Oncovirus - Knowledge

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also produces identical structures known as long terminal repeats (LTRs). Long terminal repeats are at the ends of the DNA strands and regulates viral gene expression. The viral DNA is then translocated into the nucleus where one strand of the retroviral genome is put into the chromosomal DNA by the help of the virion integrase. At this point the retrovirus is referred to as provirus. Once in the chromosomal DNA, the provirus is transcribed by the cellular RNA polymerase II. The transcription leads to the splicing and full-length mRNAs and full-length progeny virion RNA. The virion protein and progeny RNA assemble in the cytoplasm and leave the cell, whereas the other copies send translated viral messages in the cytoplasm.

253: 196:, which normally replicates as a mixed double and single-stranded DNA virus but also has a retroviral replication component). In many cases, tumor viruses do not cause cancer in their native hosts but only in dead-end species. For example, adenoviruses do not cause cancer in humans but are instead responsible for colds, conjunctivitis and other acute illnesses. They only become tumorigenic when infected into certain rodent species, such as Syrian hamsters. Some viruses are tumorigenic when they infect a cell and persist as circular 1286: 4584: 1049: 217: 4832: 4820: 530: 22: 411: 162: 4856: 373:(E1A) is an oncoprotein which binds to Rb and can stimulate transcription and transform cells. SV40 uses the same protein for inactivating Rb, LT, to inactivate p53. HPV contains a protein, E7, which can bind to Rb in much the same way. Rb can be inactivated by phosphorylation, or by being bound to a viral oncoprotein, or by mutations—mutations which prevent oncoprotein binding are also associated with cancer. 4844: 6295: 272:(Rb). It is evolutionarily advantageous for viruses to inactivate p53 because p53 can trigger cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in infected cells when the virus attempts to replicate its DNA. Similarly, Rb proteins regulate many essential cell functions, including but not limited to a crucial cell cycle checkpoint, making them a target for viruses attempting to interrupt regular cell function. 291:-16 (HPV-16) has been shown to lead to cervical cancer and other cancers, including head and neck cancer. These three viruses have parallel mechanisms of action, forming an archetype for DNA oncoviruses. All three of these DNA oncoviruses are able to integrate their DNA into the host cell, and use this to transcribe it and transform cells by bypassing the G1/S checkpoint of the cell cycle. 316:, arresting the cell cycle before DNA replication until the appropriate checkpoint inputs, such as DNA damage repair, are completed. p53 regulates the p21 gene, which produces a protein which binds to the Cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complex. This prevents Rb phosphorylation and prevents the cell from entering S phase. In mammals, when Rb is active (unphosphorylated), it inhibits the 862: 154:

virus infection and carriage is the norm for most tumor viruses, which violates Koch's third principle. Relman and Fredericks have described the difficulties in applying Koch's postulates to virus-induced cancers. Finally, the host restriction for human viruses makes it unethical to experimentally transmit a suspected cancer virus. Other measures, such as

870: 917:. In acutely transforming viruses, the viral particles carry a gene that encodes for an overactive oncogene called viral-oncogene (v-onc), and the infected cell is transformed as soon as v-onc is expressed. In contrast, in slowly transforming viruses, the virus genome is inserted, especially as viral genome insertion is an obligatory part of 925:

or other transcription regulation elements in turn cause overexpression of that proto-oncogene, which in turn induces uncontrolled cellular proliferation. Because viral genome insertion is not specific to proto-oncogenes and the chance of insertion near that proto-oncogene is low, slowly transforming

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disease, are not applicable to viral diseases. Firstly, this is because viruses cannot truly be isolated in pure culture—even stringent isolation techniques cannot exclude undetected contaminating viruses with similar density characteristics, and viruses must be grown on cells. Secondly, asymptomatic

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In the 1960s, the replication process of RNA virus was believed to be similar to other single-stranded RNA. Single-stranded RNA replication involves RNA-dependent RNA synthesis which meant that virus-coding enzymes would make partial double-stranded RNA. This belief was shown to be incorrect because

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Indirect viral oncogenicity involves chronic nonspecific inflammation occurring over decades of infection, as is the case for HCV-induced liver cancer. These two mechanisms differ in their biology and epidemiology: direct tumor viruses must have at least one virus copy in every tumor cell expressing

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in 0.47% of hepatitis B patients per year (especially in Asia, less so in North America), and in 1.4% of hepatitis C carriers per year. Liver cirrhosis, whether from chronic viral hepatitis infection or alcoholism, is associated with the development of liver cancer, and the combination of cirrhosis

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complex, which inhibits Rb, forming a positive feedback loop, keeping the cell in G1 until the input crosses a threshold. To drive the cell into S phase prematurely, the viruses must inactivate p53, which plays a central role in the G1/S checkpoint, as well as Rb, which, though downstream of it, is

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The retrovirus begins the journey into a host cell by attaching a surface glycoprotein to the cell's plasma membrane receptor. Once inside the cell, the retrovirus goes through reverse transcription in the cytoplasm and generates a double-stranded DNA copy of the RNA genome. Reverse transcription

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DNA oncoviruses transform infected cells by integrating their DNA into the host cell's genome. The DNA is believed to be inserted during transcription or replication, when the two annealed strands are separated. This event is relatively rare and generally unpredictable; there seems to be no

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Chronic indirect tumor viruses, on the other hand, can be lost (at least theoretically) from a mature tumor that has accumulated sufficient mutations and growth conditions (hyperplasia) from the chronic inflammation of viral infection. In this latter case, it is controversial but at least

353:, on the same residues. LT binds to p53's binding domain on the DNA (rather than on the protein), again preventing p53 from appropriately regulating genes. HPV instead degrades p53: the HPV protein E6 binds to a cellular protein called the E6-associated protein (E6-AP, also known as 110:

estimated that in 2002, infection caused 17.8% of human cancers, with 11.9% caused by one of seven viruses. A 2020 study of 2,658 samples from 38 different types of cancer found that 16% were associated with a virus. These cancers might be easily prevented through vaccination (e.g.,

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Muñoz N, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S, Herrero R, Castellsagué X, Shah KV, et al. (International Agency for Research on Cancer Multicenter Cervical Cancer Study Group) (February 2003). "Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer".

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among patients with AIDS that this cancer must be caused by another infectious agent besides HIV, and that this was likely to be a second virus. Subsequent studies revealed that KSHV is the "KS agent" and is responsible for the epidemiologic patterns of KS and related cancers.

287:, can cause tumors in rodent models but is not oncogenic in humans. This phenomenon has been one of the major controversies of oncogenesis in the 20th century because an estimated 100 million people were inadvertently exposed to SV40 through polio vaccines. The 909:. Experimental and epidemiological data imply a causative role for viruses and they appear to be the second most important risk factor for cancer development in humans, exceeded only by tobacco usage. The mode of virally induced tumors can be divided into two, 1131:

By the early 1950s, it was known that viruses could remove and incorporate genes and genetic material in cells. It was suggested that such types of viruses could cause cancer by introducing new genes into the genome. Genetic analysis of mice infected with

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DNA oncoviruses typically cause cancer by inactivating p53 and Rb, thereby allowing unregulated cell division and creating tumors. There may be many different mechanisms which have evolved separately; in addition to those described above, for example, the

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Melnick M, Sedghizadeh PP, Allen CM, Jaskoll T (February 2012). "Human cytomegalovirus and mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary glands: cell-specific localization of active viral and oncogenic signaling proteins is confirmatory of a causal relationship".

1180:, a strain of murine leukemia virus capable of causing cancers in immunocompetent mice. Though her findings received significant backlash, they were eventually accepted by the field and cemented the validity of viral oncogenesis. 3681:

Ben David Y, Prideaux VR, Chow V, Benchimol S, Bernstein A (August 1988). "Inactivation of the p53 oncogene by internal deletion or retroviral integration in erythroleukemic cell lines induced by Friend leukemia virus".

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theoretically possible that an indirect tumor virus could undergo "hit-and-run" and so the virus would be lost from the clinically diagnosed tumor. In practical terms, this is an uncommon occurrence if it does occur.

561:. Interfering with the action of p53 allows a cell infected with the virus to move into a different stage of the cell cycle, enabling the virus genome to be replicated. Forcing the cell into the S phase of the 1734:

Viruses known as oncogenic RNA viruses or oncornaviruses have been described in a wide variety of vertebrate species there have been very few, if any, completely convincing examples of isolation of human

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there were no double-stranded RNA found in the retrovirus cell. In 1964, Howard Temin proposed a provirus hypothesis, but shortly after reverse transcription in the retrovirus genome was discovered.

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can lead to tumors in rodent models but do not cause cancer in humans; however, they have been exploited as delivery vehicles in gene therapy for diseases such as cystic fibrosis and cancer.

87:. The vast majority of human and animal viruses do not cause cancer, probably because of longstanding co-evolution between the virus and its host. Oncoviruses have been important not only in 853:

Estimated percent of new cancers attributable to the virus worldwide in 2002. NA indicates not available. The association of other viruses with human cancer is continually under research.

135:. A minority of persons (or animals) will go on to develop cancers after infection. This has complicated efforts to determine whether or not a given virus causes cancer. The well-known 2249:

Sambrook J, Greene R, Stringer J, Mitchison T, Hu SL, Botchan M (1980). "Analysis of the sites of integration of viral DNA sequences in rat cells transformed by adenovirus 2 or SV40".

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Through advances in cancer research, vaccines designed to prevent cancer have been created. The hepatitis B vaccine is the first vaccine that has been established to prevent cancer (

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Scheffner M, Werness BA, Huibregtse JM, Levine AJ, Howley PM (December 1990). "The E6 oncoprotein encoded by human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 promotes the degradation of p53".

973:(ACIP) officially recommended that females aged 11–12 receive the vaccine, and indicated that females as young as age 9 and as old as age 26 are also candidates for immunization. 1076:

could be transmitted between chickens after cell-free filtration and subsequently cause leukemia. This was subsequently confirmed for solid tumors in chickens in 1910–1911 by

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and viral hepatitis presents the highest risk of liver cancer development. Worldwide, liver cancer is one of the most common, and most deadly, cancers due to a huge burden of

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Scheffner M, Huibregtse JM, Vierstra RD, Howley PM (November 1993). "The HPV-16 E6 and E6-AP complex functions as a ubiquitin-protein ligase in the ubiquitination of p53".

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deterministic predictor of the site of integration. After integration, the host's cell cycle loses regulation from Rb and p53, and the cell begins cloning to form a tumor.

232:) in the genome. For example, it has been shown that vFLIP and vCyclin interfere with the TGF-β signaling pathway indirectly by inducing oncogenic host mir17-92 cluster. 4237:

Choo QL, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, Overby LR, Bradley DW, Houghton M (April 1989). "Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome".

508:, it is derived from the surface and transmembrane for the viral envelope protein. There is a fourth coding domain which is smaller, but exists in all retroviruses. 228:

A direct oncogenic viral mechanism involves either insertion of additional viral oncogenic genes into the host cell or to enhance already existing oncogenic genes (

208:). Other viruses are only carcinogenic when they integrate into the host cell genome as part of a biological accident, such as polyomaviruses and papillomaviruses. 5870: 1671:

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Dyson N, Howley PM, Münger K, Harlow E (February 1989). "The human papilloma virus-16 E7 oncoprotein is able to bind to the retinoblastoma gene product".

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Beasley RP, Hwang LY, Lin CC, Chien CS (November 1981). "Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus. A prospective study of 22 707 men in Taiwan".

1065: 1329:(HCV) was discovered by panning a cDNA library made from diseased tissues for foreign antigens recognized by patient sera. This work was performed by 5293: 1199:, raising concern about possible human health implications. Scientific consensus now strongly agrees that this is not likely to cause human cancer. 1088:). The reasons why chickens are so receptive to such transmission may involve unusual characteristics of stability or instability as they relate to 1365: 1259: 240:

are expressed in these tumors, persons who are immunosuppressed such as AIDS or transplant patients are at higher risk for these types of cancers.

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region of the virus, the synthesis of the internal virion proteins are maintained which make up the matrix, capsid and nucleocapsid proteins. In

1574: 1271: 1475:"Hepatitis C virus syndrome: A constellation of organ- and non-organ specific autoimmune disorders, B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and cancer" 5884: 965:. The vaccine protects against four HPV types, which together cause 70% of cervical cancers and 90% of genital warts. In March 2007, the US 2205:"Involvement of intact HPV16 E6/E7 gene expression in head and neck cancers with unaltered p53 status and perturbed pRb cell cycle control" 970: 954: 1061: 836: 107: 5550: 5381: 1369: 1342: 966: 902: 779: 620: 537: 205: 5421: 1032:

in rats. But it was not recognized that cancer could have infectious origins until much later as virus had first been discovered by

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Rb is inactivated (thereby allowing the G1/S transition to progress unimpeded) by different but analogous viral oncoproteins. The

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extended Bang and Ellerman's experiments to show cell-free transmission of a solid tumor sarcoma to chickens (now known as

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viruses have very long tumor latency compared to acutely transforming viruses, which already carry the viral oncogene.

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developed a new method to identify cancer viruses based on computer subtraction of human sequences from a tumor

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reported visualization of retroviral particles produced by a leukemia cell line derived from patients with

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SV40 has been well studied and does not cause cancer in humans, but a recently discovered analogue called

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from a Merkel cell carcinoma and it is now believed that this virus causes 70–80% of these cancers.

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cells. A herpesvirus, this virus is formally known as human herpesvirus 4 but more commonly called

1069: 950: 938: 906: 840: 803: 630: 614: 592:. There are nearly 200 distinct human papillomaviruses (HPVs), and many HPV types are carcinogenic. 554: 421: 390: 34: 1247:, this link was not firmly established until epidemiologic studies were performed in the 1980s by 6315: 5605: 5162: 5126: 5064: 4537: 3884:

Carroll-Pankhurst C, Engels EA, Strickler HD, Goedert JJ, Wagner J, Mortimer EA (November 2001).

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Generally, tumor viruses cause little or no disease after infection in their hosts, or cause non-

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at least one protein or RNA that is causing the cell to become cancerous. Because foreign virus

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could cause the cell to become transformed. Human papillomavirus infection is a major cause of

482: 338: 269: 252: 201: 166: 155: 132: 96: 1870:"Sequence-based identification of microbial pathogens: a reconsideration of Koch's postulates" 1325:. For the discovery that HPV cause human cancer the 2008 Nobel Prize was awarded. In 1987 the 5984: 5565: 5435: 5406: 5219: 5200: 4494: 1526:"Mechanisms of HCV-induced liver cancer: what did we learn from in vitro and animal studies?" 1473:

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DNA oncoviruses typically impair two families of tumor suppressor proteins: tumor proteins

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and coworkers in Japan. But it was not certain whether HTLV-I promoted leukemia. In 1981

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in the development of cancer. In 1926 the Nobel Prize was awarded for documenting that a

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While several DNA oncoviruses have been discovered, three have been studied extensively.

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Feng H, Taylor JL, Benos PV, Newton R, Waddell K, Lucas SB, et al. (October 2007).

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also confirmed the existence of a rhesus macaque virus contaminating cells used to make

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leading to the discovery of HCV as the causative agent of non-A, non-B hepatitis.

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Illustration of how a normal cell is converted to a cancer cell, when an

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integration could disrupt tumor suppressor genes, causing cancer. Viral

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in cells through interfering with tumor suppressor proteins such as

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showing cells with abnormal p53 expression (brown) in a brain tumor.

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Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2020: Seminal experiments by

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is the cause of hepatitis C and some cancers such as liver cancer (

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is a cancer that can form masses in the skin and is caused by the

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in mice. This compound was subsequently identified as a virus by

953:) by preventing infection with the causative virus. In 2006, the 313: 237: 197: 161: 150: 3711:

Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine

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2248: 1345:(CDC). HCV was subsequently shown to be a major contributor to 177: 54: 3680: 3029: 1971:

Microbes and malignancy: infection as a cause of human cancers

1472: 981:

The history of cancer virus discovery is intertwined with the

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Beral V, Peterman TA, Berkelman RL, Jaffe HW (January 1990).

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were subsequently discovered and identified to cause cancer.

1017: 1001: 354: 6294: 3122: 856: 57:. This term originated from studies of acutely transforming 4940: 4902: 4342: 2942: 2830:

Ljubojevic S, Skerlev M (2014). "HPV-associated diseases".

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2762:"Prospects for prevention of HPV-driven oropharynx cancer" 5496: 3836:

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3793:

American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health

1816: 1183:

In 1961 Eddy discovered the simian vacuolating virus 40 (

865:

Major capsid protein L1 pentamer, Human papillomavirus 11

558: 357:), forming a complex which causes the rapid and specific 317: 265: 174: 173:

Tumor viruses come in a variety of forms: Viruses with a

74: 66: 1919:"The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation?" 637: – is associated with the development of 337:

Viruses employ various methods of inactivating p53. The

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or plasmids, replicating separately from host cell DNA (

2493: 1993: 1573:

ACS Medical and Editorial Content Team (30 July 2020).

1317:

viruses (HPV) are responsible for approximately 70% of

1195:. Several years later, it was shown to cause cancer in 1152:) in 1951 and in 1953 reported on a component of mouse 1004:

were studied at microscopic level with the help of the

989:. The oldest surviving record of a human cancer is the 881:

The main viruses associated with human cancers are the

861: 607:(EBV or HHV-4) is associated with four types of cancers 3073: 2286:"p53, the Cellular Gatekeeper for Growth and Division" 1819:"The landscape of viral associations in human cancers" 1172:, after whom it was once called "SE polyoma". In 1957 921:, near a proto-oncogene in the host genome. The viral 869: 6283: 4424: 3854: 937:, can induce a chronic viral infection that leads to 386:

inactivates p53 by sequestering it in the cytoplasm.

4390:

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Feng H, Shuda M, Chang Y, Moore PS (February 2008).

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family of transcription factors, which regulate the

77:

or RNA genome causing cancer and is synonymous with

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Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology

1043: 747:HPV types 16 and 18 are associated with cancers of 329:typically kept active by a positive feedback loop. 3751: 3282: 2896: 2894: 480:All retroviruses have three major coding domains; 3981: 2829: 2094: 1380:and colleagues who inferred from the epidemic of 6307: 4084:"Preface to 25 years of HTLV-1 and ATL research" 3935:"SV40 and human cancer: a review of recent data" 2877:"Human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer" 2701: 2699: 1965: 512:is the domain that encodes the virion protease. 4156:Seiki M, Hattori S, Yoshida M (November 1982). 3576: 3574: 3475: 3473: 3185:How Many Cancers Are Linked with HPV Each Year? 2891: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 1867: 1612:"Human oncogenic viruses: nature and discovery" 1602: 1202: 1016:accumulated evidence that implicated bacteria, 2167: 2053: 515: 5287: 4888: 4502: 3835: 3196: 2696: 2335: 2095:Felsani A, Mileo AM, Paggi MG (August 2006). 1446:, a virus that infects and kills cancer cells 4273: 4081: 3926: 3877: 3571: 3522: 3470: 3408: 3023: 2742: 1923:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 1910: 1231:first physically isolated and characterized 1000:could only emerge in the 19th century, when 971:Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices 211: 4389: 3838:Pathology of Laboratory Rodents and Rabbits 3786: 3674: 3340: 3153: 2900: 2644: 2642: 2640: 1763: 1313:discovered HPV16 and HPV18, together these 1148:identified the first mouse leukemia virus ( 837:post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease 439:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 308:Rb and p53 regulate the transition between 294: 184:, and viruses with an RNA genome, like the 165:Simplified diagram of the structure of the 108:International Agency for Research on Cancer 73:removed, it now refers to any virus with a 5551:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy 5294: 5280: 4895: 4881: 4509: 4495: 3288: 3197:Klein E, Kis LL, Klein G (February 2007). 3129:NTP (National Toxicology Program) (2016). 2871: 2869: 1861: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1670: 1523: 1343:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1219:identified the first human oncovirus from 967:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5422:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type 4479:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine 4450: 4297: 4191: 4181: 4132: 4099: 3950: 3909: 3829: 3812: 3789:"Characteristics of the SE polyoma virus" 3606: 3554: 3505: 3453: 3366: 3265: 3255: 3237: 3214: 3006: 2996: 2978: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2785: 2671: 2577: 2427: 2383: 2301: 2220: 2112: 2071: 2021: 2011: 1942: 1893: 1844: 1834: 1785: 1705: 1647: 1549: 1500: 1490: 1096:confirmed Bang and Ellerman findings for 857:Main viruses associated with human cancer 459:Learn how and when to remove this message 4751:Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections 4286:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 3865:. 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Nobelprize.org 4014: 4008: 4007: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3954: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3913: 3896:(9): 1295–1297. 3881: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3816: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3760:(6): 1223–1243. 3749: 3743: 3742: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3610: 3578: 3569: 3568: 3558: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3509: 3477: 3468: 3467: 3457: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3370: 3338: 3323: 3322: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3269: 3259: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3218: 3209:(9): 1297–1305. 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3010: 3000: 2976: 2967: 2966: 2960: 2956: 2954: 2946: 2940: 2938: 2898: 2889: 2888: 2873: 2864: 2863: 2827: 2808: 2807: 2789: 2757: 2740: 2739: 2703: 2694: 2693: 2675: 2646: 2635: 2634: 2609:(6): 1129–1136. 2598: 2592: 2591: 2581: 2541: 2528: 2527: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2431: 2407: 2398: 2397: 2387: 2363: 2352: 2351: 2333: 2324: 2323: 2305: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2246: 2235: 2234: 2224: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2165: 2156: 2155: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2116: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2075: 2051: 2036: 2035: 2025: 2015: 2006:(11): e1005255. 1991: 1985: 1984: 1967:Parsonnet, Julie 1963: 1957: 1956: 1946: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1897: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1848: 1838: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1789: 1765: 1738: 1737: 1731: 1729: 1703: 1697: 1696: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1651: 1600: 1594: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1570: 1564: 1563: 1553: 1521: 1515: 1514: 1504: 1494: 1470: 1394:Patrick S. Moore 1382:Kaposi's sarcoma 1354:Patrick S. Moore 1331:Michael Houghton 1323:cervical cancers 1315:Papillomaviridae 1295:Michael Houghton 1276:Kyoto University 1268:Mitsuaki Yoshida 1189:Merck Laboratory 1174:Charlotte Friend 1094:Charlotte Friend 1066:Vilhelm Ellerman 1034:Dmitri Ivanovsky 961:vaccine, called 789:Kaposi's sarcoma 677: 676: 625:Kaposi's sarcoma 534:Kaposi's sarcoma 464: 457: 453: 450: 444: 413: 405: 6346: 6345: 6341: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6306: 6305: 6304: 6292: 6284: 6282: 6277: 6239: 6219: 6127: 6101:Gastroenteritis 6059: 6056:Gastroenteritis 6050: 6038:Cytomegalovirus 6001: 5990: 5958:Paramyxoviridae 5947:Avian influenza 5823: 5818:Cytomegalovirus 5782:viral pneumonia 5780: 5777:nasopharyngitis 5776: 5773: 5764: 5728: 5702:Cytomegalovirus 5687: 5641: 5529: 5516: 5509: 5482: 5349:Cervical cancer 5309: 5300: 5270: 5265: 5224: 5177: 5131: 5110: 5074: 4996: 4955: 4915: 4901: 4871: 4866: 4810: 4712: 4671: 4667:Viral evolution 4652:Antigenic shift 4647:Antigenic drift 4635: 4631:Lysogenic cycle 4587: 4578: 4552: 4524: 4515: 4473: 4468: 4423: 4419: 4388: 4384: 4341: 4337: 4327: 4325: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4278: 4274: 4235: 4231: 4221: 4219: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4154: 4150: 4113: 4109: 4080: 4076: 4037: 4033: 4023: 4021: 4016: 4015: 4011: 3980: 3976: 3931: 3927: 3882: 3878: 3868: 3866: 3859: 3855: 3848: 3834: 3830: 3785: 3781: 3750: 3746: 3707: 3703: 3679: 3675: 3628: 3624: 3579: 3572: 3527: 3523: 3478: 3471: 3426: 3422: 3407: 3403: 3388: 3384: 3347:Cancer Research 3339: 3326: 3287: 3283: 3236: 3232: 3195: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3152: 3148: 3138: 3136: 3127: 3123: 3072: 3068: 3028: 3024: 2977: 2970: 2958: 2957: 2948: 2947: 2936: 2934: 2915:10.32388/G6TG1L 2899: 2892: 2875: 2874: 2867: 2828: 2811: 2758: 2743: 2704: 2697: 2647: 2638: 2599: 2595: 2542: 2531: 2492: 2488: 2449: 2445: 2408: 2401: 2364: 2355: 2348: 2334: 2327: 2282: 2278: 2247: 2238: 2201: 2197: 2166: 2159: 2152: 2134: 2130: 2093: 2089: 2052: 2039: 1992: 1988: 1981: 1964: 1960: 1915: 1911: 1866: 1862: 1823:Nature Genetics 1815: 1811: 1766: 1741: 1735:oncornaviruses. 1727: 1725: 1723: 1704: 1700: 1669: 1665: 1601: 1597: 1587: 1585: 1571: 1567: 1522: 1518: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1444:Oncolytic virus 1439:Cancer bacteria 1410: 1299:Charles M. Rice 1291:Harvey J. Alter 1229:Baruch Blumberg 1209:Anthony Epstein 1205: 1197:Syrian hamsters 1176:discovered the 1136:confirmed that 1124:identified the 1068:in 1908 at the 1046: 1012:. 19th century 979: 944:viral hepatitis 905:(KSHV) and the 859: 791:, multicentric 716:hepatocarcinoma 700:Hepatocarcinoma 675: 647: 600:Hepatocarcinoma 567:cervical cancer 547: 527: 518: 478: 465: 454: 448: 445: 430: 414: 403: 401:RNA oncoviruses 379: 367: 343:large T antigen 335: 306: 304:G1/S Checkpoint 297: 281:Simian virus 40 250: 248:DNA oncoviruses 230:proto-oncogenes 214: 121: 51:oncogenic virus 17: 12: 11: 5: 6344: 6334: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6316:Carcinogenesis 6303: 6302: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6275: 6274: 6273: 6261: 6253: 6251: 6245: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6229: 6227: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6217: 6205: 6193: 6181: 6169: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6143: 6137: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6125: 6118: 6111: 6104: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6083: 6071: 6065: 6063: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6034: 6033: 6032: 6019: 6017: 6004: 5996: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5988: 5981: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5952: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5867: 5866: 5865: 5833: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5795: 5793: 5784: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5742: 5740: 5738:Cardiovascular 5734: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5725: 5724: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5697: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5685: 5684: 5683: 5671: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5651: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5623: 5622: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5595: 5590: 5589: 5588: 5576: 5575: 5574: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5554: 5553: 5541: 5535: 5533: 5519: 5517:nervous system 5511: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5492: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5438: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5369:Vaginal cancer 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5325: 5319: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5299: 5298: 5291: 5284: 5276: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5198: 5193: 5187: 5185: 5183:Carcinogenesis 5179: 5178: 5176: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5149: 5147: 5137: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5082: 5080: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5072: 5067: 5065:Nervous system 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5028:nasopharyngeal 5025: 5020: 5015: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4932: 4930: 4921: 4917: 4916: 4900: 4899: 4892: 4885: 4877: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4864: 4852: 4840: 4828: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4756:Marine viruses 4753: 4748: 4747: 4746: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4724:Antiviral drug 4720: 4718: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4679: 4677: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4611:Viral shedding 4608: 4603: 4597: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4576: 4571: 4569:Viral envelope 4566: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4514: 4513: 4506: 4499: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4472: 4471:External links 4469: 4467: 4466: 4417: 4382: 4335: 4313: 4272: 4229: 4207: 4148: 4107: 4074: 4031: 4009: 3974: 3945:(2): 215–223. 3925: 3876: 3853: 3847:978-1118704639 3846: 3828: 3779: 3744: 3717:(2): 414–421. 3701: 3690:(2): 179–185. 3673: 3622: 3593:(4): 307–318. 3570: 3521: 3492:(4): 397–411. 3469: 3440:(5): 696–705. 3420: 3401: 3382: 3324: 3281: 3230: 3189: 3177: 3146: 3121: 3066: 3039:(1): 118–125. 3022: 2968: 2890: 2865: 2838:(2): 227–234. 2809: 2772:(6): 555–559. 2741: 2695: 2658:(6): 518–527. 2636: 2593: 2529: 2486: 2459:(3): 495–505. 2443: 2422:(2): 274–284. 2399: 2378:(2): 285–293. 2353: 2346: 2325: 2296:(3): 323–331. 2276: 2257:(1): 569–584. 2236: 2195: 2157: 2150: 2128: 2087: 2037: 2000:PLOS Pathogens 1986: 1979: 1958: 1929:(5): 295–300. 1909: 1860: 1829:(3): 320–330. 1809: 1739: 1721: 1698: 1663: 1595: 1579:www.cancer.org 1565: 1536:(2): 210–215. 1530:Cancer Letters 1516: 1485:(3): 327–343. 1464: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1409: 1406: 1366:Ethel Cesarman 1260:Bernard Poiesz 1204: 1201: 1116:contained the 1080:. Rous at the 1045: 1042: 1030:stomach cancer 1028:could provoke 978: 975: 858: 855: 849: 848: 845:stomach cancer 826: 823: 816: 815: 810: 807: 800: 799: 786: 783: 776: 775: 745: 742: 735: 734: 729: 726: 719: 718: 712: 710: 703: 702: 697: 695: 688: 687: 684: 681: 674: 673:Overview table 671: 646: 643: 642: 641: 628: 618: 608: 602: 593: 575:vaginal cancer 555:transformation 546: 543: 526: 525:Classification 523: 517: 514: 477: 474: 467: 466: 417: 415: 408: 402: 399: 378: 375: 366: 363: 359:ubiquitination 334: 331: 305: 302: 296: 293: 249: 246: 213: 210: 120: 117: 63:oncornaviruses 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6343: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6290: 6287: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6262: 6260: 6259: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6236: 6235: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6222: 6215: 6211: 6210: 6206: 6203: 6199: 6198: 6194: 6191: 6187: 6186: 6182: 6179: 6175: 6174: 6170: 6168: 6167: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6148: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6119: 6117: 6116: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6105: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6082: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6057: 6053: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6026: 6025: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6005: 6003: 5997: 5987: 5986: 5982: 5980: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5970:Parainfluenza 5968: 5967: 5966: 5965: 5960: 5959: 5954: 5953: 5948: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5921: 5920: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5843: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5820: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5806:EBV infection 5804: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5778: 5771: 5767: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5750: 5749: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5704: 5703: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5662:Poliomyelitis 5660: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5616: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5527: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5512: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5498: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5364:Vulvar cancer 5362: 5360: 5359:Penile cancer 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5297: 5292: 5290: 5285: 5283: 5278: 5277: 5274: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5077: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5018:oropharyngeal 5016: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5009: 5008:Head and neck 5006: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4987:Primary tumor 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4928:Benign tumors 4925: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4898: 4893: 4891: 4886: 4884: 4879: 4878: 4875: 4863: 4862: 4853: 4851: 4850: 4841: 4839: 4838: 4829: 4827: 4826: 4821: 4817: 4816: 4813: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4776:Viral disease 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4688:Bacteriophage 4686: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4621:Virus latency 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4590: 4585: 4575: 4574:Viral protein 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4512: 4507: 4505: 4500: 4498: 4493: 4492: 4489: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4462: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4421: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4323: 4317: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4233: 4217: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4111: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4078: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4035: 4019: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3978: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3880: 3864: 3857: 3849: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3577: 3575: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3476: 3474: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3386: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3193: 3186: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3150: 3134: 3133: 3125: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3070: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2975: 2973: 2964: 2952: 2944: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2897: 2895: 2886: 2883:. 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The 28: 23: 19: 6263: 6256: 6232: 6225:Pancreatitis 6207: 6195: 6183: 6171: 6164: 6145: 6120: 6113: 6106: 6094: 6073: 6036: 6022: 5983: 5976: 5962: 5956: 5923: 5917: 5897: 5883: 5869: 5840: 5816: 5798: 5753:Pericarditis 5745: 5714: 5700: 5673: 5654: 5612: 5597: 5578: 5564: 5543: 5526:Encephalitis 5495: 5468: 5449: 5428: 5394: 5380: 5341: 5327: 5314: 5214: 4903:Overview of 4859: 4847: 4835: 4823: 4765: 4739:Viral vector 4734:Helper virus 4698:Human virome 4683:Animal virus 4662:Reassortment 4538:Introduction 4518:Microbiology 4434: 4430: 4420: 4395: 4391: 4385: 4352: 4348: 4338: 4326:. Retrieved 4316: 4289: 4285: 4275: 4242: 4238: 4232: 4220:. Retrieved 4210: 4165: 4161: 4151: 4124: 4120: 4110: 4094:(39): 5925. 4091: 4087: 4077: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4022:. Retrieved 4012: 3987: 3983: 3977: 3942: 3938: 3928: 3893: 3889: 3879: 3867:. 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Retrieved 1578: 1568: 1533: 1529: 1519: 1482: 1478: 1468: 1387: 1351: 1304: 1272:Yorio Hinuma 1264:Robert Gallo 1253: 1251:and others. 1206: 1182: 1178:Friend virus 1166:Bernice Eddy 1146:Ludwik Gross 1134:Friend virus 1130: 1108:showed that 1098:liquid tumor 1086:Rous sarcoma 1085: 1059: 1052:Rabbit with 1014:microbiology 980: 948: 939:liver cancer 928: 919:retroviruses 914: 910: 880: 852: 769:HPV-positive 648: 587:HPV-positive 579:penis cancer 519: 509: 505: 501: 497: 491: 487: 481: 479: 470: 455: 446: 431:Please help 419: 388: 380: 368: 336: 307: 298: 285:polyomavirus 277:Adenoviruses 274: 263: 242: 234: 227: 172: 144: 122: 101: 89:epidemiology 85:cancer virus 84: 79: 78: 70: 62: 59:retroviruses 50: 46: 44: 18: 6122:Coronavirus 5863:Common cold 5775:acute viral 5758:Myocarditis 5602:(probable) 5354:Anal cancer 5251:Cancer pain 5191:Cancer cell 4936:Hyperplasia 4861:WikiProject 4729:Giant virus 4708:Plant virus 4626:Lytic cycle 4601:Viral entry 4477:Oncoviruses 2959:|work= 2907:Definitions 2673:2445/122831 1679:: 309–316. 1588:27 February 1368:, isolated 1321:that cause 1233:Hepatitis B 1217:Yvonne Barr 1213:Bert Achong 1078:Peyton Rous 957:approved a 935:hepatitis C 931:hepatitis B 891:hepatitis C 887:hepatitis B 875:hepatitis B 655:RNA viruses 651:DNA viruses 645:RNA viruses 583:anal cancer 545:DNA viruses 149:will cause 141:Robert Koch 80:tumor virus 27:hepatitis C 6310:Categories 6249:Urogenital 6115:Astrovirus 6075:Adenovirus 5899:SARS-CoV-2 5656:Poliovirus 5531:meningitis 5196:Carcinogen 5060:Urogenital 5001:Topography 4982:Metastasis 4946:Pseudocyst 4920:Conditions 4806:Virosphere 4781:Viral load 4771:Satellites 4557:Components 3541:(3): 320. 3417:: 595–609. 3398:: 595–609. 2937:7 February 1728:20 October 1461:References 1419:Carcinogen 1390:Yuan Chang 1358:Yuan Chang 1138:retroviral 1120:. In 1936 1112:from wild 1056:infection. 991:Babylonian 563:cell cycle 377:Variations 283:(SV40), a 258:micrograph 182:adenovirus 180:, such as 125:neoplastic 93:cell cycle 41:in humans. 6160:RNA virus 6141:DNA virus 6133:Hepatitis 6108:Norovirus 6096:Rotavirus 6090:RNA virus 6069:DNA virus 6015:Esophagus 5943:Influenza 5829:RNA virus 5791:DNA virus 5560:RNA virus 5539:DNA virus 5445:RNA virus 5323:DNA virus 5315:Oncovirus 5215:Oncovirus 5205:oncogenes 5158:Ann Arbor 5101:Papilloma 5086:Carcinoma 5079:Histology 5023:laryngeal 4967:Dysplasia 4951:Hamartoma 4766:Oncovirus 4703:Mycovirus 4693:Virophage 4616:Viroplasm 3139:8 January 2961:ignored ( 2951:cite book 2931:229252540 2312:0092-8674 1424:Oncogenic 1142:oncogenes 1062:Oluf Bang 496:. In the 449:July 2020 420:does not 119:Causality 47:oncovirus 39:lymphomas 6321:Virology 6258:BK virus 6061:diarrhea 5905:COVID-19 5647:Myelitis 5236:Research 5096:Blastoma 4913:oncology 4837:Category 4640:Genetics 4548:Virology 4461:17686852 4412:10749966 4377:35639169 4328:17 March 4308:18398088 4222:17 March 4143:16155599 4121:Oncogene 4088:Oncogene 4069:32264986 4024:17 March 4004:14107961 3969:20679358 3961:17131333 3920:11720463 3869:18 April 3823:13819251 3774:13549981 3739:34223353 3731:13064287 3684:Oncogene 3668:10527142 3660:17736889 3617:13416470 3565:15756727 3516:19867421 3464:19867354 3377:18829521 3276:24914366 3225:17322915 3203:Oncogene 3172:17726237 3116:29977325 3061:41446671 3053:22101257 3017:24876747 2923:33085415 2885:Archived 2860:24219797 2852:24559558 2804:13768854 2796:23876626 2736:20196938 2728:17826171 2682:12571259 2588:18202256 2481:27437768 2438:19150725 2416:Virology 2394:19081592 2372:Virology 2231:11896579 2209:Oncogene 2190:16963733 2123:16936748 2101:Oncogene 2082:11753670 2060:Oncogene 2032:26545119 1969:(1999). 1953:14283879 1855:32025001 1804:10042384 1796:16404738 1693:13779782 1658:28893931 1640:44679143 1622:(1732). 1608:Moore PS 1560:23871966 1511:25848462 1429:Oncogene 1408:See also 1388:In 2008 1352:In 1994 1207:In 1964 1154:leukemia 1022:protozoa 998:oncology 963:Gardasil 923:promoter 361:of p53. 322:Cyclin E 268:and the 238:antigens 222:oncogene 198:episomes 6326:Viruses 6300:Viruses 6011:Pharynx 5515:Central 5246:History 5145:grading 5141:Staging 5106:Adenoma 5091:Sarcoma 4849:Commons 4676:By host 4533:History 4452:2045575 4369:1967430 4267:2523562 4247:Bibcode 4239:Science 4202:6294664 4170:Bibcode 4061:6118576 3911:2375249 3814:1373056 3696:2842714 3640:Bibcode 3632:Science 3608:2136697 3556:2213042 3507:2124874 3455:2124810 3368:3501656 3319:1659743 3299:Bibcode 3291:Science 3267:4047330 3187:CDC.gov 3108:7997879 3088:Bibcode 3080:Science 3008:4033464 2787:4058827 2690:1451343 2631:7268482 2623:2175676 2579:2740911 2558:Bibcode 2550:Science 2524:2537532 2504:Bibcode 2496:Science 2473:8221889 2320:9039259 2271:6253158 2023:4636184 1944:1898525 1904:8665474 1846:8076016 1649:5597731 1626:: 1–9. 1604:Chang Y 1551:3844040 1502:4381161 1341:at the 1168:at the 977:History 782:(HHV-8) 669:(RSV). 653:. 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