135:
124:
113:
91:
573:
604:, discovering that the town was abandoned. However, the security forces realized that the local rebel garrison had retreated with two Norwegian missionaries as hostages. In response, 5 Commando organized an ambush nearby, successfully luring the rebels into it and inflicting heavy losses. The Norwegian missionaries were rescued. Shortly after, the rebels launched a final counter-attack at Bili, killing one mercenary. Bili was subsequently secured by the government troops.
494:
633:
of Greek and
Portuguese traders. Before the security forces entered Likati, the local Simba rebels massacred the local Whites with the exception of one woman. In revenge, Hoare's men murdered 15 rebels who had been captured at Bondo and proceeded to "kill everything that moves" along the remaining
516:
and organized as units termed "Commandos", relying on speed and firepower to outgun and outmaneuver the insurgents. The restrengthened security forces were able to halt the Simbas' advance. In late 1964, the
Congolese government and its allies, including Belgium and the United States, organized a
607:
Hoare's contingent then continued its journey to Bondo. It arrived at the town at night, and unsure about the strength of the local garrison, waited until the next day to attack. By this point, the rebels had retreated with several hostages; only two
European hostages were freed at the location.
687:
in June as part of
Operation Violettes Imperiales. In contrast, researchers Andrew Hudson as well as Anthony Rogers state that the town was already under government control at this point, with 5 Commando's headquarters being based there during Operation Violettes Imperiales.
650:
Operations White Giant and
Violettes Imperiales left most of Orientale Province under government control. Tshombe and Mobutu subsequently focused their forces' efforts on capturing the remaining Simba strongholds, most importantly at
1413:
587:
Operation
Violettes Imperiales was initiated on 29 May or around 30 May 1965. The government troops operated in two contingents. One force, headed directly by Hoare, consisted of 110 members of 5 Commando, an ANC bridging unit,
1483:
642:. Only 5 White hostages were discovered alive at Buta. Afterward, the government troops fully secured the captured towns and prepared the restoration of the civil administration. The operation was concluded by mid-June 1965.
624:
and Buta. It quickly captured Poko. As Denard's men were approaching Buta, however, Noel contacted Hoare's force and ordered it to abandon Bondo to support the attack on Buta. On the way, Hoare's troops had to move through
1406:
1476:
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At 10:00 on 3 June, Hoare's contingent reached Buta, followed by Denard's force one hour later. The rebels had left the town, but previously murdered at least 38 priests and threw their bodies into the nearby
601:
1399:
2056:
1646:
1709:
1586:
1695:
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1326:
541:
117:
521:. The mercenaries played a major role in the offensive, bolstering their reputation and causing Tshombe to extend their contracts as well as enlist more of them.
1919:
342:
1358:
475:
544:, chief of staff for ANC's 3 Group, worked out a plan for another offensive code-named "Operation Violettes Imperiales". This campaign was supposed to retake
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630:
517:
major counter-offensive against the Simba rebels. This campaign resulted in the recapturing of several settlements in northeastern Congo, most importantly
501:
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After negotiations with the Simbas failed, Tshombe recruited a large number of ex-gendarmes and mercenaries to bolster the ANC. These troops were led by
1305:
1214:
206:
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466:(ANC), the national military. Several foreign states, including Cuba, used neighboring states to funnel aid to the Simba insurgents. President
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1427:
1420:
1112:
561:
557:
167:
162:
540:", retaking the areas bordering Sudan and Uganda. This cut important rebel supply lines. Hoping to exploit this success, Lieutenant Colonel
1333:
656:
2007:
549:
427:
580:
455:
411:
95:
621:
545:
423:
199:
1975:
1809:
1298:
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1020:
379:
260:
462:". In 1964, insurgents called "Simbas" launched a major rebellion in the eastern regions, inflicting heavy losses on the
1060:
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1989:
1982:
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2014:
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596:, it quickly advanced toward Bondo, breaking through sporadic rebel defenses. After crossing the
246:
572:
525:
1910:
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552:, towns in northern Orientale Province used by the rebels as hubs for supplies coming from the
528:, chief of staff of the ANC. The mercenary leader was also tasked to retake the region west of
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313:
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1957:
1928:
1266:
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943:
537:
532:. For this purpose, he was given command of a military zone termed "Operation North-East" in
483:
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became the subject to a series of political upheavals and conflicts collectively termed the "
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Congo
Unravelled: Military operations from Independence to the Mercenary Revolt, 1960–68
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Cold War in the Congo: The
Confrontation of Cuban Military Forces, 1960-1967
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In
January 1965, Hoare was promoted to lieutenant colonel by General
518:
684:
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683:
According to researcher Frank
Villafana, government forces took
626:
493:
478:
to solve the crisis. Tshombe had previously led the separatist
184:
536:. Hoare subsequently organized a successful offensive termed "
617:
422:. The operation succeeded in its aims, retaking the towns of
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Military history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1032:
Someone Else's War. Mercenaries from 1960 to the Present
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430:as well as cutting rebel supply routes to the
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608:Meanwhile, the second government force under
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2037:1965 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1120:
1015:. Oxford; New York City: Osprey Publishing.
1012:Modern African Wars (4): The Congo 1960–2002
592:, and two Ferret armoured cars. Starting at
995:, Chapter: Operation South and Che Guevara.
1113:
1099:
952:, Chapter: Operation Violettes Imperiales.
207:
193:
1069:
968:
810:
1281:Armée Populaire de Libération ("Simbas")
571:
492:
454:Following its independence in 1960, the
74:Democratic Republic of the Congo victory
1407:White Legion (Compagnie Internationale)
2029:
1076:. Abingdon; New York City: Routledge.
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992:
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902:
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875:
863:
851:
839:
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798:
781:
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717:
482:, whose military had consisted of the
1976:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government
1299:United Nations Operation in the Congo
1094:
380:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government
188:
2008:Belgian general strike of 1960–1961
1034:. London: HaperCollins Publishing.
13:
564:, were assigned to the operation.
14:
2073:
905:, Chapter: Operation White Giant.
1400:6th Commando Battalion (Belgium)
1393:4th Commando Battalion (Belgium)
1386:2nd Commando Battalion (Belgium)
1249:Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC)
581:Democratic Republic of the Congo
412:Democratic Republic of the Congo
214:
133:
122:
111:
96:Democratic Republic of the Congo
89:
677:
612:, including 6 Commando and the
410:conducted by the forces of the
1983:Torture and killing of Lumumba
1002:
418:against insurgents during the
404:Operation Violettes Imperiales
385:Torture and killing of Lumumba
53:(2 weeks and 3 days)
1:
695:
437:
48:
16:Offensive in the Congo Crisis
663:. This area was targeted by
645:
629:, a town with a significant
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7:
502:black and white mercenaries
10:
2078:
1070:Villafana, Frank (2017) .
464:Armée Nationale Congolaise
447:
441:
156:Armée Nationale Congolaise
1999:
1990:Death of Dag Hammarskjöld
1967:
1755:
1719:
1624:
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1546:
1507:
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1368:
1350:
1290:
1258:
1238:
1129:
390:Death of Dag Hammarskjöld
224:
148:
104:
82:
40:
28:
23:
2015:Decolonisation of Africa
1668:Hubert Fauntleroy Julian
1341:Ghana, Nigeria and Egypt
1030:Rogers, Anthony (1998).
670:
554:Central African Republic
432:Central African Republic
1766:Force Publique mutinies
1735:William "Rip" Robertson
1491:Cuban Exile Naval Force
1145:Egide Bocheley-Davidson
1049:Hudson, Andrew (2012).
229:Force Publique mutinies
1881:Port Francqui incident
1055:. Helion and Company.
1009:Abbott, Peter (2014).
584:
509:
406:(May–June 1965) was a
314:Port Francqui incident
105:Commanders and leaders
1958:Stanleyville mutinies
1587:Jean-Marie Crèvecoeur
1484:211th Makasi Squadron
1267:Katangese Gendarmerie
667:from September 1965.
616:unit, had moved from
575:
538:Operation White Giant
496:
484:Katangese Gendarmerie
456:Republic of the Congo
450:Operation White Giant
448:Further information:
51:29 May – 15 June 1965
24:Operation White Giant
1939:Violettes Imperiales
1562:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
1516:Conor Cruise O'Brien
1414:5 Mechanised Brigade
1201:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
600:, the group entered
526:Joseph-Desiré Mobutu
500:soldiers, including
358:Violettes Imperiales
1615:Frédéric Vandewalle
784:, pp. 3, 8–14.
2062:Orientale Province
1968:Other major events
1801:Congo-Stanleyville
1274:South Kasai forces
585:
577:Orientale Province
534:Orientale Province
510:
416:Orientale Province
408:military offensive
374:Other major events
254:Congo-Stanleyville
64:Orientale Province
2052:Mercenary warfare
2047:Conflicts in 1965
2024:
2023:
1756:Main operations /
1751:
1750:
1379:White mercenaries
1241:government forces
1159:Christophe Gbenye
1130:Political leaders
1083:978-1-4128-4766-7
1022:978-1-78200-076-1
983:, pp. 24–25.
917:, pp. 21–23.
878:, pp. 18–22.
854:, pp. 6, 16.
842:, pp. 14–17.
801:, pp. 14–15.
720:, pp. 23–24.
579:(red) within the
504:, in combat with
398:
397:
233:Secession crisis
183:
182:
78:
77:
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2017:
2010:
1992:
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1833:Battle of Kabalo
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1773:
1772:Secession crisis
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1682:Siegfried MĂĽller
1677:
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1215:Gaston Soumialot
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1180:Joseph Kasa-Vubu
1175:
1168:
1166:Dag Hammarskjöld
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825:, pp. 3–14.
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631:White population
480:State of Katanga
468:Joseph Kasa-Vubu
278:Battle of Kabalo
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2020:
2013:
2006:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1963:
1956:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1904:Simba rebellion
1902:
1897:Kwilu rebellion
1895:
1890:Kanyarwanda War
1888:
1879:
1872:
1863:
1854:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1815:
1810:UN intervention
1808:
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1790:
1783:
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1703:Roger Trinquier
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444:Simba rebellion
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420:Simba rebellion
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331:Simba rebellion
326:Kwilu rebellion
321:Kanyarwanda War
261:UN intervention
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31:Simba rebellion
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1173:Albert Kalonji
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1152:Gaston Eyskens
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985:
973:
971:, p. 109.
969:Villafana 2017
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813:, p. 108.
811:Villafana 2017
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476:Prime Minister
442:Main article:
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1826:Niemba ambush
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1811:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1754:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1707:
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1700:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1686:
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1679:
1676:
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1669:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1655:
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1648:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1608:Jean Schramme
1605:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1513:
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1510:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1488:
1485:
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1478:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1397:
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1390:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1367:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1342:
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1335:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:UN contingent
1289:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1237:
1230:
1229:MoĂŻse Tshombe
1226:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1208:Pierre Mulele
1205:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1085:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1041:0-00-472077-6
1037:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1007:
1006:
994:
989:
982:
977:
970:
965:
963:
961:
959:
951:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
916:
911:
904:
899:
897:
890:, p. 22.
889:
884:
877:
872:
865:
860:
853:
848:
841:
836:
834:
832:
824:
819:
812:
807:
800:
795:
793:
791:
783:
778:
772:, p. 24.
771:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
751:, p. 23.
750:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
719:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
701:
686:
680:
676:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
643:
641:
635:
634:way to Buta.
632:
628:
623:
619:
615:
611:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
582:
578:
574:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
515:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:MoĂŻse Tshombe
469:
465:
461:
457:
451:
445:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
377:
376:
375:
367:
366:
362:
360:
359:
355:
353:
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348:
346:
345:
341:
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338:
334:
333:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
304:
300:
296:
293:
292:
291:
290:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
273:Niemba ambush
271:
269:
268:
264:
263:
262:
259:
255:
252:
248:
245:
244:
243:
240:
238:
235:
234:
232:
230:
227:
226:
223:
218:
210:
205:
203:
198:
196:
191:
190:
187:
178:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
160:
159:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
141:
136:
130:
125:
119:
114:
109:
108:
103:
99:
97:
92:
87:
86:
81:
73:
70:
69:
65:
60:
57:
56:
47:
44:
43:
39:
36:
32:
27:
22:
2042:Congo Crisis
1947:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1920:
1912:Dragon Rouge
1911:
1865:
1856:Camp Massart
1847:
1817:
1728:Larry Devlin
1675:Jack Malloch
1654:Hans Germani
1601:Marc Goosens
1569:Norbert Moke
1555:Louis Bobozo
1259:Rebel forces
1187:Théo Lefèvre
1122:Congo Crisis
1072:
1051:
1031:
1011:
988:
976:
910:
883:
871:
866:, p. 6.
859:
847:
818:
806:
777:
679:
649:
636:
614:Premier Choc
613:
606:
586:
542:Jacques Noel
523:
519:Stanleyville
511:
506:Simba rebels
460:Congo Crisis
453:
414:in northern
403:
402:
373:
372:
364:
357:
356:
350:
343:
337:Dragon Rouge
336:
302:
295:Camp Massart
288:
266:
217:Congo Crisis
173:Premier Choc
172:
154:
118:Jacques Noel
100:Simba rebels
83:Belligerents
35:Congo Crisis
29:Part of the
1930:White Giant
1921:Dragon Noir
1785:South Kasai
1742:Che Guevara
1696:Jerry Puren
1689:John Peters
1537:Pat Quinlan
1523:K.A.S. Raja
1477:15 Commando
1470:14 Commando
1463:13 Commando
1456:12 Commando
1449:11 Commando
1124:(1960–1965)
1003:Works cited
993:Hudson 2012
981:Rogers 1998
950:Hudson 2012
915:Rogers 1998
903:Hudson 2012
888:Rogers 1998
876:Rogers 1998
864:Abbott 2014
852:Abbott 2014
840:Rogers 1998
823:Abbott 2014
799:Rogers 1998
782:Abbott 2014
770:Rogers 1998
749:Rogers 1998
718:Rogers 1998
530:Lake Albert
488:mercenaries
351:White Giant
344:Dragon Noir
242:South Kasai
33:during the
2031:Categories
1840:Jadotville
1661:Mike Hoare
1633:Bob Denard
1501:Commanders
1442:9 Commando
1435:6 Commando
1428:5 Commando
1421:4 Commando
696:References
640:Rubi River
610:Bob Denard
562:6 Commando
558:5 Commando
514:Mike Hoare
470:appointed
438:Background
283:Jadotville
168:6 Commando
163:5 Commando
140:Bob Denard
129:Mike Hoare
1866:Grandslam
1818:Rum Punch
1625:Mercenary
1547:Congolese
1369:Belgian /
1239:Congolese
646:Aftermath
568:Operation
303:Grandslam
267:Rum Punch
62:Northern
1792:Invasion
1334:Ethiopia
685:Niangara
247:Invasion
58:Location
2000:Related
1778:Katanga
1758:battles
1579:Belgian
1313:Ireland
1222:U Thant
620:toward
594:Faradje
590:mortars
237:Katanga
179:Unknown
144:Unknown
1848:UNOKAT
1320:Sweden
1306:Canada
1080:
1059:
1038:
1019:
657:Baraka
627:Likati
618:Paulis
560:, and
289:UNOKAT
158:(ANC)
71:Result
1948:South
1720:Other
1327:India
671:Notes
550:Bondo
428:Bondo
365:South
1078:ISBN
1057:ISBN
1036:ISBN
1017:ISBN
661:Kivu
653:Fizi
622:Poko
602:Bili
548:and
546:Buta
474:new
426:and
424:Buta
45:Date
1359:CIA
659:in
498:ANC
2033::
957:^
922:^
895:^
830:^
789:^
756:^
725:^
704:^
583:.
490:.
434:.
49:c.
1114:e
1107:t
1100:v
1086:.
1065:.
1044:.
1025:.
655:-
508:.
208:e
201:t
194:v
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