105:
713:'s highest military award. He was the first recipient of the award. The citation read: "He endeavoured to create an opportunity to allow an injured comrade to escape by firing his Gustaf thereby drawing attention to his own position which he must have been aware would endanger his life. He had a reasonable opportunity to escape because he was not wounded but chose to remain with an injured comrade." At the time it was assumed that Browne had been killed at the scene. It was only later discovered that he had survived for two days before being killed in a separate attack.
181:
25:
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Three Irish soldiers managed to escape the initial fighting. One of them, Anthony Browne, reached a nearby village and gave all the money he had to the village women, hoping they would get him help, but was instead mobbed and beaten to death by the village men. His body was recovered two years later.
603:
and
European mercenaries and many Baluba were massacred. This left them suspicious of and hostile to any white European troops. Most surrounding villages had been deserted by their inhabitants. Irish troops were sent to the area to secure it and encourage local people to return. A search of the area
723:
Thomas Kenny, one of the survivors, believes that the real circumstances of
Anthony Browne's death were misrepresented by the army, because they wished to have a hero to offer to the public. The wording of the citation implied that Browne had died trying to protect the wounded Kenny, by moving into
744:
The effect of the Niemba ambush on Irish society's perception of the army was massive. The attack punctured the swelling pride that was emboldening the nation. The professionalism of our soldiers was called into question, which wasn't received well in
Ireland. It presented a stumbling block to the
629:
The section leader, Lt. Kevin
Gleeson, and Sergeant Gaynor were overtaken and beaten and hacked to death. The surprised Irish soldiers, who had not been deployed in a defensive formation after dismounting from their vehicles, retreated behind trees on either side of the road and opened fire on the
732:
Journalists Edward Doyle and
Raymond Smith attributed the deaths of the Irish peacekeepers to their lack of adequate equipment and combat experience. As a result of the ambush, new Irish soldiers detailed for duty in the Congo were specifically trained on how to confront roadblocks.
617:
militiamen armed with bows, poison-tipped arrows, spears and clubs, as well as some guns. While the Irish troops had arrived to protect the Baluba, the militia undoubtedly took them for
Katangese mercenaries. Lieutenant Kevin Gleeson, advancing unarmed with his
586:
until the end of 1955. The Irish Army was therefore anxious to become involved in ONUC and thereby validate
Ireland's recent membership, but was unprepared in terms of experience, training, uniforms, arms and vehicles, and was generally reliant on interpreters.
612:
On 8 November 1960, an eleven-man section from the Irish Army's 33rd
Battalion arrived at the bridge over the Luweyeye River. They were forced to leave their vehicles when they encountered a blockade on the road. While clearing it, they encountered about 100
757:
The notoriety of the attack, and the allegations of mutilation and cannibalism that circulated in the Irish popular press in its aftermath, led to the word "baluba" becoming a synonym for any "untrustworthy and barbaric" person in certain parts of
Ireland.
531:
The notoriety of the attack, and the allegations of mutilation and cannibalism that circulated in the Irish popular press in its aftermath, led to the word "baluba" becoming a synonym for any "untrustworthy and barbaric" person in certain parts of
Ireland.
567:, the southern, mineral-rich province of the Congo. An independence movement was fueled by mining companies who sought to continue their control of the resources in the region, as well as by local and tribal grievances. A local political leader,
642:. The Baluba however advanced on them, and the Irish were cut off from their vehicles. Despite taking heavy losses, the Baluba overran the Irish soldiers with 'sheer weight of numbers' after which most of the Irish casualties were inflicted.
745:
development of the Irish military and Ireland's position as an international force. However Ireland managed to regain its composure. Ireland's position in future UN peacekeeping operations was preserved due to an impressive handling of the
697:, where they lay in state. Gleeson's coffin was placed on a gun carriage, while those of the rest were placed on army trucks. Some of those trucks were preserved, one in the National Transport Museum. Following a funeral procession through
594:
or "Baluba" ethnic group did not support the Katangese secession. As a result, they came under attack from pro-Katangese and allied forces. The area around the railway station at Niemba suffered several raids by both Baluba and local
753:
The Baluba has long been associated with acts of cannibalism. Lurid stories circulated in the Irish popular press that the bodies of the victims had been mutilated and that their hearts had been removed to be eaten by the Baluba.
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539:, with whom they had recently been in conflict, the Baluba being opposed to Katangese secession. The Irish were part of a UN contingent that was sent to halt the Katangese secession from the Congo.
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However, the ambush was largely the result of mistaken identity. The Luba tribesmen seem to have mistaken the Irish UN troops for European mercenaries in the service of the
1692:
578:, as well as Sweden and other European nations, supplied troops as part of the UN force. Ireland had applied for membership of the United Nations in 1946, but because of
104:
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2039:
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992:
Prendeville, Tom, "Congo Hell Cannibals Killed My Comrades ..And Ate Every One; Irish Soldier Who Survived Jungle Horror...And Still Waits For Medal", 30 May 2004,
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A stone commemorating Lt. Gleeson can be found in his hometown of Carlow while a plaque commemorating Sgt. Hugh Gaynor can be found in his hometown of
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the open and drawing fire on himself, letting an opportunity to escape pass. In fact he did escape into the forest.
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Boehme, Olivier (2005). "The Involvement of the Belgian Central Bank in the Katanga Secession, 1960-1963".
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329:
1972:
1965:
490:
2059:
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United Nations peacekeeping troops were invited to help restore order and to end the Katanga secession.
2029:
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identified a damaged bridge, which a patrol was sent to, with a mission to effect repairs if possible.
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1997:
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The two surviving soldiers managed to hide and were found by other UN troops the following day.
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2019:
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705:. For his conduct during the ambush, 19-year-old Trooper Browne was posthumously awarded the
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8:
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was ambushed, the first time the Irish Army was embroiled in battle since the 1922-23
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A total of nine Irish soldiers were killed: Lieutenant Kevin Gleeson of
1615:
1024:
658:
509:
622:, Hugh Gaynor, attempted to greet them peacefully, but was hit with a
678:
600:
547:
906:
1056:
Missing in Action: The 50 Year Search for Ireland's Missing Soldier
736:
Fionn Rogan argues that the massacre had a corrosive effect in the
677:, Private Michael McGuinn of Carlow, and Private Gerard Killeen of
599:
tribes. On 4 October, several villages were attacked by Katangese
1204:
575:
939:
740:, where there had been strong support for the Congo expedition:
698:
666:
650:
285:
148:
2070:
Democratic Republic of the Congo–Republic of Ireland relations
1035:
Ireland and International Peacekeeping Operations 1960-2000
185:
845:"Letters from Niemba: Irish troops in the Congo, 1960",
2050:
Democratic Republic of the Congo and the United Nations
16:
Irish Army patrol (UN duty) in Congo-LĂ©opoldville, 1960
920:"Congo massacre survivor: Army must tell real story",
806:"Letters from Niemba: Irish troops in the Congo, 1960"
927:
1052:
945:
824:
863:"Plaque for Dublin soldier who died in the Congo"
2040:Ambushes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2011:
124:Niemba ambush (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
889:Gallantry Medals & Decorations of the World
781:"Athlone resident recalls Niemba ambush horror"
1089:
301:
32:The examples and perspective in this article
1103:
2035:Military history of the Republic of Ireland
689:The bodies of the Irish dead were flown to
1096:
1082:
308:
294:
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
1264:Armée Populaire de Libération ("Simbas")
1031:
933:
774:
772:
770:
665:, Private Matthew Farrell of Jamestown,
546:
1390:White Legion (Compagnie Internationale)
571:declared Katanga an independent state.
508:took place on 8 November 1960, when an
2012:
1053:Riegel, Ralph; O'Mahony, John (2010).
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956:
954:
830:
778:
1959:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government
1282:United Nations Operation in the Congo
1077:
960:
767:
727:
526:United Nations Operation in the Congo
481:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government
289:
857:
855:
849:, Issue 6 (Nov/Dec 2010), Volume 18.
841:
839:
580:Irish neutrality during World War II
563:) in 1960, a civil war broke out in
18:
1991:Belgian general strike of 1960–1961
986:
951:
779:Cusack, Adrian (10 November 2010).
681:. Some 25 Baluba were also killed.
13:
14:
2081:
852:
836:
1383:6th Commando Battalion (Belgium)
1376:4th Commando Battalion (Belgium)
1369:2nd Commando Battalion (Belgium)
1232:Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC)
961:Rogan, Fionn (10 January 2014).
315:
220:
192:
179:
110:
103:
23:
1004:
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963:"Niemba – The Birth of an Army"
2055:Ireland and the United Nations
2045:November 1960 events in Africa
1966:Torture and killing of Lumumba
914:
902:"RTÉ Television - War Stories"
894:
881:
798:
486:Torture and killing of Lumumba
111:
1:
761:
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981:Ethiopia: A View from Within
707:Military Medal for Gallantry
684:
673:, Trooper Anthony Browne of
669:, Trooper Thomas Fennell of
582:this had been vetoed by the
7:
891:, Pen and Sword, 200, p.54.
653:, Sergeant. Hugh Gaynor of
632:Carl Gustaf submachine guns
46:, discuss the issue on the
10:
2086:
2025:1960 in the United Nations
1032:Ishizuka, Katsumi (2014).
946:Riegel & O'Mahony 2010
661:, Corporal Liam Dougan of
657:, Corporal Peter Kelly of
1982:
1973:Death of Dag Hammarskjöld
1950:
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1607:
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1490:
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1351:
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626:of poison-tipped arrows.
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551:Baluba militiamen in 1962
491:Death of Dag Hammarskjöld
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99:
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1998:Decolonisation of Africa
1651:Hubert Fauntleroy Julian
1324:Ghana, Nigeria and Egypt
1013:African Economic History
749:the following September.
1749:Force Publique mutinies
1718:William "Rip" Robertson
1474:Cuban Exile Naval Force
1128:Egide Bocheley-Davidson
640:Bren light machine guns
559:became independent (as
524:had deployed troops as
330:Force Publique mutinies
1864:Port Francqui incident
751:
701:, they were buried at
552:
415:Port Francqui incident
214:Commanders and leaders
1941:Stanleyville mutinies
1570:Jean-Marie Crèvecoeur
1467:211th Makasi Squadron
1250:Katangese Gendarmerie
983:, Janus, 2005, p.306.
979:Michael B. Lentakis,
785:Westmeath Independent
742:
630:tribesmen with their
561:Republic of the Congo
550:
528:(ONUC) peacekeepers.
254:Casualties and losses
1922:Violettes Imperiales
1545:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
1499:Conor Cruise O'Brien
1397:5 Mechanised Brigade
1184:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
924:, 5, November, 2000.
459:Violettes Imperiales
52:create a new article
44:improve this article
34:may not represent a
2065:Tanganyika Province
1598:Frédéric Vandewalle
747:siege at Jadotville
738:Republic of Ireland
711:Republic of Ireland
226:Kevin Gleeson
2060:History of Katanga
1951:Other major events
1784:Congo-Stanleyville
1257:South Kasai forces
810:historyireland.com
728:Effects in Ireland
703:Glasnevin Cemetery
691:Casement Aerodrome
636:Lee–Enfield rifles
553:
514:Congo-LĂ©opoldville
475:Other major events
355:Congo-Stanleyville
2030:Conflicts in 1960
2007:
2006:
1739:Main operations /
1734:
1733:
1362:White mercenaries
1224:government forces
1142:Christophe Gbenye
1113:Political leaders
1059:. Mercier Press.
922:Irish Independent
869:. 3 February 2018
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379:Battle of Kabalo
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709:(the MMG), the
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518:Irish Civil War
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432:Simba rebellion
427:Kwilu rebellion
422:Kanyarwanda War
362:UN intervention
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277:Unknown wounded
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1156:Albert Kalonji
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1121:Cyrille Adoula
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812:. 5 March 2013
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38:of the subject
36:worldwide view
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1191:Pierre Mulele
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1038:. Routledge.
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935:
934:Ishizuka 2014
930:
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887:Clark, John,
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569:MoĂŻse Tshombe
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557:Belgian Congo
549:
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506:Niemba ambush
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87:Niemba ambush
85:
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71:
63:
60:February 2018
53:
49:
45:
39:
37:
30:
21:
20:
2020:Congo Crisis
1930:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1895:Dragon Rouge
1894:
1848:
1839:Camp Massart
1830:
1808:
1800:
1711:Larry Devlin
1658:Jack Malloch
1637:Hans Germani
1584:Marc Goosens
1552:Norbert Moke
1538:Louis Bobozo
1242:Rebel forces
1170:Théo Lefèvre
1105:Congo Crisis
1055:
1034:
1019:(33): 1–29.
1016:
1012:
1005:Bibliography
1001:
993:
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871:. Retrieved
866:
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814:. Retrieved
809:
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788:. Retrieved
784:
756:
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735:
731:
722:
715:
688:
648:
644:
628:
611:
589:
584:Soviet Union
573:
554:
534:
530:
505:
503:
474:
473:
465:
458:
451:
444:
438:Dragon Rouge
437:
403:
396:Camp Massart
389:
373:
367:
318:Congo Crisis
229:
177:
172:Belligerents
163:Luba victory
94:Congo Crisis
92:Part of the
66:
57:
33:
1913:White Giant
1904:Dragon Noir
1768:South Kasai
1725:Che Guevara
1679:Jerry Puren
1672:John Peters
1520:Pat Quinlan
1506:K.A.S. Raja
1460:15 Commando
1453:14 Commando
1446:13 Commando
1439:12 Commando
1432:11 Commando
1107:(1960–1965)
831:Boehme 2005
816:27 December
790:27 December
671:Donnycarney
592:Luba people
452:White Giant
445:Dragon Noir
343:South Kasai
2014:Categories
1823:Jadotville
1644:Mike Hoare
1616:Bob Denard
1484:Commanders
1425:9 Commando
1418:6 Commando
1411:5 Commando
1404:4 Commando
994:The People
873:3 February
762:References
659:Templeogue
555:After the
543:Background
512:patrol in
510:Irish Army
384:Jadotville
1849:Grandslam
1801:Rum Punch
1608:Mercenary
1530:Congolese
1352:Belgian /
1222:Congolese
996:, London.
695:Baldonnel
685:Aftermath
679:Rathmines
601:gendarmes
404:Grandslam
368:Rum Punch
274:25 killed
265:1 wounded
48:talk page
1775:Invasion
1317:Ethiopia
348:Invasion
262:9 killed
249:~100 men
241:Strength
144:Location
42:You may
1983:Related
1761:Katanga
1741:battles
1562:Belgian
1296:Ireland
1205:U Thant
1025:4617603
624:barrage
576:Ireland
565:Katanga
522:Ireland
338:Katanga
236:Unknown
230:†
209:militia
200:Ireland
153:Katanga
1831:UNOKAT
1303:Sweden
1289:Canada
1063:
1042:
1023:
907:RTÉ.ie
867:RTE.ie
699:Dublin
675:Rialto
667:Dublin
651:Carlow
608:Ambush
390:UNOKAT
246:11 men
197:
160:Result
149:Niemba
118:Niemba
1931:South
1703:Other
1310:India
1021:JSTOR
663:Cabra
597:Pygmy
466:South
50:, or
1061:ISBN
1040:ISBN
875:2018
818:2016
792:2016
638:and
615:Luba
590:The
504:The
207:Luba
186:ONUC
136:Date
1342:CIA
693:in
2016::
1017:33
1015:.
965:.
953:^
904:.
865:.
854:^
838:^
808:.
783:.
769:^
720:.
634:,
520:.
151:,
1097:e
1090:t
1083:v
1069:.
1048:.
1027:.
969:.
910:.
877:.
820:.
794:.
309:e
302:t
295:v
73:)
67:(
62:)
58:(
40:.
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