United Nations Operation in the Congo

502: 277:. The first contingent of Belgian forces left Leopoldville on 16 July, upon the arrival of United Nations troops. After assurances that United Nations contingents would arrive in sufficient numbers, Belgian authorities agreed to withdraw all their forces from the Leopoldville area by 23 July. The last Belgian troops left the country by that day, as United Nations forces continued to deploy throughout the Congo. The buildup continued, with ONUC's strength increasing to over 8,000 by 25 July and to over 11,000 by 31 July 1960. Troops had also arrived from countries which included Sweden, Norway, Ireland and Ethiopia. The UN secretary-general said that there would be no troops from the great powers or from countries with an interest in the crisis. A basic agreement between the United Nations and the Congolese government on the operation of the force was finalized by 27 July, and the UN set up a headquarters in a seven-story apartment building on the Boulevard d'Albert in central Léopoldville. 1270:, the Congo's armed forces. In response, "the secretary general suggested the dispatch of UN technical personnel to the Congo to assist in restoring order and discipline within the armed forces". Canadian National Defence assumed that the UN would ask for French-speaking military advisers; the army maintained a standby list of one hundred officers, including many who were bilingual and could be posted abroad on short notice. Before Hammarskjold could put his plan into action, a second Congolese request was sent to the secretary-general from President Joseph Kasa-Vubu and Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba. Canada again offered combat troops, saying that the country could "deploy one of three French speaking battalions made ready for UN Service". The offer for combat troops was again refused, although Hammarskjold accepted the Canadian French-speaking officers. Colonel 185:, which called on the government of Belgium to withdraw its troops from the Congo. The resolution authorized the secretary-general to facilitate the withdrawal of Belgian troops, maintain law and order, and help to establish and legitimize the post-colonial government in consultation with the government of the Republic of the Congo. The mission was approved by a security-council vote of eight in favor and none against, with three countries abstaining: the Republic of China, France and the United Kingdom. The United States and Soviet Union voted in favor. The mandate was extended to maintain the territorial integrity of the Congo, particularly through the removal of foreign mercenaries supporting the secession of Katanga. ONUC was an unprecedented role for a UN force because it was not, strictly speaking, 443: 4736: 959: 5018: 33: 1318:. Diefenbaker reportedly refused to comply with public calls for Canada to provide humanitarian relief to 230,000 Congolese famine victims in South Kasai in 1961 because "surplus foodstuffs should be distributed to unemployed persons in Canada" as a first priority. Two Canadians died from non-conflict-related causes and, of the 33 Canadians injured in the conflict, twelve received "severe beatings" by Congolese forces. Although Patrice Lumumba dismissed the first beatings, on 18 August 1960, as "unimportant" and "blown out of all proportion" in order for the UN to "influence public opinion", he attributed them a day later to the 4968: 4878: 1298:

the RCAF contingent from airlift duty in support of the UN mission to a Pisa-Leopoldville airlift of food and aid. This move satisfied the Russians; instead of arguing against UN involvement in the Congo, the Soviets began to provide aid to Prime Minister Lumumba in Leopoldville. Lumumba's assassination and Hammarskjold's death led to the use of force by UN troops in the Congo. UN troops pushed into Katanga in 1961, and began routing Tshombe's forces. As "clashes between Tshombe and UN forces grew more frequent, the UN moved even more aggressively, and eventually took control of key parts of the province".

5235: 4761: 5246: 879: 5194: 4775: 5208: 5150: 4707: 3982: 4958: 1290:

sent a provost unit which attempted to provide law and order in the capital. In addition to the signals squadron, Canada sent an advance reconnaissance party of six officers from the United Nations Military Observer Group in India. The reconnaissance party found that "ONUC HQ personnel did not carry weapons and were able to move about freely without any trouble". The Canadian government, however, was concerned that their French-speaking peacekeepers might be mistaken for Belgian paratroops.

1221: 815: 4751: 5028: 4655: 4828: 4838: 4641: 1330:

contingent from Malaysia by explaining that the Malaysians could divert bullets in flight away from their intended path. A recent study concluded that while the Canadian government "demonstrated a greater willingness to accommodate the Congolese prime minister Patrice Lumumba than other Western nations" and did not side with publicly either faction, it "rivately ... favoured the more Western oriented Kasavubu". Canada's troops earned the trust of

4938: 4848: 4628: 5048: 5008: 4908: 1519: 1399: 5136: 5126: 5038: 5181: 4888: 4868: 4858: 4808: 734: 5088: 5068: 4988: 4978: 5160: 5116: 5106: 5078: 5058: 4998: 4948: 4928: 4818: 4798: 4898: 165:(the capital of Katanga) to control the situation and protect Belgian civilians. There were 100,000 Belgians living in the Congo at the time, and many were in a state of panic. The presence of Belgian troops was illegal under international law, because Congolese officials had not requested their presence. With the help of the Belgians (who wrote his declarations), Tshombé proclaimed the independence of the 688:, the staff officer who planned the operation, would become chief of the Indian Army. The British government sought to arrange the fateful meeting between Hammarskjöld and Tshombe in Ndola to negotiate a ceasefire. On the eve of Operation Rampunch, the UN had 5,720 troops in Katanga: 1,600 Indians, 500 Irish and 400 Swedes in Élisabethville, 1,200 Indians in Albertville, 1,000 Indians at 5222: 337:) were complicated by the latter's lack of responsible commanders at any level, in most instances the ANC during that first month did lay down arms wherever there were UN troops, and ONUC took over custody of arms, ammunition depots, and arsenals. Local UN commanders used their own judgment as to how to keep the Congolese troops under control, with outstanding success in many areas. 403:. In August of that year, three of the four groups claiming control of the country reconciled with help from the United Nations. Parliament was restored, and a large civil war was prevented. Tshombe's breakaway Katanga province was not part of this reconciliation, and United Nations forces clashed with Tshombe's foreign mercenaries several times late in the year. The UN launched 548:

positions were being constructed. ONUC personnel and consuls from troop-contributing supporters of ONUC faced increasing harassment by Katangan forces. The situation reached a breaking point on 24 December 1962, when Katangan gendarmes attacked peacekeeping forces in Katanga and led Thant to authorize a retaliatory offensive to eliminate secessionist opposition.

4918: 474:

by several UN member countries, particularly the UK, France, and the United States. The Soviet Union accused the US of supporting the assassination of Lumumba (a Soviet ally) and installing the American ally Mobutu as president, seeing the ONUC as acting as a proxy for the US rather than supporting the interests of the entire Security Council.

108:, the collapse of the central government, and the intervention of foreign mercenaries—the ONUC's initial mandate gradually expanded to include protecting the territorial integrity and political independence of the Congo, preventing an impending civil war, and securing the removal of all unauthorized foreign armed forces. 1263:, and tried to pick peacekeepers from neutral countries. Canadian forces were suitable for a peacekeeping mission in the Congo because they were bilingual, however, which allowed them to communicate with the mostly-English-speaking UN troops, the French-speaking Belgian and Congolese forces, and the Congolese people. 426:, killing him and everyone aboard. The crash was suspicious, and evidence exists that the plane was shot down. A 2016 book by Susan Williams uncovered evidence that a specially-equipped fighter plane from the Katanga Gendarmerie shot down Hammarskjöld's plane. He was succeeded as UN secretary-general by 112:

clashes and offensives against secessionist and mercenary forces. After the reintegration of Katanga in February 1963, the ONUC was gradually phased out; civilian aid increased, becoming the single largest assistance effort by the UN up to that time. UN personnel were withdrawn entirely on 30 June 1964.

869:

and other aircraft with relatively poor air-combat capabilities.) The only aircraft lost was by a high-ranking officer who made a trial run and crashed during an aborted takeoff. Some of the Swedish aircraft were destroyed at their base when ONUC was ended in 1964, since they were no longer needed at

473:

The operation led to an eight-day military engagement between the ONUC and Katangese forces. Tshombe's mercenaries were prepared for the UN forces, and launched a counterattack. Thirteen UN troops and 200 Katangese civilians and troops were killed. Operation Morthor was executed without full approval

1249:

The Filipino airmen showed great resourcefulness and ingenuity in improvising an engine dolly, equipment vital for aircraft maintenance reducing a third of the man-hours normally required. The Filipinos also pioneered in civic action missions, teaching the Congolese the art of bamboo weaving and the

1207:

where 150 Irish troops of "A" Company, 35th Battalion, held out against a much larger force of 3,000–5,000 Belgian, French, and Rhodesian led Katanga mercenaries and irregulars. The Irish fought until their ammunition ran out, inflicting hundreds of casualties on their opponents while suffering only

564:

ahead of schedule, generating panic behind the Katangan lines and causing problems with the United Nations leadership. Tshombe, realizing that his position was untenable, sued for peace on 15 January 1963. Two days later, he signed an instrument of surrender and declared the Katangan secession over.

202:

The United Nations stated four goals for the operation: to restore law and order, to keep other nations out of the crisis, to help build the country's economy, and to restore stability. A peacekeeping force had landed in the country within 48 hours of the resolution, and civilian experts were tasked

1638:

and an arms embargo. During its first three years of its operation, ONUC improved the Congo's internal security. On the eve of the mission's departure, Adoula said by radio that it was a "decisive factor" in restoring the Congo's unity and set "an encouraging precedent" for intervention in emerging

1329:

Only a quarter of Canada's signallers extended their six-month tours of duty to a full year, and Canadian forces reportedly found the Congolese "illiterate, very volatile, superstitious and easily influenced"; a Canadian lieutenant-colonel persuaded Kivu Province's prime minister to accept a relief

1293:

Canadian peacekeepers were attacked by Congolese troops several times, the first time at N'Djili Airport. Their commanding officer was knocked out, and Canadian soldiers were loaded onto a truck. After about ten minutes, the Canadians were rescued by a Danish officer and Ghanaian troops. The UN and

1289:

Canadian signals and logistics personnel (quartermaster and maintenance personnel) were sent to the Congo. The Canadian signallers, who provided communications between headquarters and the front, were stationed at ONUC headquarters and at 10 signals stations spread throughout the Congo. Canada also

930:

The Congo Crisis was by far the most serious international task the Swedish Armed Forces faced during the Cold War, and it was the first time in 140 years that Swedish forces were forced into battle. During the crisis, 40 Swedish soldiers were injured and 19 killed. It was reported in 2004 that the

573:

After Operation Grandslam, the United Nations shrank its force significantly and kept only a small peacekeeping force in the country. By autumn 1963, plans were underway to remove the United Nations force from the Congo after the reincorporation of Katanga. At that time, six battalions of UN troops

1297:

Although Canada was not in the Congo in a combat capacity, their involvement was scrutinized by the USSR. The Soviets began to attack Canadian involvement and demanded a troop withdrawal, accusing Canada of providing arms. The allegations were never proven, but the UN secretary-general transferred

910:

Swedes (like other UN troops) had difficulty keeping track of the fluid and rapidly-changing political allegiances of the groups, and their fighting did not always have an obvious reason. In August they moved to Elizabethville in Katanga, where they encountered their first combat situation and had

638:

addressed the General Assembly on 23 December 1960, noting the operation's controversial political direction and accusing the UN of responsibility for Lumumba's death with its moves favoring Lumumba's political opponents and its initial lack of willingness to deal with Katanga. According to Norrie

547:

to create a plan for freedom of movement of ONUC personnel and eliminate foreign mercenaries. By then, it was obvious that Tshombe did not intend to rejoin the Congo; there were 300 to 500 mercenaries in Katanga (as many as there had been before previous UN operations), and airfields and defensive

244:

dismissed Lumumba on 5 September 1960, which was condemned by the Congo's houses of parliament; Lumumba refused to step down. On 14 September, Kasa-Vubu dissolved parliament and Joseph Desire Mobutu announced on radio that he would take control of the country's military. After Lumumba's dismissal,

223:

that, from the text of United Nations Security Council Resolution 143, "it is clear that, contrary to your personal interpretation, the UN force may be used to subdue the rebel government of Katanga". Secretary-general Hammarskjöld refused; to him the secession of Katanga was an internal Congolese

148:

were trying to negotiate with the mutineers, the Belgian government decided to intervene to protect Belgians remaining in the country. Interference from Belgium was seen as neo-colonial aggression by the Congolese government; Lumumba accused the Belgian officers of causing the mutiny and trying to

1258:

When violence erupted in the Congo, Canada set aside an infantry brigade for United Nations use. Dag Hammarskjold refused Canada's offer to send the brigade to the Congo, saying: "If outside help was required to resolve the developing crisis, they preferred non-African states to be used as a last

157:

and protect mining interests. Katanga was rich in minerals and natural resources, contributing over 60 percent of the Congo's raw materials. It had some of the world's major sources of copper, cobalt, diamonds and uranium in the world, with its uranium used for the nuclear bomb the US dropped on

111:

UN forces numbered nearly 20,000 military personnel at its peak from over two dozen countries, led largely by India, Ireland, and Sweden. During the peak of hostilities between September 1961 and December 1962, the ONUC transitioned from a peacekeeping to a military force and engaged in several

626:

The UN was criticised a number of times during its involvement in the Congolese crisis about its handling of situations such as the death of Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba and the secession in Katanga. After Lumumba's death, many people believed that he should have been better protected by the

559:

on 28 December, and UN troops controlled downtown Élisabethville by the end of the day. Reinforced by recently-amassed air power, United Nations peacekeepers completed the operation's first phase by the end of the year. In early January, United Nations forces turned their attention to southern

433:

After Hammarskjöld's death, U Thant took a more aggressive approach. UN troops from Sweden, Ireland, India, and Ethiopia were involved in heavy fighting for Katanga's capital, Elizabethville, in December 1961 and eventually took the city. During the fighting, eleven Swedish soldiers were taken

398:

was dispatched. The United Nations mission was strengthened and expanded in an effort to keep foreign mercenaries out of the country. The second UN resolution would restore order in the Congo (preventing civil war), oversee the withdrawal of all foreign advisors in the country, and attempt to

894:

sent nine battalions to the Congo. Early in the crisis, when white people in the Congo became targets during the riots, Dag Hammarskjöld said that it was important to have white UN troops in the country. Hammarskjöld asked Sweden and Ireland to send a battalion each to more easily win white

669:, who reacted sharply. Calling it "an international crime of the first magnitude", he asked Hammarskjöld to take a tough line. When the Security Council passed a second resolution on 21 February 1961, Nehru agreed to send an Indian Army brigade of about 4,700 troops to the Congo. President 801:

offered a force of 120 men in a 4 August 1960 telegram to the secretary-general. The force was increased to 450 men in a 24 August telegram, settling at 613: 42 officers and 571 men of other ranks. The ONUC Malayan Special Force (MSF) was drawn from the Malayan Army's 4th Battalion, the

525:

stronghold was captured. Tshombe signed the 21 December Kitona Declaration, recognizing the authority of the central government and reintegrating Katanga into the Republic of the Congo. He then deferred to the Katangan parliament, however, and postponed any reconciliation. The rival

538:

Congo; Adoula and Tshombe accepted the proposal. Thant, wary of Tshombe's delaying tactics, applied increasing political pressure on the Katangan government to abide by the plan timetable. Still doubting the likelihood of a peaceful resolution of the Katangan secession, he sent

169:

by television on 11 July and announced himself as president. He was widely regarded by critics worldwide as a puppet for the Belgians and their mining interests in Katanga. On 12 July, the president and prime minister asked for help from the United Nations. UN Secretary-general

489:, a company of 155 Irish UN troops was attacked by Moise Tshombe's forces in Katanga. The Irish were outnumbered and outgunned but held out for six days (until they ran out of ammunition), inflicting heavy losses on Tshombe's foreign mercenaries without any of their own being 609:

on 11 May and ending with units in Leopoldville in June. The United Nations maintained a civilian staff of 2,000 experts in the country in 1963 and 1964. The final group of peacekeepers, 85 men from the First Nigerian Battalion and 58 men from the 57th Canadian Signals, left

1301:

The greatest troop strength reached by the Canadian contingent in the Congo reached was 461. About 1,800 Canadians served among the 93,000 predominantly-African peacekeepers with the ONUC from 1960 to 1964, working chiefly as communications signallers and delivering via the

309:) was deliberately ambiguous, allowing Kalonji to avoid specifying whether South Kasai claimed independence as a nation-state (like Katanga) or a province within the Congo. Due to rejection of requests to the UN for aid to suppress the South Kasai and Katanga revolts, the 1146:

The first Swedish UN battalion in Sinai in 1956 was named Battalion 1. This numbering continued until Battalion 9, which was deployed in Sinai and later in Gaza. After Battalion 9, the numbering was changed to odd numbers starting with 11 and with the additional letter

313:

decided to request Soviet assistance. De Witte wrote that "Leopoldville asked the Soviet Union for planes, lorries, arms, and equipment ... Shortly afterwards, on 22 or 23 August, about 1,000 soldiers left for Kasai." De Witte also wrote that on 26–27 August, the

1151:(for Gaza). Battalion 8 was transferred from Gaza to the Congo, and took the name Battalion VIII K (Kongo). Seven of the Congo battalions (10 to 22) were recruited to serve in ONUC, and the other two were Gaza battalions transferred to the Congo as reinforcements. 1163:'s first large deployment to the Congo was in 1960. The 32nd Infantry Battalion was the first deployment of Irish troops overseas and they were woefully ill-equipped. The standard uniform was a heavy bullswool tunic and trousers and the service rifle was the .303 530:

government was subdued in January 1962, and the UN could refocus its efforts on ending the Katangan secession; contact between the central government and Katanga had broken down, and ONUC intelligence reports indicated that Katanga was rebuilding its forces.

1294:

Canada were outraged by the attack on Canadian peacekeepers, but praised the Canadian officer for not escalating the situation and responding with discretion. The Canadian soldiers were capable of firing on the Congolese troops in self-defence, but did not.

1199:

armoured cars. These had been constructed in Ireland during the Second World War as a stop-gap armoured vehicle. Armament consisted of a single turret-mounted Vickers HMG. Modifications included extra ammunition storage, a searchlight and a cooling fan.

858:. It was reinforced by four more J 29Bs and two S 29C photo-reconnaissance Tunnans in 1962. F-86 Sabres operated by Italian, Iranian, Ethiopian and Filipino crews and Swedish J 29s were flown with the UN identifying legend on their fuselages. 231:

In response, Lumumba accused the UN of siding with Tshombe and foreign mining companies. He then asked the Soviet Union for assistance, and received aid in the form of trucks and aircraft; this deeply concerned the United States and its allies. Using

707:

Nehru's support for the UN in the Congo was significant. India sent more troops than any country, and they were active throughout 1962 in defeating the secessionist forces. The UN forces were commanded by Indian officers who included major-general

589:

was sent to the Congo in 1963 as mission chief of staff, effectively the deputy of the mission's military commander. The military headquarters, coordinated by Dextraze, was in the process of planning the mission's withdrawal in early 1964 as the

228:. He said that intervention in Katanga would mean that the UN would be using force in part of the country, which would not be seen as peacekeeping. Disagreements over what the UN force could and could not do continued throughout its deployment. 4035: 1322:'s "excess of zeal". Historians have described these incidents as cases of mistaken identity under chaotic circumstances in which Canadian personnel were mistaken by Congolese soldiers for Belgian paratroopers or mercenaries working for the 1211:

A total of 6,000 Irish soldiers served in the Congo from 1960 until 1964, taking 26 casualties in that time. The Congo deployment resulted in greater investment by the government in personal kit and eventually, armoured personnel carriers.

677:, who resented Dayal's and Nehru's support for Lumumba, objected strongly to the moves and threatened dire consequences for the UN mission if Dayal remained at its helm. At Hammarskjöld's request, Nehru agreed that Dayal should step down. 219:. Because the Congolese army had been in disarray since the mutiny, Lumumba wanted to use the UN troops to subdue Katanga by force; he saw their refusal as betraying the United Nations' initial plans. Lumumba wrote to UN Secretary General 332:

ocal authorities were sensitive of their new independence, nonetheless they were clearly waiting for someone to take action; indeed, the ONUC troops were initially welcomed as saviors from the Belgians. While relationships with the ANC

76:

The Congo descended into chaos and disorder after it became independent from Belgium on 30 June 1960. This prompted a swift return of Belgian troops, under the pretext of restoring order and protecting its nationals. In response to the

5071: 4479: 5187: 4017: 389:

reacted sharply. Calling it "an international crime of the first magnitude", Nehru asked Hammarskjöld to take a tough line. When the Security Council passed a second resolution on 21 February 1961, Nehru agreed to send an

1358:'s strength at that time—were raised by Emperor Haile Selassie in addition to an air-force squadron. The Ethiopian 3rd Brigade provided decisive artillery support in the UN's siege of Kibushi in late 1962 and early 1963. 642:

Khrushchev went on to criticise the secretary-general's role in the UN, saying that the position gave one person far too much power. He suggested a radical reform, replacing the position of secretary-general with a

4361: 481:

said that the Katanga secession movement was over. Although most observers interpreted that as meaning that the UN military forces had successfully defeated Tshombe's troops, O'Brien's announcement was premature.

1243:. The UN Combat Wing was composed of three fighter squadrons – the 22nd Swedish Squadron's J-29 Tunnan, the 103rd Iranian Squadron's F-86F Sabre and the Philippines' 9th Tactical Fighter Squadron's F-86E Sabre. 24: 4695: 1579:

Aircraft from the Aeronautica Militare Italiana operated between August 1960 and June 1962 to transport troops and equipment. Twenty-one men were killed, including thirteen in the November 1961 Kindu episode.

922:

The Swedes had to maintain order in a camp with about 40,000 BaLuba refugees in Kasai which was formed in two weeks in 1961, with refugees fleeing attacks in northern Katanga. In 1962, the Swedes moved to the

1282:. Berthiaume, cited for his organizational skills, courage and "initiative, linguistic ability, and special aptitude for negotiating", was the first Canadian since World War II to become an officer of the 660:

On 12 July 1960, after the Security Council adopted a resolution calling on Belgium to withdraw its forces and the UN to assist the Congolese government, Dag Hammarskjöld appointed senior Indian diplomat

4355: 253:

instructed that all airfields be closed and the capital's main radio station be shut down. Lumumba was unable to fly in any troops who were loyal to him, and lost his only means of mass communications.

4248: 5278: 4343: 2303: 4302: 3444: 1917: 5109: 3865:

Gibbs, D. (2000), ‘The United Nations, international peacekeeping and the question of ‘impartiality’: revisiting the Congo operation of 1960’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 38(3): 359–82.

501: 627:

organisation. The best-known demonstration against the UN about Lumumba's death was in New York, when African-American protesters pushed their way into the UN building and disturbed the

4688: 1366:

Ghanaian and Nigerian troops served in the ONUC, the latter with the 99th Indian Infantry Brigade. The Nigerian 1st Battalion was among the last military forces in the country in 1964.

1346:

Four hundred sixty Ethiopian troops were among 3,500 UN soldiers to arrive by 20 July 1960. This initial contingent would form the Tekil (or "Tekel") Brigade, which was stationed in

1369:

An Egyptian battalion apparently arrived by September 1960, but left by early 1961 after a dispute about the UN's role. On 26 January 1961, the secretary-general reported that the

4041: 315: 830:

Sweden had an active role in the UN force during the crisis. When Dag Hammarskjöld established ONUC, he organized it into two parts: military and civilian. Swedish major-general

5153: 4402: 4290: 4681: 1657:(2005). It tells the story of the Irish peacekeeping troop that held off Katangese and mercenary troops in the mining town of Jadotville, despite being heavily outnumbered. 225: 2376:

Initial reports on the deployment of troops appear to be S/4389 (18 July 1960), S/4417 (c. 23 July 1960), S/4475 (30 August 1960)(withdrawal of Belgian forces), and S/4482.

4811: 4072: 1191:

tribesmen. Of the 11 Irish soldiers, 9 were killed and only 2 escaped, while 25 Baluba were also killed in the battle. Trooper Anthony Browne was posthumously awarded the

3357: 1232:

since it was founded in 1947. This was in response to the United Nations' call for member-states to support the on-going UN Operations in the Congo. Philippine President

4961: 4011: 211:

Lumumba asked the United Nations to intervene and use military force to stop Tshombe's forces in Katanga. The first UN troops arrived on 15 July, many airlifted by the

140:(FP) (the army) refused to rapidly "Africanize" the FP officers. Disorder and mutinies quickly followed, four days after the Congo gained independence. While President 4461: 2978: 1208:

several wounded. However, an attempt by Irish and Swedish reinforcements to relieve them failed, and in the end, the besieged Irish troops were forced to surrender.

97:

to provide the Congolese government with military assistance. The first UN troops, drawn mostly from African and Asian states, reached the Congo the following day.

5095: 4585: 3176: 5081: 4632: 4296: 4095: 1373:(a union of Egypt and Syria) requested the repatriation of its contingent of about 510 by 1 February; the troops reportedly were a parachute battalion based in 4230: 1540: 1420: 1171:

rifle replaced the Lee–Enfield. The Irish Battalions had a huge area to patrol and not much transport to patrol it with. Most patrols consisted of a couple of

4673: 1246:

On 02 April 1963 a detachment of the PAF 9th Tactical Fighter Squadron was deployed to Elizabethville, conducting reconnaissance missions for sector command.

931:

bodies of two dead Swedes were eaten by local people, purportedly because cannibals were believed by some African groups to absorb the victim's strength. The

861:

Most of the missions involved attacking ground targets with internal cannons and unguided rockets. No aircraft were lost in action, despite large amounts of

4911: 3970: 385:

after his capture by Mobutu's forces, and he was badly bruised and beaten. He was executed by a Katangan firing squad, and his body was dissolved in acid.

2307: 4373: 430:. Swedish troops were assigned to keep order in a large camp with about 40,000 refugees which was established in two weeks in August and September 1961. 73:. The ONUC was the UN's first peacekeeping mission with significant military capability, and remains one of the largest UN operations in size and scope. 4971: 3501: 2050: 78: 865:. The consensus of the crews and foreign observers was that the Swedish Tunnan's capabilities were exceptional. (The Katanga secessionists used a few 5184: 5001: 4861: 4420: 4414: 4396: 4575: 4532: 4473: 4349: 1608: 4272: 1634:

ONUC was the first UN peacekeeping mission to employ force to implement decisions by the Security Council, and was the first mission to enforce a

5099: 5061: 4485: 4432: 4426: 4236: 4023: 3358:"Democratic Republic of Congo unveils its keenness to strengthen its wide-ranging relations with Ethiopia. – Ethiopian Embassy in Kampala Uganda" 262: 5143: 2924: 1306:

humanitarian food shipments and logistical support. Canadian participation stemmed more from overwhelming public opinion than the government of

5119: 4538: 4254: 4218: 3633: 1195:(the highest Irish military award) for giving his life to save his comrade. As a result of the ambush, the army equipped its contingent with 8 182: 86: 5201: 4801: 4592: 4367: 4194: 4170: 4112: 2545: 1594: 5139: 4260: 3948: 5293: 5041: 4841: 4570: 4491: 4390: 4206: 4164: 2076: 927:

base. On New Year's Eve 1962, UN troops advanced towards Kamina, cleared the gendarmes' roadblocks, and defeated the organized resistance.

322:(Kalonji's capital in South Kasai) without serious resistance: "In the next two days it temporarily put an end to the secession of Kasai." 470:, a stepped-up version of Operation Rampunch) and swiftly took Katanga. However, Hammarskjöld was not informed about the later operation. 4881: 4851: 4821: 4544: 4514: 4118: 4089: 3888:(Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press; London: Cambridge University Press; Cambridge, UK) xvi and 254 pp. £3 11s. 6d. 3881:

Higgins, R. (1980), United Nations Peacekeeping 1946–1967: Documents and Commentary, Vol. III: Africa (London: Oxford University Press).

2106: 5051: 4981: 4941: 4921: 4467: 4455: 4408: 4212: 4200: 4158: 2644: 4224: 4520: 3963: 3237:

Lyman, Princeton N. (Spring 2004). "Ralph Bunche's International Legacy: The Middle East, Congo, and United Nations Peacekeeping".

1639:

states. In later years, however, most Congolese came to view ONUC as an unwelcome foreign interference in their country's affairs.

697: 2955: 5288: 5253: 4891: 4124: 2829: 2605: 400: 94: 3587: 66: 5298: 4703: 4565: 4242: 4188: 4182: 3424:"Report by the Secretary-General on the Intended Withdrawals of Certain Contingents from the United Nations Force in the Congo" 744: 3866: 2221: 5283: 4526: 4176: 4029: 3657: 3118: 423: 3714: 2576: 2405:"First report by the Secretary-General on the implementation of Security Council Resolution S/4387 CF 14 July 1960 (S/4389)" 5228: 5091: 4951: 4754: 4508: 3338:

Spooner, Kevin A (2009). "Just West of Neutral: Canadian 'Objectivity' and Peacekeeping during the Congo Crisis, 1960–61".

3043: 2992: 4284: 4278: 3956: 3596: 2718: 2645:"Svensk militär fredsbevarande utlandstjänst under Förenta Nationernas tidevarv, 2009 Statens försvarshistoriska museer" 2404: 2260: 834:

headed the military, and Swedish diplomat Sture Linnér was responsible for the civilians. Both subject to the American

422:

to negotiate peace talks between the government and Tshombe in response to Operation Morthor on 17 September 1961 when

3942: 1971: 5129: 4871: 4266: 3697: 3676: 3622: 3576: 3555: 3531: 3407: 3151: 3080: 2728: 2090: 1566: 1446: 1266:

The first request for assistance from the Congo asked the United Nations send technical assistance in support of the

777: 534:

In August 1962, secretary-general U Thant drew up a Plan for National Reconciliation in which Katanga would rejoin a

3746: 2932: 1548: 1428: 751: 4602: 3871:

Gibbs, David N. (1993) "Dag Hammarskjöld, the United Nations, and the Congo Crisis of 1960–1: a reinterpretation."

3324:

Granatstein, J. L. 1968. "Canada: Peacekeeper. A survey of Canada's participation in peacekeeping operations", in:

851: 3802:

Bloomfield, Lincoln P (Spring 1963), "Headquarters-Field Relations: Some Notes on the Beginning and End of ONUC",

3778:

Abi-Saab, Georges (1978), "The Initial Decision to Undertake a Peace-Keeping Operation in the Congo (July 1960)",

5031: 5011: 4449: 4337: 2895: 628: 442: 175: 82: 797:) was invited to send a contingent to serve in ONUC. In response to the United Nations' request, Prime Minister 5225: 4735: 3482: 3239: 1649: 1544: 1424: 900: 755: 3379: 3007: 215:

as part of Operation New Tape. There was instant disagreement between Lumumba and the UN over the new force's

3978: 2051:"United Nations Operations in Congo 1960 – 1964 | Reading Room Collections | Collections | Military Archives" 1590: 1239:

The Philippine contingent left for the Congo on 11 February 1963. The PAF 9th Tactical Fighter operated from

831: 1378: 1319: 665:(who would become India's foreign secretary) as his special representative. Lumumba's assassination shocked 602:

uprising in January 1964 to save at least some of the threatened aid workers and missionaries under attack.

334: 2766: 1192: 681: 395: 3311:

McCullough, Colin. 2011. "Canada, the Congo Crisis, and UN Peacekeeping, 1960–64. Kevin Spooner", review,

2747: 240:, Lumumba ordered the army to attack the breakaway Katanga province but failed to take it back. President 4901: 3990: 1283: 216: 62: 2958:[Lessons learned? Swedish operational and tactical experience from the Congo Crisis 1960–1964]. 4764: 4744: 4739: 3857: 527: 3423: 966:

salutes the Swedish flag and his UN troops on his arrival in Elizabethville. On his right are Colonel

895:

confidence than soldiers from African states would. The first Swedish battalion arrived in Congo from

717: 5017: 4729: 3905:

Scarnacchia, Timothy, "The Congo, Crisis, The United Nations, and Zimbabwean Nationalism: 1960–63",

3488:

author and military expert Declan Power, on whose book, Siege at Jadotville, the new movie is based.

3198: 3144:

With the United Nations in the Congo: Sweden's participation in the peacekeeping operation 1960–1964

2487:

Lincoln P. Bloomfield, "Headquarters-Field Relations: Some Notes on the Beginning and End of ONUC",

846:

In September 1961, responding to an appeal by the UN for military support, an initial force of five

513:

in early December 1961, which put pressure on Tshombe to negotiatiate with Congolese prime minister

3641: 3107:'We are in the Congo now': Sweden and the trinity of peacekeeping during the Congo crisis 1960–1964 2277: 2025: 1529: 1409: 1303: 935:, which was considered very sensitive by the UN and the Congolese government, had been covered up. 759: 381:

Early in 1961, Patrice Lumumba was assassinated. UN Swedish troops witnessed Lumumba's transfer to

4967: 3212: 4877: 4645: 3892: 2082: 1533: 1413: 478: 212: 3483:"The True Story of the Heroic Battle That Inspired the New Netflix Film The Siege of Jadotville" 2187: 1323: 958: 466:

On 13 September 1961, the ONUC led an Indian brigade in Operation Morthor ("twist and break" in

2767:"'Stronger in Death than Alive': Reactions to the Assassination of Patrice Lumumba in Montreal" 1615: 1601: 932: 544: 543:

to Léopoldville. Bunche worked with local UN mission chief Robert Gardiner and force commander

518: 257:

By 20 July 1960, 3,500 ONUC troops had arrived in the Congo. They included 460 troops from the

5234: 2114: 1084: 4612: 4607: 4580: 3507:

military writer Declan Power – on whose book, The Siege of Jadotville, the film will be based

1833: 1622: 862: 685: 639:

Macqueen, the UN's peacekeeping approach in the Congo had no clear place in the Soviet view.

615: 522: 325: 274: 178:

at a night meeting on 13 July, asking the council to act "with utmost speed" on the request.

4760: 2803: 1250:

manufacture of bamboo furniture thus improving the socio-economic conditions of the locals.

5238: 4711: 4597: 2648: 1370: 1229: 803: 790: 560:

Katanga's remaining strongholds. Indian peacekeepers exceeded their orders and crossed the

415:

in August, a surprise attack that led to the peaceful surrender of 81 foreign mercenaries.

346: 90: 1118: 1101: 943: 938:

A total of 6,334 Swedes served in the Congo from 1960 to 1964. Eleven soldiers, including

903:) on 22 July 1960. Initially, the Swedes patrolled in Leopoldville and guarded the city's 8: 3157: 3124: 3086: 2956:"Lessons learned? Svenska operativa och taktiska erfarenheter från Kongokrisen 1960–1964" 2928: 2676: 1204: 684:

launched Operation Morthor on 13 September, which quickly took control of Katanga. Major

556: 486: 404: 362: 32: 220: 171: 3819: 3766: 3256: 3186: 3105: 2963: 1953: 1945: 1275: 1233: 1196: 1167:. Issues with kit were eventually solved, new lightweight uniforms were issued and the 904: 798: 611: 310: 266: 150: 130: 23:(Mission of the United Nations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) since 1999 and 1338:

and acknowledged Canada's support in maintaining his country's territorial integrity.

3823: 3693: 3672: 3653: 3646: 3618: 3600: 3572: 3551: 3527: 3403: 3147: 3114: 3076: 2724: 2256: 2086: 1999: 1957: 1937: 855: 635: 575: 284: 5245: 2445: 2357: 963: 434:

prisoner; they were released on 15 January 1962 in exchange for Katangan gendarmes.

133: 5193: 3811: 3758: 3248: 2229: 1929: 1331: 1315: 1307: 1236:

deployed the 9th Tactical Fighter "Limbas" Squadron of the Philippine Air Force.

1180: 1016: 911:

their first loss while escorting a train. The trains, which were carrying Katangan

712:. Nehru did not insist on an immediate withdrawal of the Indian brigade during the 709: 674: 670: 666: 586: 552: 510: 490: 386: 369:'s regime (totalling about 10,000), and Stanleyville dissident ANC troops loyal to 241: 166: 154: 141: 101: 3715:

Who Killed Hammarskjöld? : The UN, the Cold War and White Supremacy in Africa

2983: 2446:"Congo-Kinshasa: Le 8 août 1960, Albert Kalonji proclame l'autonomie du Sud-Kasaï" 1033: 4659: 3722: 3687: 3612: 3566: 3545: 3521: 2874: 2833: 2386: 2358:"Questions relating to the situation in the Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville)" 2161: 1271: 1240: 1164: 713: 689: 662: 591: 459: 447: 370: 342: 145: 105: 45: 1228:

The UN Operations in the Congo would be the first international mission for the

814: 283:

declared the region of south-eastern Kasai, on the Congo's southern border with

5207: 5149: 4774: 4715: 3987: 2988: 2253:

Peacekeeping with Muscle: The Use of Force in International Conflict Resolution

1355: 1311: 1279: 1267: 939: 866: 847: 819: 599: 514: 358: 350: 280: 258: 250: 237: 137: 59: 4957: 3815: 3523:

Peace Enforcement: The United Nations Experience in Congo, Somalia, and Bosnia

5272: 3140:

Med FN i Kongo: Sveriges medverkan i den fredsbevarande operationen 1960-1964

3039: 2832:[Congo Crisis – Analysis of the UN mission in 1960–64] (in Swedish). 1941: 1351: 1220: 1135: 595: 366: 3931:

United Nations Security Council document S/4482 (financial aid to the Congo)

3135: 3113:. Studia historica Lundensia, 1650-755X. Lund: Lund University. p. 92. 1067: 1050: 967: 5215: 4750: 3709:

Who Killed Hammarskjöld? The UN, the Cold War and White Supremacy in Africa

3461: 2610: 2581: 2450: 891: 835: 561: 540: 353:. There were four armed forces: Mobotu's ANC (numbering about 12,000), the 186: 121: 70: 5027: 878: 614:

in Leopoldville on 30 June. The last soldier to leave was force commander

3788:

Beauregard, JPRE (Summer 1989), "UN Operations in the Congo, 1960–1964",

3541: 3387:(Thesis). Maynooth: National University of Ireland, St. Patricks College. 3073:

Utlandsstyrkan i fredens tjänst: försvarsmaktens internationella insatser

3048: 2900: 1635: 916: 644: 451: 412: 408: 391: 354: 288: 4654: 3614:

Peace Operations and Intrastate Conflict: The Sword Or the Olive Branch?

950:

for "extraordinary courage and commendable action to save human lives".

919:(an ethnic group who supported the central government against Katanga). 5249: 5211: 5197: 4837: 4827: 3770: 3260: 1949: 1172: 1160: 947: 896: 605:

Troops began to withdraw in May 1964, beginning with the Irish unit in

535: 382: 319: 162: 4937: 3876: 3853:"Intelligence and Peacekeeping: The UN Operation in the Congo 1960–64" 578:, one was at force headquarters, and administrative personnel were in 5047: 5021: 5007: 4907: 3012: 2606:"Dag Hammarskjöld's plane may have been shot down, ambassador warned" 1347: 1260: 1176: 720:. The troops returned after the mission was completed in March 1963. 4887: 4867: 4857: 4847: 4807: 3762: 3252: 3128: 3090: 2577:"Dag Hammarskjöld: evidence suggests UN chief's plane was shot down" 2502:

U.S. Army Area Handbook for the Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville)

1933: 1518: 1398: 806:, and C Squadron of the 2nd Reconnaissance Regiment (now 2 Armour). 5135: 5125: 5087: 5067: 5037: 4987: 4977: 3747:"United Nations Law in Africa: The Congo Operation as a Case Study" 3161: 3017: 1972:"United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC) (1960–1964) – UNARMS" 1382: 1184: 794: 579: 419: 246: 233: 5180: 5159: 5115: 5105: 5077: 5057: 4997: 4947: 4927: 4817: 4797: 2927:[Swedish UN troops in the Congo in 1960–64] (in Swedish). 1653:(2016, directed by Richie Smyth) is based on Declan Power's book, 5279:

United Nations operations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

5163: 4897: 1918:"ONUC's Civilian Operations: State-Preserving and State-Building" 606: 427: 270: 127: 100:

In the face of worsening conditions—including an insurrection in

20: 3845:, Delhi: Historical Section, Ministry of Defence, Govt. of India 2720:

Warrior Chiefs: Perspectives on Senior Canadian Military Leaders

2255:. Clementsport, Nova Scotia: Canadian Peacekeeping. p. 60. 4991: 4331: 4319: 3852: 3046:[Forget about the art fuss – now it's about genocide]. 2864:. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd. p. 9. 1374: 1188: 1187:. One such patrol was ambushed at Niemba on 8 November 1960 by 1168: 924: 912: 883: 870:

home and the cost of retrieving them was considered excessive.

823: 701: 693: 455: 3502:"Film 'Siege of Jadotville' to reveal heroism of Irish troops" 3146:] (in Swedish). Stockholm: Probus. p. 262, Appendix 12.6. 2251:

Morrison, Alex (1997). James Kiras; Douglas A. Fraser (eds.).

203:

with keeping the country's infrastructure operating smoothly.

4931: 4325: 1335: 1259:

resort". The UN did not want to turn the Congo Crisis into a

505:

Swedish troops plan offensive actions for Operation Grandslam

467: 5221: 3943:

the United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC) (1960–1964)

3328:, : The Canadian Institute of International Affairs, p. 161. 2278:"Short of War: Major USAF Contingency Operations, 1947–1997" 2026:"Short of War: Major USAF Contingency Operations, 1947–1997" 3284:

In the Eye of the Storm: A history of Canadian peacekeeping

1655:

The Siege at Jadotville: The Irish Army's Forgotten Battle

477:

During the fighting, UN special representative in Katanga

3918:"The Biggest Single Effort Under United Nations Colors", 3568:

The U.N. in the Congo: the political and civilian efforts

2427: 2425: 2144: 2142: 1350:. During the operation, about 3,000 members of the elite 650: 594:

loomed. Dextraze launched a small-scale operation during

4917: 3891: 341:

By February 1961, there were four leaders in the Congo:

3886:

Uncertain Mandate: Politics of the U.N. Congo Operation

3181:. Vol. 26. Ireland: Army Authorities. p. 254. 2661:

Bellamy, Alex J.; Williams, Paul; and Griffin, Stuart.

3689:

Canada, The Congo Crisis, and UN Peacekeeping, 1960–64

2898:[Forgotten memories of Congo in documentary]. 2556: 2507: 2422: 2322: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2139: 1593:, Sweden, July – December 1960 (transferred from 1203:

The most famous Irish action of the operation was the

3648:

The Congo, From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History

3634:

The United Nations, Peace Operations and the Cold War

2789:

The United Nations, Peace Operations and the Cold War

2343:

The United Nations, Peace Operations and the Cold War

2133:

The United Nations, Peace Operations and the Cold War

1224:

A squadron of F-86F Sabre of the Philippine Air Force

953: 3780:

The United Nations Operation in the Congo, 1960–1964

3617:(illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. 3586:

Lefever, Ernest W.; Joshua, Wynfred (30 June 1966),

3550:. Military Strategy and Operational Art. Routledge. 3445:"United Nations correspondence archives, UAR – ONUC" 2717:

Horn, Bernd; Harris, Stephen John (1 January 2001).

2625: 3739:

The United Nations Operation in the Congo 1960–1964

3589:

United Nations Peacekeeping in the Congo: 1960–1964

3300:

Empire to umpire: Canada and the world to the 1990s

2205: 2126: 2124: 1485:

Col. Prijatna, Lt.Col. Solichin Gautama Purwanegara

394:brigade of about 4,700 troops to the Congo and the 3645: 3326:Peacekeeping: International Challenge and Response 2889: 2887: 126:The Congo became independent on 30 June 1960, but 89:(S/4387), which called on Belgium to withdraw its 5185:International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia 3597:United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency 3302:, Toronto : Copp Clark Longman, pp. 255–256. 2162:"Democratic Republic of Congo profile – Timeline" 303:) on 9 August 1960. The use of the word "state" ( 224:matter, and the UN was forbidden to intervene by 5270: 3782:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 1–20 3640: 3174: 3044:"Glöm bort konstbråket – nu gäller det folkmord" 3010:[Swedish soldiers were eaten in Congo]. 2821: 2742: 2740: 2543: 2121: 1697: 574:were stationed in Katanga; one battalion was in 3318: 2884: 2546:"When Indian troops entered Congo 55 years ago" 2539: 2537: 3294: 3292: 3213:"Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood" 2953: 2875:"J 29 – SAAB 29 ”Flygande tunnan” (1951–1976)" 2827: 2355: 2078:Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA 631:. The UN office in Belgium was also attacked. 621: 81:'s appeal for assistance, on 14 July 1960 the 4689: 4593:United Nations Department of Peace Operations 3964: 3585: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 2836:, Department of Political Science. p. 10 2737: 1880: 1354:(imperial bodyguard)—about 10 percent of the 1334:, who visited Canada in 1964 as president of 153:'s acceptance, they sent troops to take over 3847:. Controller of Publications, PDD.37(N)/500. 2830:"Kongokrisen – FN-insatsen 1960–64 i analys" 2712: 2710: 2704:, University Press of America, 1978, p. 166. 2702:The UN in the Congo: The Civilian Operations 2534: 2301:Letter to Dag Hammarskjold, 14 August 1960. 1361: 647:system. Khrushchev's proposal was rejected. 496: 304: 298: 292: 181:At the meeting the Security Council adopted 3840: 3723:Patrice Lumumba : Africa's Lost Leader 3547:Air Power in UN Operations: Wings for Peace 3400:Modern African Wars (4) The Congo 1960–2002 3289: 3286:, Toronto: Deneau & Wayne, pp. 217–239. 2782: 2780: 2391:The Ethiopian Soldier: Defending the Nation 1547:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1499:Brig.Gen. Kemal Idris, Col. Sabirin Mochtar 1427:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 838:, who was appointed head of the operation. 4696: 4682: 3971: 3957: 3801: 3787: 3298:Hillmer, Norman; Granatstein, J. L. 1994. 3267: 2716: 2470: 2468: 3841:Chakravorty, B (1976), Prasad, SN (ed.), 3610: 3402:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 12. 3075:(in Swedish). Malmö: Arena. p. 226. 3070: 2707: 1817: 1805: 1781: 1769: 1757: 1604:, Ireland, January 1961 – March 1962 1567:Learn how and when to remove this message 1447:Learn how and when to remove this message 1278:led the UN effort as the mission's first 778:Learn how and when to remove this message 634:The USSR also criticised UN involvement. 3777: 3706: 3377: 3103: 2976: 2954:Ericsson Wolke, Lars (28 October 2007). 2893: 2859: 2828:Nilsson, Thomas; Persson, Jimmy (2006). 2786: 2777: 2631: 2562: 2513: 2431: 2340: 2328: 2250: 2148: 2130: 1915: 1583: 1460:Indonesian Army deployment in the Congo 1219: 957: 899:, where it had been deployed as part of 877: 813: 750:Relevant discussion may be found on the 723: 500: 446:United Nations peacekeeping forces from 441: 161:On 10 July, Belgian troops were sent to 31: 3904: 3685: 3666: 3519: 3337: 3005: 2896:"Glömda minnen från Kongo i dokumentär" 2855: 2853: 2851: 2801: 2465: 2275: 2023: 1856: 1844: 1829: 1793: 1745: 1733: 1721: 1709: 1685: 1673: 1611:, Ethiopia, April 1962 – July 1963 1215: 1179:, carrying soldiers armed with rifles, 809: 680:Indian Army involvement escalated. The 349:, Tshombe, and the self-appointed King 226:Article 2 of the United Nations Charter 149:annex the Congo. When Belgium received 16:1960s United Nations military operation 5271: 3744: 3397: 3038: 2977:Johnsson, Fredrik (11 November 2007). 2764: 2603: 2574: 2544:Srinath Raghavan (19 September 2016). 2525: 2283:. Air Force Historical Research Agency 2074: 2031:. Air Force Historical Research Agency 1994: 1992: 762:to additional sources at this section. 651:National involvement and UN commanders 297:) or Autonomous State of South Kasai ( 104:, the assassination of Prime Minister 4677: 3952: 3564: 3462:"History – Overseas – Defence Forces" 3236: 3134: 2922: 2528:Patrice Lumumba: Africa's Lost Leader 2443: 2295: 2222:"Republic of Congo – ONUC Background" 1892: 1642: 1618:, Norway, August – December 1963 42:United Nations Operation in the Congo 36:Swedish ONUC peacekeeper in the Congo 4952:United Nations Special Service Medal 4755:United Nations Emergency Force Medal 3850: 3652:(3rd ed.). New York: Palgrave. 3540: 2925:"Svensk FN-trupp i Kongo år 1960–64" 2894:Stendahl, Sandra (23 October 2014). 2848: 2674: 2637: 2491:, Vol. 17, Issue 2, April 1963, 380. 1868: 1545:adding citations to reliable sources 1512: 1508: 1425:adding citations to reliable sources 1392: 727: 437: 51:Opération des Nations Unies au Congo 5294:Military operations involving India 3835:, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 3340:Canadian Journal of African Studies 3006:Hedlund, Ingvar (27 October 2004). 2387:"UN Peacekeeping: The Congo Crisis" 1989: 1859:, pp. 13–16, 128–130, 224 n.13 1625:, Nigeria, January – June 1964 568: 13: 3741:(Oxford: Oxford University Press). 3731: 3008:"Svenska soldater åts upp i Kongo" 2188:"The United Nations and the Congo" 954:Swedish ONUC battalions, 1960–1964 743:relies largely or entirely upon a 14: 5310: 3935: 3873:Journal of Modern African Studies 2791:. London: Routledge. p. 104. 2575:Borger, Julian (17 August 2011). 2345:. London: Routledge. p. 103. 2276:Warnock, A. Timothy, ed. (2000). 2135:. London: Routledge. p. 102. 2024:Warnock, A. Timothy, ed. (2000). 1458: 1385:aircraft concerned UN officials. 5244: 5233: 5220: 5206: 5192: 5179: 5158: 5148: 5134: 5124: 5114: 5104: 5086: 5076: 5066: 5056: 5046: 5036: 5026: 5016: 5006: 4996: 4986: 4976: 4966: 4956: 4946: 4936: 4926: 4916: 4906: 4896: 4886: 4876: 4866: 4856: 4846: 4836: 4826: 4816: 4806: 4796: 4773: 4759: 4749: 4734: 4705: 4653: 4640: 4639: 4626: 4603:United Nations Military Observer 3980: 3851:Dorn, A Walter; Bell, David JH, 2802:Ramli.H, Nik (10 October 2015). 2765:Hébert, Paul (2 February 2016). 1517: 1397: 1253: 732: 716:, but called back the country's 696:, 400 Ethiopians and Indians in 4712:Orders, decorations, and medals 4627: 3571:. University Press of America. 3494: 3485:. Time Magazine. 27 July 2016. 3475: 3454: 3437: 3416: 3391: 3371: 3350: 3331: 3305: 3230: 3205: 3168: 3097: 3064: 3032: 2999: 2970: 2947: 2916: 2868: 2795: 2758: 2694: 2668: 2655: 2604:Borger, Julian (4 April 2014). 2597: 2568: 2519: 2494: 2481: 2437: 2379: 2349: 2334: 2269: 2244: 2180: 2154: 1916:Jacobson, Harold Karan (1964). 1886: 1874: 1862: 1850: 1838: 1823: 1811: 1799: 1787: 1775: 1763: 1751: 1739: 1727: 1715: 1703: 1691: 1679: 818:Swedish UN soldiers armed with 345:(leading Lumumba's followers), 158:Hiroshima during World War II. 83:United Nations Security Council 5289:Ireland and the United Nations 3945:at the United Nations Archives 3526:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 3504:. Irish Times. 9 August 2014. 3315:, 92(1) (March 2011): 210–212. 3313:The Canadian Historical Review 3240:The Journal of Negro Education 2665:. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2010. 2444:Ngapi, Rich (15 August 2008). 2410:. United Nations. 18 July 1960 2099: 2068: 2043: 2017: 1964: 1909: 1667: 886:, painted as used in the Congo 655: 1: 5299:Sweden and the United Nations 3751:Law and Contemporary Problems 3611:Mockaitis, Thomas R. (1999). 3071:Sjöstrand, Carl, ed. (2006). 2804:"The Guardian of world peace" 2723:. Dundurn. pp. 310–311. 2304:"Writings of Patrice Lumumba" 1902: 1154: 854:as the F 22 Wing of the 197: 192: 115: 5284:India and the United Nations 3843:The Congo Operation, 1960–63 3711:. London: C. Hurst & Co. 3381:The Irsish Army in the Congo 3016:(in Swedish). Archived from 2962:(in Swedish). Archived from 2923:Lakia, Nina (18 June 2008). 2681:Directory of Irish Biography 2647:(in Swedish). Archived from 2530:. London: Haus. p. 129. 2476:The Assassination of Lumumba 1388: 1193:Military Medal for Gallantry 915:prisoners, were attacked by 841: 682:99th Indian Infantry Brigade 509:The United Nations launched 396:99th Indian Infantry Brigade 273:, and 1,020 troops from the 7: 2881:Retrieved: 4 December 2010. 2107:"UN Operation in the Congo" 1341: 1284:Order of the British Empire 977: 622:Criticism of UN involvement 585:Canadian Brigadier-general 418:Hammarskjöld was flying to 69:in 1960 in response to the 10: 5315: 4765:United Nations Korea Medal 4745:United Nations Peace Medal 4740:Captain Mbaye Diagne Medal 4566:History of UN peacekeeping 3907:Journal of African Studies 3858:International Peacekeeping 3804:International Organization 3790:Canadian Defence Quarterly 3745:Franck, Thomas M. (1962). 3707:Williams, A Susan (2016). 3686:Spooner, Kevin A. (2010). 3671:. New York: Nova Science. 3637:. London: Routledge, 2017. 3433:. S/4640. 26 January 1961. 3104:Tullberg, Andreas (2012). 2663:Understanding Peacekeeping 2489:International Organization 1488:September 1960 – May 1961 1320:Armée Nationale Congolaise 1310:, according to historians 1106:October 1962 – April 1963 1021:November 1960 – June 1961 528:Free Republic of the Congo 335:Armée Nationale Congolaise 300:État autonome du Sud-Kasaï 287:, the new mining state of 119: 65:which was deployed in the 18: 5172: 4789: 4782: 4771: 4722: 4621: 4558: 4501: 4442: 4383: 4312: 4145: 4138: 4105: 4082: 4065: 4051: 4004: 3997: 3926:: 6–7, 45–50, August 1960 3884:Lefever, Ernest W (1967) 3831:"Dextraze in the Congo", 3816:10.1017/s0020818300033804 3667:Packham, Eric S. (1996). 3642:Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges 3565:House, Arthur H. (1978). 3175:Southern Command (1966). 2787:Macqueen, Norrie (2017). 2341:Macqueen, Norrie (2017). 2192:HistoryLearningSite.co.uk 2131:Macqueen, Norrie (2017). 1881:Lefever & Joshua 1966 1629: 1362:Ghana, Nigeria, and Egypt 1140:December 1963 – May 1964 1072:December 1961 – May 1962 497:End of Katangan secession 373:(numbering about 8,000). 5250:NATO Non-Article 5 Medal 5239:NATO Non-Article 5 Medal 4664:Updated in November 2023 2981:[Congo Crisis]. 2748:"Premier Adoula Resigns" 2500:Gordon McDonald et al., 2083:Rowman & Littlefield 1660: 1304:Royal Canadian Air Force 294:État minier du Sud-Kasaï 19:Not to be confused with 3991:Peacekeeping Operations 2677:"O'Brien, Conor Cruise" 2356:United Nations (1960). 2055:www.militaryarchives.ie 1650:The Siege of Jadotville 1502:early 1962 – late 1963 946:, received the Swedish 890:From 1960 to 1964, the 873: 376: 265:), 770 troops from the 213:United States Air Force 206: 4730:Dag Hammarskjöld Medal 3875:31.1 (1993): 163–174. 3520:Boulden, Jane (2001). 3398:Abbott, Peter (2014). 2228:. 2001. Archived from 1976:search.archives.un.org 1616:Christian Roy Kaldager 1225: 1123:April – December 1963 1038:April – November 1961 975: 970:and Colonel Olaf Egge 933:Port Francqui incident 887: 827: 519:attack on Camp Massart 506: 463: 357:constabulary loyal to 339: 305: 299: 293: 49: 37: 4613:Women in peacekeeping 4608:United Nations Police 3920:United Nations Review 3737:Abi-Saab, G. (1978), 3726:. London: Haus, 2008. 3247:(2): 163 of 159–170. 2860:Widfeldt, Bo (1966). 2808:The New Straits Times 2075:Prados, John (2006). 1698:Nzongola-Ntalaja 2007 1623:Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi 1584:ONUC force commanders 1223: 1055:June – December 1961 961: 881: 850:was stationed in the 822:at an access road to 817: 724:Malayan Special Force 686:Krishnaswamy Sundarji 616:Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi 523:Katangese Gendarmerie 517:. In the 16 December 504: 445: 407:under the command of 361:(3,000 or less), the 330: 326:Lincoln P. Bloomfield 275:Tunisian Armed Forces 261:(later to become the 67:Republic of the Congo 35: 4598:United Nations Medal 3893:Conor Cruise O'Brien 3282:Gaffen, Fred. 1987. 2526:Zeilig, Leo (2008). 2504:, June 1962, p. 620. 1541:improve this section 1421:improve this section 1371:United Arab Republic 1230:Philippine Air Force 1216:Philippine Air Force 1004:May – November 1960 810:Swedish Armed Forces 804:Royal Malay Regiment 756:improve this article 479:Conor Cruise O'Brien 401:Congolese parliament 347:Joseph-Desire Mobutu 269:, 1,250 troops from 95:UN Secretary-General 79:Congolese government 4660:Politics portal 3897:To Katanga and Back 3669:Freedom and Anarchy 3042:(21 January 2004). 3020:on 17 December 2008 2995:on 3 February 2009. 2960:www.ericsonwolke.se 2929:Swedish Army Museum 2232:on 13 February 2015 2004:peacekeeping.un.org 1607:Lieutenant-general 1600:Lieutenant-general 1461: 1205:Siege of Jadotville 1183:submachineguns and 1089:May – October 1962 1085:Sten-Eggert Nauclér 972:(with dark glasses) 700:, and 120 Irish in 557:Operation Grandslam 487:Siege of Jadotville 365:which were part of 363:Katanga Gendarmerie 144:and Prime Minister 136:, commander of the 93:and authorized the 4384:Asia & Pacific 4066:Asia & Pacific 3631:Macqueen, Norrie. 2771:Black Perspectives 2752:The New York Times 2310:on 8 November 2011 2168:. 15 November 2016 1643:In popular culture 1459: 1381:, where visits by 1276:Royal 22e Regiment 1234:Diosdado Macapagal 1226: 976: 888: 828: 799:Tunku Abdul Rahman 507: 464: 411:Brigadier-general 405:Operation Rampunch 311:Lumumba Government 267:Ghana Armed Forces 131:Lieutenant General 63:peacekeeping force 38: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5173:Mandated Missions 4671: 4670: 4554: 4553: 4134: 4133: 3659:978-1-84277-053-5 3120:978-91-7473-364-8 2966:on 13 March 2013. 2675:Callanan, Frank. 1647:The Netflix film 1577: 1576: 1569: 1509:Italian Air Force 1506: 1505: 1457: 1456: 1449: 1379:Equateur Province 1324:Katanga secession 1144: 1143: 1119:Nils-Olof Hederén 1102:Nils-Olof Hederén 1001:Col. Bernt Juhlin 944:Torsten Stålnacke 856:Swedish Air Force 852:Republic of Congo 788: 787: 780: 692:, 500 Indians at 636:Nikita Khrushchev 438:Operation Morthor 424:his plane crashed 285:Portuguese Angola 5306: 5248: 5237: 5224: 5210: 5196: 5183: 5162: 5152: 5138: 5128: 5118: 5108: 5090: 5080: 5070: 5060: 5050: 5040: 5030: 5020: 5010: 5000: 4990: 4980: 4970: 4960: 4950: 4940: 4930: 4920: 4910: 4900: 4890: 4880: 4870: 4860: 4850: 4840: 4830: 4820: 4810: 4800: 4787: 4786: 4777: 4763: 4753: 4738: 4710: 4709: 4708: 4698: 4691: 4684: 4675: 4674: 4658: 4657: 4643: 4642: 4630: 4629: 4143: 4142: 4002: 4001: 3998:Current missions 3986: 3984: 3983: 3973: 3966: 3959: 3950: 3949: 3927: 3913: 3900: 3861: 3846: 3836: 3826: 3797: 3783: 3774: 3712: 3703: 3682: 3663: 3651: 3628: 3607: 3606:on 23 April 2017 3605: 3599:, archived from 3594: 3582: 3561: 3537: 3511: 3510: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3428: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3335: 3329: 3322: 3316: 3309: 3303: 3296: 3287: 3280: 3265: 3264: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3196: 3192: 3190: 3182: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3132: 3112: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2991:. Archived from 2974: 2968: 2967: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2931:. Archived from 2920: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2891: 2882: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2857: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2784: 2775: 2774: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2744: 2735: 2734: 2714: 2705: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2672: 2666: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2541: 2532: 2531: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2498: 2492: 2485: 2479: 2472: 2463: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2420: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2409: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2383: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2362: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2306:. Archived from 2299: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2282: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2218: 2203: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2137: 2136: 2128: 2119: 2118: 2113:. Archived from 2103: 2097: 2096: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2030: 2021: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2010: 1996: 1987: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1913: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1878: 1872: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1827: 1821: 1815: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1791: 1785: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1761: 1755: 1749: 1743: 1737: 1736:, pp. 35–37 1731: 1725: 1724:, pp. 35–37 1719: 1713: 1712:, pp. 35–37 1707: 1701: 1695: 1689: 1683: 1677: 1676:, pp. 35–37 1671: 1572: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1552: 1521: 1513: 1462: 1452: 1445: 1441: 1438: 1432: 1401: 1393: 1316:Jack Granatstein 1308:John Diefenbaker 1017:Anders Kjellgren 978: 826:in November 1961 783: 776: 772: 769: 763: 736: 735: 728: 718:Canberra bombers 710:Dewan Prem Chand 671:Joseph Kasa-Vubu 667:Jawaharlal Nehru 629:General Assembly 587:Jacques Dextraze 569:Final activities 553:Dewan Prem Chand 511:Operation Unokat 387:Jawaharlal Nehru 308: 302: 296: 242:Joseph Kasa-Vubu 236:from the former 221:Dag Hammarskjöld 176:Security Council 172:Dag Hammarskjöld 167:State of Katanga 155:Katanga Province 142:Joseph Kasa-Vubu 5314: 5313: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5304: 5303: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5258: 5241:for the Balkans 5168: 4778: 4769: 4718: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4672: 4667: 4663: 4652: 4617: 4550: 4497: 4438: 4379: 4308: 4130: 4101: 4078: 4061: 4047: 3993: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3938: 3917: 3830: 3763:10.2307/1190797 3734: 3732:Further reading 3729: 3700: 3679: 3660: 3625: 3603: 3595:, vol. 2, 3592: 3579: 3558: 3542:Dorn, A. Walter 3534: 3515: 3514: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3426: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3396: 3392: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3336: 3332: 3323: 3319: 3310: 3306: 3297: 3290: 3281: 3268: 3253:10.2307/3211272 3235: 3231: 3221: 3219: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3194: 3193: 3184: 3183: 3173: 3169: 3154: 3121: 3110: 3102: 3098: 3083: 3069: 3065: 3055: 3053: 3037: 3033: 3023: 3021: 3004: 3000: 2975: 2971: 2952: 2948: 2938: 2936: 2921: 2917: 2907: 2905: 2892: 2885: 2873: 2869: 2858: 2849: 2839: 2837: 2834:Lund University 2826: 2822: 2812: 2810: 2800: 2796: 2785: 2778: 2763: 2759: 2746: 2745: 2738: 2731: 2715: 2708: 2699: 2695: 2685: 2683: 2673: 2669: 2660: 2656: 2651:on 31 May 2009. 2643: 2642: 2638: 2630: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2602: 2598: 2588: 2586: 2573: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2542: 2535: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2499: 2495: 2486: 2482: 2473: 2466: 2456: 2454: 2442: 2438: 2430: 2423: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2396: 2394: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2369: 2367: 2360: 2354: 2350: 2339: 2335: 2327: 2323: 2313: 2311: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2274: 2270: 2263: 2249: 2245: 2235: 2233: 2220: 2219: 2206: 2196: 2194: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2171: 2169: 2160: 2159: 2155: 2147: 2140: 2129: 2122: 2117:on 2 July 2007. 2105: 2104: 2100: 2093: 2085:. p. 278. 2073: 2069: 2059: 2057: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2022: 2018: 2008: 2006: 1998: 1997: 1990: 1980: 1978: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1934:10.2307/2009388 1914: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1899: 1891: 1887: 1879: 1875: 1867: 1863: 1855: 1851: 1843: 1839: 1828: 1824: 1816: 1812: 1804: 1800: 1792: 1788: 1780: 1776: 1768: 1764: 1756: 1752: 1744: 1740: 1732: 1728: 1720: 1716: 1708: 1704: 1696: 1692: 1684: 1680: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1645: 1632: 1586: 1573: 1562: 1556: 1553: 1538: 1522: 1511: 1453: 1442: 1436: 1433: 1418: 1402: 1391: 1364: 1344: 1272:Jean Berthiaume 1256: 1241:Kamina Air Base 1218: 1157: 956: 905:N'djili Airport 884:Terrängbil m/42 876: 867:Fouga Magisters 844: 820:submachine guns 812: 784: 773: 767: 764: 758:by introducing 749: 737: 733: 726: 714:Sino-Indian War 690:Kamina Air Base 663:Rajeshwar Dayal 658: 653: 624: 612:N'djili Airport 592:Simba rebellion 571: 499: 462:in January 1963 460:Kamina Air Base 440: 379: 371:Antoine Gizenga 343:Antoine Gizenga 328:wrote in 1963, 249:representative 245:Hammarskjöld's 209: 200: 195: 146:Patrice Lumumba 124: 118: 106:Patrice Lumumba 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5312: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5264: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5242: 5231: 5218: 5204: 5190: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5156: 5146: 5132: 5122: 5112: 5102: 5084: 5074: 5064: 5054: 5044: 5034: 5024: 5014: 5004: 4994: 4984: 4974: 4964: 4954: 4944: 4934: 4924: 4914: 4904: 4894: 4884: 4874: 4864: 4854: 4844: 4834: 4824: 4814: 4804: 4793: 4791: 4784: 4780: 4779: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4757: 4747: 4742: 4732: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4716:United Nations 4701: 4700: 4693: 4686: 4678: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4665: 4649: 4636: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4589: 4588: 4586:Latin American 4583: 4578: 4573: 4562: 4560: 4556: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4505: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4495: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4446: 4444: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4149: 4147: 4140: 4136: 4135: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4128: 4122: 4116: 4109: 4107: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4099: 4093: 4086: 4084: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4076: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4053: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4045: 4039: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4008: 4006: 3999: 3995: 3994: 3988:United Nations 3976: 3975: 3968: 3961: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3937: 3936:External links 3934: 3933: 3932: 3929: 3915: 3902: 3889: 3882: 3879: 3869: 3863: 3848: 3838: 3828: 3799: 3785: 3775: 3742: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3727: 3718: 3704: 3698: 3683: 3677: 3664: 3658: 3638: 3629: 3623: 3608: 3583: 3577: 3562: 3556: 3538: 3532: 3516: 3513: 3512: 3493: 3474: 3453: 3436: 3431:United Nations 3415: 3408: 3390: 3378:Daragh Keane. 3370: 3349: 3330: 3317: 3304: 3288: 3266: 3229: 3217:London Gazette 3204: 3167: 3152: 3119: 3096: 3081: 3063: 3040:Schori, Pierre 3031: 2998: 2989:Sveriges Radio 2987:(in Swedish). 2969: 2946: 2935:on 7 June 2008 2915: 2883: 2867: 2847: 2820: 2794: 2776: 2757: 2754:. 1 July 1964. 2736: 2729: 2706: 2700:Arthur House, 2693: 2667: 2654: 2636: 2624: 2596: 2567: 2555: 2533: 2518: 2506: 2493: 2480: 2464: 2436: 2421: 2378: 2365:United Nations 2348: 2333: 2321: 2294: 2268: 2262:978-1896551180 2261: 2243: 2226:United Nations 2204: 2179: 2153: 2151:, pp. 32. 2138: 2120: 2111:United Nations 2098: 2091: 2067: 2042: 2016: 1988: 1963: 1922:World Politics 1907: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1885: 1873: 1861: 1849: 1837: 1822: 1818:Mockaitis 1999 1810: 1806:Mockaitis 1999 1798: 1786: 1782:Mockaitis 1999 1774: 1770:Mockaitis 1999 1762: 1758:Mockaitis 1999 1750: 1738: 1726: 1714: 1702: 1690: 1678: 1665: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1644: 1641: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1626: 1621:Major-general 1619: 1614:Major-general 1612: 1609:Kebbede Guebre 1605: 1598: 1589:Major-general 1585: 1582: 1575: 1574: 1525: 1523: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1455: 1454: 1405: 1403: 1396: 1390: 1387: 1363: 1360: 1356:Ethiopian Army 1343: 1340: 1312:Norman Hillmer 1280:chief of staff 1268:Force Publique 1255: 1252: 1217: 1214: 1156: 1153: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1098: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1081: 1078: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1030: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1005: 1002: 999: 996: 992: 991: 988: 985: 982: 964:Curt Göransson 962:Major-general 955: 952: 940:Stig von Bayer 875: 872: 843: 840: 811: 808: 786: 785: 754:. Please help 740: 738: 731: 725: 722: 657: 654: 652: 649: 623: 620: 600:Kwilu Province 570: 567: 551:Major General 515:Cyrille Adoula 498: 495: 439: 436: 399:reconvene the 383:Elisabethville 378: 375: 359:Albert Kalonji 351:Albert Kalonji 281:Albert Kalonji 259:Ethiopian Army 251:Andrew Cordier 238:Force Publique 208: 205: 199: 196: 194: 191: 183:Resolution 143 174:addressed the 163:Elisabethville 138:Force Publique 134:Émile Janssens 120:Main article: 117: 114: 87:Resolution 143 60:United Nations 54:, abbreviated 25:EUFOR RD Congo 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5311: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4788: 4785: 4781: 4776: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4699: 4694: 4692: 4687: 4685: 4680: 4679: 4676: 4662: 4661: 4656: 4650: 4648: 4647: 4637: 4635: 4634: 4624: 4623: 4620: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4557: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4141: 4139:Past missions 4137: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4104: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4074: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4064: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4003: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3989: 3974: 3969: 3967: 3962: 3960: 3955: 3954: 3951: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3810:(2): 377–89, 3809: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3757:(4): 632–52. 3756: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3740: 3736: 3735: 3725: 3724: 3720:Zeilig, Leo. 3719: 3717: 3716: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3699:9780774858953 3695: 3692:. UBC Press. 3691: 3690: 3684: 3680: 3678:1-56072-232-0 3674: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3655: 3650: 3649: 3643: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3624:9780275961732 3620: 3616: 3615: 3609: 3602: 3598: 3591: 3590: 3584: 3580: 3578:9780819105165 3574: 3570: 3569: 3563: 3559: 3557:9781317183396 3553: 3549: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3533:9780275969066 3529: 3525: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3509: 3508: 3503: 3497: 3490: 3489: 3484: 3478: 3463: 3457: 3446: 3440: 3432: 3425: 3419: 3411: 3409:9781782000761 3405: 3401: 3394: 3383: 3382: 3374: 3359: 3353: 3346:(2): 303–336. 3345: 3341: 3334: 3327: 3321: 3314: 3308: 3301: 3295: 3293: 3285: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3241: 3233: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3200: 3188: 3180: 3179: 3171: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3153:91-87184-31-1 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3116: 3109: 3108: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3082:91-7843-225-1 3078: 3074: 3067: 3051: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3035: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3009: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2984:P3 Dokumentär 2980: 2979:"Kongokrisen" 2973: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2950: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2903: 2902: 2897: 2890: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2863: 2862:The Saab J 29 2856: 2854: 2852: 2835: 2831: 2824: 2809: 2805: 2798: 2790: 2783: 2781: 2772: 2768: 2761: 2753: 2749: 2743: 2741: 2732: 2730:9781550023510 2726: 2722: 2721: 2713: 2711: 2703: 2697: 2682: 2678: 2671: 2664: 2658: 2650: 2646: 2640: 2633: 2632:Williams 2016 2628: 2613: 2612: 2607: 2600: 2584: 2583: 2578: 2571: 2565:, p. 40. 2564: 2563:Williams 2016 2559: 2551: 2547: 2540: 2538: 2529: 2522: 2516:, p. 39. 2515: 2514:Williams 2016 2510: 2503: 2497: 2490: 2484: 2478:, 2001, p. 16 2477: 2471: 2469: 2453: 2452: 2447: 2440: 2434:, p. 35. 2433: 2432:Williams 2016 2428: 2426: 2406: 2393:. 28 May 2014 2392: 2388: 2382: 2366: 2359: 2352: 2344: 2337: 2331:, p. 37. 2330: 2329:Williams 2016 2325: 2309: 2305: 2298: 2279: 2272: 2264: 2258: 2254: 2247: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2193: 2189: 2183: 2167: 2163: 2157: 2150: 2149:Williams 2016 2145: 2143: 2134: 2127: 2125: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2102: 2094: 2092:9781566638234 2088: 2084: 2080: 2079: 2071: 2056: 2052: 2046: 2027: 2020: 2005: 2001: 1995: 1993: 1977: 1973: 1967: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1928:(1): 75–107. 1927: 1923: 1919: 1912: 1908: 1895:, p. 120 1894: 1889: 1883:, p. 370 1882: 1877: 1870: 1865: 1858: 1853: 1847:, p. 107 1846: 1841: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1819: 1814: 1807: 1802: 1795: 1790: 1783: 1778: 1771: 1766: 1759: 1754: 1747: 1742: 1735: 1730: 1723: 1718: 1711: 1706: 1700:, p. 105 1699: 1694: 1687: 1682: 1675: 1670: 1666: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1640: 1637: 1624: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1591:Carl von Horn 1588: 1587: 1581: 1571: 1568: 1560: 1557:February 2024 1550: 1546: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1526:This section 1524: 1520: 1515: 1514: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1451: 1448: 1440: 1437:February 2024 1430: 1426: 1422: 1416: 1415: 1411: 1406:This section 1404: 1400: 1395: 1394: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1352:Kebur Zabagna 1349: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1332:Joseph Mobutu 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1254:Canadian Army 1251: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1222: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1152: 1150: 1139: 1137: 1136:Vollrath Tham 1133: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1037: 1035: 1034:Gösta Frykman 1031: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 993: 989: 986: 983: 980: 979: 973: 969: 965: 960: 951: 949: 945: 941: 936: 934: 928: 926: 920: 918: 914: 908: 906: 902: 898: 893: 885: 880: 871: 868: 864: 859: 857: 853: 849: 839: 837: 833: 832:Carl von Horn 825: 821: 816: 807: 805: 800: 796: 792: 782: 779: 771: 768:February 2024 761: 757: 753: 747: 746: 745:single source 741:This section 739: 730: 729: 721: 719: 715: 711: 705: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 678: 676: 672: 668: 664: 648: 646: 640: 637: 632: 630: 619: 617: 613: 608: 603: 601: 597: 596:Pierre Mulele 593: 588: 583: 581: 577: 566: 563: 558: 554: 549: 546: 542: 537: 532: 529: 524: 520: 516: 512: 503: 494: 492: 488: 483: 480: 475: 471: 469: 461: 457: 453: 449: 444: 435: 431: 429: 425: 421: 416: 414: 410: 406: 402: 397: 393: 388: 384: 374: 372: 368: 367:Moise Tshombe 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 338: 336: 329: 327: 323: 321: 317: 312: 307: 301: 295: 290: 286: 282: 278: 276: 272: 268: 264: 263:Tekil Brigade 260: 255: 252: 248: 243: 239: 235: 229: 227: 222: 218: 214: 204: 190: 188: 184: 179: 177: 173: 168: 164: 159: 156: 152: 151:Moïse Tshombé 147: 143: 139: 135: 132: 129: 123: 113: 109: 107: 103: 98: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 74: 72: 68: 64: 61: 57: 53: 52: 47: 43: 34: 30: 26: 22: 4831: 4651: 4638: 4625: 4152: 3923: 3919: 3910: 3906: 3899:, Hutchinson 3896: 3885: 3872: 3856: 3842: 3832: 3807: 3803: 3793: 3789: 3779: 3754: 3750: 3738: 3721: 3713: 3708: 3688: 3668: 3647: 3632: 3613: 3601:the original 3588: 3567: 3546: 3522: 3506: 3505: 3496: 3487: 3486: 3477: 3465:. Retrieved 3456: 3439: 3430: 3418: 3399: 3393: 3380: 3373: 3361:. Retrieved 3352: 3343: 3339: 3333: 3325: 3320: 3312: 3307: 3299: 3283: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3220:. Retrieved 3216: 3207: 3177: 3170: 3143: 3139: 3133:which cites 3106: 3099: 3072: 3066: 3054:. Retrieved 3052:(in Swedish) 3047: 3034: 3022:. Retrieved 3018:the original 3011: 3001: 2993:the original 2982: 2972: 2964:the original 2959: 2949: 2937:. Retrieved 2933:the original 2918: 2906:. Retrieved 2904:(in Swedish) 2899: 2878: 2870: 2861: 2838:. Retrieved 2823: 2811:. Retrieved 2807: 2797: 2788: 2770: 2760: 2751: 2719: 2701: 2696: 2684:. Retrieved 2680: 2670: 2662: 2657: 2649:the original 2639: 2627: 2615:. Retrieved 2611:The Guardian 2609: 2599: 2587:. Retrieved 2582:The Guardian 2580: 2570: 2558: 2549: 2527: 2521: 2509: 2501: 2496: 2488: 2483: 2475: 2455:. Retrieved 2451:Le Potentiel 2449: 2439: 2412:. Retrieved 2395:. Retrieved 2390: 2381: 2368:. Retrieved 2364: 2351: 2342: 2336: 2324: 2312:. Retrieved 2308:the original 2297: 2285:. Retrieved 2271: 2252: 2246: 2234:. Retrieved 2230:the original 2225: 2195:. Retrieved 2191: 2182: 2170:. Retrieved 2165: 2156: 2132: 2115:the original 2110: 2101: 2077: 2070: 2058:. Retrieved 2054: 2045: 2033:. Retrieved 2019: 2007:. Retrieved 2003: 1979:. Retrieved 1975: 1966: 1925: 1921: 1911: 1888: 1876: 1871:, p. 37 1864: 1857:Spooner 2010 1852: 1845:Spooner 2010 1840: 1830:Spooner 2010 1825: 1820:, p. 37 1813: 1808:, p. 36 1801: 1796:, p. 39 1794:Boulden 2001 1789: 1784:, p. 36 1777: 1772:, p. 35 1765: 1760:, p. 35 1753: 1748:, p. 38 1746:Boulden 2001 1741: 1734:Boulden 2001 1729: 1722:Boulden 2001 1717: 1710:Boulden 2001 1705: 1693: 1688:, p. 37 1686:Packham 1996 1681: 1674:Boulden 2001 1669: 1654: 1648: 1646: 1633: 1602:Sean MacEoin 1578: 1563: 1554: 1539:Please help 1527: 1443: 1434: 1419:Please help 1407: 1383:UAR Ilyushin 1368: 1365: 1348:Stanleyville 1345: 1328: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1265: 1257: 1248: 1245: 1238: 1227: 1210: 1202: 1177:Willys CJ3As 1158: 1148: 1145: 971: 937: 929: 921: 909: 892:Swedish Army 889: 860: 845: 836:Ralph Bunche 829: 789: 774: 765: 742: 706: 679: 659: 641: 633: 625: 604: 584: 580:Leopoldville 572: 562:Lufira River 550: 545:Sean MacEoin 541:Ralph Bunche 533: 508: 484: 476: 472: 465: 432: 417: 380: 340: 331: 324: 279: 256: 247:Léopoldville 230: 210: 201: 187:peacekeeping 180: 160: 125: 122:Congo Crisis 110: 99: 75: 71:Congo Crisis 55: 50: 41: 39: 29: 5154:MINURCAT II 4541:(1991–2003) 4535:(1988–1991) 4529:(1973–1979) 4523:(1963–1964) 4511:(1956–1967) 4494:(1996–2002) 4488:(1996–2002) 4482:(1996–1998) 4476:(1995–2002) 4470:(1995–1999) 4464:(1995–1996) 4458:(1993–2009) 4452:(1992–1995) 4435:(2006–2012) 4429:(2002–2005) 4423:(1994–2000) 4417:(1992–1993) 4411:(1991–1992) 4405:(1988–1990) 4399:(1965–1966) 4393:(1962–1963) 4376:(2017–2019) 4370:(2004–2017) 4364:(1997–2000) 4346:(1996–1997) 4340:(1993–1996) 4334:(1991–1995) 4328:(1989–1992) 4322:(1965–1966) 4305:(2013–2023) 4299:(2007–2020) 4293:(2007–2010) 4287:(2005–2011) 4281:(2004–2006) 4275:(2004–2017) 4269:(2003–2018) 4263:(2003–2004) 4257:(2000–2008) 4251:(1999–2010) 4245:(1999–2005) 4239:(1998–1999) 4233:(1998–2000) 4227:(1997–1999) 4221:(1995–1997) 4209:(1993–1996) 4203:(1993–1997) 4197:(1993–1994) 4191:(1993–1995) 4185:(1992–1994) 4179:(1992–1993) 4173:(1991–1995) 4167:(1989–1991) 4161:(1989–1990) 4155:(1960–1964) 3941:Records of 3195:|work= 3136:Sköld, Nils 3049:Aftonbladet 2939:16 November 2901:Sydsvenskan 2879:avrosys.nu. 2813:24 February 2457:25 November 2414:29 December 2370:29 December 2287:26 February 2236:14 February 2197:14 February 2035:26 February 1636:no-fly zone 1173:Land Rovers 1165:Lee–Enfield 863:ground fire 848:J 29Bs 656:Indian Army 536:federalized 485:During the 452:Philippines 413:K.A.S. Raja 409:Indian Army 392:Indian Army 355:South Kasai 289:South Kasai 189:in nature. 5273:Categories 5212:NATO Medal 5198:NATO Medal 4219:UNAVEM III 2474:De Witte, 2172:6 February 1903:References 1893:House 1978 1832:, p. 1493:Garuda III 1465:Contingent 1181:Gustav M45 1161:Irish Army 1155:Irish Army 1068:Jonas Wærn 1051:Jonas Wærn 968:Jonas Wærn 948:Vasa Medal 882:A Swedish 702:Jadotville 576:Luluabourg 198:Deployment 193:Operations 116:Background 4374:MINUJUSTH 4189:UNOSOM II 4171:UNAVEM II 3824:154573940 3467:5 January 3363:5 January 3197:ignored ( 3187:cite book 3178:Volume 26 3013:Expressen 2686:24 August 2397:5 January 1958:154965697 1942:1086-3338 1869:Dorn 2016 1528:does not 1479:Garuda II 1471:Commander 1408:does not 1389:Indonesia 1261:proxy war 1185:Bren Guns 987:Commander 842:Air Force 760:citations 752:talk page 555:launched 5226:INTERFET 5052:UNPREDEP 5012:UNPROFOR 4783:Military 4646:Category 4576:Timeline 4571:Missions 4502:WestAsia 4468:UNPREDEP 4450:UNPROFOR 4368:MINUSTAH 4313:Americas 4291:MINURCAT 4177:UNOSOM I 4165:UNAVEM I 4106:WestAsia 4058:Inactive 4052:Americas 3895:(1962), 3833:Archives 3644:(2007). 3544:(2016). 3138:(1994). 3129:13520443 3091:10271824 2908:20 April 2840:20 April 2617:2 August 2589:2 August 2585:. London 2166:BBC News 2060:26 April 2009:26 April 1981:26 April 1474:Service 1468:Strength 1342:Ethiopia 1134:Lt Col. 990:Service 984:Strength 795:Malaysia 420:Rhodesia 320:Bakwanga 234:materiel 58:) was a 27:in 2006. 5164:MONUSCO 5100:UNMISET 4962:MINURSO 4912:UNIIMOG 4872:UNEF II 4852:UNFICYP 4812:UNMOGIP 4790:General 4723:General 4714:of the 4633:Outline 4559:Related 4533:UNIIMOG 4527:UNEF II 4427:UNMISET 4403:UNGOMAP 4362:MIPONUH 4350:MINUGUA 4303:MINUSMA 4243:UNAMSIL 4237:UNOMSIL 4231:MINURCA 4090:UNFICYP 4073:UNMOGIP 4036:MINUSCA 4018:MONUSCO 4012:MINURSO 3771:1190797 3261:3211272 3162:7762917 3056:24 July 3024:24 July 1950:2009388 1549:removed 1534:sources 1429:removed 1414:sources 1274:of the 1094:XVIII K 607:Kolwezi 428:U Thant 318:seized 271:Morocco 217:mandate 128:Belgian 102:Katanga 85:passed 21:MONUSCO 5140:MINUCI 5096:UNTAET 5092:UNAMET 5072:UNTAES 5042:UNAMIR 5022:UNOSOM 4992:ONUSAL 4982:UNAMIC 4972:UNIKOM 4942:UNAVEM 4892:UNIFIL 4862:UNIPOM 4822:UNOGIL 4644: 4631: 4581:Canada 4547:(2012) 4545:UNSMIS 4539:UNIKOM 4517:(1958) 4515:UNOGIL 4509:UNEF I 4492:UNCPSG 4480:UNTAES 4474:UNMIBH 4456:UNOMIG 4443:Europe 4409:UNAMIC 4397:UNIPOM 4358:(1997) 4356:UNTMIH 4352:(1997) 4344:UNSMIH 4332:ONUSAL 4320:DOMREP 4297:UNAMID 4261:MINUCI 4215:(1994) 4213:UNASOG 4207:UNAMIR 4201:UNOMIL 4195:UNOMUR 4183:ONUMOZ 4146:Africa 4127:(1978) 4125:UNIFIL 4121:(1974) 4115:(1948) 4098:(1999) 4092:(1964) 4083:Europe 4075:(1949) 4044:(2020) 4042:UNITAM 4038:(2014) 4032:(2011) 4030:UNMISS 4026:(2011) 4024:UNISFA 4020:(2010) 4014:(1991) 4005:Africa 3985: 3877:online 3867:online 3822: 3769: 3696: 3675: 3656: 3621: 3575: 3554: 3530: 3406: 3259: 3222:15 May 3160: 3158:SELIBR 3150: 3127: 3125:SELIBR 3117: 3089: 3087:SELIBR 3079: 2727: 2314:10 May 2259: 2089: 2000:"ONUC" 1956: 1948: 1940: 1630:Legacy 1375:Lisala 1189:Baluba 1169:FN FAL 1128:XXII K 995:VIII G 981:Number 925:Kamina 917:BaLuba 913:Baluba 824:Niemba 791:Malaya 698:Manono 694:Kabalo 675:Mobutu 645:troika 521:, the 491:killed 456:Sweden 450:, the 91:troops 46:French 5229:Medal 5188:Medal 5144:ONUCI 5130:UNMIL 5120:UNMEE 5110:MONUC 5082:UNMIK 5062:UNMOP 5032:UNMIH 5002:UNTAC 4932:ONUCA 4922:UNTAG 4882:UNDOF 4842:UNTEA 4802:UNTSO 4521:UNYOM 4486:UNMOP 4462:UNCRO 4433:UNMIT 4421:UNMOT 4415:UNTAC 4338:UNMIH 4326:ONUCA 4285:UNMIS 4273:UNOCI 4267:UNMIL 4255:UNMEE 4249:MONUC 4225:MONUA 4159:UNTAG 4119:UNDOF 4113:UNTSO 4096:UNMIK 3820:S2CID 3767:JSTOR 3604:(PDF) 3593:(PDF) 3448:(PDF) 3427:(PDF) 3385:(PDF) 3257:JSTOR 3142:[ 3111:(PDF) 2408:(PDF) 2361:(PDF) 2281:(PDF) 2029:(PDF) 1954:S2CID 1946:JSTOR 1661:Notes 1595:UNTSO 1496:3,457 1482:1,074 1336:Zaire 1117:Col. 1100:Col. 1083:Col. 1077:XVI K 1066:Col. 1060:XIV K 1049:Col. 1043:XII K 1032:Col. 1015:Col. 793:(now 468:Hindi 5254:ISAF 5252:for 5216:KFOR 5214:for 5202:SFOR 5200:for 4902:UNHQ 4832:ONUC 4391:UNSF 4279:ONUB 4153:ONUC 3796:: 27 3694:ISBN 3673:ISBN 3654:ISBN 3619:ISBN 3573:ISBN 3552:ISBN 3528:ISBN 3469:2017 3404:ISBN 3365:2017 3224:2013 3199:help 3148:ISBN 3115:ISBN 3077:ISBN 3058:2015 3026:2015 2941:2008 2910:2016 2842:2016 2815:2021 2725:ISBN 2688:2022 2619:2014 2591:2014 2550:Mint 2459:2014 2416:2016 2399:2017 2372:2016 2316:2012 2289:2015 2257:ISBN 2238:2015 2199:2015 2174:2017 2087:ISBN 2062:2021 2037:2015 2011:2021 1983:2021 1938:ISSN 1532:any 1530:cite 1412:any 1410:cite 1314:and 1197:Ford 1159:The 1111:XX K 1026:XI G 942:and 901:UNEF 897:Gaza 874:Army 673:and 454:and 448:Iran 377:1961 306:état 207:1960 56:ONUC 40:The 3812:doi 3759:doi 3249:doi 1930:doi 1543:by 1423:by 1377:in 1175:or 1131:303 1114:528 1097:698 1080:662 1063:653 1046:567 1029:603 1012:533 1009:X K 998:660 598:'s 458:at 316:ANC 5275:: 3922:, 3909:, 3855:, 3818:, 3808:17 3806:, 3794:19 3792:, 3765:. 3755:27 3753:. 3749:. 3429:. 3344:43 3342:. 3291:^ 3269:^ 3255:. 3245:73 3243:. 3215:. 3191:: 3189:}} 3185:{{ 3156:. 3123:. 3085:. 2886:^ 2877:. 2850:^ 2806:. 2779:^ 2769:. 2750:. 2739:^ 2709:^ 2679:. 2608:. 2579:. 2548:. 2536:^ 2467:^ 2448:. 2424:^ 2389:. 2363:. 2224:. 2207:^ 2190:. 2164:. 2141:^ 2123:^ 2109:. 2081:. 2053:. 2002:. 1991:^ 1974:. 1952:. 1944:. 1936:. 1926:17 1924:. 1920:. 1834:34 1326:. 1286:. 907:. 704:. 618:. 582:. 493:. 48:: 5142:/ 5098:/ 5094:/ 4697:e 4690:t 4683:v 3972:e 3965:t 3958:v 3928:. 3924:7 3914:. 3911:4 3901:. 3862:. 3837:. 3827:. 3814:: 3798:. 3784:. 3773:. 3761:: 3702:. 3681:. 3662:. 3627:. 3581:. 3560:. 3536:. 3471:. 3450:. 3412:. 3367:. 3263:. 3251:: 3226:. 3201:) 3164:. 3131:. 3093:. 3060:. 3028:. 2943:. 2912:. 2844:. 2817:. 2773:. 2733:. 2690:. 2634:. 2621:. 2593:. 2552:. 2461:. 2418:. 2401:. 2374:. 2318:. 2291:. 2265:. 2240:. 2201:. 2176:. 2095:. 2064:. 2039:. 2013:. 1985:. 1960:. 1932:: 1597:) 1570:) 1564:( 1559:) 1555:( 1551:. 1537:. 1450:) 1444:( 1439:) 1435:( 1431:. 1417:. 1149:G 974:. 781:) 775:( 770:) 766:( 748:. 333:( 291:( 44:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

United Nations Operation in the Congo

Index