459:, or message board, is an online discussion site where people can hold conversations in the form of posted messages. There are many types of Internet forums based on certain themes or groups. The properties of online identities also differ from different type of forums. For example, the users in a university BBS usually know some of the others in reality since the users can only be the students or professors in this university. However, the freedom of expression is limited since some university BBSs are under control of the school administration and the identities are related to student IDs. On another hand, some question-and-answer websites like "ZhiHu" in China are open to the public and users can create accounts only with e-mail address. But they can describe their specialties or personal experiences to show reliability in certain questions, and other users can also invite them to answer questions based on their profiles. The answers and profiles can be either real-name or anonymous.
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conferencing community, finding psychological and emotional support from many members. The psychiatrist's choice to present differently was sustained by drawing upon the unbearable stigma attached to Julie's multiple disabilities as justification for not meeting face-to-face. Lack of visual cues allowed the identity transformation to continue, with the psychiatrist also assuming the identity of Julie's husband, who adamantly refused to allow anyone to visit Julie when she claimed to be seriously ill. This example highlights the ease with which identity may be constructed, transformed, and sustained by the textual nature of online interaction and the visual anonymity it affords.
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that would argue against using a real identity online. These users have experimented with online identity, and ultimately what they have found is that it is possible to create an alternate identity through the usage of such social networks. For example, a popular blogger on medium.com writes under the name of Kel
Campbell – a name that was chosen by her, not given to her. She states that when she was verbally attacked online by another user, she was able to protect herself from the sting of the insult by taking it as Kel, rather than her true self. Kel became a shield of sorts, and acted as a mask that freed the real user beneath it.
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the internet can be used as preliminary, complementary, and/or alternative sphere. He concludes that although "the offline world sets boundaries that potentially limit the latitude within the online world, these boundaries are wide enough to allow mediated agency that empowers transgender users. Consequently, the term VirtuReal "reflects both the fact that it provides an empowering virtual experience that compensates for offline social inferiority, and the fact that it is nevertheless subject to offline restrictions".
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size of audience variations. This phenomenon is particularly relevant to social media platforms. Users are often connected with a wide range of social groups such as family, colleagues and friends. When posting on social media, the presence of these different social groups makes it difficult to decide which aspect of one's personality to present. The term was first coined in 2003 by
Microsoft researcher danah boyd in relation to social networking platforms such as
662:. Digital footprints accumulate through all of the content shared, feedback provided and information that created online. Due to the fact that if someone has a bad online reputation, he can easily change his pseudonym, new accounts on sites such as eBay or Amazon are usually distrusted. If an individual or company wants to manage their online reputation, they will face many more difficulties. This is why a merchant on the web having a
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longer defined by visual characteristics unless they make them known. There are pros and cons to each side. In a traditional classroom, students are able to visually connect with a teacher who was standing in the same room. During the class, if questions arise, clarification can be provided immediately. Students can create face-to-face connections with other students, and these connections can easily be extended beyond the classroom.
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which you can make sure that a person whom you haven't met is actually who they say they are. Many people will trust things such as the style in which someone writes, or the photographs someone has on their web page as a way to identify that person, but these can easily be forged. Long-term
Internet relationships may sometimes be difficult to sufficiently understand knowing what someone's identity is actually like.
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trust someone in social networks, in particular when it is related with money. So for wei-businessmen, reputations are very important for wei-business. Once customers decide to shop via Wechat, they prefer to choose those wei-businessmen with high reputations. They need to invest enormous efforts to gain reputations among the users of WeChat, which in turn increases the chance other users will purchase from them.
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an information technology worker, Tom Reilly, as stating: "The wonderful thing about online services is that they are an intrinsically decentralized resource. Kids can challenge what adults have to say and make the news". If teen organizers are successful anywhere, news of it is readily available. The
Internet is arguably the most powerful tool that young people with alternative sexualities have ever had.
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into the possibilities presented by the
Internet) with identity construction still shaped by others. Westfall raises the important, yet rarely discussed, issue of the effects of literacy and communication skills of the online user." Indeed, these skills or the lack thereof have the capacity to shape one's online perception as they shape one's perception through a physical body in the "real world."
266:, explore online identity, with emphasis on the concept of "masking" identity. They say that whenever an individual interacts in a social sphere, they portray a mask of their identity. This is no different online and becomes even more pronounced due to the decisions an online contributor makes concerning his or her online profile. He or she must answer specific questions about age,
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especially the ability for people to explore the roles of gender and sexuality in a manner that can be harmless, yet interesting and helpful to those undertaking the change. Online identity has given people the opportunity to feel comfortable in wide-ranging roles, some of which may be underlying aspects of the user's life that the user is unable to portray in the real world.
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offline emotions. As McRae states, virtual sex not only complicates but drastically unsettles the division between mind, body, and self that has become a comfortable truism in
Western metaphysics. When projected into virtuality, mind, body and self all become consciously manufactured constructs through which individuals interact with each other.
688:. As McRae states, "Virtual sex allows for a certain freedom of expression, of physical presentation and of experimentation beyond one's own real-life limits". At its best, it not only complicates but drastically unsettles the division between mind, body and self in a manner only possible through the construction of an online identity.
504:"The lack of physical presence and the infinite malleability of bodies complicates sexual interaction in a singular way: because the choice of gender is an "option" rather than a strictly defined biological characteristic, the entire concept of gender as a primary marker of identity becomes partially subverted."
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whenever they may need it. Although students and professors may not be able to meet in person, emails and correspondence between them should occur in a timely manner. Without this students tend to drop online classes since it seems that they are wandering through a course without anyone to guide them.
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The online world provides users with a choice to determine which sex, sexuality preference and sexual characteristics they would like to embody. In each online encounter, a user essentially has the opportunity to interchange which identity they would like to portray. As McRae argues in Surkan (2000),
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Online identity in classrooms forces people to reevaluate their concepts of classroom environments. With the invention of online classes, classrooms have changed and no longer have the traditional face-to-face communications. These communications have been replaced by computer screen. Students are no
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Some users may use their online identity as an extension of their physical selves, and center their profiles around realistic details. These users value continuity in their identity, and would prefer being honest with the portrayal of themselves. However, there is also a group of social network users
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must reveal something about themselves and have others respond to this contribution. In this manner, the mask is constantly being formulated in dialogue with others and thereby students will gain a richer and deeper sense of who they are. There will be a process of edification that will help students
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An online identity that has acquired an excellent reputation is valuable for two reasons: first, one or more persons invested a great deal of time and effort to build the identity's reputation; and second, other users look to the identity's reputation as they try to decide whether it is sufficiently
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An online predator is an
Internet user who exploits other users' vulnerability, often for sexual or financial purposes. It is relatively easy to create an online identity which is attractive to people that would not normally become involved with the predator, but fortunately there are a few means by
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Ultimately, online identity cannot be completely free from the social constraints that are imposed in the real world. As
Westfall (2000, p. 160) discusses, "the idea of truly departing from social hierarchy and restriction does not occur on the Internet (as perhaps suggested by earlier research
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and Knut Lundby has found that in some cultures, the ability to form an identity online is considered a sacred privilege. This is because having an online identity allows the user to accomplish things that otherwise are impossible to do in real life. These cultures believe that the self has become a
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allow people to maintain an online identity with some overlap between online and real-world context. These identities are often created to reflect a specific aspect or ideal version of themselves. Representations include pictures, communications with other 'friends' and membership in network groups.
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on NBC has, overall, conducted three investigations on online predators. They had adults, posing online as teenage juveniles, engage in sexually explicit conversations with other adults (the predators) and arrange to meet them in person. But instead of meeting a teenager, the unsuspecting adult was
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The most vulnerable age group to online predators is often considered to be young teenagers or older children. "Over time - perhaps weeks or even months - the stranger, having obtained as much personal information as possible, grooms the child, gaining his or her trust through compliments, positive
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This issue of gender and sexual reassignment raises the notion of disembodiment and its associated implications. "Disembodiment" is the idea that once the user is online, the need for the body is no longer required, and the user can participate separately from it. This ultimately relates to a sense
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Context collapse describes the phenomena where the occurrence of multiple social groups in one space causes confusion in how to manage one's online identity. This suggests that in managing identities online, individuals are challenged to differentiate their online expression due to the unmanageable
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Primarily, concerns regarding virtual identity revolve around the areas of misrepresentation and the contrasting effects of on and offline existence. Sexuality and sexual behavior online provide some of the most controversial debate with many concerned about the predatory nature of some users. This
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teenagers who are learning to understand their sexuality. These communities allow teenagers to share their experiences with one another or other older members of the LGBTQ+ community, and provide both a non-threatening and non-judgmental safe place. In a review of such a community, Silberman quotes
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Online activities may affect our offline personal identity, as well. Avi
Marciano has coined the term "VirtuReal" to resolve the contested relationship between online and offline environments in relation to identity formation. Studying online usage patterns of transgender people, he suggested that
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The concerns regarding the connection between on and offline lives have challenged the notions of what constitutes a real experience. In reference to gender, sexuality and sexual behavior, the ability to play with these ideas has resulted in a questioning of how virtual experience may affect one's
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is that people can present themselves without fear of persecution, whether it is personality traits, behaviors that they are curious about, or the announcement of a real world identity component that has never before been announced. This freedom results in new opportunities for society as a whole,
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In the virtual world, users create a personal avatar and communicate with others through the virtual identity. The virtual personal figure and voice may draw from the real figure or fantasy worlds. The virtual figure to some degree reflects the personal expectation, and users may adopt a different
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The blended mask perspective is likened to the concept of 'blended identity', whereby the offline-self informs the creation of a new online-self, which in turn informs the offline-self through further interaction with those the individual first met online. It means people's self-identity varies in
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With the prevalence of remote
Internet communications, students do not form preconceptions of their classmates based on the classmate's appearance or speech characteristics. Rather, impressions are formed based only on the information presented by the classmate. Some students are more comfortable
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or in interest-centered blog sites, to protect personal information and allow them more editorial freedom to express ideas that might be unpopular with their family, employers, etc. Use of a pseudonym (and a judicious approach to revealing personal information) can allow a person to protect their
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that an Internet user establishes in online communities and websites. It may also be an actively constructed presentation of oneself. Although some people choose to use their real names online, some Internet users prefer to be anonymous, identifying themselves by means of pseudonyms, which reveal
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The identities that people define in the social web are not necessarily facets of their offline self. Studies show that people lie about themselves on online dating services. In the case of social network services such as Facebook, companies have proposed to sell "friends" as a way to increase a
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called wei-businessmen (Wechat businessman, a new form of e-commerce in Wechat) who sell products on WeChat. Doing business via social networks is not that easy. The identities of users in social networks are not the same as that in the real world. For the sake of security, people do not tend to
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There are three key interaction conditions in the identity processes: Fluid Nature of Online and Offline, overlapping social networks, and expectations of accuracy. Social actors accomplish the ideal-authentic balance through self-triangulation, presenting a coherent image in multiple arenas and
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Online identity can offer potential social benefits to those with physical and sensory disabilities. The flexibility of online media provides control over their disclosure of impairment, an opportunity not typically available in real world social interactions. Researchers highlight its value in
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Online learning situations also cause a shift in perception of the professor. Whereas anonymity may help some students achieve a greater level of comfort, professors must maintain an active identity with which students may interact. The students should feel that their professor is ready to help
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Digital identity management has become a necessity when applying for jobs while working for a company. Social media has been a tool for human resources for years. A KPMG report on social media in human resources say that 76 percent of American companies used LinkedIn for recruiting. The ease of
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Because of many emotional and psychological dynamics, people can be reluctant to interact online. By evoking a mask of identity, a person can create a safety net. An anonymous or fake identity is one precaution people take so that their true identity is not stolen or abused. By making the mask
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Every social actor assumes a variety of roles, including those of mother, father, employee, friend, etc. Each character maintains a comprehensive understanding of others, or the standards and ethical expectations of the people that inhabit the world. Even while self-versions sometimes overlap,
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Wiszniewski and Coyne state, "Education can be seen as the change process by which identity is realized, how one finds one's place. Education implicates the transformation of identity. Education, among other things, is a process of building up a sense of identity, generalized as a process of
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Van Gelder reported an incident occurring on a computer conferencing system during the early 80s where a male psychiatrist posed as Julie, a female psychologist with multiple disabilities including deafness, blindness, and serious facial disfigurement. Julie endeared herself to the computer
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It is customary for individuals to appropriately portray themselves on social networking platforms. By accurate, it does not imply a "True Self". Digitally mediated identity performance represents a specific version of the self, just like all other identity performance contexts.
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Online environments provide individuals with the ability to participate in virtual communities. Although geographically unconnected, they are united by common interests and shared cultural experiences. So cultural meanings of race, class, and gender flow into online identity.
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Given the malleability of online identities, some economists have expressed surprise that flourishing trading sites, such as eBay, have developed on the Internet. When two pseudonymous identities propose to enter into an online transaction, they are faced with the
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Online civil rights advocates, in contrast, argue that there is no need for a privacy-invasive system because technological solutions, such as reputation management systems, are already sufficient and are expected to grow in their sophistication and utility.
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is a way for a user to create a fake online profile, sometimes with fake photos and information, in order to enter into a relationship, intimate or platonic, with another user. Catfishing became popular in mainstream culture through the MTV reality show
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of detachment from the identity defined by the physical body. In cyberspace, many aspects of sexual identity become blurred and are only defined by the user. Questions of truth will therefore be raised, particularly in reference to online dating and
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Over time—perhaps weeks or even months—the stranger, having obtained as much personal information as possible, grooms the child, gaining his or her trust through compliments, positive statements, and other forms of flattery to build an emotional
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improving inclusion. However, the affordance of normalization offers the possibility of experiencing non-stigmatized identities while also offering the capacity to create harmful and dangerous outcomes, which may jeopardize participants' safety.
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trustworthy. It is therefore unsurprising that online identities have been put up for sale at online auction sites. However, conflicts arise over the ownership of online identities. Recently, a user of a massively multiplayer online game called
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Federal laws have been passed in the U.S. to assist the government when trying to catch online predators. Some of these include wiretapping, so online offenders can be caught in advance, before a child becomes a victim. In California, where one
73:(MMORPGs), users can represent themselves visually by choosing an avatar, an icon-sized graphic image. Avatars are one way users express their online identity. Through interaction with other users, an established online identity acquires a
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allow an individual to express his or her views in individual essays or as part of a wider discussion, it creates a public forum for expressing ideas. Bloggers often choose to use pseudonyms, whether in platforms such as
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subjective concept on the online spaces; by logging onto their profiles, users are essentially freed from the prison of a physical body and can "create a narrative of the self in virtual space that may be entirely new".
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statements, and other forms of flattery to build an emotional bond." The victims often do not suspect anything until it is too late, as the other party usually misleads them to believe that they are of similar age.
605:, an open, decentralized standard for authenticating users is used for access control, allowing users to log on to different services with the same digital identity. These services must allow and implement OpenID.
709:, which they view as an open invitation to criminals who wish to disguise their identities. Therefore, they call for an identity management infrastructure that would irrevocably tie online identity to a person's
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and engaging in more "ephemeral mediums" such as Instagram stories and Snapchat in which posts are only temporarily accessible and are less likely to have permanent consequences or an effect on one's reputation.
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investigation took place, it is a misdemeanor for someone to have sexually-tinged conversations with a child online. The men who came to the house were charged with a felony because their intent was obvious.
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system, which record transactions and provide the technical means by which users can rate each other's trustworthiness. However, users with malicious intent can still cause serious problems on such websites.
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with this paradigm as it avoids the discomfort of public speaking. Students who do not feel comfortable stating their ideas in class can take time to sit down and think through exactly what they wish to say.
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Communication via written media may lead students to take more time to think through their ideas since their words are in a more permanent setting (online) than most conversations carried on during class.
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various networks may have slightly divergent, sometimes contradicting, expectations for players. One of the main complex factors in the network era is to bring together previously segmented networks.
622:. Since 2003, the issue of context collapse has become increasingly significant. Users have been forced to implement strategies to combat context collapse. These strategies include using stricter
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social network is intended to be exactly such an identity system. The controversy resulting from Google+'s policy of requiring users to sign in using legal names has been dubbed the "
646:: the deal can succeed only if the parties are willing to trust each other, but they have no rational basis for doing so. But successful Internet trading sites have developed
231:. Many people adopt strategies that help them control the disclosure of their personal information online. Some strategies require users to invest considerable effort.
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281:" of the mask. The online mask does not reveal the actual identity of a person; it reveals an example of what lies behind the mask. If a person chooses to act like a
58:. An online identity may even be determined by a user's relationship to a certain social group they are a part of online. Some can be deceptive about their identity.
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In the development of social networks, there has appeared a new economic phenomenon: doing business via social networks. For example, there are many users of
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is a notable example, referring to a concept of unwise and uninhibited behavior on the Internet, arising as a result of anonymity and audience gratification.
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Marcus, Bernd; Machilek, Franz; Schütz, Astrid (2006). "Personality in cyberspace: Personal web sites as media for personality expressions and impressions".
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274:, and so forth. With the accrual of one's online activity, his or her mask is increasingly defined by his or her style of writing, vocabulary, and topics.
1123:. Young People at the Crossroads: 5th International Conference on Youth Research. Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia, Russian Federation. pp. 83–91.
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Bowker, Natilene; Tuffin, Keith (January 2003). "Dicing with Deception: People with Disabilities' Strategies for Managing Safety and Identity Online".
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Information Behavior and the Formation and Maintenance of Peer Cultures in Massive Multiplayer Online Roleplaying Games: a Case Study of City of Heroes
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depends on how an identity management infrastructure is developed. Law enforcement officials often express their opposition to online anonymity and
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Pearson, George (13 March 2020). "Sources on social media: Information context collapse and volume of content as predictors of source blindness".
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A problem facing anyone who hopes to build a positive online reputation is that reputations are site-specific; for example, one's reputation on
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have complicated the concept of identity. Academia has responded to these emerging trends by establishing domains of scholarly research such as
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search means that reputation management will become more vital especially in professional services such as lawyers, doctors and accountants.
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Wolak, Janis; et al. (2008). "Online "predators" and their victims: Myths, realities, and implications for prevention and treatment".
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Vlachopoulos, Dimitrios (2019). "Online communication and interaction in distance higher education: A framework study of good practice".
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1933:"The Truth about Online Dating: The hype is huge, and the findings are somewhat disturbing--but the future of online dating looks good"
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Tufekci, Zeynep (February 2008). "Can You See Me Now? Audience and Disclosure Regulation in Online Social Network Sites".
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Stendal, Karen (2012). "How do People with Disability Use and Experience Virtual Worlds and ICT: A Literature Review".
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192:, i.e. the usage of the web to support the social process, represents a space in which people have the possibility to
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The kind of mask one chooses reveals something about the subject behind the mask, which might be referred to as the "
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2289:"Internet-initiated sex crimes against minors: Implications for prevention based on findings from a national study"
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Hancock, Jeffrey T.; Toma, Catalina; Ellison, Nicole (2007). "The truth about lying in online dating profiles".
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and expose their identity in a social context. For example, people define their identity explicitly by creating
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The International Conference on Emerging Security Information, Systems, and Technologies (SECUREWARE 2007)
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798:, attempted to sell his EverQuest identity on eBay. Sony objected, asserting that the character is Sony's
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Maliki, T. El; Seigneur, J. (October 2007). "A Survey of User-centric Identity Management Technologies".
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McRae, Shannon (1997). "Flesh Made Word: Sex, Text, and the Virtual Body". In Porter, David (ed.).
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user's visibility, further calling into question the reliability of a person's social identity.
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The emergence of the concept of online identity has raised many questions among academics.
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An online reputation is the perception that one generates on the Internet based on their
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Privacy control settings on social networks are also part of social networking identity.
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held investigations in five different locations apprehending a total of 129 men in all.
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online, this metaphor reveals an interest in rock music but may also indicate a lack of
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so that the identity of two separate manifestations of an online identity (say, one on
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One example of these opportunities is the establishment of many communities welcoming
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studies, which focuses on all aspects of human identity in technological societies.
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Social identity that an Internet user establishes in online communities and website
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1255:"Mask and Identity: The Hermeneutics of Self-Construction in the Information Age"
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Eklund, Lina; von Essen, Emma; Jonsson, Fatima; Johansson, Magnus (June 2022).
1547:"Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Courses | Montgomery College, Maryland"
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Composing cyberspace: identity, community, and knowledge in the electronic age
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Casanovas of the Virtual World. How Boys Present Themselves on Dating Websites
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2870:
2758:
2561:
2312:
2145:
1422:
1334:"Constructing academic alter-egos: identity issues in a blog-based community"
1167:
1052:
915:
885:
825:
435:
338:
real identities, but still build a reputation online using the assumed name.
259:
2334:
1520:
297:
available, people can interact with some degree of confidence without fear.
227:
The disclosure of a person's identity may present certain issues related to
4424:
4196:
3908:
3647:
3422:
3088:
3058:
3020:
2985:
2975:
2780:
2420:
2320:
1834:
1706:
1103:
1060:
930:
860:
768:, an NBC News correspondent, arrested, and shown on nationwide television.
765:
760:
718:
706:
197:
3820:
3815:
3738:
3642:
3517:
3512:
3462:
3266:
3226:
3035:
2800:
2753:
2698:
2528:
685:
286:
66:
77:, which enables other users to decide whether the identity is worthy of
4353:
4191:
4118:
3846:
3753:
3723:
3336:
3296:
3211:
3201:
3093:
3015:
2935:
2835:
2795:
2743:
2658:
1964:
Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
1238:
1221:
925:
802:, and demanded the removal of the auction; under the terms of the U.S.
619:
550:
522:
398:
372:
243:
189:
113:
94:
74:
2445:
2287:
Wolak, Janis; Finkelhor, David; Mitchell, Kimberly (1 November 2004).
1778:
Publisher, Author removed at request of original (29 September 2016).
1222:"Living the VirtuReal: Negotiating Transgender Identity in Cyberspace"
3612:
3467:
3452:
3427:
3386:
3381:
3261:
3216:
3196:
3191:
3151:
2950:
2925:
2905:
2885:
2768:
2733:
2718:
791:
702:
592:
334:
282:
117:
109:
2556:
3522:
3447:
3442:
3311:
3291:
3221:
3166:
3131:
3078:
2955:
2930:
2915:
2865:
2785:
2703:
2477:
2344:
2167:
http://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/stadelis/Annual_Review_Tadelis.pdf
726:
651:
573:
356:
278:
271:
209:
205:
2259:"Google+ nymwars rage on, pseudonymous celebrity users are immune"
3857:
3852:
3733:
3553:
3437:
3156:
3126:
3068:
3063:
3040:
3010:
3005:
2995:
2855:
2830:
2678:
2613:
2608:
2240:"Google+ Isn't Just A Social Network, It's An 'Identity Service'"
730:
615:
596:
496:
360:
228:
3942:
3391:
3346:
3316:
3301:
3241:
3186:
3181:
3171:
3108:
3098:
3083:
3000:
2990:
2970:
2920:
2890:
2875:
2820:
2693:
2673:
2668:
2653:
2648:
2638:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2196:
2031:
Slade, Alison F.; Narro, Amber J.; Buchanan, Burton P. (2014).
722:
602:
385:
267:
3841:
3497:
3477:
3417:
3396:
3376:
3371:
3356:
3351:
3321:
3276:
3256:
3161:
3025:
2910:
2900:
2805:
2738:
2633:
329:
217:
90:
669:
173:
3862:
3281:
3271:
3141:
3103:
2845:
2825:
2773:
2763:
2728:
1628:
Smith, Glenn Gordon; Ferguson, David; Caris, Mieke (2002).
795:
569:
105:
4021:
List of virtual communities with more than 1 million users
2748:
1441:"Pseudonyms and True Names: The Sacred Power of Identity"
1754:"Sexuality education for young people in digital spaces"
1573:"Face-to-Face vs. Cyberspace: Finding the Middle Ground"
1983:"Want 5,000 More Facebook Friends? That'll Be $ 654.30"
1671:"A Literature Review of Online Identity Reconstruction"
1029:
Suler, John (2004). "The Online Disinhibition Effect".
484:, including racial and ethnic minority populations and
2286:
2180:"Young ones: your online reputation is, like, forever"
1253:
Wiszniewski, Dorian; Coyne, Richard (November 2009) .
563:
81:. Online identities are associated with users through
1290:"Mick or Keith: blended identity of online rock fans"
1263:(1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.
3903:
2472:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. 2003.
2339:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. 2003.
1081:
696:
133:
Triangular relationships of personal online identity
306:come to understand their strengths and weaknesses.
2030:
1960:
1721:
1627:
1411:"Anonymity and Online Community: Identity Matters"
441:personality in the virtual world than in reality.
1404:
1402:
678:
4464:
1252:
968:
966:
1189:Rodogno, R (2012). "Personal Identity Online".
1075:
517:is particularly in reference to concerns about
220:and other social media, they define more tacit
71:massively multiplayer online role-playing games
2591:
2055:
1669:Huang, Jiao; Kumar, Sameer; Hu, Chuan (2021).
1399:
579:Multiple proposals have been made to build an
3889:
3775:Issues relating to social networking services
2577:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
1146:Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society
963:
2398:
1911:
1909:
1862:
1848:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (
1668:
1637:International Journal of Instructional Media
1476:
1453:
1084:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1022:
806:(DMCA), eBay could have become a party to a
691:
480:Online identity has a beneficial effect for
1713:
1213:
127:
3896:
3882:
2584:
2570:
2090:
2006:(2nd ed.). Morgan Kaufmann. pp.
1999:
1865:Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication
1570:
1226:Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication
1137:
851:On the Internet, nobody knows you're a dog
420:
2214:
1980:
1906:
1833:
1780:"8.1 Foundations of Culture and Identity"
1777:
1696:
1686:
1352:
1308:
1237:
1157:
1110:
1042:
1016:"The Many Ways Websites Track You Online"
670:Relation to real-world social constraints
301:edification." Students interacting in an
174:Identity expression and identity exposure
168:
3826:Decentralized Social Networking Protocol
1375:
1219:
630:
462:
318:
2131:
2033:Reality Television: Oddities of Culture
1981:Learmonth, Michael (2 September 2009).
1930:
1819:
1719:
1429:from the original on 20 September 2008.
1188:
1143:
315:different social or cultural contexts.
4465:
3831:Distributed Social Networking Protocol
2557:European Centre for Reputation Studies
2433:
2256:
2237:
2177:
1889:
1596:
1460:International Journal of Communication
1408:
1331:
1116:
972:
253:
3877:
2565:
2271:
1948:10.1038/scientificamericanmind0207-28
1915:
1571:Chamberlin, W. Sean (December 2001).
1332:Dennen, Vanessa Paz (December 2009).
1287:
1028:
984:. Vol. 2. FIDIS. pp. 74–91.
949:
1902:(3): 14–18 – via ResearchGate.
982:D2.2: Set of use cases and scenarios
545:
262:, in their contribution to the book
93:. Some websites also use the user's
2178:Banger, Marnie (5 September 2013).
1822:Journal for Virtual Worlds Research
1341:Identity in the Information Society
1297:Identity in the Information Society
740:
608:
587:. All of them require an effective
564:Identity management infrastructures
309:
61:In some online contexts, including
56:personally identifiable information
13:
4016:List of social networking services
1970:. CHI 2007. ACM. pp. 449–452.
1920:. New York: Routledge. p. 75.
1877:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2003.tb00209.x
1378:"Human Resources and Social Media"
1288:Baker, Andrea J. (December 2009).
392:
379:
350:
341:
142:Fluid Nature of Online and Offline
21:Internet identity (disambiguation)
14:
4494:
2550:
2434:Hansen, Chris (3 February 2011).
1931:Epstein, Robert (February 2007).
1479:International Review of Education
697:Online identity and user's rights
599:) are probably one and the same.
444:
371:Research from scientists such as
4207:Social network analysis software
4129:Virtual collective consciousness
3572:Social network analysis software
2336:Sexual Predators: Know the Enemy
2305:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.05.006
1890:Durkin, Keith (September 1997).
1409:Grohol, John M. (4 April 2006).
1117:Siibak, Andra (September 2007).
810:lawsuit if it failed to comply.
804:Digital Millennium Copyright Act
429:
403:
4059:Organizational network analysis
2521:
2460:
2427:
2392:
2327:
2280:
2265:
2257:Jardin, Xeni (12 August 2011).
2250:
2238:Rosoff, Matt (28 August 2011).
2231:
2190:
2171:
2160:
2125:
2066:10.1109/SECUREWARE.2007.4385303
2049:
2024:
2003:Computerization and controversy
1993:
1974:
1954:
1924:
1883:
1856:
1813:
1771:
1746:
1662:
1621:
1599:"Online Education Is Not A Fad"
1597:Eteraz, Ali (30 January 2006).
1590:
1564:
1539:
1513:
1470:
1447:
1433:
1369:
1325:
1281:
1246:
973:Nabeth, Thierry (26 May 2006).
796:Sony Online Entertainment, Inc.
472:A discussed positive aspect of
3696:Social network hosting service
2529:"Dangers children face online"
1182:
1031:CyberPsychology & Behavior
1008:
943:
679:Disembodiment and implications
666:shop is usually more trusted.
532:
1:
3998:Personal knowledge networking
1347:(1) (published 2009): 23–38.
784:
4069:Social aspects of television
3983:Enterprise social networking
3785:Problematic social media use
3669:Hospitality exchange service
2293:Journal of Adolescent Health
2203:Sociological Research Online
1605:. Dean Esmay. Archived from
1454:Atakan-Duman, Sirin (2019).
1376:Isaacson, Karen (May 2012).
1303:(1) (published 2009): 7–21.
1260:Building Virtual Communities
583:infrastructure into the Web
355:Online social networks like
264:Building Virtual Communities
216:. By expressing opinions on
7:
4212:Social networking potential
4094:Social media and psychology
2000:Van Gelder, Lindsy (1995).
1191:Philosophy & Technology
1096:10.1037/0022-3514.90.6.1014
813:
525:to obscure their identity.
511:
467:
323:
151:Overlapping social networks
122:online disinhibition effect
85:, which typically requires
10:
4499:
4299:Algorithmic radicalization
3988:Enterprise social software
3971:Distributed social network
3691:Social network advertising
2593:Social networking services
2413:10.1037/0003-066X.63.2.111
1643:(1): 61–67. Archived from
1499:10.1007/s11159-019-09792-3
866:Online identity management
744:
634:
448:
433:
396:
236:Social networking services
180:Online identity management
177:
18:
4483:Identity (social science)
4402:
4359:Six degrees of separation
4291:
4230:
4172:Collaborative consumption
4137:
4109:Social media optimization
4099:Social media intelligence
4029:
4006:
3958:
3915:
3808:
3767:
3709:
3661:
3590:
3564:
3531:
3117:
3049:
2599:
2216:10.1177/13607804211019760
2184:The Sydney Morning Herald
1720:Holeton, Richard (1998).
1688:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.696552
1551:www.montgomerycollege.edu
1527:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
1354:10.1007/s12394-009-0020-8
1310:10.1007/s12394-009-0015-5
1199:10.1007/s13347-011-0020-0
881:Persona (user experience)
692:Legal and security issues
589:public key infrastructure
572:cannot be transferred to
4384:Suicide and the Internet
4369:Social media and suicide
2146:10.1177/1461444820910505
1940:Scientific American Mind
1838:(inactive 22 June 2024).
1525:www.escolapandora.com.br
1168:10.1177/0270467607311484
1053:10.1089/1094931041291295
937:
650:systems, such as eBay's
486:people with disabilities
160:Expectations of accuracy
138:through multiple media.
128:Online personal identity
4329:Friending and following
4319:Consequential strangers
4114:Social network analysis
3582:Web 2.0 Suicide Machine
2437:To Catch a Predator III
2244:San Francisco Chronicle
2134:New Media & Society
1728:. McGraw-Hill. p.
1675:Frontiers in Psychology
950:Adams, Suellen (2005).
906:Self-sovereign identity
421:Perception of professor
258:Dorian Wiszniewski and
202:social network services
4364:Social media addiction
4202:Social media analytics
4089:Social identity theory
4084:Social exchange theory
4079:Social data revolution
4064:Small-world experiment
3966:Corporate social media
3800:User gender difference
3628:Small-world experiment
2299:(5): 424.e11–424.e20.
2276:. Infobase Publishing.
1835:10.4101/jvwr.v5i1.6173
1220:Marciano, Avi (2014).
921:Shibboleth (Internet2)
846:Münchausen by Internet
808:copyright infringement
725:, has stated that the
214:online dating services
169:Online social identity
19:For related uses, see
4304:Community recognition
4248:Collaborative finance
4182:Lateral communication
3993:Mobile social network
3790:Use in investigations
2709:Foursquare City Guide
2444:. NBC. Archived from
2401:American Psychologist
871:Online identity theft
841:Impression management
800:intellectual property
701:The future of online
648:reputation management
637:Reputation management
631:Reputation management
463:Benefits and concerns
319:In different contexts
184:Impression management
4410:Friendship recession
4349:Information overload
4258:Influencer marketing
4147:Account verification
4054:Interpersonal bridge
4049:Attention inequality
3598:Attention inequality
1018:. 28 September 2016.
886:Personal information
821:Account verification
794:, which is owned by
4478:Identity management
4379:Social network game
4374:Social invisibility
4222:Structural cohesion
4167:Collaboration graph
4124:Structural endogamy
4104:Social media mining
3633:Small-world network
3539:Software comparison
3488:Windows Live Spaces
3458:Tea Party Community
2535:. 24 September 2004
2442:To Catch a Predator
2035:. Lexington Books.
1521:"Internet Personas"
1491:2019IREdu..65..605V
1443:. 24 November 2015.
581:identity management
521:and the ability of
474:virtual communities
254:Concept of the mask
104:The concept of the
101:to identify users.
54:varying amounts of
4344:Internet addiction
4339:Influence-for-hire
4334:Friendship paradox
4324:Friend of a friend
4314:Computer addiction
4177:Giant Global Graph
4044:Assortative mixing
2274:Internet predators
2272:Henderson, Harry.
2060:. pp. 12–17.
1805:has generic name (
1758:unesdoc.unesco.org
1609:on 11 October 2013
1239:10.1111/jcc4.12081
856:Online and offline
644:prisoner's dilemma
39:online personality
4460:
4459:
4452:Virtual community
4309:Complex contagion
4243:Attention economy
4217:Social television
4187:Reputation system
4039:Ambient awareness
3871:
3870:
3653:Virtual community
3608:Cybersectarianism
2487:978-0-309-08274-7
2354:978-0-309-08274-7
2113:. 3 December 2019
2075:978-0-7695-2989-9
2042:978-0-7391-8564-3
2017:978-0-12-415040-9
1896:Federal Probation
1739:978-0-07-029548-3
1650:on 24 August 2014
1577:Campus Technology
1130:978-952-219-020-8
891:Personal identity
876:Online reputation
715:identity document
660:digital footprint
546:Catfishing online
519:child pornography
27:Internet identity
4490:
4473:Internet privacy
4440:Social profiling
4394:Viral phenomenon
4157:Change detection
3898:
3891:
3884:
3875:
3874:
3780:Privacy concerns
3744:Online petitions
3701:Social profiling
3618:1+ million users
3603:Confessions page
3508:Yahoo! Kickstart
3207:Friends Reunited
2714:Foursquare Swarm
2586:
2579:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2383:
2379:
2377:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2218:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2186:. Fairfax Media.
2175:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2140:(5): 1181–1199.
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2103:
2088:
2087:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2028:
2022:
2021:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1937:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1918:Internet Culture
1913:
1904:
1903:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1847:
1839:
1837:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1727:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1700:
1690:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1649:
1634:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1406:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1382:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1356:
1338:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1312:
1294:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1161:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1090:(6): 1014–1031.
1079:
1073:
1072:
1046:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1006:
1005:
999:
995:
993:
985:
979:
970:
961:
960:
958:
947:
911:Social profiling
901:Real-name system
836:E-authentication
831:Digital identity
741:Online predators
664:brick and mortar
624:privacy settings
609:Context collapse
310:Blended identity
303:online community
99:tracking cookies
47:internet persona
4498:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4430:Online identity
4398:
4287:
4283:Viral marketing
4273:Social commerce
4268:Sharing economy
4253:Creator economy
4226:
4139:
4133:
4031:
4025:
4002:
3954:
3911:
3905:Social networks
3902:
3872:
3867:
3804:
3795:Use in politics
3763:
3719:Activity stream
3705:
3657:
3623:Online identity
3586:
3560:
3527:
3232:Google Currents
3113:
3074:HCL Connections
3045:
2595:
2590:
2553:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2510:
2509:
2500:
2499:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2449:
2432:
2428:
2397:
2393:
2381:
2380:
2371:
2370:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2285:
2281:
2270:
2266:
2255:
2251:
2236:
2232:
2195:
2191:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2161:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2105:
2104:
2091:
2076:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2029:
2025:
2018:
1998:
1994:
1987:Advertising Age
1979:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1914:
1907:
1888:
1884:
1861:
1857:
1841:
1840:
1818:
1814:
1802:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1718:
1714:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1595:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1475:
1471:
1452:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1407:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1336:
1330:
1326:
1292:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1251:
1247:
1218:
1214:
1187:
1183:
1159:10.1.1.468.6581
1142:
1138:
1131:
1115:
1111:
1080:
1076:
1044:10.1.1.514.4718
1027:
1023:
1014:
1013:
1009:
997:
996:
987:
986:
977:
971:
964:
956:
948:
944:
940:
935:
816:
787:
749:
747:Online predator
743:
699:
694:
681:
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35:online identity
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2407:(2): 111–128.
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2261:. Boing Boing.
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2246:. Hearst Corp.
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