1008:
264:
782:
2441:
2404:
2367:
2330:
2293:
2256:
2219:
1601:
to finance his activities. Finally, there was a rupture inside the
Boulangist party, namely the Radicals of Clemenceau, who disenchanted by the militarism of Boulanger launched the Society of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the socialists became disappointed by Boulanger's frequentation of
1117:
1673:. The ANR, which Méline and Poincaré were members of, refused the antisemitic thesis, but took side with the Anti-Dreyfus field. This decision was fatal for the ANR's destiny. In 1899, the re-conviction of the Colonel Dreyfus, with a partial
1251:
and
President Grévy also resigned his office in 1887 after a corruption scandal involving his son-in-law. The Moderate Republicans, seriously challenged, survived only thanks to the support of the Radical Republicans of
1239:, the elections guaranteed a solid republican majority in the Chamber. In fact, until the election the two republican groups had been reunited in a new political party guided by President Grévy and his close ally
1547:
In the face of the rise of
Boulanger, the republican leaders were divided. From one side, the old republican moderate wing, composed by prominent personalities like Jules Ferry, Maurice Rouvier and
2101:
2078:
2055:
2028:
2005:
1982:
1959:
1161:, the two radical and moderate republicans spirits decided to cooperate and form common governments despite the personal antagonism between Grévy and Gambetta, who died in 1882.
1232:
3143:
1141:, succeeding the Monarchist MacMahon. From this time, with the progressive disappearance of the Monarchists the moderates began to move toward the parliamentary
1104:
the moderate and radical republicans gained 193 and 98 seats in the
Chamber, respectively. From this time, the republicans maintained strong majorities in the
399:
1500:
from 1886 to 1887. His appointment was a strategy of Prime
Minister Goblet to pledge the nationalists, but after the fall of his cabinet he was replaced by
1308:
291:
1236:
3138:
731:
1096:. The two parliamentary groups were non-influential during the early years of the Republic, dominated by the monarchist Moral Order coalition of
3133:
2529:
3148:
961:
819:
121:
31:
1580:
938:
1108:
and were pejoratively called
Opportunists by their detractors for their aptitude to gain the popular consensus in spite of any ideology.
3153:
579:
415:
1807:
1748:
2953:
17:
3163:
792:
3178:
3168:
3173:
1243:, namely the Democratic Union, born of the fusion of the Republican Left and the Republican Union. However, the republican
2730:
The Rise of the
Agricultural Welfare State: Institutions and Interest Group Power in the United States, France, and Japan
1461:
1413:
685:
206:
153:
468:
3193:
3183:
483:
2865:
2838:
2811:
2784:
2712:
2685:
2658:
2629:
2602:
2560:
1603:
768:
560:
426:
344:
3198:
3128:
2420:
2383:
2346:
2309:
2272:
2235:
2198:
2166:
1706:
1682:
1642:
1623:
1228:
1101:
1077:
969:
812:
662:
550:
520:
1911:
1508:(1887–1891). Around the General was forming a heterogeneous group of supporters, including radical reformers like
977:
879:
570:
1728:
667:
446:
1689:(ADR) in 1901, claiming the heritage of Ferry and Gambetta. Many Moderate Republicans joined the ADR, including
3158:
2509:
1686:
1203:
740:
132:
2514:
720:
710:
677:
394:
2972:
2033:
1738:
1563:, formed the National Republican Association (ANR) in 1888. To the other side, the republican right-wing of
451:
3188:
2133:
1497:
1403:
1081:
319:
140:
1607:
1076:. The moderates instead supported the Treaty and were more pragmatic on international politics. After the
1069:
805:
725:
705:
698:
456:
245:
354:
329:
1842:
973:
617:
390:
3013:
1195:
515:
2468:
1768:
1694:
1089:
965:
911:
715:
1244:
1120:
988:
461:
339:
2083:
1678:
1421:
1211:
1045:
908:
672:
277:
166:
161:
75:
30:
This article is about the political group of the Third French
Republic. For its predecessor, see
1901:
510:
1916:
1164:
During the late 1870s and 1880s, the
Republican majority launched an education reform with the
1146:
875:
763:
2621:
The
Politics of Secularism: Religion, Diversity, and Institutional Change in France and Turkey
1657:
and Clemenceau who supported the innocence of the Jewish Colonel and the Anti-Dreyfusard like
1528:; and nationalists who desired revenge against Germany. Finally, Boulanger personally led the
1837:
1710:
1597:
1504:
and the General was not reconfirmed. This political error started the political phase called
1433:
1374:
1199:
1065:
1025:
859:
657:
636:
284:
2264:
2227:
1847:
1773:
1634:
1513:
1417:
1187:
1182:
984:
364:
306:
178:
59:
8:
2412:
2375:
2060:
1743:
1529:
1466:
1138:
1021:
1011:
650:
525:
501:
439:
314:
211:
71:
3066:
THE PANAMA SCANDALS; An Exciting Scene in the French Chamber of Deputies. March 30, 1897
1861:
1778:
1666:
1521:
403:
2524:
1552:
1525:
1509:
1456:
1428:
1206:. Despite this semi-authoritarian policies, the republicans refused to be charged with
1191:
1061:
758:
555:
254:
227:
201:
173:
1658:
1649:
broke out in 1893, causing the formation of two factions, namely the Dreyfusards like
1536:
revanchist and militarist league and benefitted from popular and financial support by
893:
political party. During their existence, the Moderate Republicans were present in the
2861:
2834:
2807:
2780:
2708:
2681:
2654:
2625:
2598:
2556:
1896:
1493:
1105:
894:
491:
383:
149:
1886:
1723:
1638:
1615:
1548:
1302:
419:
3038:
3019:
1891:
1488:
and with the scandals involving the republican governments there was a rise of the
1173:
1097:
1053:
626:
565:
370:
145:
1705:. The Moderate Republicans who had remained in the ANR finally adhered along with
1093:
545:
2855:
2828:
2801:
2774:
2702:
2675:
2646:
2619:
2592:
2568:
La culture du refus de l’ennemi. Modérantisme et religion au seuil du XXIe siècle
1906:
1881:
1876:
1852:
1832:
1817:
1797:
1630:
1595:
that tried to defend the Republic from its reputed enemy Boulanger and used many
1501:
1290:
1158:
1145:
between the old rights (Bonapartist and reunited monarchists) and the new lefts (
1057:
1007:
841:
540:
410:
325:
191:
2449:
2106:
1822:
1662:
1484:
1871:
1812:
1758:
1698:
1654:
1646:
1556:
863:
55:
2190:
2010:
1987:
1964:
1802:
1253:
1134:
1014:
871:
263:
63:
3122:
3023:
2930:
1783:
1753:
1733:
1592:
1564:
1261:
1248:
1169:
1127:
786:
588:
350:
157:
1763:
1650:
1033:
2916:
2541:
1866:
1702:
1670:
1584:
1231:, the republican consolidation was confirmed. Even if popularly won by the
1207:
890:
858:), was a French political group active in the late 19th century during the
1827:
1685:
in 1900. To remove the mole of antisemitism, Waldeck-Rousseau founded the
1247:
Ferry was forced to resign in 1885 after a political scandal known as the
1142:
2519:
2338:
2301:
1792:
1572:
1489:
1320:
1296:
1240:
1220:
1215:
1123:
1085:
1037:
996:
992:
867:
67:
2570:. University of Limoges Press. Bibliothèque européenne des idées. 150 p.
1568:
2566:
Gilles Dumont, Bernard Dumont and Christophe Réveillard (dir.) (2007).
1690:
1588:
1541:
1517:
1505:
1409:
1257:
1177:
1029:
598:
593:
1028:
was born. However, its politics was divided in two groups, namely the
608:
3078:
2997:
2995:
G. Davenay (30 August 1894). "L'Association nationale républicaine".
2966:
1576:
1533:
1516:; Bonapartists and monarchists who wanted to overthrow the Republic;
1165:
1154:
1041:
535:
2745:
Selected Writings of Jean Jaurès: On Socialism, Pacifism and Marxism
1610:, also themselves disappointed by Boulanger's republican ideas. The
3076:
Charles Morice; Henry Jarzuel (11 August 1894). "La Constitution".
2742:
1713:, a right-wing party very distant from the original ANR's beliefs.
1619:
1560:
1150:
1049:
889:
at the time, the Moderate Republicans progressively evolved into a
231:
1100:, but after the failure of a return to the monarchy and after the
3111:
Auguste Avril (19 November 1903). "Les Progressistes". Le Figaro.
1073:
1024:(1870–1871) and the consequential fall of the French Empire, the
886:
603:
530:
1633:
of 1892 involved prominent Radical politicians like Clemenceau,
1256:
and worries about the rise of a new political phenomenon called
1084:
split in two groups, namely the moderate Republican Left led by
2704:
Les Opportunistes: Les débuts de la République aux républicains
1674:
1583:
in 1889. Continuing to depict itself as leftist, the ANR was a
1537:
226: However, Opportunist Republicans was also classified as "
2776:
La France des débuts de la IIIe République - 6e éd.: 1870-1896
1385:
1116:
1126:, who resigned in 1885 after a political scandal called the
3075:
2651:
L'Enracinement de la République - Edition 1991: 1879 - 1918
1629:
In the 1890s, the Moderate Republican parable ended as the
1446:
1180:
public education. However, Grévy also signed the so-called
1669:
who accused Dreyfus of betrayal, partially due to rampant
1614:
to Boulangisme arrived when he was accused of preparing a
2799:
2553:
Les modérés dans la vie politique française (1870-1965)
1482:
The revanchist ideas were strong in the France of the
964:
were a large and heterogenous group started after the
2913:
La France des débuts de la IIIe République, 1870-1896
2830:
Centre et centrisme en Europe aux XIXe et XXe siècles
2591:
Nicolas Roussellier (1991). Editions Complexe (ed.).
1681:, caused divisions inside the ANR, aggravated by the
3037:"L'Association républicaine du Centenaire de 1789".
2618:
Murat Akan (2017). Columbia University Press (ed.).
2467: Presented as coalition of Republican Left and
2590:
292:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
1210:and continued to proclaim themselves of the left,
2910:
2853:
2772:
2760:Gustave Caillebotte as Worker, Collector, Painter
2743:Jean-Numa Ducange, Elisa Marcobelli, ed. (2021).
2727:
3120:
2967:Georges-Léonard Hémeret; Janine Hémeret (1981).
2880:
3144:Political parties of the French Third Republic
3051:
2947:
2895:
2826:
2800:Jean-Pierre Chevènement (2004). Fayard (ed.).
2773:Dominique Lejeune (2016). Armand Colin (ed.).
2757:
2673:
1267:
3110:
2929:
2885:. PUF, coll. Que sais-je ?. p. 127.
2530:Purge of the French Civil Service (1879-1884)
2116:
2093:
2070:
2020:
1997:
1974:
1641:, granting a large victory to the ANR in the
813:
1571:, who represented the interests of the rich
942:
932:
919:
902:
853:
3052:Stephen Pichon (24 June 1888). "Un Parti".
2555:. Nancy: University of Nancy Press. 562 p.
2994:
2969:Les présidents : République française
2644:
2617:
2586:
2584:
987:in 1852, the Republicans took part in the
820:
806:
2827:Jean Garrigues (2006). Peter Lang (ed.).
2732:. Princeton University Press. p. 42.
2700:
2482: Under the label of Democratic Union
1928:
972:, finishing as the minority group in the
3139:Political parties disestablished in 1901
2950:La France des patriotes (de 1851 à 1918)
2854:Jean-Pierre Rioux (2011). Fayard (ed.).
2125:
1643:legislative elections the following year
1186:("villainous laws") that restricted the
1115:
1052:). If both republicans were combined by
1006:
32:Moderate Republicans (France, 1848–1870)
2762:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 4.
2581:
1218:. This paradox was later identified as
1214:being historically associated with the
14:
3121:
3011:
1111:
732:Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs
3134:Political parties established in 1871
2494: Under the label of Progressives
1524:, who admired the General's views on
1260:, the desire for revenge against the
2857:Les Centristes: De Mirabeau à Bayrou
1923:
1716:
862:. The leaders of the group included
27:French centre-left political faction
3149:Defunct political parties in France
3015:Provinz zwischen Reich und Republik
2874:
927:They were further divided into the
24:
3018:. Oldenbourg Verlag. p. 105.
2674:Serge Berstein (1998). PUF (ed.).
1280:Association nationale républicaine
947:) in 1888 and 1889, respectively.
934:Association nationale républicaine
25:
3210:
3154:Defunct liberal political parties
2900:. Éditions du Seuil. p. 602.
427:Congress of the French Parliament
2440:
2439:
2403:
2402:
2366:
2365:
2329:
2328:
2292:
2291:
2255:
2254:
2218:
2217:
1624:republican landslide in the 1889
1157:). To prevent the creation of a
1133:In January 1879, the Republican
780:
469:Cour de Justice de la République
262:
3104:
3095:
3086:
3069:
3060:
3045:
3030:
3005:
2988:
2979:
2960:
2941:
2923:
2904:
2889:
2847:
2820:
2793:
2728:Adam D. Sheingate, ed. (2021).
2649:. In Hachette Éducation (ed.).
2535:
1697:(not linked with the Colonel),
1277:National Republican Association
929:National Republican Association
2937:. Éditions Perrin. p. 21.
2766:
2751:
2747:. Springer Nature. p. xi.
2736:
2721:
2694:
2667:
2638:
2611:
2510:France during the 19th century
1687:Democratic Republican Alliance
968:. However, the group lost the
741:Politics of the European Union
133:Democratic Republican Alliance
13:
1:
3164:Centre-left parties in Europe
2701:Léo Hamon (1991). MSH (ed.).
2574:
2551:Francois Roth (dir.) (2003).
2515:History of the Left in France
1229:legislative elections of 1885
1102:legislative elections of 1876
1080:, the republicans inside the
1078:legislative elections of 1871
983:in 1851 and the birth of the
970:legislative elections of 1849
721:France and the United Nations
3179:Liberal conservative parties
3169:Conservative liberal parties
2758:Samuel Raybone, ed. (2020).
2486:
2474:
2459:
1198:, creating protectorates in
1002:
218:
105:; 123 years ago
87:; 153 years ago
7:
3174:Left-wing parties in France
3092:Le Figaro, 27 February 1899
2503:
1268:Final divisions and decline
1060:, the radicals were mostly
944:Union libérale républicaine
10:
3215:
3101:Le Figaro, 9 February 1902
2911:Dominique Lejeune (2011).
1948:No. of second round votes
1749:Jacques Godefroy Cavaignac
1739:Marie François Sadi Carnot
1729:Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi
1677:favored by the republican
1264:after the defeat of 1871.
955:
950:
907:) and after a fusion with
855:Républicains opportunistes
571:Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
29:
3194:Radical parties in France
3184:Liberal parties in France
2456:
2132:
1942:No. of first round votes
1683:rehabilitation of Dreyfus
1608:Prince Napoléon Bonaparte
1452:
1439:
1427:
1402:
1391:
1380:
1370:
1362:
1344:
1326:
1316:
1286:
1274:
1139:President of the Republic
966:French Revolution of 1848
197:
184:
172:
139:
127:
117:
99:
81:
51:
39:
3024:10.1524/9783486596106.27
3012:Kittel, Manfred (2009).
2898:La France du XIXe siècle
2881:Philippe Vigier (1967).
1618:, causing his flight to
1581:Liberal Republican Union
989:parliamentary opposition
939:Liberal Republican Union
897:first under the name of
848:), pejoratively labeled
484:Administrative divisions
244:This article is part of
3199:Republicanism in France
3129:Opportunist Republicans
2948:François Caron (1985).
2896:Francis Démier (2000).
2084:Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau
1951:% of second round vote
1707:Progressive Republicans
1679:Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau
1429:Political position
1350:; 120 years ago
1332:; 136 years ago
1212:republicanism in France
850:Opportunist Republicans
516:Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
174:Political position
76:Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau
18:Opportunist Republicans
2677:La démocratie libérale
1945:% of first round vote
1929:Presidential elections
1917:Henri-Alexandre Wallon
1130:
1017:
943:
933:
920:
903:
854:
845:
447:Constitutional Council
3159:Anti-clerical parties
3041:. 9–19 February 1888.
2883:La Seconde République
2594:L'Europe des libéraux
2126:Legislative elections
1912:René Waldeck-Rousseau
1843:Félix Martin-Feuillée
1711:Republican Federation
1602:monarchists like the
1492:party led by General
1375:Republican Federation
1330:19 February 1888
1190:and France started a
1119:
1026:Third French Republic
1010:
880:René Waldeck-Rousseau
860:Third French Republic
2034:François Sadi Carnot
1902:Louis-Léger Vauthier
1774:Jules Armand Dufaure
1514:Charles de Freycinet
1418:Liberal conservatism
1366:Moderate Republicans
1348:1 November 1903
1188:freedom of the press
1070:Treaty of Versailles
985:Second French Empire
962:Moderate Republicans
885:Although considered
846:Républicains modérés
838:Moderate Republicans
511:Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
502:Metropolitan regions
122:Moderate Republicans
45:Républicains modérés
42:Moderate Republicans
3189:Progressive parties
2645:Jean Leduc (1991).
2413:Jean Casimir-Perier
2376:Jean Casimir-Perier
2134:Chamber of Deputies
2061:Jean Casimir-Perier
1744:Jean Casimir-Perier
1587:group opposing the
1551:, representing the
1112:Moving to the right
1082:Chamber of Deputies
1022:Franco-Prussian War
904:Gauche républicaine
526:Centre-Val de Loire
72:Jean Casimir-Perier
2833:. pp. 23–25.
2803:Défis républicains
2597:. pp. 25–28.
2525:Politics of France
2155:overall seats won
1553:middle bourgeoisie
1530:League of Patriots
1510:Georges Clemenceau
1457:Politics of France
1384:51, rue Vivienne,
1233:Conservative Union
1192:colonial expansion
1147:radical-socialists
1131:
1018:
921:Union démocratique
769:Political scandals
556:Nouvelle-Aquitaine
457:Court of Cassation
255:Politics of France
202:Politics of France
2548:. Grasset. 330 p.
2501:
2500:
2123:
2122:
1924:Electoral results
1897:Georges Trouillot
1769:Ferdinand Dreyfus
1717:Prominent members
1695:Ferdinand Dreyfus
1494:Georges Boulanger
1480:
1479:
1462:Political parties
1106:French Parliament
978:Louis-Napoléon's
974:National Assembly
895:French Parliament
830:
829:
787:France portal
726:Foreign alliances
699:Foreign relations
686:Political parties
391:National Assembly
239:
238:
207:Political parties
150:Civic nationalism
128:Succeeded by
16:(Redirected from
3206:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2588:
2489:
2477:
2469:Republican Union
2462:
2443:
2442:
2434:
2425:3,518,057 (1st)
2406:
2405:
2397:
2388:3,608,722 (1st)
2369:
2368:
2360:
2351:2,974,565 (1st)
2332:
2331:
2323:
2314:2,711,890 (1st)
2295:
2294:
2286:
2277:2,226,247 (2nd)
2258:
2257:
2249:
2240:4,860,481 (1st)
2221:
2220:
2212:
2203:2,674,540 (1st)
2180:
2130:
2129:
1933:
1932:
1892:Ludovic Trarieux
1862:Raymond Poincaré
1838:Émile Maruéjouls
1808:James de Kerjégu
1779:Armand Fallières
1667:Raymond Poincaré
1544:, respectively.
1522:Édouard Vaillant
1496:. Boulanger was
1445:
1395:
1371:Merged into
1363:Preceded by
1358:
1356:
1351:
1340:
1338:
1333:
1309:Honoré Audiffred
1272:
1271:
1237:Armand de Mackau
1098:Patrice MacMahon
1090:Republican Union
1088:and the radical
1058:social reformism
1054:anti-clericalism
946:
936:
923:
916:Democratic Union
906:
857:
822:
815:
808:
785:
784:
783:
627:French Polynesia
618:Overseas country
580:Overseas regions
566:Pays de la Loire
452:Council of State
404:Yaël Braun-Pivet
266:
241:
240:
221:
190:
146:Anti-clericalism
135:
118:Preceded by
113:
111:
106:
95:
93:
88:
37:
36:
21:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3050:
3046:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3010:
3006:
2993:
2989:
2985:Spuller, p. 10.
2984:
2980:
2965:
2961:
2946:
2942:
2928:
2924:
2909:
2905:
2894:
2890:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2771:
2767:
2756:
2752:
2741:
2737:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2680:. p. 298.
2672:
2668:
2661:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2589:
2582:
2577:
2538:
2506:
2495:
2483:
2471:
2452:
2445:
2435:
2432:
2415:
2408:
2398:
2395:
2378:
2371:
2361:
2358:
2341:
2334:
2324:
2321:
2304:
2297:
2287:
2284:
2267:
2260:
2250:
2247:
2230:
2223:
2213:
2210:
2193:
2186:
2181:
2178:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2128:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1907:Geoffroy Velten
1882:Jules Siegfried
1877:Maurice Rouvier
1857:
1853:Victor Milliard
1848:Alfred Mézières
1833:Louis Marchegay
1818:Georges Leygues
1798:Charles Friedel
1788:
1719:
1659:Édouard Drumont
1645:. However, the
1631:Panama scandals
1604:Duchess of Uzès
1526:workers' rights
1502:Maurice Rouvier
1498:Minister of War
1472:
1471:
1443:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1393:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1291:Maurice Rouvier
1282:
1281:
1278:
1270:
1183:Lois scélérates
1168:, creating the
1159:socialist state
1137:was elected as
1114:
1068:, refusing the
1005:
991:along with the
958:
953:
899:Republican Left
826:
797:
793:Other countries
781:
779:
774:
773:
754:
746:
745:
737:
734:
701:
691:
690:
682:
653:
643:
642:
632:
631:
613:
575:
541:Hauts-de-France
497:
486:
476:
475:
472:
442:
432:
431:
386:
376:
375:
360:
335:
326:Emmanuel Macron
309:
299:
298:
295:
280:
257:
235:
217:
216:
188:
165:
160:
156:
152:
148:
131:
109:
107:
104:
91:
89:
86:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
47:
46:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3212:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3115:
3114:
3103:
3094:
3085:
3068:
3059:
3044:
3029:
3004:
2987:
2978:
2975:. p. 237.
2959:
2956:. p. 384.
2940:
2922:
2903:
2888:
2873:
2866:
2846:
2839:
2819:
2812:
2792:
2785:
2765:
2750:
2735:
2720:
2713:
2707:. p. 24.
2693:
2686:
2666:
2659:
2637:
2630:
2610:
2603:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2564:
2549:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2484:
2472:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2438:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2401:
2399:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2364:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2327:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2290:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2253:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2216:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:Unknown (3rd)
2169:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2145:overall votes
2141:
2140:Election year
2137:
2136:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1936:Election year
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1887:Eugène Spuller
1884:
1879:
1874:
1872:Joseph Reinach
1869:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1813:Narcisse Leven
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1759:Paul Deschanel
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1724:Édouard Barbey
1720:
1718:
1715:
1699:Narcisse Leven
1655:Anatole France
1647:Dreyfus affair
1639:Léon Bourgeois
1557:industrialists
1549:Eugène Spuller
1478:
1477:
1476:(1888) ca. 110
1470:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1389:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1303:Eugène Spuller
1288:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1245:Prime Minister
1170:normal schools
1121:Prime Minister
1113:
1110:
1004:
1001:
957:
954:
952:
949:
864:Adolphe Thiers
828:
827:
825:
824:
817:
810:
802:
799:
798:
796:
795:
789:
776:
775:
772:
771:
766:
761:
755:
753:Related topics
752:
751:
748:
747:
744:
743:
736:
735:
730:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
702:
697:
696:
693:
692:
689:
688:
681:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
654:
649:
648:
645:
644:
641:
640:
630:
629:
623:
622:
621:
612:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
585:
584:
583:
574:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
507:
506:
505:
496:
495:
487:
482:
481:
478:
477:
474:
473:
466:
464:
462:Court of Audit
459:
454:
449:
443:
438:
437:
434:
433:
430:
429:
424:
423:
422:
420:Gérard Larcher
408:
407:
406:
387:
382:
381:
378:
377:
374:
373:
368:
359:
358:
348:
340:Prime Minister
334:
333:
323:
310:
305:
304:
301:
300:
297:
296:
289:
287:
285:Fifth Republic
281:
276:
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
259:
258:
253:
250:
249:
237:
236:
215:
214:
209:
204:
198:
195:
194:
186:
182:
181:
176:
170:
169:
143:
137:
136:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
101:
97:
96:
83:
79:
78:
56:Adolphe Thiers
53:
49:
48:
44:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3211:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3107:
3098:
3089:
3081:
3080:
3072:
3063:
3055:
3048:
3040:
3033:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3008:
3000:
2999:
2991:
2982:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2936:
2932:
2931:Michel Winock
2926:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2899:
2892:
2884:
2877:
2869:
2867:9782213664378
2863:
2859:
2858:
2850:
2842:
2840:9789052013176
2836:
2832:
2831:
2823:
2815:
2813:9782213656601
2809:
2805:
2804:
2796:
2788:
2786:9782200615451
2782:
2778:
2777:
2769:
2761:
2754:
2746:
2739:
2731:
2724:
2716:
2714:9782735104246
2710:
2706:
2705:
2697:
2689:
2687:9782130493884
2683:
2679:
2678:
2670:
2662:
2660:9782011818751
2656:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2633:
2631:9780231543804
2627:
2623:
2622:
2614:
2606:
2604:9782870274019
2600:
2596:
2595:
2587:
2585:
2580:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2561:2-86480-726-2
2558:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2493:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2437:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2265:Jules Dufaure
2262:
2252:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2228:Jules Dufaure
2225:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2150:overall vote
2147:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1784:Charles Ferry
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1754:Gustave Denis
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1734:Louis Barthou
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1635:Alfred Naquet
1632:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:coup de grâce
1609:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1579:, formed the
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1565:Henri Barboux
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1422:Republicanism
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1347:
1343:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1273:
1265:
1263:
1262:German Empire
1259:
1255:
1250:
1249:Tonkin Affair
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1224:("leftism").
1223:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1128:Tonkin Affair
1125:
1122:
1118:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:Léon Gambetta
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1044:republicans (
1043:
1039:
1035:
1032:monarchists (
1031:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
981:
975:
971:
967:
963:
948:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
922:
917:
913:
910:
905:
900:
896:
892:
888:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
823:
818:
816:
811:
809:
804:
803:
801:
800:
794:
791:
790:
788:
778:
777:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
750:
749:
742:
739:
738:
733:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
700:
695:
694:
687:
684:
683:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
655:
652:
647:
646:
639:
638:
634:
633:
628:
625:
624:
620:
619:
615:
614:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
589:French Guiana
587:
586:
582:
581:
577:
576:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
546:Île-de-France
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
504:
503:
499:
498:
494:
493:
489:
488:
485:
480:
479:
471:
470:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
441:
436:
435:
428:
425:
421:
417:
414:
413:
412:
409:
405:
401:
398:
397:
396:
392:
389:
388:
385:
380:
379:
372:
369:
367:
366:
362:
361:
356:
352:
351:Gabriel Attal
349:
346:
342:
341:
337:
336:
331:
327:
324:
321:
317:
316:
312:
311:
308:
303:
302:
294:
293:
288:
286:
283:
282:
279:
278:Constitutions
274:
273:
270:
269:
265:
261:
260:
256:
252:
251:
247:
243:
242:
233:
229:
225:
220:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
187:
183:
180:
177:
175:
171:
168:
167:Republicanism
164:(1870s–1880s)
163:
159:
158:Progressivism
155:
151:
147:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
123:
120:
116:
102:
98:
84:
80:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
60:Jules Dufaure
57:
54:
50:
38:
33:
19:
3106:
3097:
3088:
3077:
3071:
3062:
3053:
3047:
3032:
3014:
3007:
2996:
2990:
2981:
2968:
2962:
2949:
2943:
2934:
2925:
2919:. p. 9.
2917:Armand Colin
2912:
2906:
2897:
2891:
2882:
2876:
2856:
2849:
2829:
2822:
2802:
2795:
2775:
2768:
2759:
2753:
2744:
2738:
2729:
2723:
2703:
2696:
2676:
2669:
2650:
2640:
2620:
2613:
2593:
2567:
2552:
2545:
2542:Abel Bonnard
2536:Bibliography
2491:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2464:
2460:
2450:Jules Méline
2107:Émile Loubet
1867:David Raynal
1823:Émile Loubet
1703:David Raynal
1671:antisemitism
1663:Jules Méline
1628:
1611:
1596:
1585:conservative
1546:
1485:Belle Époque
1483:
1481:
1473:
1434:Centre-right
1398:5,000–10,000
1381:Headquarters
1226:
1219:
1208:conservatism
1181:
1163:
1132:
1019:
995:against the
979:
976:. After the
959:
928:
926:
915:
898:
891:centre-right
884:
876:Henri Wallon
849:
837:
833:
831:
764:Human rights
663:Presidential
635:
616:
578:
500:
490:
467:
363:
338:
313:
290:
223:
219:
2546:Les Modérés
2520:Opportunism
2339:Jules Ferry
2302:Jules Ferry
2191:Jules Grévy
2011:Jules Grévy
1988:Jules Grévy
1965:Jules Grévy
1803:Jules Grévy
1793:Jules Ferry
1616:coup d'état
1573:bourgeoisie
1542:aristocrats
1506:Boulangisme
1490:nationalist
1392:Membership
1321:Jules Ferry
1312:(1893–1903)
1300:(1889–1893)
1297:Jules Ferry
1294:(1888–1889)
1287:Chairman(s)
1254:René Goblet
1241:Jules Ferry
1221:sinistrisme
1135:Jules Grévy
1124:Jules Ferry
1086:Jules Favre
1066:anti-German
1062:nationalist
1038:Legitimists
1015:Jules Grévy
997:Bonapartist
993:monarchists
980:coup d'état
912:republicans
872:Jules Grévy
868:Jules Ferry
668:Legislative
658:Referendums
637:Departments
384:Legislature
179:Centre-left
68:Jules Ferry
64:Jules Grévy
3123:Categories
3054:La Justice
2973:Filipacchi
2935:Clemenceau
2575:References
1939:Candidate
1764:Paul Devès
1691:Yves Guyot
1651:Émile Zola
1589:income tax
1518:socialists
1414:Liberalism
1410:Boulangism
1355:1903-11-01
1337:1888-02-19
1258:revanchism
1200:Madagascar
1178:secularize
1174:Ferry Laws
1172:; and the
1155:Blanquists
1040:) and the
1034:Orléanists
1030:right-wing
1020:After the
999:majority.
937:) and the
599:Martinique
594:Guadeloupe
395:Membership
365:Government
162:Radicalism
154:Liberalism
3079:Le Figaro
2998:Le Figaro
2433:254 / 585
2396:279 / 574
2359:216 / 578
2322:200 / 584
2285:168 / 545
2248:313 / 521
2211:193 / 533
2179:112 / 638
1954:Won/Loss
1828:Jean Macé
1577:Catholics
1534:far-right
1467:Elections
1345:Dissolved
1216:left-wing
1050:moderates
1042:left-wing
1012:President
1003:Divisions
834:Moderates
678:Municipal
651:Elections
561:Occitania
536:Grand Est
440:Judiciary
416:President
400:President
315:President
307:Executive
228:Left-wing
212:Elections
100:Dissolved
52:Leader(s)
3039:Le Temps
2933:(2007).
2544:(1936).
2504:See also
1620:Brussels
1598:banquets
1569:Léon Say
1561:scholars
1404:Ideology
1166:Bert Law
1151:Marxists
1046:radicals
759:Centrism
711:Americas
551:Normandy
521:Brittany
246:a series
141:Ideology
2161:Leader
1709:to the
1593:strikes
1538:workers
1440:Colours
1353: (
1335: (
1327:Founded
1317:Founder
1227:In the
1204:Tunisia
1176:, that
1092:led by
1074:Prussia
956:Origins
951:History
914:as the
909:radical
887:leftist
609:Réunion
604:Mayotte
531:Corsica
492:Regions
185:Colours
108: (
90: (
82:Founded
2864:
2837:
2810:
2783:
2711:
2684:
2657:
2628:
2601:
2559:
2490:
2478:
2463:
2428:43.4%
2391:48.6%
2354:37.4%
2317:34.2%
2280:31.0%
2243:60.0%
2206:36.2%
2174:17.5%
2153:No. of
2143:No. of
2114:59.5%
2091:23.8%
2068:53.4%
2047:75.0%
2041:35.7%
2018:79.4%
1995:84.0%
1675:pardon
1622:and a
1444:
1394:(1889)
1306:(1893)
1196:Africa
1143:centre
842:French
706:Africa
673:Senate
411:Senate
232:Centre
230:" or "
222:
192:Orange
189:
2954:Fayar
2096:Loss
1977:Loss
1972:0.3%
1520:like
1474:Staff
1408:Anti-
1386:Paris
1072:with
371:Attal
2862:ISBN
2835:ISBN
2808:ISBN
2781:ISBN
2709:ISBN
2682:ISBN
2655:ISBN
2626:ISBN
2599:ISBN
2557:ISBN
2421:1898
2384:1893
2347:1889
2310:1885
2273:1881
2236:1877
2199:1876
2167:1871
2158:+/–
2148:% of
2119:Won
2111:483
2102:1899
2088:184
2079:1895
2073:Won
2065:451
2056:1894
2050:Won
2044:616
2038:303
2029:1887
2023:Won
2015:457
2006:1885
2000:Won
1992:563
1983:1879
1960:1873
1701:and
1665:and
1637:and
1606:and
1591:and
1575:and
1567:and
1559:and
1540:and
1532:, a
1512:and
1447:Blue
1202:and
1153:and
1064:and
1056:and
1048:and
1036:and
960:The
878:and
832:The
716:Asia
355:LREM
345:list
330:LREM
320:list
110:1901
103:1901
92:1871
85:1871
3020:doi
2647:"2"
2296:145
2259:120
2185:New
1235:of
1194:in
924:).
836:or
3125::
2971:.
2952:.
2915:.
2860:.
2806:.
2779:.
2653:.
2624:.
2583:^
2492:c:
2480:b:
2465:a:
2444:25
2407:63
2370:16
2333:32
2222:81
1969:1
1693:,
1661:,
1653:,
1626:.
1555:,
1149:,
882:.
874:,
870:,
866:,
844::
418::
402::
393::
248:on
234:".
224:a:
3082:.
3056:.
3026:.
3022::
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2870:.
2843:.
2816:.
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2690:.
2663:.
2634:.
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1357:)
1339:)
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931:(
918:(
901:(
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840:(
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814:t
807:v
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353:(
347:)
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318:(
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