249:. He was tasked with implementing the Fortitude deception. Strangeways almost immediately objected to Ops (B)'s outline, and in fact rewrote Fortitude South to his liking. Ops (B)'s Operations sub-section staff, for this period, were relegated to the role of courier between those groups implementing Fortitude North and South, to ensure the message of both plans were consistent with each other. By contrast, the department's Intelligence section were solely responsible for information disseminated via double agents, resulting in a constant stream of communication between SHAEF and R Force (Roger Fleetwood-Hesketh recounts how his brother made almost daily courier trips between London and Portsmouth).
186:
83:
30:. It was set up under Colonel Jervis-Read in April 1943 as a department of Chief of Staff to the Supreme Allied Commander (COSSAC), an operational planning department with a focus on western Europe. That year, Allied high command had decided that the main Allied thrust would be in southern Europe, and Ops (B) was tasked with tying down German forces on the west coast in general, and drawing out the
152:, a deception intended to draw German attention from the Balkans by threatening invasions in France and Norway. Cockade was not a success. The operation was originally thought up by the London Controlling Section and, under the new departmental structure, Ops (B) was tasked with the operational planning.
101:
was appointed Chief of Staff to the
Supreme Allied Commander (Designate) (COSSAC), and tasked with operational planning in Northwest Europe. Morgan's operational orders from Allied high command, received in April, referred to "an elaborate camouflage and deception" with the dual aim of keeping German
274:
Between
January and February 1944, and from July onwards, Wild had significant authority over deception and misinformation on the Western Front. However, Ops (B)'s impact on the success of Bodyguard is debated. Wild himself was criticised as being "useless" whilst Strangeways deliberately frustrated
252:
In May the
Operations Section added four new members. Three Americans, Lieutenant Colonel Frederic W. Barnes and Major Al Moody and Captain John B. Corbett and an Englishman. Sam Hood was another 'A' Force alumni who had been working for one of Clarke's tactical deception groups (TAC HQ) in Italy.
56:
took over from Jervis-Read (who became his deputy) and reorganised the department into two sections: Operations and
Intelligence. The refreshed department was given control over double agents and other avenues of disinformation. Ops (B) was tasked with operational planning for the main portion of
261:
On 20 July, with R Force tied up running deception on the continent, control of
Fortitude South was returned directly to Ops (B). Wild decided to split Ops (B) into two groups. A forward section based in France, consisting of Jervis-Read and two others, was responsible for managing plans in the
133:
Bevan intended Ops (B) to focus on physical deception, with existing groups handling double agents, and so only one intelligence officer was assigned. Major Roger
Fleetwoord-Hesketh was seconded from another part of COSSAC to act as intermediary between Ops (B) and the committee handling double
265:
In June Ops (B) had begun work on
Fortitude South II, it created a new American 2nd Army Group (SUSAG) to replace FUSAG and its threat to Calais. The story Ops (B) aimed to sell to the Germans was that the Allies, having met less resistance than planned, had moved FUSAG elements to France and
167:. The centrepiece was Operation Starkey, which included a major bombing campaign prior to a cross-channel amphibious "invasion". The feint failed to elicit any response from the enemy, who had already made up their mind that Allied action that year would be focused on the Mediterranean.
262:
field. Wild kept the remainder of the team back in London to manage operations and planning in the UK. In
September, SHAEF moved its base to Versailles and Ops (B)'s American staff returned home. Wild moved the bulk of the team to Versailles, leaving Sam Hood in command in London.
213:
took charge of the
Intelligence division. Lash and Brown left Ops (B) Operations and returned to Ops (A), having only been temporary loan. An MI5 liaison, Major Christopher Harmer, joined Hesketh's intelligence section, as did a civilian secretary and Hesketh's brother Cuthbert.
209:, Clarke's deputy at 'A' Force, was drafted in to replace Jervis-Head (who became Wild's deputy). Wild completely re-organised the department, dividing it into two branches: Operations and Intelligence. Jervis-Head became head of the Operations division whilst Lieutenant-Colonel
126:. However, Morgan's hierarchy was not set up to accommodate such a department. Instead, Ops (B) was set up within the "G-3" operations division in April 1943, and Colonel John Jervis-Read was appointed as its head. The concept was inspired by early successes in deception by
232:
On 26 February, General
Eisenhower issued the Fortitude Directive, which outlined who would be responsible for implementing the North and South portions of the Fortitude plan. GOC Scottish Command was tasked with Fortitude Notth, whilst the Joint Chiefs and
275:
Wild (for whom he had a personal dislike) at every turn. Strangeways, along with others, identified key problems with the Bodyguard plan as outlined by Ops (B) and the LCS. He put significant pressure on SHAEF to have it re-written to his specification.
170:
One outcome of 1943 (and the failure of Cockade) was that control of operational deception in the Western theatre was fixed under the umbrella of Ops (B). Previously various groups had been involved in executing a deception strategy, with mixed results.
266:
intended to try and defeat Germany in Normandy. Strangeways, as before, objected to the plan on several grounds and once again rewrote it. In the end SUSAG was activated but never used (instead FUSAG continued to maintain the threat to Calais).
73:
joined the 21st Army (the invasion force); Strangeways clashed with Wild, and ended up rewriting major portions of Fortitude. Ops (B) was eventually relegated to the role of managing the information flowing out through disinformation channels.
106:
into an air battle. The cross-channel invasion had already been postponed until 1944, and the main Allied push that year was toward southern Europe. Morgan's overall task was to help keep the enemy away from the fighting.
229:, the group that controlled all double agents in Britain and Western Europe. From then on, material sent by double agents to their German handlers was created between Ops (B) and the individual agent's handlers.
205:, on account of lacking resources. However, in December 1943 Eisenhower was appointed Supreme Commander and in January 1944 it was decided a new, experienced, head was needed for Ops (B).
41:, an elaborate ploy to threaten invasions in France and Norway. Cockade was not much of a success. The main portion of the operation, a deceptive thrust against the Boulogne region named
739:
130:
and his 'A' Force in the Mediterranean theatre. However, Morgan disliked Clarke's department (referring to it as a "private army") and Jervis-Read was given only limited resources.
1379:
633:
45:, intended to draw out the German air arm, failed to elicit a response. The plan was undermined by the fact that any Allied push towards France that year was obviously unlikely.
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225:, the portion of Bodyguard that would convince the Germans of a threat to both Norway and the Pas de Calais. In January 1944, Ops (B) was granted membership of the
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546:
1192:
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134:
agents. The department was also assigned two Americans from the Ops (A) planning department, Lieutenant Colonel Percy Lash and Major Melvin Brown.
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49:
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122:. Bevan convinced Morgan to establish a specialist deception section on his staff to conduct operational planning for the
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were given Fortitude South. For both plans, the Special Means were to be handled by SHAEF and Ops (B). Field Marshal
119:
91:
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123:
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217:
With these new resources Ops (B) was able to take over local planning for the Overlord deception plan,
202:
111:
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Cockade consisted of three operations throughout 1943, variously threatening invasions in
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British intelligence in the Second World War : security and counter-intelligence
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In principle, overall deception strategy across all theatres of war fell to the
1343:
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Following on from Cockade, Ops (B) was set to drafting the deception plans for
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department), which had no concept of deception at the top level of operations
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and Ops (B) survived the transition, expanding in the process. Colonel
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115:
103:
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31:
90:, COSSAC, established Ops (B) in April 1943 following pressure from
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British Intelligence in the Second World War: Strategic Deception
246:
37:
The department's first operation was a three-pronged plan called
1380:
The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War
635:
The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War
701:
Master of Deception: Tangled Webs in London and the Middle East
156:
747:
303:
COSSAC was set up in the style of American forces (hence the
26:
planning department, based in the United Kingdom, during the
573:
Deceiving Hitler: Double Cross and Deception in World War II
118:
department established in 1941 and by then run by Colonel
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589:
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16:WWII Allied military deception planning group
1407:Defunct United Kingdom intelligence agencies
1372:British Intelligence in the Second World War
550:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
541:"Morgan, Sir Frederick Edgworth (1894–1967)"
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662:(1. publ. ed.). Great Britain: HMSO.
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245:(another 'A' Force alumni.) to command of
48:In January 1944, COSSAC was absorbed into
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617:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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193:memo with notes from Colonel Jervis-Read
184:
81:
609:Hinsley, F.H.; Simkins, C.A.G. (1990).
592:Fortitude: The D-Day Deception Campaign
547:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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471:
1402:Military deception during World War II
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894:Middle East Cmd Camouflage Directorate
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241:, head of 21st Army Group, brought in
148:The department's first assignment was
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221:. Wild began laying out strategy for
61:, a deception plan to cover the 1944
102:forces in the west, and drawing the
320:
13:
1412:Information operations and warfare
571:Crowdy, Terry (20 December 2011).
297:
201:. In reality the task fell to the
14:
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1:
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77:
1417:British Army in World War II
684:. New York: Overlook Press.
564:UK public library membership
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10:
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203:London Controlling Section
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510:Holt (2004), pg. 530–531
489:Holt (2004), pg. 584–585
408:Holt (2004), pg. 528–530
290:
835:Roger Fleetwood-Hesketh
632:Holt, Thaddeus (2004).
590:Hesketh, Roger (1999).
456:Hinsley (1990), pg. 238
447:Hinsley (1990), pg. 237
417:Latimer (2001), pg. 155
363:Latimer (2001), pg. 153
211:Roger Fleetwood-Hesketh
97:In March 1943, General
1233:D-Day naval deceptions
556:10.1093/ref:odnb/35103
468:Hesketh (1999), pg. 29
438:Crowdy (2011), pg. 230
426:Hesketh (1999), pg. 28
379:Crowdy (2011), pg. 220
349:Hesketh (1999), pg. xv
194:
94:
840:List of Ops (B) staff
575:. Osprey Publishing.
285:List of Ops (B) staff
188:
85:
1082:John Cecil Masterman
699:Mure, David (1980).
594:. St Ermin's Press.
522:Holt (2004), pg. 532
501:Holt (2004), pg. 634
477:Holt (2004), pg. 536
388:Holt (2004), pg. 478
340:Holt (2004), pg. 477
1156:Werner von Janowski
1069:Double-Cross System
965:George Vander Sluis
940:Louis Dalton Porter
223:Operation Fortitude
219:Operation Bodyguard
191:Operation Bodyguard
181:Operation Bodyguard
99:Frederick E. Morgan
88:Frederick E. Morgan
67:Operation Fortitude
59:Operation Bodyguard
1144:Nathalie Sergueiew
763:Deception planning
752:military deception
199:Operation Overlord
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24:military deception
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1365:Bodyguard of Lies
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1108:Roman Czerniawski
1102:Juan Pujol García
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1022:David Strangeways
1006:Operational units
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691:978-1-58567-381-0
582:978-1-84603-135-9
562:(Subscription or
243:David Strangeways
150:Operation Cockade
144:Operation Cockade
71:David Strangeways
63:Normandy landings
43:Operation Starkey
39:Operation Cockade
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69:. In early 1944
28:Second World War
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55:
51:
46:
44:
40:
35:
33:
29:
25:
21:
1378:
1371:
1363:
1168:Josef Jakobs
1138:Wulf Schmidt
1132:Gösta Caroli
1126:Arthur Owens
990:
922:Steven Sykes
821:
784:Victor Jones
756:World War II
700:
681:
658:
638:. Scribner.
634:
612:
591:
572:
545:
529:Bibliography
506:
473:
452:
443:
422:
413:
384:
345:
322:
299:
273:
264:
260:
251:
231:
216:
196:
169:
154:
147:
132:
109:
96:
47:
36:
19:
18:
1284:Accumulator
1263:Quicksilver
1150:Dušan Popov
917:Peter Proud
907:Tony Ayrton
536:Bond, Brian
326:Bond (2004)
1396:Categories
1324:Hardboiled
1309:Chettyford
1228:Copperhead
1212:Operations
1158:(Watchdog)
1152:(Tricycle)
1146:(Treasure)
955:Bill Blass
932:Ghost Army
885:Camouflage
850:D Division
802:John Bevan
624:0521394090
566:required.)
315:References
239:Montgomery
120:John Bevan
92:John Bevan
78:Background
1339:Scherhorn
1329:Mincemeat
1243:Fortitude
1238:Ferdinand
1220:Bodyguard
1164:(Zig-Zag)
1122:(Rainbow)
1054:Paradummy
912:Hugh Cott
830:Noel Wild
771:'A' Force
207:Noel Wild
175:Bodyguard
116:Whitehall
104:Luftwaffe
32:Luftwaffe
1374:(Vol. 5)
1299:Boardman
1268:Zeppelin
1253:Ironside
1248:Graffham
1198:American
1134:(Summer)
1110:(Brutus)
1098:(Artist)
960:Art Kane
680:(2001).
656:(1990).
538:(2004).
279:See also
161:Boulogne
86:General
65:, named
1314:Cockade
1304:Cascade
1294:Bertram
1289:Barclay
1258:Titanic
1203:British
1104:(Garbo)
1014:R Force
822:Ops (B)
247:R Force
138:Cockade
20:Ops (B)
1334:Pastel
1319:Forfar
1193:Allied
1140:(Tate)
1128:(Snow)
1116:(Fido)
1047:Decoys
749:Allied
707:
688:
666:
642:
621:
598:
579:
560:
270:Impact
157:Norway
1357:Books
1277:Other
1031:Other
974:Other
291:Notes
165:Brest
50:SHAEF
1344:Span
992:more
705:ISBN
686:ISBN
664:ISBN
640:ISBN
619:ISBN
596:ISBN
577:ISBN
163:and
114:, a
54:Wild
754:in
552:doi
305:G-3
189:An
1398::
544:.
515:^
494:^
482:^
461:^
431:^
393:^
368:^
354:^
331:^
159:,
741:e
734:t
727:v
713:.
694:.
672:.
648:.
627:.
604:.
585:.
558:.
554::
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