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seller for many weeks. His work has also received criticisms. One of the main criticisms has been that the work is overly simplistic and too narrow: that the book does not acknowledge the many dynamic factors involved in communication, or the dynamic nature of truth. This criticism also explains that the work is limited in its analysis of other motives and forms of bullshit aside from one stemming from a lack of concern for the truth. One critic notes that the book does not mention, or dismisses, the audience's ability to detect bullshit: that
Frankfurt's explanation of bullshit presents a narrative where bullshit goes unnoticed or is easily excusable by its audience. Another critic points to the book's failure to rewrite the
241:. Both people who are lying and people who are telling the truth are focused on the truth. The liar wants to steer people away from discovering the truth, and the person telling the truth wants to present the truth. The bullshitter differs from both liars and people presenting the truth with their disregard of the truth. Frankfurt explains how bullshitters or people who are bullshitting are distinct, as they are not focused on the truth. A person who communicates bullshit is not interested in whether what they say is true or false, only in its suitability for their purpose. In his book, Frankfurt defines "shit", "bull session" and "bull". This is done in a
217:. Black's essay on humbug and Frankfurt's book on bullshit are similar. Both focus on understanding, defining and explaining their respective concepts and using examples. Frankfurt focuses on humbug, as he believes that it is similar to bullshit but is the more respectful term. Frankfurt uses Black's work on humbug to break down the description of humbug into defining factors: "deceptive misrepresentation", "short of lying” "misrepresentation... of somebody's own thoughts, feelings, or attitudes", and "especially by pretentious word or deed". Frankfurt's analysis enables him to distinguish between humbug and
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284:, there is an expectation to participate in the conversation and provide an opinion. This opinion is likely to be bullshit at times, as it is not based on fact and research. The opinion is motivated by a disregard of the truth with a desire to appear knowledgeable or adequately opinionated. Frankfurt acknowledges that bullshitting may not always be intentional but believes that ultimately it is performed with a disregard and carelessness of the truth. Frankfurt argues that this rise in bullshit is dangerous, as it accepts and enables a growing disregard of the truth.
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lying. First, the liar is viewed as being purposefully deceitful or harmful because of the accompanying intent behind the act. Second, the person who bullshits lacks the kind of intention characteristic of the liar. Producing bullshit requires no knowledge of the truth. The liar is intentionally avoiding the truth, and the bullshitter may potentially be telling the truth or providing elements of the truth without the intention of doing so. Frankfurt believes that bullshitters and the growing
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Next, Frankfurt focuses on the complete word and its implications and acceptance. He presents an example of advice provided to a child from his father which encourages choosing bullshit over lying when possible. Frankfurt gives two reasons for the different levels of consequences between bullshit and
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of bullshit are more harmful to society than liars and lying. This is because liars actively consider the truth when they conceal it, whereas bullshitters completely disregard the truth. "Bullshit is a greater enemy of the truth than lies are." Frankfurt believes that while bullshit may be tolerated
127:
that defines the concept and analyzes the applications of bullshit in the context of communication. Frankfurt determines that bullshit is speech intended to persuade without regard for truth. The liar cares about the truth and attempts to hide it; the bullshitter doesn't care whether what they say
292:
The responses to
Frankfurt's work have varied greatly. Since the publication, it has been discussed, adapted, praised and criticized. It has received a positive reception by many academics, is considered remarkable by some, and its popularity amongst the public is evident with its status as a best
225:. To Frankfurt, people tend to bullshit due to another motive that could hide something. The comparison of humbug to lying acts as an initial introduction to bullshit. Humbug is closely related to bullshit, but Frankfurt believes that it is inadequate to explain bullshit and its characteristics.
29:
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have increased, leading to more bullshit being seen, read and heard. He states that the social expectation for individuals to have and express their opinions on all matters requires more bullshit. Despite a lack of knowledge on a subject matter, for example,
329:". However, researchers explain that chatbots are not bullshiting machines, it is when humans or organizations uncritically use erroneous chatbot-generated content for tasks, that the hallucinatory response becomes transformed into “botshit”.
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manner which breaks down the word bullshit and examines each component. The components of the word bullshit highlights the corresponding terms that encompass the overall meaning of the word bullshit: useless, insignificance and nonsense.
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Respect for the truth and a concern for the truth are among the foundations for civilization. I was for a long time disturbed by the lack of respect for the truth that I observed... bullshit is one of the deformities of these
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addresses his concern and makes a distinction between "bullshitters" and liars. He concludes that bullshitters are more insidious: they are more of a threat against the truth than are liars.
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essay to include an acknowledgement or discussion of criticism and accounting for any of the new developments and ideas within psychology and philosophy for the publication of his book.
221:. The main distinction is the intent that motivates them. The intent behind humbug is misrepresentation, whereas the intent behind lying is more extreme, intending to cover the
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1271:"Psychological, Philosophical, and Educational Criticisms of Harry Frankfurt's Concept of and Views about "Bullshit" in Human Discourse, Discussions, and Exchanges"
1093:"Psychological, Philosophical, and Educational Criticisms of Harry Frankfurt's Concept of and Views about "Bullshit" in Human Discourse, Discussions, and Exchanges"
732:"Psychological, Philosophical, and Educational Criticisms of Harry Frankfurt's Concept of and Views about "Bullshit" in Human Discourse, Discussions, and Exchanges"
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Despite all these criticisms, as previously mentioned, the work is popular and has received a positive reception. The anthropologist and anarchist
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is true or false. Frankfurt's philosophical analysis of bullshit has been analyzed, criticized and adopted by academics since its publication.
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Frankfurt's book focuses heavily on defining and discussing the difference between lying and bullshit. The main difference between the two is
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Blessing, Kimberly A.; Marren, Joseph J. (2007). "Bullshit and
Political Spin: Is the Medium the Massage?". In Holt, Jason (ed.).
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Blessing, Kimberly; Marren, Joseph (2013), "More
Bullshit: Political Spin and the PR-ization of Media", in Holt, Jason (ed.),
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Frankfurt concludes his book by discussing the rise of bullshit. He does not argue that there is more bullshit in
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Sneddon, Andrew (2007). "Bullshitting
Bullshitters and the Bullshit They Say". In Holt, Jason (ed.).
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667:. Interview conducted by Ben Tate, Director of Subsidiary Rights, Princeton University Press.
636:. Interview conducted by Ben Tate, Director of Subsidiary Rights, Princeton University Press.
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Frankfurt's concept of bullshit has been taken up as a description of the behavior of
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Frankfurt begins his work on bullshit by presenting an explanation and examination of
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The
Ultimate Daily Show and Philosophy: More Moments of Zen, More Indecision Theory
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154:(2005), which proved popular among lay readers; the book appeared for 27 weeks on
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1195:"A New Take on Deceptive Advertising: Beyond Frankfurt's Analysis of 'BS'"
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The Daily Show and
Philosophy: Moments of Zen in the Art of Fake News
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The Daily Show and
Philosophy: Moments of Zen in the Art of Fake News
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Hannigan, Timothy R.; McCarthy, Ian P.; Spicer, André (2024-09-01).
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Hicks, Michael
Townsen; Humphries, James; Slater, Joe (2024-06-08).
648:"On Bullshit (Part 2; 5:20): A Conversation with Harry G. Frankfurt"
621:"On Bullshit (Part 1; 6:12): A Conversation with Harry G. Frankfurt"
920:(Fall 2021 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
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189:. When asked why he decided to focus on bullshit, he explained:
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now than there was in the past. He explains that all forms of
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Frankfurt originally published the essay "On
Bullshit" in the
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in 1986. Nineteen years later, it was published as the book
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The Importance of What We Care About: Philosophical Essays
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is a 2005 book (originally a 1986 essay) by the American
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Your Call Is Important to US: The Truth About Bullshit
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1015:. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 65.
990:. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 63.
941:. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 48.
823:. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 12.
798:. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 9.
773:. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 6.
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Frankfurt was a professional philosopher, trained in
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171:served as the basis for Frankfurt's follow-up book
598:, Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 139–1154,
1531:Works originally published in literary magazines
1526:Works originally published in American magazines
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1091:Perla, Rocco J.; Carifio, James (2007-06-01).
967:Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies
730:Perla, Rocco J.; Carifio, James (2007-06-01).
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304:refers to Frankfurt's text in his 2018 book
1476:. Malden, MA: Blackwell. pp. 146–157.
1396:. Malden, MA: Blackwell. pp. 133–145.
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891:. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
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367:"You Know What's Bullshit?" by James Rolfe
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161:and was discussed on the television show
1199:Business and Professional Ethics Journal
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963:"Harry Frankfurt on Bullshit And Lying"
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484:(2005), by Harry Frankfurt. p. 61.
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709:. New York: Cornell University Press.
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16:Philosophical essay by Harry Frankfurt
1415:. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart.
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1357:. SPECIAL ISSUE: WRITTEN BY CHATGPT.
1269:Perla, Rocco; Carifio, James (2007).
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862:Frankfurt, Harry (March 20, 2024).
844:Frankfurt, Harry (March 20, 2024).
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255:more, it is much more harmful.
164:The Daily Show With Jon Stewart
1193:Johnson, Andrew (2010-07-01).
1169:. Princeton University Press.
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681:"On Bullshit Part 1 - YouTube"
654:, Princeton University Press,
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543:On College, Bullshit, and Love
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1:
1430:Pfeifer, Karl (Summer 2006).
916:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
540:Wallace, Niamh (2005-10-11),
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1367:10.1016/j.bushor.2024.03.001
1163:Frankfurt, Harry G. (2005).
1138:Holt, Jim (15 August 2005).
914:"Science and Pseudo-Science"
627:, Princeton University Press
415:10.1017/CBO9780511818172.011
7:
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123:which presents a theory of
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1327:10.1007/s10676-024-09775-5
1297:– via Springer Link.
912:Hansson, Sven Ove (2021),
448:Princeton University Press
403:Cambridge University Press
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66:Princeton University Press
1452:10.1017/S0012217300001189
1287:10.1007/s10780-007-9019-y
1109:10.1007/s10780-007-9019-y
1011:Frankfurt, Harry (2005).
986:Frankfurt, Harry (2005).
937:Frankfurt, Harry (2005).
887:Frankfurt, Harry (2005).
819:Frankfurt, Harry (2005).
794:Frankfurt, Harry (2005).
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382:Raritan Quarterly Review
288:Reception and criticisms
147:Raritan Quarterly Review
1232:"Rhetoric and Bullshit"
1041:"Rhetoric and Bullshit"
496:"Rhetoric and Bullshit"
389:(2): 81–100. Fall 1986.
1511:2007 non-fiction books
1506:2005 non-fiction books
1230:Fredal, James (2011).
1211:10.5840/bpej2010291/43
1039:Fredal, James (2011).
494:Fredal, James (2011).
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1411:Penny, Laura (2005).
1310:"ChatGPT is bullshit"
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187:analytical philosophy
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1248:10.58680/ce201113400
1057:10.58680/ce201113400
512:10.58680/ce201113400
315:large language model
705:Black, Max (1983).
687:. 18 September 2007
582:on December 5, 2015
344:Post-truth politics
205:Humbug and bullshit
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1258:– via JSTOR.
229:Lying and bullshit
157:The New York Times
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135:Harry G. Frankfurt
121:Harry G. Frankfurt
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1521:Philosophy essays
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1355:Business Horizons
446:. Princeton, NJ:
405:. 1988. pp.
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1438:. Book Reviews.
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1434:On Bullshit
1275:Interchange
1166:On Bullshit
1097:Interchange
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988:On Bullshit
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796:On Bullshit
771:On Bullshit
736:Interchange
482:On Bullshit
443:On Bullshit
199:On Bullshit
169:On Bullshit
152:On Bullshit
118:philosopher
113:On Bullshit
1495:Categories
1464:(Archived
1281:(2): 132.
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1216:2020-11-02
1149:2020-11-02
972:2020-11-02
924:2023-02-12
691:2020-11-19
558:2008-08-11
466:References
435:0521336112
424:0521333245
339:Truthiness
252:acceptance
57:Philosophy
1516:Deception
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1336:1572-8439
1320:(2): 38.
1117:1573-1790
1065:0010-0994
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239:deception
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520:25790474
450:. 2005.
349:Rhetoric
333:See also
319:chatbots
295:original
278:religion
274:politics
177:(2006).
174:On Truth
125:bullshit
46:Language
652:YouTube
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317:-based
265:society
194:values.
181:Summary
140:History
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36:Author
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223:truth
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