, grape
3493:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3441:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3390:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3343:
3333:
3329:
3323:wala hlaupan
3322:
3318:"to gallop"
3315:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3288:
3287:"rook" (OFr
3284:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3187:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2964:
2957:"shielding"
2954:
2950:
2946:
2945:"to fence",
2942:
2935:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2865:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2842:
2841:"spur" (OFr
2838:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2805:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2779:"cupboard",
2776:
2772:
2766:
2759:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2565:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2506:
2502:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2446:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2420:
2410:
2405:"night owl"
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2280:"to choose"
2277:
2267:
2261:
2254:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2211:"to grind",
2208:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2168:"to break",
2165:
2158:
2151:
2147:
2142:"to paint")
2139:
2135:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2105:
2104:, blend of *
2101:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2035:
2031:
2027:"town/city"
2024:
2016:
2015:"wood" (OFr
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1994:bosch, busch
1993:
1986:
1979:
1974:"dark blue"
1971:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1944:
1943:"blue" (OFr
1940:
1933:
1926:
1925:"to shine",
1922:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1708:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1642:
1636:elsene, else
1635:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1517:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1459:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1392:
1386:
1339:
1337:
1290:
1270:
1262:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1151:Modern Dutch
1124:
1101:sound change
1089:
1057:
1041:
1029:
1023:
1015:Middle Dutch
991:
983:
968:
964:
951:
913:
902:
891:
880:
855:
839:
824:
813:
785:
722:
713:
693:phonological
687:in the late
682:
663:
635:(Istvaeonic)
625:(Ingvaeonic)
561:In a modern
560:
502:stem duchies
494:philologists
476:
467:Nomenclature
454:
444:dialects of
423:
384:
372:Old Frankish
371:
367:
353:
352:
315:
279:
209:
72:
60:
29:
18:Old Frankish
8703:Kluge's law
8683:Grimm's law
8466:Dalecarlian
8445:Perkerdansk
8418:East Danish
8236:Old Gutnish
8212:Proto-Norse
8152:Langobardic
8144:Vogtlandian
7972:Upper Saxon
7826:Lachoudisch
7787:Lotegorisch
7665:High German
7411:Westphalian
7406:Eastphalian
7370:Achterhooks
7247:Hindeloopen
7182:Bökingharde
7151:Föhr–Amrum
7065:Old Frisian
7029:Early Scots
6964:Old English
6324:, LG dial.
5918:. p. 4
5755:, pp. 23–26
5685:pp. 229–253
5640:10 November
5142:tuiel, tuel
5024:(a fall) )
4869:, rebuke",
4632:money pouch
4612:leather bag
4439:, LG dial.
4364:, Fri/LSax
4327:"marshal" (
3832:"to hate",
3819:"to hate",
3679:"to heal")
3630:"healing")
3514:"krank", G
3455:"to glide"
3380:"gauntlet"
3346:"to guard"
3183:"free man"
3143:franchement
3017:saltatorium
3001:"to rise",
2955:afscherming
2951:bescherming
2877:Old French
2875:"to watch"
2728:"bat, rod"
2691:"to steal"
2662:exquintiare
2650:exquartiare
2638:extractiāre
2376:kauw, kaauw
2374:"rook", Du
2360:"jackdaw")
2358:choë, choue
2324:excolligere
2257:"to shock"
2161:"to break"
1945:blou, bleve
1817:"fortress"
1784:"marriage"
1766:"marriage"
1752:"bastard" (
1587:"free man"
1257:Charlemagne
1229:High German
1174:Low Rhenish
1159:Cape Colony
985:called it "
979:Old English
975:Old Frisian
930:Old Frisian
915:Old English
904:Old Gutnish
645:(Irminonic)
613:Proto-Norse
486:Romanticism
389:settled in
172:superstrate
8831:Categories
8535:Burgundian
8451:Old Danish
8440:Gøtudanskt
8423:Bornholmsk
8285:Vestlandsk
8265:Kebabnorsk
8002:Halcnovian
7967:Thuringian
7630:Limburgish
7600:Stadsfries
7573:Brabantian
7300:Low German
7146:Eiderstedt
7001:Fingallian
6757:Henegouwen
6632:29 January
6525:debatable.
6464:and vowel/
6302:Mantelkind
6266:Ingvaeonic
6213:above and
5870:2 December
5745:9042015799
5715:23 October
5491:, series:
5474:, series:
5326:*standhard
5283:, "one").
5277:"man" and
5203:Old French
5177:"channel;
5100:Hartriegel
4985:somersault
4948:, obs. Du
4703:, sallow"
4624:coin purse
4599:, G dial.
4504:"paw", Du
4466:"withy"),
4404:aquilonium
4381:Henegouwen
4325:maarschalk
4294:marh-skalk
4284:"marshal"
4112:"to lick"
4101:"to lick"
4068:"garden",
4032:agrifoglio
4020:acrifolium
4012:aquifolium
3942:"hostel")
3908:"weevil")
3806:"hatred")
3797:"to hate")
3736:"to know"
3705:"tangle",
3520:Franconian
3470:"skid"; G
3225:"to grab"
3190:"freeborn"
3145:"frankly"
3011:(later ML
2991:steegereep
2881:"male spy"
2746:(Fr dial.
2654:squarciare
2646:stracciare
2633:"to tear"
2487:nasturtium
2401:"crazy"),
2365:kōwa, kāwa
2356:, dim. of
1852:construere
1812:"fortress"
1807:"building"
1665:alis, alie
1549:"to free"
1547:affranchir
1480:Portuguese
1403:Champenois
1370:Visigothic
1358:Portuguese
1170:Limburgish
797:Lex Salica
757:Ampsivarii
753:Chattuarii
705:Istvaeonic
701:Ingvaeonic
659:by 300 AD)
615:by 300 AD)
563:linguistic
528:Thuringian
457:Old French
391:Roman Gaul
385:After the
374:, was the
360:endonym: *
308:Sprachraum
168:Old French
8815:varieties
8807:indicate
8621:Northwest
8566:Philology
8471:Elfdalian
8406:Jutlandic
8328:Icelandic
8303:(written)
8297:(written)
8275:Trøndersk
8255:Norwegian
8219:Old Norse
8040:Coloniero
8024:Alemannic
7997:Wymysorys
7865:Colognian
7860:Ripuarian
7782:Rotwelsch
7612:Midslands
7563:Zeelandic
7544:Hollandic
7518:Afrikaans
7490:Old Dutch
7316:Old Saxon
7215:Karrharde
7197:Goesharde
7178:Mainland
6911:philology
6808:8 January
6769:29 August
6739:8 January
6684:24 August
6658:24 August
6584:8 January
6558:8 January
6426:deantiare
6406:8 January
6227:Berrichon
5922:18 August
5687:(p. 247).
5601:2 October
5588:. BRILL.
5338:skar-berg
5334:escauberc
5321:estandart
5263:→ modern
5123:ligustrum
4971:, sift")
4904:standhard
4897:estandart
4881:aderigere
4790:"sallow,
4562:, but Fr
4354:Nortgouue
4335:"comic",
4331:"mare" +
4319:"mare" +
4307:"mare" +
4163:metselaar
4076:"garden"
4070:boomgaard
4061:"garden"
3934:"neck" +
3836:"hatred"
3823:"hatred"
3775:, (dial.
3707:verwarren
3549:"grape")
3545:, but Fr
3336:"to run"
3289:frox, fru
3277:calabrone
3250:fursleone
3173:Frankrijk
3108:"fresh",
3019:(cf. MFr
3003:steigeren
2995:stijgreep
2923:< OFr
2903:bespieden
2894:"to spy"
2795:écrevisse
2744:pistillum
2702:"to rob"
2666:esquinçar
2656:, but Fr
2447:calambre,
2378:"chough"
2320:scegliere
2316:exēligere
2247:"brown"
2202:machīnare
2131:"needle"
1968:caeruleus
1904:(Celtic)
1856:costruire
1589:Norwegian
1577:Frankrijk
1374:Lombardic
1281:Franconia
1277:Frankfurt
1273:Allemanni
1251:, German
1239:, German
1147:Afrikaans
1135:Old Dutch
1086:Franconia
1070:Austrasia
1025:Franconia
1011:Old Dutch
1006:Old Dutch
1002:Old Dutch
994:Old Dutch
971:Old Saxon
938:Old Dutch
934:Old Saxon
866:Austrasia
793:Old Dutch
709:Irminonic
579:Old Dutch
507:Altstämme
490:linguists
426:Old Dutch
281:Glottolog
249:ISO 639-3
144:Old Dutch
129:Ethnicity
67:talk page
41:Old Dutch
8542:Vandalic
8485:Gutnish
8290:Vikværsk
8270:Sognamål
8260:Bergensk
8110:Cimbrian
8078:Bavarian
8035:Alsatian
7982:Lusatian
7918:Palatine
7608:Amelands
7485:Frankish
7375:Sallaans
7357:Gronings
7208:Southern
7201:Northern
7192:Halligen
7141:Insular
6958:dialects
6850:op. cit.
6848:Onions,
6837:op. cit.
6824:op. cit.
6822:Onions,
6802:Archived
6763:Archived
6733:Archived
6678:Archived
6652:Archived
6626:Archived
6605:Archived
6578:Archived
6552:Archived
6505:Archived
6490:schermen
6486:schermen
6474:skirmjan
6470:eskirmir
6456:(cf. Du
6400:Archived
6306:hrísungr
6203:Alisanos
6175:Archived
6151:Archived
6119:Archived
6094:Archived
6060:(2008).
5805:(1992).
5459:Endnotes
5368:See also
5360:, from *
5336:, from *
5330:scabbard
5316:standard
5231:apud hoc
5196:"pipe")
5032:"truce"
5003:tuimelen
4893:standard
4721:(cf. It
4719:succidus
4714:"tawny"
4638:, Sp/Pg
4526:Bavarian
4522:patschen
4478:, Friul
4468:vinculum
4349:"north"
4313:marscalc
4301:marscalk
4282:maréchal
4247:"marsh"
4226:"many",
4212:"many")
4194:muratóre
4190:muradore
4177:"mason"
4154:"mason"
4121:línghere
3991:"holly"
3977:"heron"
3956:"heron"
3925:halsberg
3880:hähnchen
3842:hanneton
3765:Weichsel
3741:dērigere
3723:"guide"
3673:medicāre
3663:, Sp/Pg
3628:garrison
3624:guérison
3584:guenchir
3576:cinereus
3478:"track"
3432:(cf. Fr
3393:"glove"
3275:(cf. It
3188:ingenuus
3101:"fresh"
3031:"arrow"
3021:saultoir
2976:stīgarēp
2943:schermen
2931:"fight"
2929:escremir
2925:escremie
2819:cammārus
2783:"fence"
2781:Schranke
2748:pesselle
2707:furicare
2642:estraçar
2631:scheuren
2605:déchirer
2589:desbuter
2561:"begin"
2493:(but Fr
2479:, dial.
2442:crampe,
2416:*krampa
2413:"cramp"
2350:chouette
2342:escolher
2331:escollir
2318:(cf. It
2268:schokken
2230:"brown"
2220:maşinare
1912:"white"
1902:cervisia
1866:"spade"
1810:bastille
1805:bâtiment
1736:"noble"
1674:"alder"
1600:līberāre
1513:escremie
1397:such as
1354:Romanian
1074:Neustria
1058:Français
829:and the
761:Tencteri
745:Bructeri
737:Sicambri
729:Germanic
536:Frankish
516:Bavarian
512:taxonomy
432:and the
415:Germanic
363:Frankisk
354:Frankish
294:oldd1237
288:fran1264
210:Frankish
195:Germanic
102:Frenkisk
89:Frankish
8805:Italics
8428:Scanian
8374:Swedish
8323:Faroese
8301:Nynorsk
8280:Valdris
8115:Mòcheno
8071:Swabian
7937:Hessian
7897:Hunsrik
7809:Western
7804:Eastern
7799:Yiddish
7749:creoles
7646:Bergish
7362:Drèents
7352:Tweants
7204:Central
7186:Mooring
7049:Frisian
7008:Kildare
6953:English
6835:Skeat,
6484:, Du be
6482:scirman
6430:dintjan
6379:boscoso
6358:Zeeland
6314:banstis
6294:coitart
6286:basture
6234:Walloon
6200:Gaulish
5769:(ed.).
5677:(ed.):
5324:, from
5310:, from
5255:hominem
5140:" (OFr
5096:dogwood
4961:crībrum
4933:tamigio
4917:"hard"
4867:quarrel
4755:"room"
4723:sudicio
4661:"rich"
4564:branche
4557:Romansh
4551:, Prov
4514:Patsche
4476:vinchio
4460:vimeiro
4437:halster
4431:halster
4424:auseria
4418:" (OFr
4385:Hainaut
4377:noorden
4337:schalks
4266:paludem
4228:menigte
4219:"many"
4217:menigþa
4188:, Sard
4186:murador
4182:murator
4125:lambere
4117:lingere
4092:lechier
3965:hraigro
3961:heigero
3940:herberg
3918:hauberk
3914:haubert
3887:bruchus
3868:haantje
3864:haantje
3773:Waingsl
3759:wīksina
3677:medcuar
3605:wenchen
3601:wenkian
3591:wenkjan
3571:"grey"
3564:"grey"
3557:"grey"
3531:racemus
3503:"hook"
3483:planare
3472:gleiten
3464:glijden
3442:glisser
3371:servare
3357:waerden
3316:galoper
3246:furlone
3201:frapper
3138:Francia
3129:francus
3092:fresche
3064:sagitta
3057:fliecke
3046:vliecke
3036:fliukka
2999:stijgen
2986:"band"
2978:, from
2921:scrimia
2917:escrime
2899:spieden
2843:esporon
2831:camarão
2827:gambero
2823:chambre
2799:crevice
2777:Schrank
2773:schrank
2711:frugare
2674:dérober
2658:écarter
2627:scheren
2616:skerian
2609:escirer
2547:ballare
2539:ballare
2528:deinzen
2507:dancier
2460:cresson
2425:Krampf,
2421:crampe,
2385:"owl",
2335:escoger
2305:ēligere
2278:choisir
2262:skukjan
2255:choquer
2243:and Du
2194:pestare
2190:pistāre
2182:trissar
2175:tritāre
2140:peindre
2136:pingere
2125:brordōn
2121:borstel
2110:brordōn
2102:brosdōn
1972:lividus
1923:blinken
1885:"beer"
1837:basteln
1822:bastian
1815:bastion
1609:"awl" (
1595:"rude"
1523:escrime
1518:scrimia
1476:Spanish
1472:Catalan
1468:Occitan
1464:Italian
1411:Walloon
1407:Lorrain
1382:Italian
1366:Italian
1362:Spanish
1350:Occitan
1329:Francia
1178:Limburg
1020:endonym
741:Chamavi
594:Origins
589:History
534:" and "
532:Swabian
524:Frisian
399:Picardy
316:Legend:
113:Francia
8521:Gothic
8391:Danish
8295:Bokmål
7794:Yenish
7604:Bildts
7387:Veluws
7382:Urkers
7221:Strand
6945:Anglic
6708:machio
6458:scherm
6454:skermo
6434:dintje
6375:boscus
6322:banste
6320:, MDu
6318:bansts
6100:23 May
6070:
6012:
5947:
5842:
5813:
5785:
5751:
5743:
5733:, in:
5592:
5567:23 May
5558:
5357:marche
5307:randir
5301:randon
5296:random
5173:", OE
5171:nozzle
5159:nipple
5108:Trügel
5104:Trögel
5085:trough
5081:trugil
5074:trūlla
5067:truèle
5063:troène
5037:treuwa
5014:cadere
4996:tumble
4977:tomber
4969:riddle
4965:crible
4954:sifter
4940:tamisa
4931:" (It
4885:aerdre
4863:sahhan
4851:zeiken
4837:sacīre
4833:snatch
4825:saisir
4799:salaha
4781:willow
4628:bourse
4626:" (Fr
4614:" (Fr
4579:pocket
4568:Pranke
4560:franka
4553:branca
4549:brîncă
4547:, Rom
4545:brince
4541:brànca
4537:branca
4530:patzen
4518:Patsch
4490:"paw"
4462:, Cat
4452:vimine
4420:osière
4400:aquilo
4396:boreas
4360:, Deu
4333:schalk
4329:merrie
4305:marchi
4274:palude
4245:marisk
4238:marais
4171:meizan
4159:metsen
4152:mattio
4133:lamber
4119:(Sard
4110:likken
4106:lecken
4099:leccōn
4088:lécher
4081:hortus
4048:jardin
4040:jardin
4028:grèvol
4026:, Cat
3975:reiger
3971:heiger
3947:lorica
3906:cosson
3904:, OFr
3895:cossus
3811:hatjan
3752:guisne
3748:guigne
3714:bellum
3703:wirwar
3694:"war"
3687:"war"
3685:guerre
3675:(Dalm
3667:, OFr
3661:sanare
3659:(Sard
3657:sānāre
3642:weeren
3635:warjan
3615:guérir
3597:wenken
3547:raisin
3543:racimo
3533:(Prov
3516:Krapfe
3508:crappe
3501:krāppa
3490:grappe
3460:glīden
3453:glīdan
3423:Geifer
3419:Geiber
3413:EFris
3408:gibara
3367:cavere
3361:wardōn
3351:wardōn
3344:garder
3273:crābrō
3267:horzel
3263:horsel
3257:hurslo
3242:frelon
3230:ferire
3223:raffen
3212:hrapan
3205:fraper
3194:Gallia
3181:franko
3134:France
3115:frisch
3099:friska
3072:saetta
3050:fliuca
3029:flèche
3015:), ML
3013:stapēs
3009:stapia
2980:stīgan
2965:étrier
2947:scherm
2907:spähen
2892:spehōn
2885:espion
2866:calcar
2839:éperon
2812:kreeft
2806:krebit
2767:skrank
2760:escran
2739:"rod"
2648:), VL
2640:(Prov
2623:scēren
2551:bailar
2543:baller
2532:dinsan
2520:dansōn
2514:dansōn
2503:danser
2491:berula
2467:kresso
2453:crampe
2431:cramp,
2411:crampe
2403:noctua
2395:ulucus
2295:kiezen
2291:kiesen
2285:kiosan
2216:măşina
2209:maknur
2198:pester
2166:breken
2159:brekan
2148:broyer
2117:Borste
2091:broder
2049:burcht
2047:, MDu
2013:lignum
1833:bestan
1829:besten
1800:bastir
1789:nothus
1754:FrProv
1750:bâtard
1700:"id."
1694:elsbes
1651:sūbula
1628:alisna
1621:lesina
1614:alesna
1585:franko
1496:wardōn
1492:garder
1490:) and
1460:guerra
1455:guerre
1405:, Bas-
1399:Picard
1376:(both
1325:France
1317:French
1313:guerre
1309:French
1305:jardin
1301:French
950:
948:
926:
912:
910:
901:
899:
890:
888:
879:
877:
773:Tungri
771:, and
769:Batavi
749:Chatti
657:Gothic
651:
649:
641:
639:
631:
629:
621:
619:
607:
605:
504:" and
446:German
411:French
395:France
380:Franks
346:
340:
333:
327:
321:
133:Franks
119:Region
8635:South
8586:North
8196:North
8180:North
7522:Kaaps
7513:Dutch
7160:Amrum
7101:Weser
7023:Scots
6727:noord
6712:matio
6704:makjo
6522:frank
6478:OLFrk
6476:(cf.
6438:dynta
6362:boest
6352:, Du
6342:boose
6338:bōsig
6330:Bende
6326:Banse
6274:bōst-
6270:bāst-
6242:alūsó
6238:al'hî
6230:aluge
6219:tamis
6211:alène
6207:alis-
6192:aliso
5916:(PDF)
5865:(PDF)
5779:68–76
5362:marka
5351:march
5346:stale
5342:grape
5312:*rant
5251:homme
5226:avuec
5186:canna
5179:canal
5175:þēote
5167:spout
5130:tuyau
5116:basin
5112:trunk
5055:pause
5051:pausa
5044:trouw
5030:trêve
5022:chute
5020:, Fr
5018:choir
5007:tūmōn
4992:tūmōn
4981:tumer
4950:teems
4929:sieve
4925:tamis
4911:staan
4883:(OFr
4874:sacan
4859:sakan
4844:sakan
4829:seize
4813:salix
4807:sealh
4788:salha
4777:saule
4753:salle
4742:Friul
4738:scich
4735:Ladin
4729:, Pg
4727:sucio
4725:, Sp
4712:zaluw
4690:dirty
4678:dives
4668:, Du
4648:riche
4640:bolsa
4636:bórsa
4620:bursa
4616:bouge
4608:bulga
4601:Pfoch
4590:pouch
4575:poche
4543:, It
4488:patte
4472:vinco
4464:vímet
4448:vīmen
4422:, ML
4416:withy
4412:osier
4373:noord
4321:skalk
4309:skalk
4272:, It
4270:palun
4268:(Occ
4256:meers
4254:, Du
4224:menig
4210:meint
4206:maint
4202:maint
4192:, It
4184:(Occ
4167:mezzo
4141:maçon
4131:, Pg
4129:lamer
4108:, Du
4074:gardo
4066:gaard
4059:gardo
4030:, It
4022:(Occ
4016:acebo
4006:hulst
4004:, Du
3996:hulis
3982:ardea
3954:héron
3899:SwRom
3897:(cf.
3834:odium
3817:haten
3804:haïne
3800:haine
3795:hadir
3734:weten
3728:wītan
3692:werra
3669:saner
3665:sanar
3650:waren
3646:weren
3644:, Du
3619:garir
3569:grijs
3541:, Sp
3535:rasim
3524:Krape
3476:Gleis
3462:, Du
3446:glier
3417:, LG
3415:gever
3401:givre
3334:lopen
3304:, Du
3285:freux
3265:, Du
3248:, ML
3234:ferir
3232:(OFr
3219:rapen
3169:vrank
3165:frank
3154:frāki
3150:frank
3125:franc
3088:freis
3084:frais
3074:, Pg
3070:, It
3068:saete
3066:(OFr
3048:, OS
3042:vliek
2993:, Du
2936:skirm
2927:from
2879:espie
2873:épier
2860:spoor
2858:, Du
2856:spōre
2850:sporo
2829:, Pg
2825:, It
2756:écran
2737:zwang
2733:swanc
2726:swank
2719:écang
2700:roven
2698:, Du
2696:rōven
2689:rōbon
2682:robar
2680:, Sp
2678:rober
2644:, It
2625:, Du
2597:butte
2559:début
2549:, Pg
2545:, It
2541:(OFr
2495:berle
2489:, LL
2475:, Du
2435:cramp
2428:ModSc
2391:ulula
2372:couwe
2354:çuete
2333:, Sp
2309:élire
2299:keuze
2293:, Du
2245:bruin
2218:, It
2200:), L
2186:trier
2152:brier
2129:brord
2106:borst
2055:baurg
2025:bourg
2011:), L
2009:selve
2005:silva
1996:, Du
1962:blauw
1960:, Du
1934:albus
1927:blank
1917:blank
1883:bière
1876:becca
1864:bêche
1796:bâtir
1779:WFris
1757:bâsco
1743:*baro
1734:beorn
1722:baren
1709:baron
1681:, Du
1672:alísō
1658:alise
1607:alêne
1593:frekk
1569:vrank
1565:frank
1558:frāki
1554:frank
1508:skirm
1449:werre
1444:werre
1440:werra
1389:etyma
1321:baron
1297:Latin
1291:Most
1241:Ochse
1062:Diets
1049:Latin
987:Diets
733:Salii
674:North
552:Dutch
520:Saxon
170:as a
100:*
8596:West
8591:East
8511:East
8367:East
8357:Norn
8248:West
8184:East
8182:and
7747:and
7742:Non-
7172:Sylt
7155:Föhr
7090:Ems
7015:Yola
6924:West
6810:2013
6771:2017
6741:2013
6686:2011
6660:2011
6634:2021
6586:2013
6560:2013
6408:2013
6383:bois
6354:boes
6346:bōs-
6334:báss
6282:bost
6278:-ard
6250:Else
6246:alze
6215:-isa
6196:ause
6194:is *
6159:2012
6102:2011
6068:ISBN
6010:ISBN
5945:ISBN
5924:2024
5872:2023
5840:ISBN
5811:ISBN
5783:ISBN
5749:ISBN
5741:ISBN
5717:2017
5667:In:
5642:2017
5603:2020
5590:ISBN
5569:2017
5556:ISBN
5246:homo
5240:avec
5221:apud
5194:cana
5190:reed
5163:tuit
5155:tūte
5153:MDu
5149:þūta
5138:hose
5134:pipe
5090:OHG
5053:(Fr
4994:"to
4983:"to
4963:(Fr
4944:MDu
4915:hard
4855:zaak
4827:"to
4801:, G
4797:OHG
4767:zele
4765:ODu
4760:sala
4731:sujo
4706:MDu
4701:pale
4697:salo
4686:sale
4670:rijk
4666:rike
4664:MDu
4659:rīkī
4652:rich
4597:poke
4595:MDu
4586:poka
4506:pets
4502:poot
4495:pata
4480:venc
4470:(It
4435:MDu
4358:gouw
4347:nord
4317:mare
4299:ODu
4260:mars
4250:MDu
4127:(Sp
4104:MDu
4052:jart
4014:(Sp
4002:huls
4000:MDu
3989:houx
3969:MDu
3936:berg
3932:hals
3902:coss
3876:Hahn
3872:Hahn
3860:haan
3853:-eto
3849:hāno
3821:haat
3791:haïr
3640:MDu
3562:grîs
3555:gris
3539:raïm
3512:krap
3506:MDu
3468:glis
3458:MDu
3430:gelū
3421:, G
3391:want
3385:want
3378:gant
3355:MDu
3306:roek
3302:roec
3300:MDu
3296:hrōk
3261:MDu
3177:vrek
3161:vrec
3159:MDu
3110:fris
3106:vers
3076:seta
2989:MDu
2854:MDu
2788:obex
2771:MDu
2731:MDu
2694:MDu
2621:MDu
2582:butt
2575:bútr
2518:OHG
2481:kors
2477:kers
2471:MDu
2419:MDu
2399:loco
2387:ōtus
2383:būbō
2370:MDu
2307:(Fr
2289:MDu
2241:brun
2239:MDu
2235:brūn
2228:brun
2206:Dalm
2192:(It
2083:urbs
2077:borg
2070:burg
2063:burh
2059:burg
2057:OHG
2052:Got.
2045:burg
2036:burc
2034:or *
2032:burg
2017:lein
1992:MDu
1987:busk
1980:bois
1956:MDu
1952:blao
1941:bleu
1896:bier
1890:bera
1854:(It
1845:best
1841:best
1827:MDu
1771:bast
1769:MDu
1764:bāst
1730:baro
1720:MDu
1715:baro
1698:Else
1690:Erle
1679:elze
1677:MDu
1581:vrek
1488:want
1484:gant
1478:and
1458:and
1409:and
1372:and
1253:Gans
1245:Gaus
1233:Uess
1203:and
1164:The
1095:(or
1072:and
1044:Gaul
1038:Gaul
996:and
973:and
861:Area
801:serf
765:Ubii
695:and
672:and
670:East
666:West
530:", "
526:", "
522:", "
518:", "
492:and
480:and
448:and
440:and
401:and
154:and
6373:ML
6350:bos
6310:Bât
6248:(G
6217:in
6209:in
6037:doi
5340:),
5280:men
5274:man
5269:one
5267:, "
5235:con
5210:cum
5042:Du
5001:Du
4987:")
4909:Du
4879:VL
4849:Du
4803:Sal
4745:soç
4535:LL
4510:Pad
4500:Du
4387:)
4375:or
4371:Du
4362:Gau
4222:Du
4180:VL
4157:Du
4123:),
4064:Du
3930:Du
3893:),
3885:LL
3858:Du
3829:ōdī
3815:Du
3732:Du
3701:or
3699:war
3697:Du
3671:),
3595:Du
3567:Du
3481:ML
3434:gel
3389:Du
3330:wel
3328:Du
3217:Du
3104:Du
3054:MLG
3040:Du
3007:LL
2984:rēp
2941:Du
2897:Du
2810:Du
2705:VL
2636:VL
2593:but
2587:MF
2566:but
2537:LL
2433:ME
2328:Cat
2322:),
2266:Du
2213:Rom
2179:Occ
2164:Du
2067:OLG
2061:OE
2042:ODu
1998:bos
1921:Du
1894:Du
1777:",
1726:bar
1683:els
1662:OFr
1643:els
1633:MDu
1563:Du
1526:).
1462:in
1249:gās
1217:-hs
1153:'s
421:".
370:or
272:frk
256:frk
139:Era
8833::
6800:.
6761:.
6731:.
6676:.
6650:.
6624:.
6576:.
6550:.
6480:be
6398:.
6360:)
6236::
6232:,
6225:,
6149:.
6092:.
6033:47
6031:.
5977:"
5956:^
5932:^
5781:.
5747:,
5644:.
5348:,
5344:,
5265:on
5253:←
5229:←
5219:←
5216:od
5184:L
5181:"
5169:,
5144:)
5136:,
5121:L
5118:"
5114:,
5087:"
5076:)
5071:ML
5069:,
5057:)
5049:L
5012:L
4998:"
4959:L
4956:"
4935:)
4871:OE
4831:,
4819:)
4811:L
4794:"
4783:"
4747:)
4740:,
4733:,
4717:L
4692:"
4675:L
4654:"
4642:)
4606:L
4592:"
4581:"
4555:,
4528:)
4482:)
4446:L
4426:)
4390:L
4368:)
4366:Go
4276:)
4264:L
4208:,
4196:)
4147:)
4135:)
4115:L
4079:L
4054:)
4050:,
4034:)
4010:L
3980:L
3945:L
3920:"
3826:L
3779:)
3771:)
3763:G
3754:)
3739:L
3712:L
3655:L
3574:L
3529:L
3522:)
3474:,
3448:)
3428:L
3369:,
3365:L
3291:)
3279:)
3271:L
3252:)
3236:)
3228:L
3207:)
3192:L
3186:L
3094:)
3090:,
3078:)
3062:L
3023:)
2997:,
2971:)
2901:,
2864:L
2845:)
2833:)
2817:L
2801:)
2786:L
2762:)
2742:L
2713:)
2684:)
2668:)
2611:)
2579:OE
2572:ON
2553:)
2509:)
2485:L
2450:NF
2444:Sp
2440:MF
2423:G
2344:)
2339:Pg
2337:,
2313:VL
2303:L
2297:,
2222:)
2172:LL
2154:)
2134:L
2115:G
2097:)
2081:L
2074:ON
2072:,
2065:,
2019:)
2003:L
1966:L
1947:)
1932:L
1900:L
1874:L
1858:)
1850:L
1787:L
1759:)
1640:Du
1638:,
1623:)
1618:It
1616:,
1611:Sp
1598:L
1591::
1504:es
1474:,
1470:,
1466:,
1426:gu
1401:,
1364:,
1360:,
1356:,
1352:,
1319::
1311::
1303::
1268:.
1237:os
1221:ss
1219:→
1199:,
1129:.
1034:.
940:,
936:,
932:,
803::
767:,
763:,
759:,
755:,
751:,
747:,
743:,
739:,
735:,
668:,
655:(→
611:(→
452:.
150:,
8530:)
8524:(
7610:/
7606:/
7602:/
7524:)
7520:(
6893:e
6886:t
6879:v
6812:.
6773:.
6759:"
6755:"
6743:.
6729:"
6688:.
6662:.
6636:.
6611:.
6588:.
6562:.
6466:r
6462:m
6410:.
6268:*
6161:.
6136:.
6104:.
6076:.
6043:.
6039::
5951:.
5926:.
5874:.
5848:.
5819:.
5791:.
5719:.
5664:.
5605:.
5571:.
5188:"
5165:"
5157:"
5147:*
5132:"
5094:"
5079:*
5035:*
4990:*
4967:"
4952:"
4938:*
4927:"
4902:*
4842:*
4786:*
4779:"
4758:*
4699:"
4695:*
4688:"
4657:*
4650:"
4630:"
4622:"
4610:"
4588:"
4584:*
4577:"
4493:*
4429:*
4352:*
4292:*
4243:*
4215:*
4150:*
4097:*
4057:*
3994:*
3959:*
3923:*
3916:"
3847:*
3809:*
3757:*
3726:*
3690:*
3633:*
3589:*
3560:*
3499:*
3451:*
3406:*
3383:*
3349:*
3321:*
3294:*
3255:*
3210:*
3148:*
3140:)
3097:*
3052:(
3034:*
2974:*
2934:*
2890:*
2848:*
2804:*
2765:*
2724:*
2687:*
2614:*
2564:*
2512:*
2465:*
2363:*
2326:(
2283:*
2260:*
2233:*
2204:(
2177:(
2157:*
2100:*
2030:*
1985:*
1950:*
1915:*
1888:*
1820:*
1762:*
1713:*
1687:G
1670:*
1648:L
1626:*
1552:*
1500:s
1422:w
1327:(
1225:n
1195:(
1161:.
1047:(
960:)
956:(
922:)
918:(
356:(
174:.
77:)
73:(
69:.
43:.
36:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
