484:
19:
381:) and smelt this mixture. By later in 1887, this had changed to making iron bars, using iron made from scrap iron with a 20% iron-sands admixture. Hughes expressed complete confidence that he could smelt the ironsands profitably, but it seems that he only ever did so experimentally and on a small scale. In June 1889, he said that the works had made iron entirely from iron-sand and in March 1890, such iron won first-class awards at the Dunedin Exhibition. Hughes position on the technology of iron-sand smelting seems to have been that direct reduction would not work at a commercially viable scale, and only a blast furnace âmaking pig-ironâ could be successful. Hughes saw the solution as being to mix the iron-sand with other material such as
231:
472:, because it was short of orders. It was Sandford who had first made enquiries to the owners of the Onehunga works, in an attempt to find work for his idle workforce. It seems that the Lithgow men made a living by rolling scrap iron into bars at Onehunga, but there was difficulty in obtaining sufficient scrap iron and work was carried on part-time only. At least some of these men drifted back to Lithgow, where prospects for work had improved.
360:, which he had erected while the works manager there in 1863â1864. However, Hughes did have a proven record in erecting and setting up iron rolling millsâhe had erected the first iron rolling mill in Australia which commenced operation in June 1860âand it was in that role that he was first engaged at Onehunga.
363:
Hughes was initially under contract to the proprietors, to erect the bar rolling mill and produce 120 tons of iron bars within four months. By late March 1888, the re-opened
Onehunga Ironworks had made at least 400 tons of bars, using scrap iron and wrought iron that was already on hand at the works.
193:
had visited
England and America in 1876 trying to interest ironmakers in the iron-sand, without success, but while in America he became aware of a process by which it was claimed wrought iron could be made from iron-sand. Chambers and an American, Guy H. Gardner of New York, jointly purchased the New
290:
After Jones' imprisonment, the company employed three other ironmastersâtwo subsequently leaving due to ill healthâbut none of them could replicate the extent of successful operation that Jones had achieved. Incomplete reduction of the iron-sand caused the resulting iron to have included, within its
405:
Hughes had built a furnace that could not achieve its purposeâto smelt iron-sand. Hughes should have been aware of the previous failure of the lengthy, earlier attempt at New
Plymouth, but may have drawn the wrong conclusions from its partial success in making pig-iron; the outcome was predictable.
404:
The blast furnace made its first pig-iron, in July 1890. It seems that the iron was made with conventional iron ore, not iron-sand. However, in early
September 1890, the furnace was 'allowed to cool', reportedly as a result of insufficient coal, due to industrial trouble at the mines. But, in fact,
301:
The plant managed to continue to operate but, by
November 1886, the company had liabilities of ÂŁ20,000 and all its paid-up capital had been expended. The shareholders were unwilling to contribute more capital. The assets were taken over by the mortgagee, and, by March 1887, the works had shut down.
416:
deposit with coal and limestone nearby. He was stating publicly that
Onehunga would not be able to compete with a works at Kamo. No doubt his public stance would have annoyed the proprietors of the Onehunga Ironworks, who had just recently backed the now dormant Onehunga blast furnace. By December
201:
Wilson provided the services of
William Henry Jones to come out to New Zealand to supervise the work. A full scale furnace using this design was erected at Onehunga during 1882. This first furnace was completed by early February 1883. A public demonstration of the furnace operation and smelting of
214:
The site on which the experimental furnace had been erected, 5 acres on the south-eastern side of
Onehunga railway station, was purchased. This land had a water frontage onto the harbourâallowing raw material to be landed at the worksâand a rail connection. Copious supplies of freshwater could be
388:
In July 1889, a blast furnace, with a nominal capacity of 120 tons of iron per week, was under construction at
Onehunga. The blast furnace was 45 feet tall, 16 feet external diameter and 11 feet at its largest internal diameter. The furnace was a hot-blast design. There was a steam winch to lift
256:
A mixture of the concentrated iron-sand and the reducing agent (fine coal) was loaded into one of the multiple retorts of the smelting furnace, where this mixture resided for about 24-hours, during which it was heated by flue gases from the puddling furnace. âThe multiple retorts in each furnace
97:
that originates as crystals within volcanic rock. As the rock is eroded, rivers carry the heavy grains of titanomagnetite to the coast. Currents, wind, and wave action then move the minerals along the coastline, concentrating them in dark-coloured sands on the sea floor, on beaches and in dunes.
210:
The initial success led to the formation of a company, New
Zealand Iron and Steel Company (Limited), to expand the operation. The company had a capital of ÂŁ200,000 made up of 40,000 shares of ÂŁ5 each. Of these shares only 9,103 were sold to the public, resulting in a paid-up capital of ÂŁ45,515.
135:
Although New Zealand's iron-sands are smelted today on a commercial scale, it took many years and many failed attempts before a successful process was developed that could smelt titanomagnetite iron-sand in commercially viable volumes. Before the establishment of the Onehunga Ironworks, other
294:
Two of the ten planned new furnaces were in service by May 1885. These new furnaces were gas-fired, with the gas being produced by Wilson gas-producers that proved to be a problem. Gas quality was initially good but, by the time the furnace was up to temperature, either the heat fell away or
261:
to be operated more or less continuously, another ingenious feature of Wilson's design.âWhen a gate-valve in the base of any retort was opened, a sticky mass of hot, reduced iron-sand was transferred (by gravity) into the 'balling' section of the furnace; here it was heated for about half an
26:
is in the left foreground. The blast furnace is the circular structure with its materials elevator, in the right background. The large chimney in the middle of the photograph survived until at least 1968. (This photograph is from the Ellen Louise McLeod collection of photographs of the
425:
In 1891, the Onehunga Works was a much larger plant than it had been before Enoch Hughes's managementâeven before the blast furnace was erected, it was claimed to be the largest ironworks in the southern hemisphereâbut it was no longer smelting iron ore, let alone iron-sand.
155:âthe conventional means used for other iron oresâfailed for two main reasons; the fine sand grains blocked the flow of hot air through the furnaceâsomething that could be overcome, to an extent, by binding the sand into 'bricks' as mentioned aboveâand carbon from the
389:
material to the top of the furnace, where there was a 26-foot diameter platform. The 40-horsepower blast engine and other parts of the furnace were from another (failed) iron-sand smelting venture, the New Zealand Titanic Steel and Iron Company, which was led by
286:
The works' reliance on the skill and knowledge of its American manager, William Henry Jones, became a serious problem, when in December 1883, he was charged with attempted murder. Jones was convicted and sentenced to 14 years gaol in April 1884.
262:
hourâagain by puddling furnace flue gasesâuntil a ball of 'sponge iron', about 18-inches in diameter, was created. This ball was then rolled across into the 'puddling' section of the furnace. The conventional 19th-century iron-making process of
250:. Joel Wilson's furnace design was ingenious, with the three different processesâ'deoxidising' (direct reduction), 'balling' and 'puddling'âtaking place within different parts of the same furnace structure and fired by the same fire grate.
322:
When the works shut down, rolling machinery had been bought by the New Zealand Iron and Steel Company, but had not been erected and put to work. It seems that there was also a quantity of wrought iron that had yet to be rolled into bars.
520:
Like the original process used at Onehunga from 1883 to 1887, the modern process uses direct reduction of an iron-sand and coal mixture, but the resulting 'sponge iron' is now melted in an electric arc furnace to produce molten
446:. That ore and nearby coal deposits later became the resources used by the Onekaka Ironworks, established by Heskett's grandson, John Heskett, which operated between 1924 and 1935, using conventional blast furnace technology.
429:
Other operations continued during 1891, but were subject to industrial trouble as the key 'puddling' workers went on strike for higher wages. Thomas J. Heskett became manager and conducted a trial smelting of 300 tons of
266:
then took place, resulting in a ball-shaped piece of puddled iron. The puddled-iron ball was then removed from the furnace, and its processing thereafter was by conventional 19th-century iron-making techniquesâ
487:
Former site of the Onehunga Ironworks in 1940s. A chimney of the ironworks appears on the right-hand edge of the image. (Photographer Marsh, Douglas Jerome, Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections 1334-020-8)
66:. It operatedâbut not continuouslyâfrom 1883 to around 1895. It was partially demolished around 1903 but its brick chimney and some of its other structures were still standing in the late 1960s.
51:, New Zealand). It was at one time claimed to be the largest ironworks in the Southern Hemisphere. It is significant, both as the first large scale attempt to exploit New Zealand's iron-sand by
367:
By November 1888, the works had made 2000 tons of iron bar, but was finding the local demand for its bars inadequate. The proprietors then ordered a sheet mill and other equipment to make
453:
as a consultant. By August 1893, a bonus had been paid, but critics claimed that little if any of the marketable iron involved was smelted from local ores; one describing the efforts as
483:
371:âthe first such plant in New Zealand. At the end of June 1889, skilled workers from Pennsylvania were coming, to operate the sheet mill and commence production of corrugated iron.
344:
Hughes came to New Zealand with many years experience in the iron industryâin England and Australiaâbut he had a chequered career while in Australia. Hughes recently had left the
514:
495:. In 1903 there was an auction of equipment, iron and building materialsâonly part was soldâand it seems that the works may have been partially demolished at this time.
417:
1890, Hughes had been sacked by Onehunga and was suing the company, and, a little later, he was trying to dispose of his shares in it. He then returned to Australia.
374:
Hughes had great confidence in his own abilities, including overcoming the daunting problems of smelting iron-sands. His interest in this went back to at least 1868.
124:
Smelting of iron-sand has been carried out successfully in Japan for centuries, The Japanese method is a type of direct-reduction smelting. Smelting occurred in a
501:
The brick chimney and some structures of the Onehunga Ironworks were still standing in the late 1960s, but there is now no trace left of the old ironworks.
104:
was probably the first European to record the 'black sands' of New Zealand's North Island, during his first voyage around New Zealand in 1769â70. In 1839,
187:
It was the potential to exploit deposits of iron-sand near the heads of Manukau Harbour, which led to the establishment of the Onehunga Ironworks.
2356:
449:
By June 1892, the works had reopened and was once again aiming to smelt iron-sand and so win a government bonus payment. These efforts involved
2351:
1097:. Light Railway Research Society of Australia. Melbourne, Australia: Light Railway Research Society of Australia. pp. 68, 69, 70.
163:
in the iron-sand to produce a thick pasty layer of compounds that blocked up the tap holes used to draw off the molten iron and slag.
509:
Other attempts to exploit New Zealand's iron-sands as iron ore also failed, until a commercially viable processânow the basis of the
364:
Hughes operated the Onehunga works as a 'cooperative' with his workers, something he had done previously during his time at Lithgow.
202:
iron-sand took place in early February 1883. The first billets of wrought iron smelted from iron-sand were made on 27 February 1883.
2120:
546:
138:"partial success was attained by smelting, in furnaces, bricks formed of the ore with calcareous clay and carbonaceous matter"
1720:
450:
390:
341:
took over as manager of the Onehunga Ironworks on 22 August 1887, bringing with him some experienced workers from Australia.
242:; iron-sand mixed with fine coal was heated to red-heat inside retorts and thereby reduced to 'sponge iron', which was then â
141:
464:âsome of whom had worked at Onehunga previouslyâwho intended to operate the works as a 'cooperative'. The workers, from the
2115:
2297:
721:
215:
obtained from the Onehunga Springs. A leaseâfrom where the iron-sand would be obtainedâwas taken over 6.5 miles of beach (
18:
722:"T.E.R:R.A.I.N â Taranaki Educational Resource: Research, Analysis and Information Network â Te Henui Iron Sand Furnace"
2074:
2243:
1695:
591:
230:
2336:
1931:
140:. The most notable of these earlier ventures was the New Zealand Titanic Steel and Iron Company, which was led by
572:
2222:
2196:
1102:
2341:
460:
In January 1894, the works closed and its workforce was dismissed, only to reopen with a new workforce from
2346:
2174:
635:
63:
28:
23:
352:, under acrimonious circumstances and he had been blamed for the shortcomings of the blast furnace at the
2283:
190:
182:
2248:
2169:
368:
337:
With the original manager, William Henry Jonesâand his knowledge of iron-sand smeltingâstill in gaol,
112:
to describe New Zealand's natural resources, noted the 'black titanic iron-sand' on beaches along the
345:
954:
2191:
856:"New Zealand Ironsands: an Historical Account of an Attempt to Smelt Ironsands at Onehunga in 1883"
805:"New Zealand Ironsands: an Historical Account of an Attempt to Smelt Ironsands at Onehunga in 1883"
461:
349:
1975:
1745:
1642:
1616:
1427:
928:
855:
804:
315:
The proprietors of the works were now Thomas and Samuel Morrin, who had large landholdings in the
1949:
1590:
1512:
1314:
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1771:
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1343:
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2001:
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1797:
1538:
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1259:
1233:
1207:
1013:
876:
408:
In late October 1890, Hughes was advocating the erection of another blast furnace at Kamo near
275:
980:
2256:
465:
263:
243:
498:
In the 1940s, the old ironworks site was occupied by Duroid Products (New Zealand) Limited.
2110:
491:
The works were sold in 1899, the buyer's intention being to relocate the rolling mills to
253:
The iron-sand was first washed and then concentrated magnetically, to remove silica sand.
8:
239:
109:
52:
693:
2201:
439:
353:
291:
structure, grains of partially-reduced iron-sand, which made the iron hard or brittle.
31:. The image shown has been cropped from the original image in the museum's collection.)
753:
295:
explosions occurred, bringing work to a stop. These difficulties were never overcome.
85:
Vast deposits of iron-sand exist over 480 kilometres of the North Island's coast from
22:
Onehunga Ironworks c.1889, Pegler, Enos Silvenus, d. 1938, photographer. The original
2361:
2262:
2060:
1108:
1098:
510:
195:
105:
56:
1798:"ONEHUNGA IRONWORKS â TEMPORARY SUSPENSION â TO BE REOPENED BY AUSTRALIAN SYNDICATE"
298:
Chambers was to claim later that the cost of production was too high at ÂŁ9 per ton.
2238:
2153:
2136:
469:
258:
125:
2146:
2052:
475:
By August 1895, the Onehunga Ironworks had shut down, it seems for the last time.
2278:
2179:
2141:
2031:
609:
94:
86:
44:
194:
Zealand patent rights of the furnace design patented in 1873, by Joel Wilson of
80:
1875:
1849:
1823:
1126:
2330:
2312:
2299:
2184:
1112:
1094:
Furnace, fire & forge : Lithgow's iron and steel industry, 1874â1932
468:
at Lithgow, had left that works in 1894 with the blessing of their employer,
377:
The original plan was to mix the iron-sand with hematite ore (from Kamo near
216:
152:
863:
Transactions of the Wellington Philosophical Society (Technological Section)
1623:. NEW ZEALAND HERALD, VOLUME XXVIII, ISSUE 8466. 17 January 1891. p. 8
1292:. NEW ZEALAND HERALD, VOLUME XXVII, ISSUE 8187. 24 February 1890. p. 5
443:
394:
338:
332:
271:
247:
145:
1571:. POVERTY BAY HERALD, VOLUME XVII, ISSUE 5864. 8 September 1890. p. 3
1092:
935:. HAWERA & NORMANBY STAR, VOLUME V, ISSUE 764. 3 April 1884. p. 3
409:
378:
2105:
2091:
222:
It was planned to erect ten new furnaces and a rolling mill was ordered.
156:
1982:. NEW ZEALAND HERALD, VOLUME XL, ISSUE 12165. 10 January 1903. p. 8
1376:. NEW ZEALAND HERALD, VOLUME XXVII, ISSUE 8207. 18 March 1890. p. 5
1072:. NEW ZEALAND HERALD, VOLUME XXIV, ISSUE 8033. 22 August 1887. p. 5
1405:. NEW ZEALAND HERALD, VOLUME XXV, ISSUE 8941. 4 January 1888. p. 3
1321:. NEW ZEALAND HERALD, VOLUME XXVII, ISSUE 8192. 1 March 1890. p. 3
835:. NEW ZEALAND HERALD, VOLUME XX, ISSUE 6624. 9 February 1883. p. 5
492:
129:
128:. That process is slow and makes only small batches of metal (known as
101:
1350:. NEW ZEALAND HERALD, VOLUME XXVI, ISSUE 9404. 29 June 1889. p. 4
1266:. AUCKLAND STAR, VOLUME XVIII, ISSUE 299. 20 December 1887. p. 5
1240:. TARANAKI HERALD, VOLUME XVI, ISSUE 841. 5 September 1868. p. 3
357:
267:
90:
2087:
2083:
2008:. AUCKLAND STAR, VOLUME XXXIV, ISSUE 14. 16 January 1903. p. 4
1649:. THAMES STAR, VOLUME XXIII, ISSUE 6783. 17 January 1891. p. 2
1597:. AUCKLAND STAR, VOLUME XXI, ISSUE 295. 15 December 1890. p. 3
987:. WAIKATO TIMES, VOLUME XXVIII, ISSUE 2286. 5 March 1887. p. 2
522:
431:
413:
382:
160:
113:
48:
40:
1487:
1434:. NEW ZEALAND TIMES, VOLUME LI, ISSUE 8726. 8 July 1889. p. 3
1040:
853:
802:
2030:
Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.
1804:. AUCKLAND STAR, VOLUME XXV, ISSUE 19. 22 January 1894. p. 2
1486:
Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.
1039:
Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.
664:
Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.
608:
Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.
435:
316:
136:
attempts had been made to smelt New Zealand iron-sands, but only
909:. TE AROHA NEWS, VOLUME I, ISSUE 30. 29 December 1883. p. 3
326:
217:
some at South Head and some at the North Head of Manukau Harbour
2032:"3. â Iron and steel â Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand"
1956:. AUCKLAND STAR, VOLUME XXX, ISSUE 179. 31 July 1899. p. 5
1545:. AUCKLAND STAR, VOLUME XXI, ISSUE 166. 16 July 1890. p. 4
1214:. AUCKLAND STAR, VOLUME XIX, ISSUE 68. 21 March 1888. p. 3
1041:"6. â Waikato region â Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand"
1020:. AUCKLAND STAR, VOLUME XIX, ISSUE 68. 21 March 1888. p. 3
829:"THE ONEHUNGA IRONWORKS â PUBLIC TRIAL OF THE MANAKAU IRONSAND"
610:"1. â Iron and steel â Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand"
398:
319:. The venture was now known as the Onehunga Ironworks Company.
205:
1752:. GOLDEN BAY ARGUS, VOLUME 2, ISSUE 2. 10 June 1892. p. 5
1519:. AUCKLAND STAR, VOLUME XXI, ISSUE 157. 5 July 1890. p. 2
803:
Chambers, J. M.; Communicated by Evan Parry (17 June 1918).
132:) that is used in the making of high-quality steel weapons.
883:. COLONIST, VOLUME XXVI, ISSUE 3766. 11 May 1883. p. 4
854:
Chambers, J.M.; communicated by Evan Parry (17 June 1918).
1208:"ONEHUNGA IRON WORKS â THE MACHINERY AND WHAT IT IS DOING"
1014:"ONEHUNGA IRON WORKS â THE MACHINERY AND WHAT IT IS DOING"
397:. There were also two boilers and water pumps to keep the
225:
39:
was a colonial-era iron smelting and rolling operation at
1185:. OTAGO DAILY TIMES, ISSUE 8532. 28 June 1889. p. 2
1778:. OTAGO WITNESS, ISSUE 2062. 31 August 1893. p. 35
1513:"SUCCESSFUL PIG IRON MAKING AT THE ONEHUNGA IRON WORKS"
1159:. NEW ZEALAND HERALD, VOLUME XXV, ISSUE 9214. p. 5
525:
that is then converted to steel by conventional means.
305:
961:. WESTERN STAR, ISSUE 1198. 29 October 1887. p. 4
171:
2082:
1675:. EVENING STAR, ISSUE 8561. 17 July 1891. p. 2
1090:
597:. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Ltd.
93:. These iron-sand deposits are rich in the mineral
74:
393:and had erected a blast furnace at Te Henui near
281:
144:and had erected a blast furnace at Te Henui near
2328:
1828:Australian Star (Sydney, NSW : 1887 â 1909)
515:Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
238:The smelting process was based on the method of
119:
1467:. NORTHERN ADVOCATE. 1 November 1890. p. 3
589:
2068:
1721:"OnekakÄ Ironworks | Engineering New Zealand"
327:Enoch Hughes, expansion and the blast furnace
310:
219:) and 1000 acres of land at the North Head.
206:New Zealand Iron and Steel Company (Limited)
1908:. OTAGO DAILY TIMES, ISSUE 10453. p. 2
636:"New Zealand Handbook, Section 'Iron Ores'"
2075:
2061:
420:
62:The ironworks was located adjacent to the
1772:"THE IRON BONUS. EXPERIMENTS AT ONEHUNGA"
1693:
1880:Lithgow Mercury (NSW : 1898 â 1954)
1854:Lithgow Mercury (NSW : 1898 â 1954)
1399:"OUR IRON SAND AND MR. EDWARDS' OPINION"
1131:Age (Melbourne, Vic. : 1854 â 1954)
482:
478:
229:
57:the modern steel industry of New Zealand
17:
1696:"Man of steel behind Onekaka Ironworks"
1428:"ONEHUNGA IRON WORKS COMPANY (LIMITED)"
544:
226:Wilson's process for iron-sand smelting
2357:1890s disestablishments in New Zealand
2329:
1925:
1923:
1694:Hindmarsh, Gerard (31 December 2021).
1393:
1391:
1153:"NEW PLANT FOR THE ONEHUNGA IRONWORKS"
981:"Operations at the Onehunga Ironworks"
798:
796:
794:
633:
570:
547:"Photograph: Old iron works, Onehunga"
2056:
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540:
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69:
748:
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742:
592:"Mineral Commodity Report 15 â Iron"
511:modern steel industry of New Zealand
306:Second period of operation 1887â1890
1920:
1479:
1388:
172:First period of operation 1883â1887
13:
2352:1883 establishments in New Zealand
2029:
2020:
1485:
1446:
1417:
1333:
1304:
1286:"SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF IRONSAND"
1197:
1038:
999:
814:
771:
711:
683:
663:
654:
607:
545:Diamond, John Thomas (July 1968).
535:
278:to manufacture wrought-iron bars.
14:
2373:
1929:
739:
590:Christie, Tony; Brathwaite, Bob.
64:original Onehunga railway station
176:
151:Attempts to smelt iron-sands in
75:New Zealand's iron-sand resource
2257:Auckland City Council (defunct)
2244:Maungakiekie-TÄmaki Local Board
1994:
1968:
1942:
1894:
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1179:"SPECIAL TELEGRAMS â IRONWORKS"
1171:
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1119:
1084:
1058:
1032:
973:
947:
921:
895:
869:
847:
2223:Onehunga Wharf railway station
903:"DELIBERATE ATTEMPT AT MURDER"
627:
601:
583:
571:Pegler, Enos Silvenus (1889).
564:
551:kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz
282:Difficulties and first closure
1:
1856:. 28 December 1937. p. 4
528:
120:Earlier smelting of iron-sand
2175:Onehunga Harbour Road Bridge
1830:. 29 January 1894. p. 5
1091:McKillop, Robert F. (2006).
7:
2284:Railway Enthusiasts Society
1932:"Duroid Products, Onehunga"
1370:"DUNEDIN EXHIBITION AWARDS"
234:Design of Wilson's furnace.
183:John Chambers (businessman)
81:Ironsand § New Zealand
10:
2378:
2121:St Peter's Anglican Church
2116:Our Lady of the Assumption
1936:Auckland Council Libraries
1234:"THE TARANAKI ASSOCIATION"
330:
311:Onehunga Ironworks Company
180:
166:
78:
2271:
2231:
2210:
2162:
2129:
2098:
2006:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1980:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1954:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1906:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1802:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1776:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1750:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1673:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1647:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1621:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1595:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1569:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1543:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1517:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1465:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1432:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1403:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1374:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1348:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1319:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1290:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1264:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1260:"MANUFACTURE OF IRONSAND"
1238:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1212:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1183:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1157:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1133:. 23 June 1860. p. 5
1070:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1018:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
985:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
959:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
933:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
907:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
881:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
877:"THE ONEHUNGA IRON WORKS"
833:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
504:
2249:Maungakiekie-TÄmaki ward
2192:Onehunga railway station
2099:Buildings and facilities
1882:. 7 June 1933. p. 4
1876:"CO-OPERATIVE IRONWORKS"
257:allowed an essentially '
246:â and worked to produce
55:, and as a precursor of
24:Onehunga Railway Station
2337:Industry in New Zealand
1930:Marsh, Douglas Jerome.
1902:"THE TARIFF COMMISSION"
1488:"Smith, Edward Metcalf"
666:"Smith, Edward Metcalf"
421:Final years (1891â1895)
1746:"PARAPARA IRON &c"
634:Hector, James (1886).
513:âwas developed by the
488:
455:"a tin-pot experiment"
235:
32:
1725:www.engineeringnz.org
1565:"AFFAIRS IN AUCKLAND"
1315:"ONEHUNGA IRON WORKS"
1127:"THE NEWS OF THE DAY"
754:"Iron Sand Chemistry"
486:
479:Demise and demolition
233:
21:
2342:Iron and steel mills
2313:36.9254°S 174.7874°E
2111:Onehunga High School
1066:"ONEHUNGA IRONWORKS"
640:nzetc.victoria.ac.nz
573:"Onehunga Ironworks"
517:, during the 1950s.
412:, where there was a
2347:History of Auckland
2309: /
2130:Geographic features
1591:"CLAIM FOR DAMAGES"
1461:"The Iron Industry"
110:New Zealand Company
47:, (now a suburb of
2318:-36.9254; 174.7874
2218:Onehunga Ironworks
2202:Waikaraka Cycleway
1976:"Sales by Auction"
1824:"NEW ZEALAND NEWS"
489:
385:or clay-band ore.
354:Fitzroy Iron Works
236:
108:, employed by the
102:Captain James Cook
70:Historical context
37:Onehunga Ironworks
33:
2292:
2291:
2263:Mayor of Onehunga
758:techhistory.co.nz
698:techhistory.co.nz
694:"Iron Chronology"
642:. pp. 44, 45
466:Eskbank Ironworks
414:hematite iron ore
346:Eskbank Ironworks
196:Dover, New Jersey
106:Ernst Dieffenbach
2369:
2324:
2323:
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2239:Auckland Council
2197:State Highway 20
2154:Te Hopua a Rangi
2137:Auckland isthmus
2077:
2070:
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1617:"TENDERS WANTED"
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470:William Sandford
240:direct reduction
53:direct reduction
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2180:Onehunga Branch
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2142:Manukau Harbour
2125:
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2011:
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929:"SUPREME COURT"
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584:
577:Auckland Museum
569:
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423:
369:corrugated iron
335:
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208:
185:
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122:
95:titanomagnetite
87:Kaipara Harbour
83:
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72:
45:Manukau Harbour
29:Auckland Museum
12:
11:
5:
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2211:Historic sites
2208:
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2199:
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2189:
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2172:
2170:MÄngere Bridge
2166:
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2163:Infrastructure
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2019:
1993:
1967:
1941:
1919:
1893:
1867:
1850:"LITHGOW TREK"
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1815:
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726:terrain.net.nz
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434:iron ore from
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331:Main article:
328:
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317:Waikato region
312:
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259:batch' process
227:
224:
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181:Main article:
178:
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159:combined with
153:blast furnaces
126:Tatara furnace
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79:Main article:
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2272:Organisations
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2185:Onehunga Line
2183:
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2176:
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2147:MÄngere Inlet
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2217:
2039:. Retrieved
2035:
2010:. Retrieved
2005:
1996:
1984:. Retrieved
1979:
1970:
1958:. Retrieved
1953:
1944:
1935:
1910:. Retrieved
1905:
1896:
1886:26 September
1884:. Retrieved
1879:
1870:
1860:26 September
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1853:
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1834:26 September
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1801:
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451:Edward Smith
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444:South Island
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395:New Plymouth
391:Edward Smith
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142:Edward Smith
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2316: /
2304:174°47â˛15âłE
2106:Dress Smart
2092:New Zealand
2041:1 September
619:1 September
276:hot-rolling
2331:Categories
2301:36°55â˛31âłS
2232:Government
2002:"untitled"
1950:"untitled"
1730:4 December
1705:4 December
1669:"Untitled"
1539:"Untitled"
1344:"No title"
1104:0909340447
955:"Untitled"
529:References
493:Wellington
440:Golden Bay
270:to create
130:Tamahagane
1643:"Untiled"
1113:156757606
675:6 October
442:, in the
410:WhangÄrei
379:WhangÄrei
358:Mittagong
268:shingling
91:Whanganui
43:, on the
2362:Onehunga
2088:Auckland
2084:Onehunga
2012:1 August
1986:1 August
1960:1 August
1912:1 August
1808:1 August
1782:1 August
1756:1 August
1679:4 August
1653:4 August
1497:4 August
1471:4 August
1409:4 August
1380:4 August
1244:4 August
1189:1 August
1163:1 August
1137:4 August
1076:1 August
1050:1 August
1024:1 August
965:4 August
763:4 August
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